Journal articles: 'Liberians'

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Allen, William E. "Historical Methodology and Writing the Liberian Past: the Case of Agriculture in the Nineteenth Century." History in Africa 32 (2005): 21–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hia.2005.0002.

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Some of the late nineteenth century success of Liberia coffee, sugar, and other commodities can be attributed to the leasing of plantations to enterprising foreigners, although a few leading politicians did own successful farms … For most Americo-Liberians, the role of dirt farmer was decidedly beneath their station.Yet the reasons for this apathy among most Americo-Liberians for agriculture, which prevailed up to the early 1870s, were not far to seek. The majority of them being newly emancipated slaves, who had in servitude in America been used to being forced to work, erroneously equated their newly won freedom with abstinence from labour.Both arguments are inaccurate, yet the authors made essential contributions to the writing of Liberian history. J. Gus Liebenow became renowned within Liberian academic circles for his earlier book, Liberia: the Evolution of Privilege. In that book he analyzed the policy that enabled the minority Americo-Liberians (descendants of free blacks from the United States who founded Liberia in 1822), to monopolize political and economic power to the exclusion of the majority indigenous Africans for more than a century. M. B. Akpan dissected Liberia's dubious political history and concluded that Americo-Liberian authority over the indigenous population, was identical to the discriminatory and oppressive policy practiced by European colonizers in Africa.

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Ludwig, Bernadette. "A Black Republic: Citizenship and naturalisation requirements in Liberia." Migration Letters 13, no. 1 (January 15, 2016): 84–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v13i1.265.

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In 1822 Liberia was founded as a place where free(d) enslaved African Americans could find freedom and liberty. While many of them did, the indigenous African population was, for a long time, excluded from citizenry despite fulfilling one of the essential criteria to be eligible for Liberians citizenship: Being Black. This prerequisite remains part of Liberian law today, rendering non-Blacks ineligible for Liberian citizenship. Today, this mostly affects the Lebanese community who originally came as traders and entrepreneurs to Liberia. This article analyses why Liberians defend race-based exclusionary citizenship practices.

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Osborne, Myles. "A Note on the Liberian Archives." History in Africa 36 (2009): 461–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hia.2010.0012.

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Two decades of civil war have left Liberians facing many challenges. One such group includes those concerned with the preservation and maintenance of Liberia's archives, which were severely compromised during the period of conflict. This paper provides a brief introduction for scholars as to the nature of Liberia's archival materials available in-country, the impact of the war on the collections, and details about how scholars interested in the history of Liberia may access these records.There are three archival collections in Liberia. The first is at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on Tubman Boulevard, between 12th and 13th Streets. The second is at the Center for National Documents and Records (National Archives) at 96 Ashmun Street, while the third—the Presidential Archives—is at the Executive Mansion on Capitol Hill.

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Sumaworo, Mory. "NEW DUAL CITIZENSHIP LAW OF LIBERIA ‘READINGS AND ANALYSES’." Journal of Asian and African Social Science and Humanities 8, no. 4 (December 29, 2022): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.55327/jaash.v8i4.280.

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In view of this, the subject was listed among other things by the Constitutional Review Committee for a possible amendment as it is impliedly prohibited by the Constitution of the Land under article 28. While awaiting for the amendment through referendum in 2023 after the first attempt failed to meet threshold in 2020 as declared by National Elections Commission (NEC), the both Houses of Legislature had passed dual citizenship law legalizing the practice and, the law had be signed by the President. The new law also, places some restrictions on Liberians with dual nationality in terms of holding public offices both elective and appointed. For the appointed positions, article 4(2) and, for the elective ones, article 4 (1) of the New Dual Citizenship Law conditions for any Liberian who holds the citizenship of another country and desires to run for a public office, to renounce and relinquish that citizenship at least one year prior to a applying to the National Elections Commission. Finally, considering the socioeconomic situation of Liberia, dual citizenship may open different doors of business and economic opportunities for Liberians by birth with different nationalities and neutralized citizens to comfortably invest in country’s economy. Thus, it incumbent upon the government now to aggressively engage Liberians in the diaspora and dual-nationals to invest and actively contribute to economic activities and taking the country to the next level of prosperity and development.

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Greer, Brenna W. "Selling Liberia: Moss H. Kendrix, the Liberian Centennial Commission, and the Post-World War II Trade in Black Progress." Enterprise & Society 14, no. 2 (June 2013): 303–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/es/kht017.

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This article examines the activities of Moss H. Kendrix, a budding black entrepreneur and Public Relations Officer for the Centennial Commission of the Republic of Liberia, during the years immediately following World War II. To secure US investment in Liberia’s postwar development, Kendrix re-presented African Americans and Americo-Liberians as new markets valuable to US economic growth and national security. This article argues that his tactics advanced the global significance of black peoples as modern consumers and his worth as a black markets specialist, while simultaneously legitimating notions of progress that frustrated black claims for unconditional self-determination or first-class citizenship. Kendrix’s public relations work on behalf of Liberia highlights intersections between postwar black entrepreneurialism and politics and US foreign relations, as well as the globalization of US business and consumerism.

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Gbellay, Jeremiah Momo. "Assessing the Social and Economic Impact of Logistics Management on the Liberian Economy (the National Transit Authority 2015-2018)." TEXILA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ACADEMIC RESEARCH 9, no. 2 (April 30, 2022): 149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21522/tijar.2014.09.02.art012.

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Under the able leadership of Her Excellency Madam Sirleaf, the government envisioned that to address the many unemployment in Liberia, it was prudent to decentralize governance and all government services appertaining transportation from the transport ministry to the national transit authority (NTA) to alleviate huge unemployment deficiency with employment. Therefore, affordable public transportation for Liberians was identified as one of the areas for strategic intervention. Significantly, the remodeling of the Monrovia Transit Authority (MTA) into the National Transit Authority (NTA) tries to pursue decentralization to provide affordable, convenient, and reliable mass transit services to citizens throughout the breadth of the country for all citizenries. After over a decade of post-conflict growth and relative peace and stability since the end of the 1989-2003 conflict, Liberia’s transport infrastructure and logistics sector have the potential for enormous growth and development. Over the past period, there has been an increasing emphasis on supply chain and logistics management as a medium for firms to achieve competitive advantage in markets (Collins, 2003. P. 8). A large number of examples in the 1990s show how countries have made significant investments to streamline the supply chain to improve customer satisfaction and increase the internal productivity of their economy. In conclusion, this paper fully explores both the framework for and an analysis of such reflections of the civil unrest conflicts in Liberia and assessing the social and economic impact of logistics management of the Liberian economy.

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Svärd, Proscovia. "Has the Freedom of Information Act enhanced transparency and the free flow of information in Liberia?" Information Development 34, no. 1 (October 3, 2016): 20–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0266666916672717.

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This article investigates if the adoption of the Liberian Freedom of Information (FOI) law 2010 has led to a transparent government and increased the free flow of government information. Freeing government information is expected to create transparent and accountable governments. It brings forth democratic and inclusive government institutions that work for the people. Inclusivity, transparency and accountability are expected to address sustainable development challenges and democracy deficits. Transparency and accountability can only be achieved through access to government information. The right to access government information is also included in the national constitution of Liberia. The citizens of Liberia in West Africa suffered from a protracted civil war between 1989–1996 and 1999–2003 respectively. These wars were partly caused by non-accountability of the governments, endemic corruption and the mismanagement of the countries’ resources. Efforts are being made by the government with the help of the international community to embrace a new democratic dispensation. Liberia was also one of the first African countries to enact a Freedom of Information (FOI) Law that would enable Liberians to access government information.

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Saha, Santosh C. "Agriculture in Liberia during the Nineteenth Century: Americo-Liberians' Contribution." Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines 22, no. 2 (1988): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/485903.

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Saha, Santosh C. "Agriculture in Liberia During the Nineteenth Century: Americo-Liberians' Contribution." Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue canadienne des études africaines 22, no. 2 (January 1988): 224–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00083968.1988.10804194.

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Hartman, Alexandra C., and Benjamin S. Morse. "Violence, Empathy and Altruism: Evidence from the Ivorian Refugee Crisis in Liberia." British Journal of Political Science 50, no. 2 (January 18, 2018): 731–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123417000655.

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In regions plagued by reoccurring periods of war, violence and displacement, how does past exposure to violence affect altruism toward members of different ethnic or religious groups? Drawing on theories of empathy-driven altruism in psychology, this article proposes that violence can increase individuals’ capacity to empathize with others, and that empathy born of violence can in turn motivate helping behavior across group boundaries. This hypothesis is tested using data on the hosting behavior of roughly 1,500 Liberians during the 2010–11 Ivorian refugee crisis in eastern Liberia, a region with a long history of cross-border, inter-ethnic violence. Consistent with its theoretical predictions, the study finds that those who experienced violence during the Liberian civil war host greater numbers of refugees, exhibit stronger preferences for distressed refugees and less bias against outgroup refugees, and host a higher proportion of non-coethnic, non-coreligious and distressed refugees. These findings suggest that violence does not necessarily lead to greater antagonism toward outgroups, as is often assumed, and that in some circumstances it can actually promote inter-group co-operation.

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Graham, T. W. "(A343) Rebuilding Post Conflict Food Security in Liberia." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 26, S1 (May 2011): s96—s97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x1100327x.

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Liberia's 14 year civil war destroyed domestic agricultural production, veterinary and agricultural education, extension services and domestic food security. These losses severely limited domestic food production, and basic hygiene and sanitation: potable water, abattoirs, cold chain and food storage were greatly diminished. The average Liberian life expectancy fell from 45.8 in 1990 to 41.8 years presently. The population birth and death rate are two of the highest globally with a resulting population growth rate, of 2.7% per annum; this growth rate requires an immediate and concerted focus on domestic food production to alleviate nutritional inadequacy and hunger, trade imbalances and loss of foreign exchange credits. Food supply nationally is presumed adequate because of importation, though domestic production is inadequate. Unequal distribution precludes food security for all Liberians. Value chain augmentation, enhancing food availability across all sectors of Liberian society and ensuring distribution of a safe food supply needs critical development. Infant mortality remains one of the highest in the world (approximately 160/1000 births), much of which is attributed to food insecurity, food contamination and lack of uniformly available potable water. Recreation of Liberia's public health and food security requires redevelopment of disease monitoring and laboratory diagnostic capability to re-establish safe food production and handling practices across all sectors. This will allow determination of endemic disease burden for the principal livestock species: poultry, sheep, goats, cattle and swine. Creation of a national disease surveillance/monitoring system allows for targeted disease intervention, ensuring vaccination for correct serotypes and most critically prevalent diseases. Creation of community level training and support will target intervention of local diseases, but also allow for national prioritization of diseases. Targeting which are most prevalent or most likely to cause production limiting effects will require periodic surveillance, targeted vaccination, and chemotherapeutic intervention and evaluation of therapeutic success.

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Best, Michael L., William J. Long, John Etherton, and Thomas Smyth. "Rich digital media as a tool in post-conflict truth and reconciliation." Media, War & Conflict 4, no. 3 (December 2011): 231–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1750635211420628.

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Modern rich digital media (such as interactive systems with audio and video as well as text) have not been robustly deployed as a tool in the processes of peace-building, healing and reconciliation in nations emerging from civil conflict. This article studies the use of rich digital media in Liberia, a country that has only recently emerged from a protracted and intense civil war. The authors demonstrate that, when rich digital media are used to target processes of truth and reconciliation, they enhance Liberians’ feeling of self-efficacy – their self-assessed sense of personal competence to deal effectively with stressful situations. This increased self-efficacy was not present in a control group. The authors argue that self-efficacy is a critical component for forgiveness and truth-telling which, in turn, is a fundamental process in reconciliation and healing. These results are based on a survey of over 100 Liberians in Monrovia, the capital city. Participants interacted with a rich digital media system, took pre- and post-interaction self-efficacy inventories, and responded to additional questions. The findings suggest that rich digital media focused on truth and reconciliation can contribute to post-conflict healing.

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Joekai. Jr., Josiah F., and Prof T. Debey Sayndee. "A Critical Analysis of Democratic Elections as a Dimension of Peace and Legitimacy: A Case Study of the Liberian Electoral System (2005 - 2014)." International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science 06, no. 11 (2022): 225–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2022.61117.

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The purpose of the research was to do an in-depth analysis of elections with a focus on providing a clear understanding of democratic elections as a dimension of peace and legitimacy. The emphasis of the research was on the electoral system of Liberia and the measure of its contribution to the promotion of peace and legitimacy in the country from 2005 to 2014. The researcher used the qualitative research method, descriptive design, and questionnaires as data collection tools. The population of the research was five hundred fifty-five (555) representing the population of the workforce of the National Elections Commission of Liberia and the leaders of registered political parties. The sample size of the research was fifty-five (55) based on Purposive Sampling Techniques (Patton, 1990). The research showed that in spite of frequent elections conducted from 2005 to 2014, not many Liberians understand elections within the framework of the concept of democracy. Many are yet to understand or come to the full realization that there are roles, rights, and responsibilities of the individual citizen in democracy beyond ballot casting. The research further showed that 34.5% of respondents of the total of 55 respondents said the extent to which Liberians understand democracy as a model of governance is very little. This finding has implications for the attainment of genuine peace and legitimacy in Liberia. The researcher concluded that there is an urgent need for government to establish a national mechanism for a rolling public or civic education program that will deepen the understanding of the people on elections and democracy-related issues on a regular basis. In his conclusion, the researcher furthered that this gap is responsible for the reported limited understanding of the citizenry and if the principle of participation must be realized, then efforts have to be made to educate the citizenry on democratic values and principles.

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Scott, Rena L. "Moving from Impunity to Accountability in Post-War Liberia: Possibilities, Cautions, and Challenges." International Journal of Legal Information 33, no. 3 (2005): 345–417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500011227.

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Liberia has become the quintessential example of an African failed state. Though Liberia's civil war is officially over, war criminals are free and some are even helping run the transitional government under the authority of Liberia's Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA). This peace agreement calls for the consideration of a general amnesty for those involved in the Liberian civil war alongside the parceling of governmental functions among members of various rebel groups. The drafters of the agreement claim that this was the only viable solution for sustainable peace in Liberia. Meanwhile, Charles Taylor relaxes in Nigeria's resort city of Calabar.

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WEBB, JAMES L. A. "Historical Settlement of Liberia and Its Environmental Impact. By SYRULWA L. SOMAH. Lanham, MD, New York, and London: University Press of America, 1995. Pp. i–xvii [unpaginated] + 153. $42.00 (ISBN 0-8191-9653-3); $29.50, paperback (ISBN 0-8191-9654-1)." Journal of African History 38, no. 1 (March 1997): 123–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853796516907.

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This book will disappoint readers who expect an historical study of the environmental impact of Americo–Liberian settlement. It is, rather, a polemical survey of the environmental problems which have beset Liberia and a normative prescription for Liberia's environmental and political future.

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Tonkin, Elizabeth. "Historical Discourse: the Achievement of Sieh Jeto." History in Africa 15 (1988): 467–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3171876.

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In this paper I consider how an African historian, Sieh Jeto, plotted his narratives. Sieh was a citizen of Jlao/Sasstown, a Kru polity in Southeastern Liberia. Jlao also author and perform other past-oriented accounts in different genres, and I have written on some of these. There is not room here to discuss all the ways in which Jlao refer to their pasts, and scene-setting is equally brief. I also confine myself to Sieh Jeto's plotting of narrative.I first encountered Jlao in 1972, and spent a year there in 1975/76. The new regime of President Tolbert at first promised reform, but emergent contradictions and rising opposition culminated in the coup of 1980. Kru groups had several times fought against the ‘Americo Liberian’ government, and in the 1930s Sasstown was the focus of a long war (in which the League of Nations at first intervened) which they lost after painful struggles. No history could be neutral there, and some people were very cautious about provoking official wrath by talking about these times. While fanpote, ‘old time business’, of a distant past might be safer, it was denied in the official ideology that indigenous Liberians had a significant history at all.It now seems to me that the performances I recorded at different times were part of general changes of consciousness in the country. Sieh Jeto was recommended to me by an eminent Jlao man in Monrovia.

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Käihkö, Ilmari. "‘Once a combatant, always a combatant’? Revisiting assumptions about Liberian former combatant networks." Journal of Modern African Studies 60, no. 1 (March 2022): 23–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x21000409.

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AbstractBuilding on 15 months of ethnographic fieldwork, this article draws from military sociology to revisit past portrayals of Liberian former combatant networks and assesses four central assumptions connected to them: that formal wartime command structures continue as informal networks long after the end of the war; that former combatants are united by a wartime identity and form a community to an extent separated from the surrounding society; that wartime experiences have had a major disciplining effect on former combatants; and that former combatants are both good mobilisers and easy to mobilise in elections and armed conflict alike. Finding limited evidence close to two decades after the end of war to support these assumptions, I ultimately ask whether it would be more productive to both theory and Liberians alike to widen investigation from former combatants to structural issues that affect many more in the country.

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Alford, Kristen R., and Jamison L. Koeman. "Forging Relationships Between Faith-based and Secular Organizations to Address the Global Water Crisis: A Case Study from Liberia." Christian Journal for Global Health 6, no. 1 (May 31, 2019): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15566/cjgh.v6i1.243.

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It is imperative to engage in interdisciplinary and multisectoral partnerships as we seek to develop and deliver effective solutions to address the global water crisis. These partnerships allow us to live out our Christian charge to demand justice for the vulnerable and promote human flourishing. This case study reviews the benefits and challenges of multisectoral partnerships between faith-based and secular organizations using the example of a multi-year water filter distribution project in Liberia. Benefits of the partnership include shared expertise, investment in students and Liberians, and results-driven research. Challenges include differing sub-goals, logistical challenges, communication difficulties, and different ways of communicating results. Intentional program planning, avoiding preferential treatment, and engagement in process evaluation are all suggestions for mitigating the potentially harmful effects of these challenges.

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Trapp, Micah M. "You-Will-Kill-Me-Beans: Taste and the Politics of Necessity in Humanitarian Aid." Cultural Anthropology 31, no. 3 (August 9, 2016): 412–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.14506/ca31.3.08.

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Despite their nuanced palates and cooking skills, as guests at the humanitarian table, Liberians living at the Buduburam refugee camp in Ghana were expected and assumed to adapt to the “tastes of necessity.” In the refugee camp, the sensory experiences and pleasures of the taste of liberty—or “luxury”—existed, if at all, as an indicator that one was no longer in need of aid. In this article, I consider how innovations in cooking and taste shape humanitarian politics and argue that Liberian refugees subverted the biopolitics of necessity through biographies of taste. Through their sensuous encounters and critical responses to the taste of necessity, humanitarian subjects are able to produce biographies of food aid and a public accounting of the historic and contemporary conditions of humanitarianism. By prioritizing the taste of refugee food, camp residents have challenged the reason of humanitarian reason by expanding the sensibility of food aid and repositioning recipients as essential figures in humanitarian aid.

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Dominguez, Silvia, Christina P. C. Borba, Batool Fatima, Deborah A. Gray, Caroline Stinehart, Gabrielle Murphy, Edward K. S. Wang, Benjamin L. Harris, and David C. Henderson. "Mental health and adaptation of young Liberians in post-conflict Liberia: a key informant's perspective." International Journal of Culture and Mental Health 6, no. 3 (November 2013): 208–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17542863.2012.683158.

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Mvukiyehe, Eric. "Promoting Political Participation in War-torn Countries." Journal of Conflict Resolution 62, no. 8 (April 24, 2017): 1686–726. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002717698019.

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This article uses original survey data to study the effects of the United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) on the political attitudes and behaviors of ordinary Liberians. Three results emerge: (i) UNMIL has positive, statistically significant effects on political participation measured over multiple outcome indicators; (ii) UNMIL’s effects display heterogeneity across individual outcome indicators, most positive effects are concentrated around measures associated with participation in national politics as well as political interest and efficacy, while the effects on participation in local politics are mixed; and (iii) self-reported measures of citizens’ interactions with UNMIL military personnel and exposure to democracy and to human rights campaigns carried out by international actors have strong positive associations with political participation, suggesting that results are driven by security and nonsecurity mechanisms. This article discusses the implications of these findings and areas for future research.

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Stevens, Caleb J. "The Legal History of Public Land in Liberia." Journal of African Law 58, no. 2 (April 4, 2014): 250–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855314000059.

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AbstractThis article demonstrates that there has never been a clear definition of public land in Liberian legal history, although in the past the government operated as if all land that was not under private deed was public. By examining primary source materials found in archives in Liberia and the USA, the article traces the origins of public land in Liberia and its ambiguous development as a legal concept. It also discusses the ancillary issues of public land sale procedures and statutory prices. The conclusions reached have significant implications for the reform of Liberia's land sector.

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Tweh, Clement G., Menladi M. Lormie, Célestin Y. Kouakou, Annika Hillers, Hjalmar S. Kühl, and Jessica Junker. "Conservation status of chimpanzees Pan troglodytes verus and other large mammals in Liberia: a nationwide survey." Oryx 49, no. 4 (April 8, 2014): 710–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605313001191.

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AbstractLiberia has the largest blocks of continuous forest in West Africa, providing habitat for numerous wildlife species. However, there is a lack of empirical data about the status of Liberia's wildlife populations. During 2010–2012 we conducted the first nationwide survey in Liberia along c. 320 km of systematically located transect lines to estimate the abundance of chimpanzees Pan troglodytes verus, the diversity of large mammals and the nature and degree of anthropogenic threats. With > 7,000 chimpanzees, Liberia is home to the second largest population of West African chimpanzees and is therefore a priority for conservation of the species. Compared to the fragmented populations in other range countries the Liberian population is potentially one of the most viable. Our study revealed that the majority of chimpanzees and some of the most species-diverse mammal communities in Liberia exist outside protected areas. High hunting rates and plans for large-scale exploitation of natural resources necessitate rapid implementation of effective strategies to ensure the protection of one of West Africa's last strongholds for chimpanzees and other rare and threatened mammal species. We provide a country-wide baseline dataset that may serve as a platform for Liberian wildlife authorities, policy-makers and international conservation agencies to make informed decisions about the location and delineation of proposed protected areas, to identify conservation gaps and to devise a conservation action plan to conserve Liberia's wildlife resources.

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Varaine, Francis, and Marie-Josée Michelet. "Mortality and malnutrition among displaced Liberians in Ivory Coast." Lancet 345, no. 8957 (April 1995): 1114–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(95)90845-5.

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Mbaka, Godwin, Adedayo Ejiwunmi, Olusegun Alabi, and Timothy Olatayo. "Digital dermatoglyphic variation and migratory pattern of ethnic Liberians." Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences 6, no. 4 (December 2016): 416–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejfs.2016.06.005.

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Whyte, Christine. "A State of Underdevelopment: Sovereignty, Nation-Building and Labor in Liberia 1898–1961." International Labor and Working-Class History 92 (2017): 24–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547917000084.

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AbstractIn the nineteenth and early twentieth century, Liberia was in the unusual position of being a colony with no metropole. Without military or financial support, the settlers’ control over their territory remained weak. Surrounding European empires preyed on this weakness, and Americo-Liberian rule was often at risk from coalitions of European forces and indigenous African resistance. From the early twentieth century, the political elite took on the concept of “development” as a central part of government policy in an attempt to gain political and economic control of the hinterland areas and stave off European incursions. This policy involved the extension and reinforcement of labor policies and practices that had developed through the nineteenth century as means to incorporate settlers and indigenous people into Liberian society. When these plans failed, huge swathes of territory were turned over to foreign commercial interests in an attempt to bolster Liberian claims to sovereignty. And after the Second World War, new policies of “community development” introduced by international agencies again tried to solve Liberia's “land and labor” problem through resettlement. At each stage developmentalist rationales were deployed in order to facilitate greater government control over the Liberian interior territory.

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Saye Gbatu, Andy. "Access to Finance: The Determinants and Limitations to the Supply Side of Finance for Liberia’s Rural Market." Texila International Journal of Academic Research 9, no. 4 (October 29, 2022): 63–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21522/tijar.2014.09.04.art006.

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This critical piece of research paper reviews the literature on the key determinants of finance for Liberia’s rural market. It also takes into account the limitations of the supply of finance for the rural market of Liberia, with the unabated need for the diversification of the Liberian economy in the face of intermittent shocks in the global economy. The study unearthed that investment in agricultural small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) will prove adequate in triggering sustainable economic growth and development through poverty alleviation, job creation, and food security which are the drivers of the supply of finance for rural dwellers in Liberia. Notwithstanding, the study found that the supply of finance for Liberian agricultural SMEs is constrained by the lack of creditworthiness information, weak judicial enforcement of contracts and corporate transparency, land ownership, high non-performing loans, and financial literacy. The keywords used in this article include gross domestic product, small and medium-sized enterprises, non-performing loans, inflation, credit rating, bankruptcy, value chain, urbanization, food security, human capital, and risk aversion. Keywords: Bankruptcy, Credit rating, Human capital, Inflation, Small and medium-sized enterprises, Value chain.

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Sumo, Peter Davis, Kollie Samuel Himbye, Alieu A. Sanoe, Mercy Gono, and Dorris Z. Sumo. "Assessment of factors influencing natural rubber production among smallholder farmers in Liberia using Fuzzy AHP." International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147- 4478) 11, no. 4 (June 5, 2022): 421–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v11i4.1799.

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Natural Rubber (NR) is an important agricultural product utilized in various sectors. NR is one of the world's biggest industries and a critical component in many industries such as automotive, manufacturing, and medicine. Liberia is a top producer of NR with over 127 years of production history. However, since 2014, Liberia's NR net production has decreased by 0.7% year on year and has fallen behind Sri Lanka. NR production in Liberia has experienced scant performance due to many factors. In this project, we employ mixed-method research to examine the factors influencing the decline of the Liberian NR supply chain and propose solutions that will further stimulate the industry's growth. We conduct an MCDM study among 34 smallholder rubber farmers from Grand Bassa, Margibi and Bong counties. Their grading of ten policy objectives and recommendations are programmed using Fuzzy AHP.

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Kuwonu, Franck, and Lisa White. "Liberians say ‘no’ to hugs and handshakes to keep Ebola at bay." Africa Renewal 28, no. 3 (December 31, 2014): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/43181992-en.

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Haque, AQM Shamsul. "Health Perspective of Local and United Nation Personnel Reported in Bangladesh Level-II Hospital in Liberia." Journal of Armed Forces Medical College, Bangladesh 17, no. 2 (May 30, 2022): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jafmc.v17i2.58368.

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Introduction: Liberia is one of civil war-ravaged country, where peace process started by United Nation (UN) in 2003. Bangladesh is also included in peacekeeper’s mission including medical services and sent a Level-II Hospital named Banmed 10 which started works in Liberia in June 2013 and provide medical support to UN personnel as well as local people and civil military cooperation (CIMIC). Pictures of health problems of these personnel are drawn in this study. Objectives: To find out the disease pattern of natives and multinational UN personnel as well as local people visiting Level- II Hospital, Banmed-10. Materials and Methods: It was a descriptive type of observational study conducted among 6906 patients from 18 Jun 2013 to 31 March 2014. Data were collected from the outdoor/indoor medical records and documents. Relevant data are sorted out and entered in computer for necessary calculation. Results are arranged in appropriate tables showing percent or proportion. Results: Common diseases are found in UN personnel and Liberians such as Fever (Nos), Malaria, RTI, Diarrhoea, Backache, Arthritics, Hernia and others. Fever (Nos) most common 83.7% among the locals and 65.3% among the UN personnel. Malaria 16.3% among the locals and 11.3% among the UN personnel. Some special cases were also found like Lassa and Ebola. Conclusion: Bangladesh level-II Hospital has been providing medical support to UNMIL personnel as well as to local people as they are highly dependent on it due to heavy destruction of their medical facilities during civil war. Bangladesh earns commendable reputation by their high professionalism, quality service and dedication to the responsibility. JAFMC Bangladesh. Vol 17, No 2 (December) 2021: 52-56

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Nunnery, D., S. Morrison, L. Haldeman, and J. Dharod. "Liberians Living in the US: An Examination of Food Insecurity and Associated Factors." Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 44, no. 4 (July 2012): S17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2012.03.023.

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Svoronos, Theodore, Rose Jallah Macauley, and Margaret E. Kruk. "Can the health system deliver? Determinants of rural Liberians’ confidence in health care." Health Policy and Planning 30, no. 7 (July 27, 2014): 823–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czu065.

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Käihkö, Ilmari. "‘Taylor must go’ – the strategy of the Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy." Small Wars & Insurgencies 26, no. 2 (March 4, 2015): 248–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09592318.2015.1007561.

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Kieh, George Klay. "The American style of development aid to Liberia." Africanus: Journal of Development Studies 44, no. 2 (January 30, 2015): 33–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/0304-615x/71.

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There is a growing corpus of literature on the critical issue of the various styles used by donors in giving development aid to recipient states in various parts of the world, including Africa, Asia, Europe and Latin America. This article seeks to contribute to the body of literature by examining the nature and dynamics of the American style of development aid to Liberia and the resulting implications for the latterâ€™s social and economic development. Using the realpolitik model as its analytical framework, the article situates the American style of development aid giving within the broader context of Liberia-United States (US) relations. Based on this foundation, the article then interrogated the flows of US development aid to Liberia from 1946â€“2013. The findings indicate that the American style of aid giving is ostensibly designed to serve the economic, political, military and strategic interests of the US. In this vein, Liberia is required to serve as a foot soldier in the promotion of American national interests in the former and elsewhere. Accordingly, in terms of the implications for social and economic development, for the past six decades American development aid has not helped to advance the material conditions of Liberiaâ€™s subaltern classes. However, in order to change this situation, the US would need to rethink the realpolitik foundation of its development aid programme and the Liberian government would need to press for such a policy rethinking. However, both of these possibilities are highly unlikely, given the USâ€™ determination to prosecute its imperial project and its clientelist relationship with the Liberian government.

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Appiah, Francis, Tarif Salihu, Yaw Oppong, Henry Yaw Acheampong, Justice Ofosu Darko Fenteng, Andrews Ohene Darteh, Matthew Takyi, Patience Ansomah Ayerakwah, Kingsley Boakye, and Edward Kwabena Ameyaw. "Association between Hunger and Truancy among Students in Liberia: Analysis of 2017 Global School-Based Student Health Survey." BioMed Research International 2022 (January 20, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4785238.

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Background. About 83% and 49% of Liberians live beneath the poverty line of US$1.25/day and experience hunger, respectively. Studies have established that hunger has long-term adverse consequence on truancy among students. However, no national level study has investigated contribution of hunger on truancy among in-school students in Liberia. This paper therefore seeks to examine the association between hunger and truancy among students in Liberia. The study hypothesises that there exists a positive association between hunger and truancy. Methods. This study used the 2017 Liberia Global School-Based Student Health Survey (LGSSHS) and sampled 2,744 students. However, the present study was restricted to 1,613 respondents who had complete information about variable of interest analysed in the study. Hunger and truancy are the main explanatory and outcome variables for this study. At 95% confidence interval, two binary logistic regression models were built with Model I examining relationship between hunger and truancy and Model II controlled for the influence of covariates on truancy. Our findings were reported in odds ratio (OR) and adjusted odds ratio (AOR). All the analysis was done using STATA version 14.0. Results. Descriptively, 46% were truant, and 65% of students ever experienced hunger. Inferentially, students that ever-encountered hunger had higher odds to truancy ( AOR = 1.32 , CI = 1.06 -1.65). The odds to be truant also increased among those at 15 years and above ( AOR = 2.00 , CI = 1.46 -2.72), who witnessed bullying ( AOR = 1.36 , CI = 1.10 -1.68), that felt lonely ( AOR = 1.35 , CI = 1.06 -1.71), that currently smoke cigarette ( AOR = 2.58 , CI = 1.64 -4.06), and wards whose parents go through their things ( AOR = 1.26 , CI = 1.03 -1.55). Conclusions. The study concluded that hunger was associated with truancy among students in Liberia. Additionally, students’ age, bullying, feeling lonely, cigarette use, and parental concern also determined truancy. Governments, policy makers, and other partners in education should therefore roll out some school-based interventions, such as the school feeding program, which will help minimise the incidence of hunger among students. Such programs should consider the variations in students’ background characteristics in its design.

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Gobewole, Stephen H. "Land in Liberia: The Initial Source of Antagonism Between Freed American Blacks and Indigenous Tribal People Remains the Cause of Intense Disputes." Journal of Politics and Law 14, no. 4 (June 27, 2021): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v14n4p19.

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This study examines factors of land grabbing in Liberia, especially from tribal communities, due originally to different social expectations regarding land and contracts between indigenous people and settlers from America. In addition, land appropriation throughout the history of the Liberian nation is due largely to the Americo-Liberian oligarchy and public corruption. The study analyzes survey, empirical, and concession contracts data gathered by the Ministry of Internal Affairs, Sustainable Development Institute, Government of Liberia, Center for Transparency and Accountability in Liberia, and United Nations Mission in Liberia. It then correlates associations between a number of concession companies, their land acreage under operation, county acreage, and incidence of land grabbing to demonstrate an increase in disputes during the early 2000s due to practices of corrupt public officials. This has resulted from the consistent implementation of inequitable land laws, which have perpetuated land transfer from tribal communities to mostly Americo-Liberian descendants and foreign concessionaires. This land appropriation has fostered public corruption, increased land related disputes, and raised the level of conflict in Liberian society.

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Rösch, Ricarda. "A New Era of Customary Property Rights? – Liberia’s Land and Forest Legislation in Light of the Indigenous Right to Self-Determination." Verfassung in Recht und Übersee 52, no. 4 (2019): 439–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0506-7286-2019-4-439.

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After the end of Liberia’s civil war in 2003, the country embarked upon the reform of its forest and land legislation. This culminated in the adoption of the 2009 Community Rights Law with Respect to Forest Lands and the 2018 Land Rights Act, which NGOs and donors have described as being amongst the most progressive laws in sub-Saharan Africa with regard to the recognition of customary land tenure. Given these actors commitment to human rights, this article takes the indigenous right to self-determination as a starting point for analysing customary property rights and their implementation in Liberia. This includes the examination of the Liberian concept of the 1) recognition and nature of customary land rights, 2) customary ownership of natural resources, 3) jurisdiction over customary land, 4) the prohibition of forcible removal, and 5) the right to free, prior and informed consent.

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Woods, Tryon P. "Marronage, Here and There: Liberia, Enslavement's Conversion, and the Settler-Not." International Labor and Working-Class History 96 (2019): 38–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547919000206.

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AbstractThis proposed contribution to the special issue of ILWCH offers a theoretical re-consideration of the Liberian project. If, as is commonly supposed in its historiography and across contemporary discourse regarding its fortunes into the twenty-first century, Liberia is a notable, albeit contested, instance of the modern era's correctable violence in that it stands as an imperfect realization of the emancipated slave, the liberated colony, and the freedom to labor unalienated, then such representation continues to hide more than it reveals. This essay, instead, reads Liberia as an instructive leitmotif for the conversion of racial slavery's synecdochical plantation system in the Americas into the plantation of the world writ large: the global scene of antiblackness and the immutable qualification for enslavement accorded black positionality alone. Transitions between political economic systems—from slave trade to “re-colonization,” from Firestone occupation to dictatorial-democratic regimes—reemerge from this re-examination as crucial but inessential to understanding Liberia's position, and thus that of black laboring subjects, in the modern world. I argue that slavery is the simultaneous primitive accumulation of black land and bodies, but that this reality largely escapes current conceptualization of not only the history of labor but also that of enslavement. In other words, the African slave trade (driven first by Arabs in the Indian Ocean region, then Europeans in the Mediterranean, and, subsequently, Euro-Americans in the Atlantic) did not simply leave as its corollary effect, or byproduct, the underdevelopment of African societies. The trade in African flesh was at once the co-production of a geography of desire in which blackness is perpetually fungible at every scale, from the body to the nation-state to its soil—all treasures not simply for violation and exploitation, but more importantly, for accumulation and all manner of usage. The Liberian project elucidates this ongoing reality in distinctive ways—especially when we regard it through the lens of the millennium-plus paradigm of African enslavement. Conceptualizing slavery's “afterlife” entails exploring the ways that emancipation extended, not ameliorated, the chattel condition, and as such, impugns the efficacy of key analytic categories like “settler,” “native,” “labor,” and “freedom” when applied to black existence. Marronage, rather than colonization or emancipation, situates Liberia within the intergenerational struggle of, and over, black work against social death. Read as enslavement's conversion, this essay neither impugns nor heralds black action and leadership on the Liberian project at a particular historical moment, but rather agitates for centering black thought on the ongoing issue of black fungibility and social captivity that Liberia exemplifies. I argue that such a reading of Liberia presents a critique of both settler colonialism and of a certain conceptualization of the black radical tradition and its futures in heavily optimist, positivist, and political economic terms that are enjoying considerable favor in leading discourse on black struggle today.

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Fraquetto, Juliana de Moura. "Estados Unidos, Europa e África: a influência exógenacomo causa da primeira guerra civil liberiana." Revista de Iniciação Científica da FFC - (Cessada) 18, no. 2 (November 17, 2020): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.36311/1415-8612.2018.v18n2.p35-42.

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Este artigo se propõe a explorar a história da Libéria, desde seu surgimento até sua Primeira Guerra Civil, ocorrida durante a década de1990, visando discutir a influência dos Estados Unidos, dos países da Europa e dos países da África em relação aos principais problemas políticos liberianos. Além disso, apresenta, a partir de uma abordagem sistêmica e por meio de uma breve retomada histórica, os fatores que contribuíram para a instabilidade política liberiana, como grupos armados que agiram internamente e o próprio Estado liberiano. Assim, do ponto de vista metodológico, o presente artigo visa utilizar-se da pesquisa qualitativa e bibliográfica para construir um estudo de caso que permita a compreensão da interferência exógena na Libéria como causa de sua Primeira Guerra Civil, como foi o caso das intervenções imperialistas após a Conferência de Berlim, do fornecimento de equipamentos bélicos por parte de países africanos e do estabelecimento de operações de paz promovidas tanto pela Comunidade Econômica dos Estados da África Ocidental (CEDEAO) como pela Organização dos Estados Unidos (ONU). Como resultado, este trabalho conclui que os fatores exógenos, ao se juntarem aos fatores endógenos, tornaram aguerra civilmais densa e complexa, à medida que perpetuaramdificuldades políticas, sociais e econômicas enfrentadas até hoje pela Libéria.

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Kesselly, Jerome M. "The Role Professional Accountant Firms play within the Liberian Market in Terms of Strategic Implementation of Financial Statement Audit." TEXILA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ACADEMIC RESEARCH 9, no. 1 (January 28, 2022): 112–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21522/tijar.2014.09.01.art011.

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The study has evaluated the role Professional Accountant Firms play in the Liberian market and to understand the strategic tools used in implementing financial statement Audits [1]. A deductive approach was adopted, and information was collected from thirty respondents via Unstructured face-to-face interviews. Purposive sampling was engaged as this technique aided the cognizant arrangement of targeted respondents (Audit Associates, Staff Auditors, Semi Senior Auditors, Senior Auditors, Asst. Audit managers, Audit Managers, and Audit Partners). The findings show that Professional Accountant Firms in Liberia play a positive and significant role in the Liberian market. Professional Accountant Firms make great contributions in keeping Liberian businesses at full compliant with international financial reporting standards, legal and regulatory requirements, and their own policies and procedures. It is recommended that to be more efficient, Liberian businesses should embrace the role Professional Accountant Firms play within the Liberian market. It is concluded that the Liberia Institute of certified Public Accountants (LICPA) should strengthen, trained, and Licensed all Professional Accountant Firms to meet the growing need of the Professional Accounting industry in the Country.

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Marong, Alhagi, and Chernor Jalloh. "Ending Impunity: The Case for War Crimes Trials in Liberia." African Journal of Legal Studies 1, no. 2 (2005): 53–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221097312x13397499735986.

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AbstractThis article argues that Liberia owes a duty under both international humanitarian and human rights law to investigate and prosecute the heinous crimes, including torture, rape and extra-judicial killings of innocent civilians, committed in that country by the warring parties in the course of fourteen years of brutal conflict. Assuming that Liberia owes a duty to punish the grave crimes committed on its territory, the article then evaluates the options for prosecution, starting with the possible use of Liberian courts. The authors argue that Liberian courts are unable, even if willing, to render credible justice that protects the due process rights of the accused given the collapse of legal institutions and the paucity of financial, human and material resources in post-conflict Liberia. The authors then examine the possibility of using international accountability mechanisms, including the International Criminal Court, an ad hoc international criminal tribunal as well as a hybrid court for Liberia. For various legal and political reasons, the authors conclude that all of these options are not viable. As an alternative, they suggest that because the Special Court for Sierra Leone has already started the accountability process for Liberia with the indictment of Charles Taylor in 2003, and given the close links between the Liberian and Sierra Leonean conflicts, the Special Court would be a more appropriate forum for international prosecutions of those who perpetrated gross humanitarian and human rights law violations in Liberia.

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Imanuella, Johana, and Renitha Dwi Hapsari. "Peran FFPU Sebagai Norm Entrepreneur Agenda Women, Peace and Security (WPS) dalam RSK di Liberia." Frequency of International Relations (FETRIAN) 4, no. 1 (May 30, 2022): 24–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/fetrian.4.1.24-62.2022.

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Peacekeepers are front-line actors who are not only in direct contact with communities in post-conflict setting, but are also involved in the country’s security sector reform. This study is intended to find out how FFPU plays the role as WPS Agenda norm entrepreneur in SSR in Liberia. This study uses descriptive methodology using secondary data sources. The study shows that FFPU acted as a norm entrepreneur of the WPS agenda in SSR in Liberia through the unit’s involvement in Liberian police reform (Liberia National Police, LNP), which can be seen though the unit’s position as a role model for Liberian women, as well as given the responsibility to communicate the transformation of the police, from a corrupt institution to a trustworthy guardian.

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Mandelbaum, Jennifer, Rafael Pérez-Escamilla, Adam Sandow, Daniel F. Gallego-Pérez, Anna Lartey, and Amber Hromi-Fiedler. "Factors Influencing Dietary Practices Among Ghanaian Residents and Liberians Living in a Protracted Refugee Situation in Ghana." Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 51, no. 5 (May 2019): 567–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2018.09.007.

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Ngovo, Bernard L. "The dominance of English among Liberian children." English Today 15, no. 4 (October 1999): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078400011263.

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Prokop, Krzysztof R. "Recenzja]: Cronotassi degli Arcipreti della Basilica Papale Santa Maria Maggiore, a cura di Mons. Michał Jagosz, contributi di Andreas Rehberg [...]." Archiwa, Biblioteki i Muzea Kościelne 108 (December 20, 2018): 429–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/abmk.12543.

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Pełny tytuł: [Recenzja]: Cronotassi degli Arcipreti della Basilica Papale Santa Maria Maggiore, a cura di Mons. Michał Jagosz, contributi di Andreas Rehberg, Giovanni Sicari (biografie e ritrattistica), Vincenzo Parrino (elaborazioni araldiche) (Studia Liberiana • Studie documenti sulla storia della Basilica Papale e del Capitolo di Santa Maria Maggiore • Edizioni Capitolo Liberiano, vol. XI), Roma 2017, ss. 184 [liczne ilustracje]

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Aslanova, Fidan, Samuel Yarkpawolo Jr, Francis S. Dioh, and Larry T. Woyea. "THE CURRENT CHALLENGES FACE BY THE LIBERIA WATER MANAGEMENT SECTOR IN IMPROVING WATER SUPPLY COVERAGE: A CASE STUDY ON THE WHITE PLAINS WATER TREATMENT PLANT IN MONROVIA, LIBERIA." International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology 6, no. 9 (January 1, 2022): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.33564/ijeast.2022.v06i09.007.

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Water is an essential component in the existence of man and his environments. Despite the tremendous effort made by the Liberia Government through the Liberia Water and Sewer Corporation in providing efficient, safe and affordable water supply to the inhabitants of Monrovia and its environs, water supply coverage is still low to meet the demand of the growing population of its inhabitants most especially during the dry season every year. Before the Liberian Civil War in 1990, the Liberia Water and Sewer Corporation supplied sufficient water for the inhabitants of Monrovia and its environs at that time the treatment Plant was in full operation and supplied 16 million gallons per day on the total population of 500, 000 people. After the 14-year Civil War the population of Monrovia and its surroundings has increased to 1,500,000 people thereby tripling the total population before the war and leading to water shortage in the city. There is no constant supply of water, operation and maintenance of the system as well as revenue generation from bills distributed to customers however, leakages within the networks are alarming because the pipes have over-lived its life span. This research scrutinizes reports, literature, studies and other important details regarding the Liberia’s Water Sector ensuring to outlines the primary causes of the challenges and constraints the management faces in delivering water to the people of Monrovia and its surroundings and also discusses the way forward ranges from technical, economic and social issues. The management has an opportunity of improving the current situation through adequate strategies for monitoring water services and water resources, making use of sustainable technologies and linking with target beneficiaries in the development of water supply systems within Monrovia and its environs and it can only be archived through proper planning and management system.

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Parr, Nicholas J. "Pre-Marital Fertility in Liberia." Journal of Biosocial Science 27, no. 1 (January 1995): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000006957.

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SummaryThis analysis of the 1986 Liberia Demographic and Health Survey data finds remarkably high fertility levels among women who have never married or lived with a man, reflecting widespread pre-marital sex and a lack of use of contraception. It is found that single Liberian women are more likely to foster out children than married Liberian women of the same age.

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Spilkin, H. "Liberia: Liberian foundations in a nutshell." Trusts & Trustees 17, no. 6 (April 18, 2011): 555–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tandt/ttr061.

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Goralski, E. "Liberia: Focus on Liberian private foundations." Trusts & Trustees 20, no. 6 (June 10, 2014): 591–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tandt/ttu073.

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Covington-Ward, Yolanda. "“Back Home, People Say America is Heaven”: Pre-Migration Expectations and Post-Migration Adjustment for Liberians in Pittsburgh." Journal of International Migration and Integration 18, no. 4 (February 24, 2017): 1013–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12134-017-0511-7.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Liberians'

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