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Navaruckis, Mantas. "Libijos ginkluoto konflikto (2011-2012) tarptautiniai teisiniai aspektai." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2013. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2013~D_20130205_094951-08653.
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Šiame magistro baigiamajame darbe nagrinėjama tema „Libijos ginkluoto konflikto (2011 – 2012) tarptautiniai teisiniai aspektai”. Baigiamojo darbo tikslas – įvertinti Libijos ginkluotą konfliktą pagal tarptautinės teisės normas.
Pirmajame baigiamojo darbo skyriuje pateikiama Libijos konflikto faktų apžvalga. Analizuojamos Libijos konflikto priežastys bei nurodoma chronologinė įvykių eiga. Išryškinamas Libijos ginkluotųjų pajėgų siekis nuslopinti sukilimą žiauriomis priemonėmis, ypatingą dėmesį skiriant tarptautinės teisės pažeidimams.
Antrajame skyriuje apžvelgiami atskiri Libijos konflikto etapai taikytinos teisės aspektu. Libijos konflikto transformacija analizuojama remiantis tarptautinės humanitarinės teisės normomis bei Tarptautinių teismų praktika. Analizės pagrindu pateikiamas atskirų konflikto etapų tarptautinis teisinis vertinimas. Akcentuojama trečiosios šalies intervencija į konfliktą bei šalių teisinio statuso pokyčiai.
Trečiajame skyriuje aptariami humanitarinės intervencijos į Libiją probleminiai aspektai. Pateikiamas intervencijos vertinimas pagal Jungtinių Tautų Saugumo Tarybos rezoliucijas. Šiame skyriuje identifikuojamos pagrindinės humanitarinės intervencijos problemos bei nurodomi galimi jų sprendimo būdai.
Ketvirtajame skyriuje analizuojami Libijos ginkluoto konflikto šalių padaryti tarptautiniai nusikaltimai. Tarptautiniai nusikaltimai vertinami pagal Tarptautinio baudžiamojo teismo statuto nuostatas. Šiame skyriuje taip pat išryškinamos tarptautinės... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]Following master thesis analyses international legal aspects of the armed conflict in Libya (2011 – 2012). The goal of the graduation paper is to evaluate Libyan armed conflict in terms of international law. In the first chapter, the timeline of Libyan armed conflict is discussed. The main roots of conflict and the chronological events are also included into this chapter. Libyan armed conflict legal analysis emphasizes the suppression of the rebellion. The most important issue is stressed to be the violations of international law. Second chapter overviews the multifaceted progression of the Libyan armed conflict. The transformation of Libyan armed conflict is estimated according to international humanitarian law and case law. The applicability of international law norms is also the subject of this chapter. The third states intervention into existing armed conflict is prerequisite for the legal status changes of the parties. In the third chapter the main issues of humanitarian intervention are discussed. According to the legal analyses of the United Nations resolutions, the main problems of humanitarian intervention in Libya are identified and suggestions are presented. In the fourth chapter international crimes committed by parties are overviewed. International crimes committed by parties are estimated according to the Rome Statute of International Criminal Court. International criminal responsibility issues are also included into this chapter. The main sources, used in the... [to full text]
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Stankutė, Rasa. "Informacinės visuomenės kūrimo kliūtys ir perspektyvos Afrikos šalyse." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2009. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2006~D_20081203_203543-16697.
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„Informacinės visuomenės kūrimo kliūtys ir perspektyvos Afrikos šalyse“ Darbo objektas – Afrikos šalys lokalios, regioninės ir pasaulinės Informacinės visuomenės kontekste. Darbo tikslas – atskleisti Informacinės visuomenės kūrimo kliūtis bei perspektyvas Afrikos šalyse. Darbo uždaviniai: atskleisti Globalios Informacinės visuomenės apibrėžimą, vystymo kryptis ir kūrimo prioritetus; pateikti Afrikos šalių IV kūrimo ištakas ir iniciatyvas; įvertinti dabartinę Afrikos kontinento padėtį Informacinės visuomenės sudedamųjų dalių kontekste; atlikti Afrikos šalių IV lyginamąjį tyrimą. Naudojantis duomenų analizės ir lyginamuoju šalių sugretinimo metodais prieita prie išvados, kad Informacinės visuomenės kūrimas Afrikos šalyse taps evoliuciniu judėjimu pirmyn, jei šalys įveiks Tūkstantmečio plėtros tikslais konstatuotas vystimosi kliūtis ar bent jau pradės produktyviai dirbti jų įveikimo link. Informacinės visuomenės sąvoka yra kompleksiška, ji paima demokratinius principus, žmogiškuosius išteklius ir Informacijos Komunikacijos technologijų situaciją bei naudojimą šalyje. Jei vienos iš šių sudedamųjų dalių nėra, nepavyks sukurti pilnavertės Informacinės visuomenės. Tyrimo rezultatai rodo, kad Afrikai trūksta harmoningo vystimosi, nes daugelyje šalių stinga vieno, dviejų ar net visų Informacinės visuomenės sudedamųjų dalių. Viena pagrindinių kliūčių harmoningam vystimuisi – lokaliniai karai ir konfliktai. Šalys, kurios per paskutinius dešimtmečius patyrė lokalinius karus ar konfliktus... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]Towards Information society in Africa: obstacles and prospects (summary) One of the main strategic goals for every country in Information age, or probably the main – is building Information society, as achievements in this area are the main, which separate one state from another. Depending on it, all states are divided as most developed, developing and least developed. Therefore underlying goal for every state is not only to catch developing speed, but more – to seek for its own contribution in the work of creating new value society. Recently, Global community initiated building “Information society for all”. It means, for all states, regions and individuals. These goals invite to eliminate Digital Divide, helping “information poor” to take advantages of “Digital opportunity”. Main purpose of this work is to look at the situation of “information poor” in Africa continent as building of Information society is seen as opportunity to foster their development. Work theme is “Towards Information society in Africa countries: obstacles and prospects”. Main goal is to highlight obstacles and prospects of building Information Society in Africa. Tasks: to highlight definition, development trends and priorities of Global Information society; to present Information society building origins and initiatives of Africa countries; to measure present status of Information society in Africa regarding complex Information society concept; to carry a comparative research of Africa Information... [to full text]
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Puig, Cepero Oriol. "Libya Kaman Turaï. El Dorado libio: los retornados nigerinos en Niamey." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/461829.
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A partir de la segunda mitad del siglo XX, Libia se convierte en El Dorado de miles de africanos del sur del Sáhara, atraídos por oportunidades de trabajo y una retórica panafricana del líder libio, Muammar Gadafi. Son movilidades intraafricanas, protagonizadas mayoritariamente por hombres jóvenes procedentes de distintos países de África negra, también de Níger, territorio vecino y fronterizo al país magrebí, que materializan el proverbio hausa Libya Kaman Turaï, “Libia como Europa”, es decir, la posibilidad de satisfacer necesidades económicas y sociales en Libia como podrían hacerlo en el viejo continente.
El conflicto civil de 2011 y la caída de Gadafi suponen un punto de inflexión de estos movimientos históricos y circulares transaharianos, herederos de las antiguas rutas caravaneras. Entorno a 300.000 ciudadanos nigerinos regresan a Níger de manera apresurada y precaria, tras ser perseguidos y acusados como cómplices y “mercenarios” del Guía libio. Mediante una etnografía en Niamey, capital de Níger, esta tesis intenta profundizar en las condiciones de vida de un colectivo que debe asumir el fracaso de su proyecto migratorio y reformular su nuevo rol social y familiar, reconfigurando su representación colectiva en el medio comunitario urbano. A través de métodos clásicos como la observación participante y las conversaciones informales en la fada, principal espacio de sociabilidad masculina en el país, el estudio se focaliza en las distintas etapas migratorias, desde el trayecto del desierto a la estancia en Libia, así como el retorno forzado y las perspectivas de futuro.
El trabajo analiza las redes transnacionales y/o translocales “por abajo” que contribuyen a fomentar estas movilidades y enfatiza las consecuencias del retorno en el espacio social de Niamey. Cómo se reintegran los retornados en su sociedad de origen? Cuál es su rol social tras la vuelta? Están listos para retomar el camino o bien prefieren quedarse en Níger? La monografía ambiciona responder algunas de estas preguntas, revelando un fenómeno particular, original y reciente, caracterizado por prácticas sociales ligadas al medio urbano africano y relacionadas tanto a concepciones étnicas como nuevas formas “cosmopolitas”. En definitiva, la tesis quiere contribuir a un análisis holístico de la movilidad, asumiendo las dinámicas subjetivas y comunitarias que provocan y tensionan los proyectos migratorios, y poniendo el acento en las personas protagonistas de los desplazamientos, más allá de lógicas cuantitativas, las más extendidas en ámbito de las migraciones. En este sentido, el trabajo también quiere contribuir a reivindicar el movimiento como lo que en realidad es: un derecho, reconocido en los protocolos internacionales y regionales, además inherente y posibilitador de la historia de la humanidad hasta nuestros días.During decades, Libya became El Dorado for thousands of Africans coming from south of the Sahara, attracted by work opportunities and panafrican rhetoric of Libyan Guide, Muammar Gaddafi. In these intra-african mobilities we find citizens from Niger, adjacent territory that shares border to Maghrebi country. They experience the hausa proverb Libya Kaman Turaï, “Libya like Europe”, the possibility of satisfying economic and social needs in Libya as they could do it in the Old Continent. Libya’s war in 2011 mean a turning point of these historical and circular trans-saharian fluxes, heirs of ancient caravan routes. Around 300.000 Nigeriens returned home in vulnerable conditions, after being persecuted as accomplishes of Gaddafi’s regime. By an ethnography in Niamey, capital of Niger, this thesis explores the life conditions of this group, who must accept the failure of their migration project and reformulate its social and familiar role, reconfiguring its representation in the urban communitarian location. By classical methods as participant observation and informal conversations in the fada, the main space of male sociability in the country, the study focuses on the different phases of the migration process, from the journey through the desert until the stay in Libya, as well as the forced return. The work analyses the transnational and translocal networks “from below”, which promote these mobilities, and emphasises the consequences of the return to Niamey’s social space. How return people are living in their society of origin? Are they ready to take the route again or would they rather stay in Niger? This monograph wants to assess some of these questions, revealing a particular, original and recent phenomenon, defined by social practices linked to the urban African environment and connected to both ethnic conceptions as well as new ways of “cosmopolitism”.
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Ganem, Salah Elgabu. "El petróleo en la construcción de la identidad libia. Tres décadas de transformación social en Libia 1950-1985." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/666174.
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Esta investigación parte de dos objetivos principales: en primer lugar, efectuar un estudio comparativo entre la identidad libia de antes y de después del petróleo; y, en segundo lugar, examinar de manera objetiva, además de la historia política y económica, la historia cultural y social durante estos dos periodos.
Este estudio ha abarcado las tres décadas sucesivas que se inician a partir de 1950. En ese final de la primera mitad del siglo XX, el país sufría una situación económica muy angustiosa y tenía el ingreso per cápita más bajo del mundo. La posibilidad de crear capital era casi inexistente, la economía nacional tenía una incapacidad permanente, la pobreza extrema se cernía sobre todos los lugares y en el horizonte apenas se veían rayos de esperanza.
La economía del país dependía principalmente de dos modelos: el ganadero y el agrícola. El primero era tribal, colectivo, y se basaba en el pastoreo y el inestable y débil rendimiento agrícola. El segundo, un modelo rural de producción agrícola, se basaba en el agricultor independiente que sólo trabaja para sí mismo. Este patrón quedaba limitado a las pequeñas áreas agrícolas colindantes con la costa mediterránea. Pero, al cabo de treinta y cinco años, en 1985, el país se había convertido en uno de los mayores exportadores de petróleo crudo del mundo, disfrutaba de superávit en sus balanzas comerciales y de pagos, tenía un alto ingreso per cápita y, con el establecimiento de una economía capitalista global, pasó de una economía deficitaria a otra con grandes excedentes y abundante capital.
El año 1961 se considera como el inició de la transformación de la vida económica libia a consecuencia del primer hallazgo de petróleo, el inicio de su exportación en el segundo año de la década de los sesenta, generó grandes cambios en la identidad libia, especialmente en la estructura económica, política, social y cultural del país.
En el aspecto económico, el petróleo proporcionó un enorme recurso financiero que el país necesitaba de forma desesperada, con el cual fue capaz de deshacerse de sus graves problemas de financiación y permitirse prescindir de las ayudas externas que conseguía con la firma de acuerdos condicionados. En cuanto a los aspectos sociales basados en la tribu y los fuertes lazos familiares, el oro negro contribuyó a la dispersión de la sociedad tribal mediante la migración de miles de personas del campo a la ciudad en busca de trabajo, y el enriquecimiento rápido del país en los ámbitos del comercio, la construcción, los servicios y las nuevas profesiones.
Los cambios no se limitaron a los aspectos externos, sino que estuvieron acompañados de cambios internos en la relación entre hombres y mujeres, mediante los cuales, a diferencia de la familia tradicional en la que el hombre tenía el poder absoluto, la mujer libia consiguió su independencia económica y física.
Al finalizar este periodo de mejoras, en su balanza de pagos, balanza comercial y renta per cápita aparecieron consecuencias negativas debido a la alta inflación y al aumento de los precios, así como problemas relacionados con la capacidad de absorción de la economía nacional derivados del creciente auge económico y del papel del Gobierno como salvador, a partir de la creación de un número creciente de proyectos de desarrollo económico.
Algunas de las características de la sociedad tribal todavía son patentes en Libia, aunque el país se ha desarrollado más allá de su estructura tribal tradicional. Pero en ausencia de instituciones políticas democráticas, el tribalismo sigue presente en la sociedad y, si no se resuelve el problema de la democracia, puede llegar a ser perjudicial para el proceso de modernización en el largo plazo.When I began to work on this research, I observed that in the history of Libya there are some aspects that still remain far from the attention of historians and have not been sufficiently investigated, because they focused their major efforts on studying the political and economic history of Libya, paying less attention to the sociological and demographic aspects. For that reason, I had two objectives in mind: first, to carry out a comparative study between the identity of Libya before and after oil; and, secondly, to objectively examine, in addition to political and economic history, cultural and social history during this period. My Libyan origin, my knowledge of the environment and my ability to contact the Libyans, gave me a unique opportunity to understand interests and events, and then reflect them in this research from a point of view very close to reality. This study has covered the three successive decades that began in 1950. At the end of the first half of the 20th century, the country suffered a very distressing economic situation and had the lowest per capita income in the world. The possibility of creating capital was almost non-existent, the national economy had a permanent disability, extreme poverty hovered over the entire country and on the horizon, there was no hope. But at the end of thirty-five years, in 1985, the country had become one of the largest exporters of crude oil in the world, enjoyed surpluses in its trade and payment balances, had a high per capita income and, with the establishment of a global capitalist economy, went from one deficit economy to another with large surpluses and abundant capital.
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Shalbak, Farid Ali. "Palaeozoic petroleum systems of the Murzuq Basin, Libya." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/396605.
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The Murzuq Basin is a sedimentary basin located SW Libya which geology remains poorly understood in spite that their proved reserves has been estimated up to 6000 MMb and a number of finds have been recently reported. The Murzuq reserves represent about 6.5 % of the Libyan resources and the larger reserves are located in the NC115, NC174 NC186 and NC210 blocks. Production in the basin began in late 1996 when the El Sharara Field comes on stream. El Sharara Field is capable to produce up to 200,000 B/D, and Al Feel Field is capable to produce up to 150,000 B/D. About the 30% of the Libya's current oil production is supplied by the Murzuq Basin.
Geologically the Murzuq Basin is an erosional remnant of a much larger Palaeozoic continental margin rimming Gondwana. The present-day flanks of the basin are defined by erosion resulting from multiphase tectonic uplifts; consequently the current basin geometry has not relation to the broad and large peri-Gondwana continental margin which existed in the area during Palaeozoic times. The Murzuq flanks comprise the Tihemboka, Tibesti, Gargaf and Atshan highs.
The Murzuq Basin is filled by a thick Palaeozoic sedimentary succession of marine and transitional sediments. In general sedimentation rate during Palaeozoic times was low and their maximum sedimentary infill reaches about 3000 metres in thickness. The sedimentary infill of the basin records several generations of structuring, mainly compressional and transpressional in nature, but the cumulative structural deformation is considered relatively minor. Although fault arrangement displays considerably variations, a N-S trend is dominant.
The Palaeozoic sedimentary infill of the Murzuq Basin is divided in fifteen lithostratigraphic units called from older to younger: Hasawnah, Achabiyat, Hawaz, Melaz Suqran, Mamuniyat, Bir Tlacsin, Tanezzuft, Akakus, Tadrart, Wan Kasa, Awainat Wanin, Marar, Assedjefar, Dembaba and Tiguentounine formations. The older Hasawnah Fm records an initial marine transgression during late Cambrian to middle Ordovician times and the younger Tiguentounine Fm records deposition during the late Carboniferous to lowermost Permian times. Generally Permian rocks are missing in the Murzuq Basin because during this period the main phase of Hercynian uplift and erosion took place and most of the Permian strata were removed.
A number of major basin-scale unconformities are recognized within the sedimentary infill recording the orogenic history and other major geological processes occurred in the Murzuq Basin which, in turn, controlled deposition. These basin-scale unconformities allow us the stratigraphic subdivision of the Palaeozoic sedimentary record into four second order sequences. The main basin-scale unconformities are the Pan-African, Taconian, Caledonian and Hercynian tectonic phases and the Late Ordovician glaciation. Other unconformities which could be recognized within the sedimentary record are minor or belong to the younger Austrian and Alpine cycles, and consequently, they don't affect the deposition of the Palaeozoic sequences.
Two Palaeozoic petroleum systems have been identified within the Murzuq Basin. Both involving the early Silurian Hot Shale source: a) A late Ordovician petroleum system composed of the Hawaz/Mamuniyat sandstones reservoir, the Hot Shale source and the Tanezzuft seal, and b) A middle Devonian petroleum system composed of the BDS sandstones reservoir, the Hot Shale source and intra Devonian shales seal.
In the late Ordovician petroleum system oil was expelled from the Hot Shales directly into the underlying Hawaz and Mamuniyat sandstones, which contain all the commercial discoveries in the Murzuq Basin. So, oil migration was short and reservoir recharge laterally. Results of basin modelling suggest timing of petroleum generation and trapping from late Carboniferous to Cretaceous or even early Tertiary. This system is the primary play in all the commercial oil discoveries in the northern and central part of the Murzuq Basin and their resources in the Murzuq Basin are estimated more than 2000 MMSTB.
The Devonian system is a secondary potential petroleum system constituted by the Middle Devonian BDS sandstones reservoir charged indiscriminately by both, Devonian or Silurian organic-rich shales and sealed by intra Devonian shaly intervals. The possible existence of the Devonian system is supported by the discovery of some non commercial oil accumulations and the presence of frequent oil shows in the BDS interval. However, to date commercial finds has been not recorded within the Devonian system and their hydrocarbon potential remains poorly understood.La Cuenca de Murzuq se localiza en el sur y suroeste de Libia y contiene unas reservas del orden de 6 billones de barriles de petróleo y 1 trillón de m3 de gas. La cuenca es el resultado de la erosión multifase del margen continental de Gondwana, y sus actuales límites son bloques tectónicamente elevados durante las orogenias Caledonica, Hercínica y sobre todo, Alpina. Está rellena por una potente sucesión de hasta 3000 m de rocas siliciclásticas que registran la sedimentación durante el Paleozoico. La secuencia Paleozoica es recubierta por una sucesión Mesozoica ausente por erosión de los bloques que delimitan la cuenca. La sucesión Paleozoica es relativamente continua, y la deformación tectónica poco importante. El registro Paleozoico se ha subdividido en quince unidades litoestratigráficas, que de más antigua a más moderna son las formaciones Hasawnah, Achabiyat, Hawaz, Melaz Suqran, Mamuniyat, Bir Tlacsin, Tanezzuft, Akakus, Tadrart, Wan Kasa, Awainat Wanin, Marar, Assedjefar, Dembaba, y Tiguentounine. En general no existe registro Pérmico en la Cuenca debido a la denudación durante la fase Hercínica. Existen cuatro discontinuidades principales que condicionaron la sedimentación; éstas se corresponden con las orogenias Pan-Africana, Caledonica y Hercínica, además de la superficie erosiva relacionada con la glaciación del Ordovícico Superior. En la Cuenca se han identificado dos sistemas petroleros Paleozoicos. En ambos la roca madre es el tramo basal de la Fm Tanezzuft conocido como "Hot Shales". Estos sistemas son: a) Un sistema petrolero del Ordovícico Superior constituido por las areniscas de las Fms Hawaz y Mamuniyat como reservorio, las Hot Shales como roca madre y la Fm Tanezzuft como sello, y b) Un sistema petrolero del Devónico Medio constituido por los tramos areniscosos de la base de la Fm Awainat Wanin como reservorio, las Hot Shales como roca madre y los diversos intervalos lutítico-arcillosos intra Devónicos como sello. De estos sistemas petroleros el Ordovícico es el principal y contiene la totalidad de los campos en producción, mientras que el Devónico es un sistema que solo debe de ser considerado como potencial y en el que hasta la fecha no se ha localizado ningún campo comercialmente explotable.
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BUSEDRA, SULIMAN. "LA SCUOLA NELLA COMUNITA'. LA SCUOLA ARABO-LIBICA IN ITALIA COME VEICOLO DI INTEGRAZIONE CULTURALE." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/42958.
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Il tema più generale dell`insegnamento scolastico in Libia, dal colonialismo italiano del 1911, fino il 1934, l’autorità italiana in Libia ha permesso l’accesso alla scuola solo per i maschi, usando la lingua araba e la lingua italiana per l’insegnamento. Nel 24.12.1951, la Libia ha avuto la suo indipendenza, il nuovo governo libico ha messo le prime basi di un sistema educativo completo che potesse formare una classe dirigente nazionale qualificata per gestire lo stato. I programmi e i metodi di insegnamento, con l’obbligo di studio per tutti fino alla terza media, si possono constatare i cambiamenti culturali e politici della Libia. Nel 1969, la rivoluzione libica, ha portato più impegno verso lo sviluppo dell’educazione per combattere l’analfabetismo, inoltre ha dato la possibilità agli studenti di avere borse di studio all’estero. Con la difficoltà di trovare testi e materiale, a causa del caos e la drammatica situazione che stava passando la Libia dopo la rivolta del 17.02.2011, si sono dovuti attuare dei cambiamenti nei programmi scolastici a causa della scarsità di fornitura dei libri in quasi tutto il paese. Infatti per sopperire a queste mancanze, si sono dovute attuare nuove riforme per conformare gli edifici scolastici danneggiati dalla guerra. I ritardi nei restauri degli edifici, i problemi della mancanza dei libri scolastici, tutto questo ha messo l`istruzione davanti a sfide che i due governi ancora oggi sono incapaci di affrontare. A causa dell`aumento della comunità libica residente all`estero, il governo libico decise di aprire delle scuole arabo - libiche in paesi stranieri, in Italia sono due, situate rispettivamente a Roma e Milano, che seguissero gli ufficiali programmi educativi libici. In queste scuole vennero accettati anche studenti di altri paesi arabi.The most general theme of school education in Libya, from Italian colonialism in 1911, until 1934, the Italian authority in Libya allowed access to the school only for males, using the Arabic language and the Italian language for teaching. On 24.12.1951, Libya had its independence, the new Libyan government laid the foundations of a complete educational system that could form a qualified national leadership to manage the state. The programs and methods of teaching, with the obligation to study for everyone up to the third year of middle school, can be seen in the cultural and political changes in Libya. In 1969, the Libyan revolution brought more commitment to the development of education to combat illiteracy, and also gave the opportunity for students to have scholarships abroad. With the difficulty of finding texts and material, due to the chaos and the dramatic situation that Libya was going through after the revolt of 17.02.2011, changes had to be made in school programs due to the scarcity of supply of books in almost the whole country. In fact, to make up for these shortcomings, new reforms have had to be implemented to conform the school buildings damaged by the war. The delays in the restoration of buildings, the problems of the lack of school books, all this has put education in front of challenges that the two governments are still unable to deal with today. Due to the rise of the Libyan community resident abroad, the Libyan government decided to open Arab-Libyan schools in foreign countries, in Italy there are two, located respectively in Rome and Milan, that followed the official Libyan educational programs. In these schools were also accepted students from other Arab countries.
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Ottone, Gabriella. "Libyka : testimonianze e frammenti /." Tivoli (Roma) : TORED, 2002. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb391345760.
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Texte remanié de: Tesi di dottorato--Storia greca--Università degli studi di Roma Tor Vergata, 1995.La p. de titre porte en plus : "Università degli studi di Roma Tor Vergata" Bibliogr. p. 583-606. Index.
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Khalifa, Akram Esa Omar. "Destination Libya : developing Libya as an internationally competitive tourism destination." Thesis, Cardiff Metropolitan University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10369/922.
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Libya is an emerging tourism destination in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Early efforts to encourage tourism in the 1990s were re-energised after the lifting of UN sanctions in 2003 following dramatic changes in Libya’s foreign policy. Despite a healthy economy, high rates of unemployment (30%) combine with a dominant source of income - oil - which contributes 95% of GDP. Thus Libya is considering tourism for economic diversification. This thesis explores the challenges that face Libya in this endeavour and develops a best practice model (SCDM2) to help Libya achieve its ambitions as an internationally-competitive tourism destination. Data collection from key stakeholders in the Libyan tourism product (government officials, tour operators, hotel managers, tourists and local communities) involved five qualitative methods (focus group interviews, semi-structured interviews, document analysis, audio-visual materials and participant observation). Libya is a unique destination with: long untouched coastal beaches; stunning and wellpreserved Roman and Greek antiquities; amazing desert adventure opportunities; prehistoric civilisations; generous and hospitable people. Despite being very safe, Libya has an image problem in the UK: desert; hot; a culture similar to other Arab countries; controlled by Qudaffi who promotes anti western policies. The tourism industry faces enormous challenges, mostly related to the absence of a clear strategy for tourism development: destination accessibility; poor protection for tourism attractions/antiquities; weak human resource development, environmental and quality service issues. The demand side of SCDM2 focuses on destination image. The supply side addresses destination elements: destination accessibility; destination planning and management; supporting resources; local communities; comparative advantage; the significance of global environment. The thesis concludes that despite good comparative advantage there are major challenges to delivering appropriately-priced, high-quality products enabling Libya to compete with other MENA destinations and makes a number of recommendations to Libya’s decision-makers to address the key challenges.
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Guàrdia, Felip Jordi. "El fòrum romà de Iulia Libica i l’arqueologia urbana de Llivia (Cerdanya)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/482144.
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1-Topografia arqueològica de Iulia Libica
Fins l'any 1997, es van excavar parcialment diversos enclavaments amb estructures i
materials d'època romana altimperial situats a la part baixa del centre de Llívia, en una
àrea situada a l'oest de l'església parroquial. Entre aquests destacaven el Camí Ral,
Cal Meranges, Cal Doctor, el Carrer dels Forns i l'Hort de la Falona.
Entre els anys 1997-98 es va excavar en extensió un nou punt, La zona B de Les
Colomines, ubicada a la part oriental de l'església. Es tractava d'un conjunt de
vivendes de caire domèstic, que va viure el seu moment d'esplendor a les Fases 1 i 2
(finals del s.IaC.-mitjans s.I dC) amb una trama que aprofitava la pendent del terreny.
Es van trobar restes d'un hipocaust, així com llars de foc i canalitzacions i, entre el
material, ceràmiques sigil·lades itàliques i sudgàl·liques i una moneda d'August.
De la mateixa cronologia eren la domus de l’Hort de la Rectoria, ubicada al costat del
Carrer dels Forns, i Cal Barrier, un possible centre de caire industrial allunyat del
centre principal
2-El fòrum de Iulia Libica. Evolució històrica de la ciutat als s.I-IIdC
Entre els anys 1997 i 2003 es va delimitar i excavar parcialment la zona A de Les
Colomines, situada a tocar de l'església. Mitjançant l'estudi arquitectònic (planta
regular, habitacions a la part superior, restes del pòrtic oriental, una porta monumental
d'accés i una exedra al cantó sudest) i el material (escultures, crustae, sectile,
monedes de Tiberi i Claudi) es va concloure que es tractava d'un edifici públic i que
podia ser el fòrum altimperial de la ciutat romana de Iulia Libica.
Això es confirmà l'any 2013, amb uns sondejos que van treure a la llum diversos murs
perimetrals i la cantonada nordoest, de 42,50 m d'amplada. Després de diverses
actuacions dins el conjunt, entre els anys 2015 i 2016 es va descobrir el temple, situat
enmig de la part septentrional de l'edifici, sobre una plataforma creada mitjançant un
podium transversal. El temple, del que fins ara s'han excavat la meitat oriental de la
pronaos i la cel·la, ha conservat part de la cel·la en molt bon estat, amb pavimentació
de lloses i signinum in situ, i una considerable altura dels murs perimetrals. Cal
destacar el conjunt de fragments d'estàtues de marbre de tipus figuratiu, pertanyent a
època augustea o tiberiana, que es va trobar incrustat en un mur tardà.
El fòrum de I. Libica, que és al mig de la ciutat, de tipologia constructiva i programa
decoratiu d'època Júlia-Claudia, es troba molt lligat als exemples de Ruscino i
Lugdunum Convenarum, ciutats del sud de la Gàlia, amb qui potser comparteix
cronologia (entorn del canvi d'era), estatut jurídic municipal, i probablement també
fundació augustea, dins el marc de la seva política fundacional d'aquest emperador, a
partir del material aparegut a les rases de fonamentació.
La urbs es troba al pas principal dels Pirineus Orientals, dins la ruta comercial que
possiblement portava els materials luxosos i les àmfores des de Narbo i la ceràmica
sigil·lada des de La Graufesenque, a part d'una hipotètica funció com a teloneum
interprovincial entre la Tarraconesa i la Narbonesa. La civitas es convertí en la capital
dels ceretans i el fòrum en el seu centre religiós, polític i administratiu, enmig d'un
extens territori que als segles I-II dC es dedicà a transformar tota mena de productes
per mantenir els elevats costos del centre públic.
La ciutat i el fòrum van continuar en funcionament fins el s.IIdC, com així ho testimonia
la troballa de monedes de Domicià (dinastia Flàvia) i Antoninus Pius (dinastia
Antoniniana).1-Topographic Archaeology of Iulia Libica Until year1997, we excaved partially some settlements with structures and materials from Early Roman Empire, placed in the center of the ancient part of modern Llívia (Cerdanya), in an area situated westwards the local church. These were Camí Ral, Cal Meranges, Cal Doctor, el Carrer dels Forns and l'Hort de la Falona. In years 1997-98 we excaved another settlement, Les Colomines zona B, situated eastward the church. It were some domestical structures that flourished in the First and Second Phases (late 1th BP - middle 1th AD) with a floorplan that ajusted to the topographic conditions. In this place we identificated the remains of an hipocaustus, walls, rooms and canalizations and, amongst the pottery, terra sigillatta from Italy and southern Gaul, and a coin from emperor AVGVSTVS. On the same chronology was the l’Hort de la Rectoria's domus, sited near Carrer dels Forns, and Cal Barrier, an hypothetical industrial site far from the center of the ancient city. 2-The Forum of Iulia Libica. Historical evolution of the city. 1th and 2th AD Betwen 1997 and 2003 we delimited and excaved partially Les Colomines zona A, located besides the church. The arquitectonic studies (regular floorplan, rooms in the upper part, oriental portico's remains, a monumental acces gate with an ara and an exaedra in the meridional sector) and the objects (scultpure, crustae, sectile, epigraphic inscription, roman coinage from the emperors TIBERIVS and CLAVDIVS) lead to the conclusion that it was possibly a public building, maybe the Iulia Libica's roman city's forum from the Early Empire. This was confirmed in 2013, with a geophysical prospecction that led us exhumate several perimetral walls and the nordwest angle, with 42,50 the totally of the septentrional part. After some works inside the edification, in 2016 we discovered the temple, placed in the middle of buildings' septentrional zone, on a platform created with a transversal podium. In 2016 and 2017, we've excaved the temple only in the oriental parts of the pronaos and the cella. The remains of the cella are good conserved, with stones craftly worked and signinum's pavements in situ, the basement of an statue and perimeter walls very high. We discovered too many fragments of marble's statues of figurative style, from augustean or tiberian times, located integred in part of a late roman wall. The I. Libica's forum is in the middle of the city, its constructive tipology and decorative program are typical ot the Iulia-Claudian dinasty, is very close to the exemples of Ruscino and Lugdunum Convenarum, southern's Gaul cities, possibly with the same chronology (late 1th BP- early 1th AD), Latin rights, and possibly augustean fundation too, in this emperor's fundational politic's context, according to finds of material appeared from fonamentation's trenchs of the forum. The urbs is in a natural and pass between the Pyrenees, in the commercial circuit that probably supply luxury materials and amphorae from Narbo, and the terra sigllatta from La Graufesenque, in dependence of Gaul as a source of products. The civitas evolved in ceretans' capital and the forum in its religious, political and administrative center, in the middle of a large territory that during 1th and 2th AD transformed all kind of products to maintain the elevated costs demanded by public's center The city and the forum lasted to 2th AD, according the finds of roman coinage from DOMITIANVS (Flavian dinasty) and ANTONINVS PIVS (Antoninian dinasty).
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Castorri, Alan. "Ottimizzazione di strutture a forma libera." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2011. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/1834/.
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L'obiettivo di questa tesi è la discretizzazione di superfici a forma libera in gruppi di triangoli uguali tra loro. L'applicazione alle coperture in vetro e acciaio comporta un vantaggio a livello economico, nel rispetto dei vincoli architettonici e delle prestazioni strutturali. L'algoritmo utilizzato prevede una serie di iterazioni volte a trovare la forma ottimale dei triangoli approssimanti, che in seguito vengono ruotati e traslati in modo da riprodurre la forma globale iniziale nella maniera più precisa possibile. L'analisi multi-obiettivo riguarda il numero di triangoli unici usati, la spaziatura tra i triangoli, il distacco dalla superficie di riferimento e la dimensione degli elementi che deve essere compatibile con la struttura di sostegno. Vengono riportati i risultati dell'applicazione del presente metodo alla copertura "La Vela" del complesso Mixed Use Via Larga, sito in Bologna.
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Blanco, García Mabel Katelin. "El rol de los intereses nacionales en la aplicación de la doctrina de la responsabilidad para proteger por parte del Consejo de Seguridad de la ONU : casos de Libia y Sudán." Master's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2015. http://tesis.pucp.edu.pe/repositorio/handle/123456789/6328.
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El presente trabajo analiza cómo los intereses nacionales de los Estados miembros permanentes del Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas pueden influir en la aplicación de la doctrina de la Responsabilidad para Proteger (R2P). Para ello se eligió el estudio de las crisis humanitarias de Sudán (2011) y Libia (2011), planteándose la siguiente hipótesis: «El éxito (Libia) o fracaso (Sudán) humanitario de la aplicación de la doctrina de la R2P por parte del Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas dependen del nivel de confluencia de los intereses de los países que se vieron involucrados en dicho proceso de aplicación». Se acopió información de los archivos documentarios de la ONU; organismos regionales; ONGs humanitarias; órganos estatales, archivos periodísticos y estudios de expertos en temas humanitarios, de seguridad entre otros; los cuales fueron sometidos a un análisis comparativo. Se encontró que la aplicación de la R2P por parte del Consejo de Seguridad, en Sudán, fue irregular, tímida y poco efectiva, debido a una falta de interés y voluntad política para poner fin a la crisis y a la poca claridad de la naciente doctrina de la R2P. En Libia, la aplicación fue rápida y coordinada, la Primavera Árabe llevó a su debate en las Naciones Unidas; y la confluencia de intereses nacionales con el interés humanitario de la organización permitió una efectiva aplicación de la R2P. De ello se concluye que los intereses nacionales de los Estados miembros permanentes del Consejo de Seguridad tienen un rol decisivo en la aplicación de la doctrina de la R2P, ya que éstos tienden a priorizar la protección de sus intereses. Por lo que, el éxito o fracaso de la aplicación de la R2P dependerá del nivel de articulación de los mismos, a fin de generar una acción efectiva de implentación de la R2P.Tesis
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El-Msellati, Ahmed Aboubakr. "Aviation law in Libya." Thesis, McGill University, 1987. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=63976.
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Jamal, Amal Mohammed Hassan 1964. "The Kel Azjer Tuareg culture : public and private space in Ghat." Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=115609.
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This dissertation presents a study of the urban form of the Old Town of Ghat, the historical sultanate of the Azjer Tuareg. An analysis of the public and private spaces of this collective artifact is presented in order to comprehend and document the relationship between this Saharan town's architecture and Ghatian society. This study illustrates how Ghat's vernacular architecture represents a range of culturally distinct meanings and values and how this architecture reflects Ghatian life. In order to analyze the built environment of Ghat and the pattern of use of public and private spaces, this dissertation investigates Azjer Tuareg culture and documents the various existing nomadic and semi-nomadic Azjer Tuareg housing typologies in Libya. It investigates not only the contribution of the socio-cultural practices of this culture to the way spaces were configured, organized, and used, but also the Ghatian peoples' daily and seasonal life routines as well as their various social and economic activities.This dissertation explores Ghat's spaces at three levels of its urban environment: the home (domestic), the neighbourhood (communal), and the town (public). It focuses on the relationship between the social aspects of Ghatian culture and the formation and use of the town's spaces. It also investigates the affect of trans-Saharan trade and the colonization and ruling history of Old Ghat on its formation and/or growth and the creation of public and private spatial domains in an attempt to understand the embedded meanings of Ghat's built environment. This study also investigates the role of climate in the formation of Old Ghat and the ingenious architecture and structure of its dwellings. This architecture reflects local construction techniques and limited local resources, consequently imparting distinct meaning to the built form of Ghat.
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García, Sánchez Gabriel Isaías, and Sánchez Gabriel Isaías García. "“Cronología de la Primavera Árabe: Sahara Occidental, Túnez, Egipto, Libia y Yemen”." Tesis de Licenciatura, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11799/33403.
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En el primer apartado se pretende establecer “certidumbre” al concepto de “globalización”, siendo considerado como uno de los más relevantes en la actualidad para las ciencias sociales debido a la redefinición de paradigmas que ha propiciado en cuestiones teóricas y prácticas. La relevancia del concepto es tal que hasta la fecha diversos autores han pretendido darle una explicación teórica solida al concepto lo cual lo ha enriquecido sin embargo, esos mismos estudios han creado la complejidad del mismo.
Para el segundo apartado, ya establecido el concepto globalización; se abordará con el fin de ejemplificar algunas de las repercusiones generadas por la globalización, los conflictos ocurridos durante finales del 2010 y a lo largo del 2011; mejor conocidos internacionalmente como Primavera Árabe. Lo cual derivaría en la caída de los gobiernos de Ben Ali en Túnez, Hosni Mubarak en Egipto, Muamar el Gadafi en Libia y Saleh en Yemen; considerados como los más longevos del Mundo Árabe.
Y como apartado final, se pretende establecer un panorama general de lo que los países del Mundo Árabe han adoptado como una solución a los problemas de que dejará la salida de los líderes de los gobiernos más longevos de la zona. Además se plantea parte de los retos que estos países tendrán que afrontar para llegar a consolidar a la democracia la cual es una forma de gobierno aparentemente ajena a su realidad.
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Grandvallet, Aurélie Gillet Pierre. "Influence des médicaments sur la libido féminine." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2008. http://www.scd.uhp-nancy.fr/docnum/SCDPHA_T_2008_GRANDVALLET_AURELIE.pdf.
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Seddiq, Mrihil Ali Esalami. "Karakterizacija kvaliteta, nutritivne vrednosti i stabilnosti devičanskih maslinovih ulja proizvedenih u različitim regionima Libije." Phd thesis, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Tehnološki fakultet Novi Sad, 2018. https://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=107467&source=NDLTD&language=en.
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U ovoj tezi, uz pomoć literaturnih podataka prezentovano je geografsko poreklo masline i maslinovog ulja, njegova upotreba tokom istorije, proizvodni proces, senzorska svojstva, nutritivna vrednost i sastav masnih kiselina i održivost. U eksperimentalnom delu teze detaljno je analizirano pet uzoraka devičanskih maslinovih ulja-DMU proizvedenih na različitim maslinarskim područjima Libije tokom dve uzastopne proizvodne godine. Krakteristike ovih ulja su upoređene sa karakteristikama ekstra devičanskih maslinovih ulja najpoznatijih svetskih proizvođača, Italije. Španije i Grčke. Najvažnije masne kiseline u maslinovom ulju su sedam glavnih masnih kiselina- MK koje su detektovane u uzorcima DMU. Oleinska, palmitinska i linolna kiselina su dominantne, dok su druge MK detektovane u malim količinama.Najveći procenat palmitinske kiseline nadjen je u DMU sa područja Tripoli (P ≤ 0,05). Oleinska kiselina je dominantna u svim uzorcima DMU.Ustanovljeno je da je Libijsko DMU sa područja Gharyan poseduje najvišu koncentraciju oleinske kiseline, mononezasićenih masnih kiselina, najviši sadržaj bioaktivnih jedinjenja i najbolju nutritivnu vrednost.Bioaktivna jedinjenja u maslinovom ulju su tokoferoli, fenoli i pigmenti. Ova jedinjenja čine maslinovo ulje veoma zdravim. Ispitivana je, takođe, i fotostabilnost DMU pod uticajem fluorescentnog svetla u periodu od 35 dana. Ovi eksperimenti su sprovedeni sa tri uzorka DMU sa poreklom iz Libije u poređenju sa uljem iz Italije. Uzorci su bili izloženi fluorescentnom svetlu u providnoj i tamno smeđoj staklenoj ambalaži. Posmatrane su izmene karakteristika boje i rezultati su pokazali da fluorescentna svetlost utiče na smanjenje kvaliteta DMU više u uzorcima u transparentnoj ambalaži u poređenju sa onima u tamno smeđoj ambalaži.Osim toga, ispitana je i termostabilnost boje DMU primenom Schaal-Oven testa pod uticajem umerene temperature od 63 ± 2°C tokom perioda od 28 dana. Najmanje promene karakteristika i parametri najboljeg kvaliteta zabeležene su uzorku Gharyan DMU. Uzorak je sadržavao više pigmenata i fenolnih jedinjenja u poređenju sa uzorkom iz Italije i gubitak je bio najmanji za parametre boje. Pozitivna veza između jodnog broja i polinezasićenih masnih kiselina je registrovana sa koeficijentom korelacije r = +0,927. Primećena je i snažna pozitivna veza između sadržaja hlorofila i (a*) vrednosti boje, (r = + 0,859). Snažna pozitivna veza između TPC i AC (1/EC50DPPH) je takodje primećena, r je bio + 0,511. S druge strane, (1/EC50DPPH) je pokazao pozitivnu umerenu korelaciju sa TTC, (r = + 0,587).In this thesis, with the help of literature data, the geographical origin of olive and olive oil, its use during history, production process, sensory properties, nutritive value and composition of fatty acids and sustainability were presented. In the experimental part of the thesis, five samples of virgin olive oils-VOO produced in various olive growing regions of Libya were analyzed in detail over the two consecutive production years. The qualities of these oils are compared with the characteristics of extra virgin olive oils of the world's most famous producers, Italy. Spain and Greece. The most important fatty acids in olive oil are the seven major fatty acids - FA that are detected in the VOO samples. Oleic, palmitic and linolenic acid are dominant, while other FAs are detected in small amounts. The largest percentage of palmitic acid was found in the VOO from the Tripoli area (P ≤ 0.05). Oleic acid is dominant in all VOO samples. It has been found that the Libyan VOO from the Gharyan region has the highest concentration of oleic acid, monounsaturated fatty acids, the highest content of bioactive compounds and the best nutritional value. Bioactive compounds in olive oil are tocopherols, phenols and pigments. These compounds make olive oil very healthy. The VOO's photostability under the influence of fluorescent light for a period of 35 days was also examined. These experiments were carried out with three samples of VOO originating in Libya in comparison with oil from Italy. Samples were exposed to fluorescent light in transparent and dark brown glass containers. Changes in color characteristics were observed and the results showed that fluorescent light influences the quality of VOO more in samples in transparent packaging compared to those in dark brown packaging. In addition, the VOO color thermostability was tested using a Schaal-Oven test under the influence of a moderate temperature of 63 ± 2°C over a period of 28 days. The smallest changes in characteristics and parameters of the best quality were recorded in the Gharyan VOO sample. The sample contained several pigments and phenolic compounds compared to the sample from Italy and the loss was the smallest for the color parameters. The positive relationship between iodine and polyunsaturated fatty acids is registered with the coefficient of correlation r = + 0.927. A strong positive relationship between the content of chlorophyll and (a*) of the color value was noted, (r = + 0.859). A strong positive association between TPC and AC (1/EC50DPPH) was also observed, r was + 0.511. On the other hand, (1/EC50DPPH) showed a positive moderate correlation with TTC, (r = + 0.587).
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Saleh, Mohamed. "Hepatitis virus infection in Libya." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1996. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/hepatitis-virus-infection-in-libya(b5976d93-0e42-4a0a-ad98-f5da6dfae2b4).html.
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Shinbira, Ibrahim. "Defining place identity : Misurata, Libya." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/47934/.
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In the last few years, there has been growing attention given to the weakening of the place identity of many contemporary cities that have grown up as a result of rapid development and urban transformation. For this reason, place identity has been identified as one of the subject matters to consider in urban design in order to achieve good quality for future urban environments. In respect to this, over the past four decades, there has been a spate of attempts to reveal a wider understanding of place identity, particularly in relation to humans’ built environment relationships. To date, however, there have been relatively few attempts to integrate the concept of place identity into a more holistic theory of person-place relationship. Notions such as meanings and place attachment are rarely integrated with the physical characteristics in assessing place identity. Consequently, this research focuses on examining the influencing factors that are associated with place identity in the city centre of Misurata in Libya. This will be conducted using the three concepts of place as a multidimensional framework in defining place identity. The primary aim of the research is to examine place identity in light of the distinctive characteristics of place through identifiable place qualities as seen by the residents. Therefore, it is believed that, a qualitative inquiry is the best approach for this study; however, the quantitative methodology was also employed in this research in order to validate findings through triangulating the data. Accordingly, the research for this PhD has adopted a mixed methodological strategy in data collection and analysis. The techniques (methods) utilised for data collocation were survey, face-to-face interviews and mental mappings. The data analysis procedure was a rational-inductive approach based on the grounded theory strategy (data-led analysis). The research concludes that the main factors of person-place relationships (perception, meanings and attachment) significantly contribute to sustaining the place identity. The research demonstrates that there are seven characteristics of urban place that are strongly associated with place identity, as perceived by residents. These are imageability; visual quality; legibility; liveability; diversity; transparency and active frontages and walkability. These qualities were found as essential key performance criteria of urban place, evoking human perceptions and are important conditions for reinforcing place identity. The significance of meanings in fostering place identity was confirmed by seven identifiable factors, namely, place memory; life stage and place meaning; historical knowledge; symbolic meanings; likeable environment; a sense of belonging and pride; perceiving urban change and place meaning. Factors associated with place attachment were the emotional attachment; functional attachment; length of residence; familiarity and level of engagement. The main findings of this study confirm that both physical characteristics of place as an object component together with the meanings and attachment factors as subjective dimensions are important for sustaining place identity and creating a successful place in general. This study adds to the knowledge of the importance of understanding the complex layers of perceptions, meanings and attachment resulting from the person-place relationship in shaping places and sustaining place identity. In this regard, it also seeks to be part of the foundation or criteria to guide and formulate better urban design policy and innovative design for the future of Libyan towns and cities.
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Fadel, Souad Mohamed Ali. "Libya and illegal transit migration." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/15968.
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This study investigates how illegal migrants from African countries crossed Libya’s land and maritime boundaries with the aim of reaching Europe, and the reasons why Libya became both a transit and a destination country.
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Abdalaziz, Mohamed. "Measuring taxable capacity in Libya." Thesis, University of Gloucestershire, 2012. http://eprints.glos.ac.uk/665/.
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This thesis measures the tax effort and taxable capacity in Libya and examines an important research question: " Has the tax burden reached the level of full tax capacity in Libya?". The main motivation of the study is the need to diversify the sources of the Libyan economy. To this end the thesis presents a conceptual framework for tax burden, excess of tax burden, theory of optimal taxation, concept of taxable capacity, concept of tax effort. The framework is used to reviews the developments of the Libyan economy and the impact on tax effort. The thesis has explored several aspect of tax performance in Libya. First, it analyses the trends of public revenues, public revenues, public spending in final stances of the government. Second, it studies the tax structure and the relative importance of tax sources through the analysis of marginal propensity to tax and the income elasticity of taxes. Third, it examines the evolution of Libya's tax system particularly the income tax system. Finally, various econometrics models such OLS regression, Ordinary ridge regression, and Unbiased ridge regression are used to measure the tax performance such as tax burden, tax effort and tax capacity using time series data covering 1970 to 2000, and panel data covering 2001 to 2007. A fixed and random effect model are used to compare if the determinants of Libya’s tax efforts differs from that of a range of selected oil producing countries. These countries are: Algeria, Argentina, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Cameroon, Chad, Chile, Colombia, Republic of Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Ecuador, Egypt, Emirates, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guatemala, Guyana, Indonesia, Iran, Kenya, Kuwait, Lesotho, Libya, Mauritania, Nigeria, Oman, Peru, Saudi, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Venezuela, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe. This research consists of seven chapters: Chapter One provides a background; Chapter Two provides the literature review; Chapter Three 4 gives a brief overview of the development of the Libyan economy, while in Chapter Four there is a description of the public finances in Libya; this is followed in Chapter Five by a review of the tax system in Libya; Chapter Six presents the study’s analyses and findings; Chapter Seven provides the conclusions and recommendations. The main findings of this research are: First, in Libya, tax burden per capita is high; Second, the tax bases in Libya were narrow reflecting the government's heavy reliance on oil revenue; Third, the level of taxable capacity in Libya is also low compared to the selected oil producing countries for a variety of reasons, including: narrow tax bases, failure to diversify the tax sources, and the public sector being subject to tax. The argument is presented that the Libyan economy has reached the full utilization of its taxable capacity. In addition, the study found that the following factors have a major positive impact on Libya's taxable capacity and tax effort: the national product of the service sector, money supply, level of business freedom, level of economic freedom, currency in circulation and tax penalties. In contrast, two factors are found to be negatively affecting the taxable capacity and tax effort in Libya: non-oil exports, oil revenues. The contributions of this study to the literature are twofold: first, this is the first of its kind to provide comprehensive analyses of Libya’s tax performance; Second, it has added some new variables such as oil revenues, non-oil exports, currency in circulation, money supply(M1), and tax penalties in testing the determinants of tax effort into the model built by previous researchers. Finally, the research results shed lights on how Libya government may diversify the Libyan economy and encourage growth in the non-oil private sector through proper taxation mechanisms.
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McQuinn, Brian. "Inside the Libyan revolution : cognitive foundations of armed struggle." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.711696.
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Nixon, Sarah. "Intra-plate magmatism of the Al Haruj volcanic field, Libya." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/252249.
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Baglione, Enrico. "Dislocazioni in un semispazio elastico con superficie libera." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/7286/.
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Questa tesi tratta di problemi dislocativi in spazi elastici, utili per rappresentare campi di spostamento, deformazione e sforzo generati da sorgenti interne. In particolare, considerando la Terra come un corpo elastico, i problemi trattati si riferiscono alla descrizione dei campi di sforzo in prossimità della superficie terrestre, lo studio della cui deformazione rappresenta uno dei più utili metodi di indagine delle sorgenti sismiche e vulcaniche.
È possibile, con ottima approssimazione, descrivere la superficie terrestre come una superficie libera, ovvero una superficie su cui le trazioni applicate dall'esterno sono nulle. Tale approssimazione, per il tipo di studio cui mira questa trattazione, è giustificata dal fatto che le sorgenti sismiche sono situate solitamente a diversi chilometri di profondità, dove risulta legittimo trascurare le forze esterne dovute a pressione atmosferica, azione di correnti d'aria, forze di gravità esercitata dal Sole ed altri corpi celesti, etc.
Volendo studiare regioni con dimensioni lineari molto inferiori al raggio terrestre, è possibile approssimare la Terra ad un semispazio elastico omogeneo con superficie libera orizzontale. Nel seguito si farà riferimento ad un sistema cartesiano ortogonale con assi y e z diretti lungo l'orizzontale e asse x diretto verticalmente verso l'interno del semispazio. La superficie terrestre è perciò descritta dal piano x=0 e, denotando con T_ij il tensore di sforzo, la condizione di superficie libera risulta:
Txx = Txy = Txz = 0; in x = 0.
Nella tesi sono esposti alcuni metodi che consentono di estendere soluzioni già note per spazi elastici illimitati al caso di semispazi delimitati da una superficie libera.
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De, Felice Valerio Francesco. "Il vortice a superficie libera in quanto instabilità." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/253/.
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La genèse spontanée de tourbillons à surface libre représente un phénomène hydrodynamique classique dont les causes, jusqu'à aujourd'hui, ne sont pas complètement claires. Les spécialistes ont longtemps supposé que le mouvement de rotation était dû à une graduelle concentration de la vorticité, provenant de l'écoulement amont, qui à travers un mécanisme de convention était accumulée sur l'axe du tourbillon en formation. Une seconde hypothèse suppose la formation d'un tourbillon du à une instabilité hydrodynamique; cette possibilité a été analysée dans un travail expérimental et dans quelques simulations numériques dans le cas d'un écoulement axisymétrique. Dans ce travail on montre qu'en présence de conditions aux limites non uniformes, lorsqu'on augmente le nombre de Reynolds, on observe une instabilité qui déclenche un mouvement de rotation nette dans le tourbillon. Dans la première partie du travail on développe une analyse de stabilité linéaire sur un écoulement alimenté de manière axisymétrique. On considère ensuite, en s'inspirant de la géométrie de l'expérience japonaise, un écoulement avec des conditions d'entrée non uniformes en direction azimutale dans le but de calculer la valeur propre (et la fonction propre associée) la moins stable du système et de calculer le nombre de Reynolds auquel, éventuellement, l'écoulement devient instable. Dans la seconde partie on décrit un travail expérimental conduit à l'IMFT qui a permis de confronter, pour la première fois, les résultats numériques et expérimentaux sur les géométries comparables. Les résultats expérimentaux concordent avec les résultats numériques pour confirmer la thèse que les tourbillons puissent être engendrés par un phénomène d'instabilitéThe spontaneous genesis of free surface whirlpools represents a traditional hydrodynamic phenomenon of which the causes are not yet completely clarified. The scientists supposed for a long time that the rotation was due to the gradual concentration of the vorticity, coming from the upstream flow, which through a mechanism of convention was accumulated on the axis of the rising whirlpool. One second assumption supposes that the formation is due to an hydrodynamic instability; this possibility has been analyzed in an experimental work and some numerical simulations in the case of an axisymmetric flow. In this work it's shown that, in the presence of non uniform boundary conditions, as the Reynolds number is increased, an instability, which lead to a rotation in the flow, is observed. In the first part of the work is made a linear analysis of stability on the flow in an axisymmetric conditions. Is then considered a flow with non uniform inlet conditions in the azimuthal direction: the least stable eigenvalue (and the associated eigenfunction) of the system is calculated and it's also calculated the Reynolds number at which the flow becomes unstable. In the second part is described the experimental work made at the IMFT on the same geometry and flow. The experimental results agree with the numerical results to confirm the thesis which the swirls can be generated by a phenomenon d' instabilited
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Ntenhene, Felix. "Risking it to Libya : Irregular Migration from the Brong Ahafo Region of Ghana to Libya." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Institutionen för globala politiska studier (GPS), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-44212.
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This thesis explores the phenomenon of irregular migration from the Brong Ahafo region of Ghana to Libya. It draws on migration theories to explain the underlying drivers of the phenomenon in the region. Many studies on irregular migration in Sub-Saharan Africa have predominantly attributed it to the push/pull theory. The objective here is to go beyond this stereotypical way of theorizing irregular migration in Sub-Saharan Africa by drawing on a wide range of migration theories to explain the underlying drivers of irregular migration from the Brong Ahafo region of Ghana to Libya. The evidence suggests that the drivers of irregular migration in the area under study are complex and nested in a broad-spectrum of social, cultural, moral, economic, historical, etc. context. Therefore, a single theory is inadequate to present a comprehensive explanation for the underlying drivers of the subject. It is revealed that there is the emergence of contemporary competing factors such as sports betting and internet fraud with some of the root causes of the phenomenon in the region. Hence, some of the root causes are weakened by these contemporary factors.
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Reade, Hazel. "Climate variability and early human occupation in the Gebel Akhdar, Libya : evidence from inter- and intra-tooth isotope analysis." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648105.
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Bukamur, Said Mohamed 1948. "DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR HOUSING IN LIBYA BASED ON CLIMATIC AND SOCIAL CRITERIA." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/275300.
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Abubaker, Ali Emhemmed. "Improvement of project planning in Libya." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.525058.
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Annajar, Badereddin B. "Epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Libya." Thesis, Keele University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.301357.
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Sherif, Abuabdalla Saad. "Modelling soil erosion in northwest Libya." Thesis, University of Reading, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.415535.
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Fayad, Mohamed Khalil. "Government expenditure and growth in Libya." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2000. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/5531/.
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This study attempts to answer two main questions. First, how does the composition of public expenditure affect the economic growth rate of macroeconomic variables such as the real output of the non-oil sector, employment, and total imports in Libya? Second, what is the appropriate fiscal and/or monetary policy to be used by the Libyan government to finance public expenditure, especially after the collapse in the oil price in the 1990s? To achieve these ends, a small macro-econometric model of the Libyan economy is constructed for the period 1962-1992 and estimated using the Johansen approach. The model reflects the Libyan institutional environment relevant to the observation period. The model links public finances to the monetary sector, the real sector, the role of foreign trade and the balance of payments, and the labour market. The model is utilised to (1) examine the impact of government expenditure on the growth of the macro-economic variables mentioned above; (2) examine the impact of different ways of funding these expenditures; (3) examine long-run equilibrium relationships estimated through the cointegration approach. The short-run dynamics was modelled via error correction models. Evaluation of the model was through standard single equation diagnostics, model simulation, and forecasting. Policy simulation was used to evaluate macro-economic policy options open to the government of Libya. As a result this study provides considerable knowledge about the structure of the Libyan economy through the period 1962-1992, and about the impact of government expenditure and its finance instrument (fiscal and/or monetary means) on growth.
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Zhang, Wenbin. "Libra: Detecting Unbalance MPI Collective Calls." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1313160584.
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Mohamed, Gibrial Saleh. "Hepatitis C virus infection in Libya." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.518840.
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Sehib, Khairia A. H. "Consumer food shopping behaviour in Libya." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/2289.
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This thesis explores consumer food shopping behaviour in an emerging economy, taking the Libyan case as an example. As in many other emerging economies, Libya’s retail environment has been dominated for generations by traditional markets and small independent stores but has recently witnessed the spread of ‘modern’ formats such as supermarkets. The study draws on both qualitative and quantitative research. The qualitative research provided evidence of a complex picture, highlighting significant variations, from family to family and geographically, in the social acceptability of females shopping at traditional markets and other retail formats. In Libya, food shopping has traditionally been a task for male household members, with traditional markets regarded as inappropriate spaces for females. However the safer, cleaner, and less crowded environment offered by large supermarkets contributed to some women feeling more comfortable shopping for food and henceforth being able to shop as independent consumers. Traditional culture, rather than constraining the spread of supermarkets, may act as a facilitator of the growing popularity of supermarkets in Libya. The main quantitative research instrument was a self-administered questionnaire of Libyan food shoppers in Benghazi city. 371 completed questionnaires were obtained. Factor analysis revealed 12 factors that underlie the reasons consumers go shopping for food. The application of cluster analysis to the dimensions factor scores revealed six segments of food shoppers. The characteristics of each cluster were described by average factor scores on the dimensions of shopping motivations, demographic characteristics, and behavioural variables. The most important retail outlet attributes in the choice of where to buy food were, in descending order, food safety, quality of products, quality of service, speed of service, and variety of products. The findings also indicated that on all items supermarkets performed the best; except for freshness of products and in-store credit (traditional markets were perceived as superior on freshness of products and independent stores for in-store credit). Only for one attribute (car parking) were differences in the mean scores between supermarkets, traditional markets and independent stores not statistically significant. ii Econometric modelling considered the possible relationships between shopping behaviour and the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of the respondents. This confirmed a major finding of the qualitative research - that females were significantly less likely than males to visit traditional markets and spent proportionally more in supermarkets. Supermarket visitors were more concerned with social acceptability whereas, patrons of traditional markets placed greater emphasis on freshness. Heavy users of independent stores placed greater emphasis on in-store credit.
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Amhemed, Mossa. "Sustainable development in Libya : stakeholders' attitudes towards sustainable tourism development in Al-Jabal Al-Gharbi City, Libya." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2014. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/24968/.
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Tourism has become the most important source for stimulating the economies of countries of the world. It stimulates enormous investment in infrastructure and helps states to improve their balance of payments, which should help to create job opportunities and improve the living conditions of local people by helping to equalise economic opportunities and keep rural residents from moving to overcrowded cities (WTO, 2007). Libyan economy is still dependent on oil by a large margin, with the knowledge that there are other sectors which can participate in the diversification of the economy, but not given the opportunity by the Government (such as the tourism sector). But tourism development in order to be useful in the long term must be sustainable. Berlin Declaration of 1997 suggested that “achieving sustainable forms of tourism is the responsibility of all stakeholders involved, where it is critical that planners and decision-makers understand the attitudes of stakeholders towards sustainable actions in tourism development". The aim of the study is to explore the possibility of treating sustainable tourism development in the Al-Gabal Al-Gharbi City (GGC) in the future, by recognizing the extent of support that can be provided by key stakeholders for tourism, according to the study of their attitudes toward tourism development in this city. The GGC was selected as a case for the study because it is representative of other cities in Libya which are in urgent need of development projects in order to find solutions to many economic, social and environmental problems. Four key groups of stakeholders were selected to participate in this study (local residents, tourists, government sector, and the private sector). The researcher used "mixed method" to collect main data such as: The questionnaire which was used as a key method to discover the attitudes of residents and tourists, and the interviews used to explore the attitudes of the public and private sectors. Additionally, the researcher also used reports, studies, books, tables, images and maps published together with field visits to some tourist sites including close monitoring of the reality as a secondary source for data collection. The study led to some important findings, where it confirmed the existence of good tourist resources in the city in terms of quantity and quality of tourist products and identified the possibility of competition at the local and global levels. However many tourist sites would need more care and attention in terms of discovery, maintenance, advertising, and training. Thus there is a need for supportive policies such as legal, administrative and financial facilities. The study confirmed as well the existence of limitless support for tourism development by all stakeholders, which is an essential element for the sustainability of tourism development in the city. The study also identified the sustainable tourism development trends in the city by identifying tourism demand, its internal and external sources, and the key tourism projects that deserve priority for development and which have the support of stakeholders.
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Abdulaziz, Ashour S. "Code Switching Between Tamazight and Arabic in the First Libyan Berber News Broadcast: An Application of Myers-Scotton's MLF and 4M Models." PDXScholar, 2014. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1633.
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The purpose of this study is to investigate the nature of code switching between Tamazight and Arabic in light of Myers-Scotton's Matrix Frame Model (MLF) (Myers- Scotton, 1993), and the 4-M model of code switching (Myers-Scotton & Jake, 2000). Data come from the very first Libyan Tamazight news broadcast in Libya on May 2, 2011, during the uprising against the Gaddafi regime. I analyzed the broadcast in an attempt to understand the nature and implications of the switching between the two languages in the utterances of the speakers in the video. I also argued that in many ways what many might think of as code switching is actually borrowing.
During the Gaddafi era, the government banned the use of Tamazight in formal settings such as the media, work place, and schools. Since the fall of Gaddafi and his regime, the Imazighen (or Berbers) in Libya have sought to present themselves, their language, and their culture as an important part of Libyan culture. Libya's Imazighen are bilingual speakers, a fact that set up the conditions for the switching between Tamazight and Arabic analyzed in this study. Their bilingualism, along with Libyan language policies under Gaddafi, help account for the nature of code switching in the data.
This study documents contact phenomena among different languages in Libya. It also facilitates understanding of some of the sociolinguistic changes occurring there as a result of the political changes in the wake of so-called "Arab Spring."
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Rahma, Awalia. "Sufi order and resistance movement : the Sans̄ưiyya of Libya, 1911-1932." Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=30206.
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This thesis is a study of the Sanusiyya order, in which particular emphasis is placed on its role as a resistance movement. Based on a survey of the social, economic, religious and political activities of this sufi brotherhood and its involvement in the tribal system of the North Africa during the first three decades of this century, an attempt will be made to identify on the one hand the factors that contributed to the strength of its resistance to Italian invasion, and on the other, the elements that led to its failure. It is argued that its initial success in the resistance benefited from the network of the zawiyas where ikhwan from different tribes were integrated socially and economically in accordance with strong Islamic values. However, lack of military training and weapons, dependency on a prominent figure, competing ambitions within the Sanusi family and geographical distance ultimately weakened the resistance.
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Bertram, Manon [Verfasser], Jörg [Akademischer Betreuer] Libuda, Jörg [Gutachter] Libuda, and Hans-Peter [Gutachter] Steinrück. "In-situ Spectroscopy at Co3O4(111)-based Model Interfaces for Electrochemical Applications / Manon Bertram ; Gutachter: Jörg Libuda, Hans-Peter Steinrück ; Betreuer: Jörg Libuda." Erlangen : Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 2021. http://d-nb.info/1225122805/34.
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Pasero, Annalisa. "Fascism and the Bedouin of Cyrenaica." Thesis, University of Reading, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.241352.
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Omeir, Walid. "Urban design guidance for Benghazi, Libya : linking urban form and local culture for social housing regeneration in Libya." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2013. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=25819.
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Efficient and effective urban guidance for regeneration areas coupled with quality design, are recognised to make a positive effect on social wellbeing of communities. Unfortunately, the Libyan urban planning system and urban regeneration suffer from inefficiency and ineffectiveness. The aim of this study is to improve the existing urban regeneration practice in Libya and to respond to the lack of urban design guidance in regeneration projects. This study proposes urban design guidance that achieves this aim by providing a new, authentic approach to rehabilitate deprived areas in Benghazi, Libya. The methodology followed adopts the use of the Typo-Morphological approach, coupled with the Libyan/Islamic socio-cultural norms as roots and measures to deliver genuine solutions for the rehabilitation process. This methodology is utilised by studying three distinct neighbourhoods in Benghazi, Libya. The analytical framework is based on six elements of urban forms that are socially defined. The outcome of this study is the urban design guidance which is easy to use, reliable, genuine, and tackles the communities' social-cultural needs. This guidance is proposed to the Libyan urban planning authorities to enhance a better quality of life and more sustainable building environment in Benghazi, Libya. This guidance is the key contribution of the thesis. In addition to the main outcome, the thesis provides several theoretical and practical contributions. To the best of the author's knowledge, this study is the first one to apply typo-morphology approach in Libyan urban design. Also, it is the first to link Libyan/Islamic socio-cultural norms with the urban form of Benghazi, Libya. Practically, six analytical elements and various tools are produced by the applied typo-morphological categorisation that represents a systematic analytical framework. Moreover, the author has originated the social block analytical element, and analytical tools such as measures of public open spaces configuration, and housing privacy and walls permeability. Also, the author has further developed other elements and tools that were originated by other scholars to suit the Libyan context.
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Mohr, Susanne [Verfasser], Joerg [Akademischer Betreuer] Libuda, Andreas [Gutachter] Görling, and Joerg [Gutachter] Libuda. "In-situ IRAS Studies of Small Organic Molecules on Metal and Metal Oxide Surfaces / Susanne Mohr ; Gutachter: Andreas Görling, Joerg Libuda ; Betreuer: Joerg Libuda." Erlangen : Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 2019. http://d-nb.info/120214599X/34.
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Wähler, Tobias [Verfasser], Jörg [Akademischer Betreuer] Libuda, Jörg [Gutachter] Libuda, and Hans-Peter [Gutachter] Steinrück. "Reactions at Cobalt Oxide Interfaces Studied by In-situ Infrared Reflection Absorption Spectroscopy / Tobias Wähler ; Gutachter: Jörg Libuda, Hans-Peter Steinrück ; Betreuer: Jörg Libuda." Erlangen : Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 2021. http://d-nb.info/1241827370/34.
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Menetto, Davide. "Libra: una nuova frontiera per le criptovalute." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/20604/.
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Le criptovalute sono una naturale evoluzione del concetto di denaro. Sviluppatesi e rese famose con il Bitcoin nel 2008, le criptovalute sono passate in poco tempo da materia per pochi appassionati ad argomento capace di catturare l’attenzione del pubblico mondiale. In un mercato a oggi composto
da più di 2000 criptovalute e con un valore stimato a oltre 200 miliardi di dollari, l’interesse di banche e governi si fa sempre più vivo sia dal lato dei possibili guadagni che per la tecnologia che le accomuna: la blockchain.
La nuova entrata nel mercato è Libra, la criptovaluta di Facebook. Con la presentazione del progetto a Giugno 2019, gli appassionati di blockchain e criptovalute sono stati attratti dalle potenzialità offerte da questa nuova realtà. Allo stesso modo le banche e i governi di tutto il mondo si sono subito messi in guardia dalle potenzialità destabilizzanti che questa criptomoneta potrebbe portare all’economie nazionali e non si sono certo fatti risparmiare
le critiche.
La tesi ripercorre in breve la storia delle criptovalute, analizzando la tecnologia blockchain e i possibili ambiti applicativi della stessa. Successivamente si focalizza sui punti cardine di Libra e vengono analizzati gli obiettivi del progetto, vengono formulate teorie sui possibili scenari futuri della criptomoneta ed espresse critiche e perplessità che sono state avanzate dai governi. Infine viene analizzato il protocollo di Libra e illustrato il suo funzionamento, con particolare attenzione riguardo al meccanismo di consenso.
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Hamed, Abdalla. "E-commerce and economic development in Libya." Thesis, Cardiff Metropolitan University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10369/911.
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This thesis develops a conceptual framework of the drivers and barriers to e-commerce adoption in developing countries such as Libya. One of the main drivers of economic development is technology. Technology adoption usually results in rapid economic growth, and rapid economic growth is usually accompanied by rapid structural change. It is now widely accepted by policy makers that e-commerce is at the centre of an economic and social transformation that is affecting all countries. E-commerce creates new economic and social landscapes. E-commerce enables producers in developing-country to overcome traditional business limitations. The research process involves a mixed research approach. Firstly, 15 semi-structured interviews were conducted involving decision makers, government officials, managers and general employees regarding e-commerce and economic development in Libya. Secondly, a questionnaire was distributed across a population of 150 Libyan Internet users on a face-to-face basis. There are many drivers and barriers to the adoption of e-commerce. Most issues (competition, cost, employment, economic development, government, infrastructure, legislation and regulation, payment system) could be drivers or barriers. These issues created the theoretical framework. All issues were examined in Libya, the research findings confirmed the effects of these issues on e-commerce adoption. Moreover, the research findings resulted in an amended theoretical framework by introducing two new issues (knowledge and security). Additionally, the literature on e-commerce drivers and barriers issues has been expanded. The thesis concludes with a plan of action to assist Libya’s government on e-commerce adoption. The plan of action is driven by four main actors (Government, technologically advanced countries, companies and e-commerce users). These four actors and the plan of action comprise the three-quarter moon model that encourages the fourth actor (e-commerce users) to complete the circle of adoption. The thesis concludes that the three-quarter moon model can be generalized to other developing countries and proposes a classification model for e-commerce adoption along with a formula of Internet involvement. The classification model classifies countries according to their technological advancement. The new classification groups countries into non-technologically advanced, less-technologically advanced and technologically advanced.
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Abbas, H. W. "Industrial development and migrant labour in Libya." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.378809.
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Buferna, Fakher Muftah. "Determinants of capital structure : evidence from Libya." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.420451.
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Elgharib, Maged El-Mabruk. "TPM implementation in the UK and Libya." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2015. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/5604/.
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Total productive maintenance is a programme for the fundamental improvement of maintenance functions within an organization involving its entire human resources. It can dramatically improve productivity and quality and reduce costs. This research aims to determine the critical success factors required for successfully implementing total productive maintenance. A review and survey will be conducted to fully investigate the elements of total productive maintenance, its benefits and drawbacks and also the data capture methodologies in industrial applications. The results will be statistically analyzed and data mining used to draw up a set of success factors related to both large and medium companies. Recommendations will be also be made on improving the implementation of total productive maintenance with particular regard to data capture and its analysis.
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Maatoug, Abubaker Gium Saad. "Accounting education in Libya : an institutional perspective." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2014. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/819cb01d-bbb9-4838-a076-7bea21936fd7.
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This thesis employs a new institutional sociology perspective to investigate factors influencing accounting education practices in Libyan universities. For this purpose, two pieces of empirical work, a case study and an analysis of accounting textbooks used in Libyan universities, were conducted. The case study was undertaken at one Libyan university and included interviews of accounting academics, document analysis and observations. The findings of the case study informed the second part of the empirical work of this thesis analysing the accounting textbooks used in Libyan universities through interviews with accounting academics and a content analysis of accounting textbooks. The main findings of this thesis indicate that accounting education practices in Libyan universities are largely shaped by coercive pressure emanating from the Libyan political context and political regime and a lack of funding that has fundamentally transcended normative or mimetic isomorphism from international accounting education practices. The influence of this coercive pressure also has led to embedded institutional logic of having a second job and not conducting research as the dominant logic of Libyan accounting academics. Hence, there is a lack of a systematic development and update of the accounting curriculum, syllabus and textbooks in Libyan universities leading to an outdated syllabus that is irrelevant to the needs of Libyan accounting students or to the profession. In addition, the teaching methods adopted to deliver the accounting syllabus are traditional methods such as lectures and tutorials that are led by teachers with little interaction with students which limits the skills development of Libyan accounting students.
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Agbara, Abdelmeneim Hassan. "An investigation into audit quality in Libya." Thesis, University of Gloucestershire, 2011. http://eprints.glos.ac.uk/3267/.
Full textAbstract:
There are a number of audited companies in Libya which have gone into bankruptcy between 1995 and 2005. Therefore, there is a significant question about the audit quality situation in Libya. There is not itself much research about audit quality in Libya. In particular, there is not much research that has tried to measure audit quality in Libya. This study is an attempt to pursue further some of the issues around financial audit quality in Libya. Secondary data analysis presents observations of Libyan companies from 2006 to 2009 to measure discretionary accruals. It applies an appropriate type of statistical method, to identify accruals and then examine the type of audit opinion related to these statements. Findings indicate that there is earnings management in almost all financial statements. The findings divided all companies into 113 positive andl40 negative discretionary accruals. In addition, Findings indicate that auditors of the agency and auditors working for him/her self issued in general 85.7% unqualified (clean) audit opinion for financial statements that have earnings management, and 11% modified audit opinion. The results answer the first question in this study about the level of audit quality in Libya: audit quality level in Libya is low. The semi-structured interviews support finding of the secondary data analysis, that is the level of audit quality in Libya is low. Also findings indicate that in Libya there are some fundamental elements which themselves are insufficient to deal to develop audit quality. Furthermore, the Libyan audit context suffers from some obstacles and problems that prevent the development of audit quality.
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Sydow, Dorothee. "Die actio libera in causa nach dem Rechtsprechungswandel des Bundesgerichtshofs /." Frankfurt am Main [u.a.] : Lang, 2002. http://www.gbv.de/dms/sbb-berlin/342499351.pdf.
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