Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'LIBS (spectroscopie de plasma induit par laser)'
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Mothe, Emilien. "Spectroscopie de plasma induit par laser appliquée à la détection de résidus d'explosifs." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX22134.
Full textThe threat of terrorist attacks remains omnipresent in many high traffic sites. A technique capable of detecting explosives is needed to best address this threat. Initiated by the Ministère de la Défense and the Direction Générale de l’Armement, the project REI ExploLIBS aims to explore the potential of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy to detect explosive residue. Experimental and theoretical studies are carried out by Bertin Technologies in collaboration with the LP3 laboratory – UMR 6182. The ablation of polymers under different atmospheres permits to characterize the spatial and temporal evolution of the emission of the CN and the C2 molecules. The radius of emission, the temperature and the decrease of the intensity are related to the formation process of the molecules. The additional analysis by the calculation of the composition of the plasma in local thermodynamic equilibrium reveals the presence of molecules in high concentrations in the plasma that are difficult to visualise in optical spectroscopy. These studies led to the development of a portable sensor dedicated to the detection of explosives. The detection rate is estimated at over 90% and the false positive rate below 5%. The current sensitivity limit is estimated at 55 µg.cm-2
Mercadier, Laurent. "Spectrocopie de plasma induit par laser pour l'analyse des composants face au plasma de tokamaks : étude paramétrique et mesures autocalibrées." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX22071/document.
Full textDuring the operation of a nuclear fusion device like the future reactor ITER, a fraction of tritium is trapped in the plasma facing components and has to be measured in order to fulfill nuclear safety requirements. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy is proposed to achieve this measurement. The laser plasma produced on carbon fibre composite tiles from the Tore Supra reactor is analyzed via a parametric study : it has to have a temperature over 10000 K and an electron density over 10^17 cm^-3 to optimize the application. A calibration-free procedure that takes into account self-absorption is proposed to determine the relative concentration of hydrogen from the experimental spectra. The time- and space-resolved spectral emission of the plasma plume is investigated and reveals the presence of a temperature gradient from the core towards the periphery. This gradient is taken into account and the H/C concentration ratio is deduced. The accuracy of the results is evaluated and discussed. The study of the D/H isotopic ratio under low pressure argon reveals the presence of plume segregation that leads to an error of about 50%, error that can partially be reduced. Tungsten materials are investigated and difficulties related to spectroscopic databases are discussed. Finally, the feasibility of LIBS analysis with depth resolution is validated for multilayered metallic samples
Bernon, Céline. "La spectroscopie de plasma induit par laser ou LIBS (Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy) appliquée à l’analyse de surfaces contaminées par des toxiques liquides." Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013CNAM0917.
Full textLaser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) is currently used in many fields of activity,thanks to its numerous uses. This technology allows fast measurement (10-6 s), with in situconfiguration, at ambient pressure and temperature, of different samples in gaseous, liquidor solid phase. These performances present a high interest for military applications to detectchemical agent traces on surfaces. The aim of this study is to investigate the potential of thistechnology in the detection of specific chemical atoms of live agents such as phosphorus,fluorine, chlorine, and sulfur on the surface of contaminated samples representing thetheatre. In order to improve the analytical performances of classical technical LIBS of singlepulse, a double pulse method was developed and compared to single pulse method. Itsprinciple is based on the emission of two successive laser impulsions resolved in space andtime, generating in the focal point thermal plasma which relaxes in fine emitting specificradiation of the elementary composition. The analytical gains, as for detection thresholdsare evaluated for each type of samples. A comparison of the detection thresholds isestablished
El, Haddad Josette. "Chimiométrie appliquée à la spectroscopie de plasma induit par laser (LIBS) et à la spectroscopie terahertz." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00959288.
Full textFaye, Cheikh Benoit. "Détection des polluants métalliques particulaires dans les liquides par la spectroscopie de plasma induit par laser." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10099/document.
Full textWater pollution is a major concern, as noted by the European Community. This problem is accentuated with metallic particles and the emergence of nanostructured products such as Nano-Objects, their Aggregates and their Agglomerates (NOAA). These are the special types of pollutants owing their physicochemical properties. The monitoring and control of these pollutants in water require the development of measurement instruments which are capable to anwer this environmental problem. In this context, the technique of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) has been developed at INERIS. It not only allows the chemical identification of these particles pollutants present in liquids, but also the determination of their concentrations in situ and in real time. This thesis has optimized the analysis of suspensions by LIBS with two sampling modes. The first mode focused on coupling LIBS with a liquid jet in which the detection limits of titanium dioxide were estimated at 0.5 mg/L. In the second mode, the suspensions were aerosolized with a nebulizer and analyzed by LIBS. The results obtained by comparing these two sampling modes show that the liquid jet may be advantageous for the analysis of suspensions. However, the aerosol mode has a practical interest if it has an aerosolization efficiency of over 50%. Finally, this work demonstrates the applicability of LIBS as a potential tool for in situ particle analysis of suspensions such as monitoring and control of wastewater
Ismaël, Amina. "Une évaluation des performances analytiques de la spectroscopie sur plasma induit par laser (LIBS)." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR14357/document.
Full textLaser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) is an elemental analytical technique which combines laser ablation with atomic emission spectroscopy. LIBS spectroscopy has many advantages but is not recognized as a fully quantitative method. Indeed, the problem of samples' heterogeneity, matrix effects, self-absorption of emission lines and the lack of repeatability deteriorate the analytical performances of LIBS. In order to improve this technique, the work presented in this thesis includes an example of analytical performances evaluation with the use of quality notions of a laboratory LIBS system. The method is here specially applied to the analysis of certified steel samples. A first study deals with the optimization of the LIBS system for the quantitative analysis. As the effect of the different experimental parameters on LIBS signal is complex, a methodical protocol is necessary. Here, a parametric study is proposed to determine the experimental conditions suitable for quantitative analysis. Once optimized, the LIBS method is then characterized with basics of method validation. The trueness and the precision of the method are evaluated in conditions of repeatability and intermediate precision. This study shows promising results for LIBS technique. The application of a control chart reveals however an instability of the laboratory system and enables to introduce corrective actions to improve its analytical performances
Sirven, Jean-Baptiste. "Détection de métaux lourds dans les sols par spectroscopie d'émission sur plasma induit par laser (LIBS)." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00122546.
Full textDans cette thèse nous montrons d'abord que le régime femtoseconde ne présente pas d'avantages par rapport au régime nanoseconde standard pour notre problématique. Ensuite nous mettons en œuvre un traitement avancé des spectres LIBS par des méthodes chimiométriques dont les performances améliorent sensiblement les résultats des analyses qualitatives et quantitatives d'échantillons de sols.
Castello, Maryline. "Développement de l'analyse de l'or des minerais par spectroscopie d'émission de plasma induit par laser (LIBS)." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/33029.
Full textNumerous rock samples are taken daily from gold mines and sent to laboratories to measure their gold content. A 48-hour delay in the delivery of results may force mining operators making operational decisions prior to knowing the results. To address this issue, the emerging Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) technology provides in-situ real-time quantitative gold analysis. First, this technique was performed by Rifai K. (NRCBoucherville postdoctoral fellow), bringing the gold detection limit to about 0.7 ppm on all types of samples encountered in mining operations (powders, rocks to all comers, cores ...). This value corresponds to the detection limit of the device desired by the mining companies. In fact, the concentrations found in the gold deposits are generally greater than 0.7 ppm. However, some mines have a cut-off grade at this value, or in this order of magnitude. This master’s project was set up to calibrate and validate this technique. For this, petrographic and mineralogical studies of representative lithologies will be combined with quantitative X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis. All of these results will provide a better understanding of the LIBS signal. Subsequently, these LIBS results will be validated by being compared with fire assay gold measurements provided by laboratories external to the project. This master’s thesis demonstrate that LIBS is a very promising method, with a percentage error (<100%) in line with that of laboratories for a faster and non-destructive method. In fact, by comparing the gold content results obtained by conventional chemical analysis from two different laboratories, the relative standard deviations on the samples that used the silica-rich calibration curve of LIBS, irrespective of the mine, are less than 100%, but becomes greater than 200% for samples using the calibration curve rich in iron and sulfur (Casa Berardi, Westwood and LaRonde mines). The gold contents obtained with LIBS, compared with the external laboratories show that the LIBS technique is very promising with relative standard deviation lower than 100%, regardless of the calibration curve used and the form of the material analyzed. The relative standard deviation between laboratories and LIBS is often lower than that found between the two laboratories. So, the LIBS technique is a very promising method. Similarly, it is possible to note an undervaluation of gold grades on rock samples and drill cores, due to the heterogeneous nature of the distribution of gold on these surfaces. However, the powder samples having a better homogeneity have a lower error percentage (<50%) and therefore a better accuracy on this type of material. In order to solve the problem of undervaluation on rocks and cores, it would be interesting to use the "k-nearest neighbors" method to take into account and statistically study censored data, i.e. those gold grades below the detection limit of the LIBS device. Currently, a generalization of these results is not yet possible due to the number of samples analyzed, but they remain very promising for the continuation of this project.
Farah, Sougueh Ali. "Spectroscopie optique d’émission et spectroscopie laser pour le diagnostic des plasmas induits par laser." Thesis, Orléans, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ORLE2066/document.
Full textLaser induced plasma (LIP) which was first reported in the beginning of sixties, has achieved a great interest as a source of spectroscopic data. It has also many applications like X-ray sources for lithography, plasma igniters, pulsed laser deposition or it has become a basis of a very popular analytical technique – LIBS (laser induced breakdown spectroscopy). The latter is mainly due to its applicability to different kinds of samples, no sample preparation or in-situ and remote sensing capability. However, LIBS measurements are laterally integrated and Abel inversion must be performed. Also the method assumes the plasma to be in local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE). In order to validate LIBS measurements, Thomson scattering (TS) method which is spatially resolved and free from equilibrium assumption was applied. Thus, ablation and breakdown plasmas were characterized by both two methods. Comparison between plasma parameters (temperature and electron density) obtained by the two methods and McWhirter criterion as well as relaxation times and diffusion lengths of species in the plasma allowed to estimate LTE
Leone, Nicolas. "Développement d'une technique d'analyse hautement sensible et polyvalente par spectroscopie de plasma induit par laser : applications aux aérosols et aux matériaux biologiques." Phd thesis, Paris 6, 2007. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00004873.
Full textGuezenoc, Julian. "AGROLIBS Spectroscopie de plasma induit par laser au service de la gestion durable des ressources agricoles." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BORD0207.
Full textIn a context of global climate change, optimizing the management of agricultural resources, and in particular the mineral elements in soils, has become a major challenge. Mineral elements are at the same time indispensable resources for plant growth and carbon storage, potential pollutants in certain environmental compartments, and potentially toxic contaminants that can be transferred from plants to humans. Current methods for the determination of these elements are very costly in terms of time and money, and from an operational point of view, it is difficult in these conditions to carry out a frequent diagnosis in the field of a deficiency or contamination situation, or to characterize the spatio-temporal variability of the characteristics of an agricultural land.The recent emergence of portable sensors and systems has made it possible to develop new methods for measuring soil and plant properties and to complement or replace conventional laboratory techniques. This is the case of LIBS, a method of atomic emission spectroscopy from a laser-generated plasma, which is fast and green as it does not rely on the use of hazardous chemical reagents. The objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of the LIBS method, and more precisely of a portable instrument, applied to the quantitative multi-elemental analysis of plant and agricultural soil samples. The evaluation of this method takes into account the sample preparation and processing steps of LIBS spectra. It was implemented according to three axes: i. The characterization of plant samples of various species under ideal conditions, ii. The characterization of soil samples representative of the major French agricultural crops (wheat, corn, sunflower) always under ideal conditions and iii. The study of the impact of factors degrading the measurement conditions in order to evaluate the possibility of implementing the LIBS technique outside the laboratory.Our study, based on the use of the SciAps Z300 LIBS, allowed the detection of the elements C, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na, Si and P, concentrated in the g/kg range in soil and plant samples, both in laboratory conditions and in deliberately degraded conditions. On the other hand, neither nitrogen nor the elements Cd, Cu, Mn and Zn could be detected in these samples. For the analysis of plant samples, the elements Ca, Fe, Mg, Na, and P were quantified using univariate regression models coupled with an adapted normalization strategy. Quantitative soil analysis required the use of PLS models to account for matrix effects. As regards the analyses in degraded conditions, we established, using an experimental design, that the moisture content, higher than 40% in plants and 20% in soils was one of the main obstacles to LIBS field analyses. We also showed that the drop in LIBS signal observed when the moisture content increases could be corrected by applying a normalization step.The results of our study are partially satisfactory in terms of the quantitative performance of the regression models, even under ideal laboratory conditions. The diversity of physico-chemical conditions encountered in the field means that direct LIBS analyses are clearly not realistic. The principle of a field laboratory, with simplified sample preparation, could however be envisaged, in order to place the LIBS technique at the heart of new sampling strategies in the context of precision agriculture
Rollin, Edouard. "Développement de l’analyse élémentaire directe pour le contrôle de procédés d'élaboration de matériaux nucléaires." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UBFCK085.
Full textIn order to optimize the quality control processes of uranium and plutonium metals from nuclear industry production lines, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) appears as an efficient technique: it enables multi-element, fast and remote chemical analysis that require no sample preparation. Thus, the purpose of our work is to develop this technique towards the quantification of metal impurities in nuclear materials, with an analytical development achieved from surrogate materials. It follows another PhD thesis where a particular spectral band, Vacuum UltraViolet, has been chosen for its performance regarding the detection of several light elements in such materials. However, after performing analysis of depleted uranium samples, our work shows that the UV-visible band is more suitable for the detection of metal impurities. Then, the possibility of transferring the calibration from one material to another has been studied. To achieve this, the analytical signal has been normalized using three parameters: the laser-ablated mass, the plasma temperature and its electronic density. A standardized method, based on the deposit of an electrolyte on the sample surface, has been developed in order to measure these parameters with as less biases as possible in several different materials. These measurements enabled us to implement the calibration transfer in several of them, with performances similar to a calibration obtained from a single material
Chide, Baptiste. "Le premier microphone sur Mars : contribution à la spectroscopie de plasma induit par laser et à la science atmosphérique." Thesis, Toulouse, ISAE, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020ESAE0041.
Full textIn February 2021 the Mars 2020 Perseverance rover will land in Jezero to search for traces of past life.Part of the Perseverance payload, the SuperCam instrument suite includes four spectroscopy techniques,a high resolution imager and a microphone. This microphone will be the first microphone to record audible acoustic waves on the surface on Mars between 100 Hz to 10 kHz. It will open a new field of investigation which is the subject of this thesis. The scientific objectives of this thesis are organized around the sounds that will be recorded by this microphone : atmospheric phenomena in the close vicinity of the rover and artificial noises generated by SuperCam itself. Among the latest, the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy technique (LIBS) ablates Martian rocks and soils with a pulsed laser. It creates an acoustic signal due tothe expansion of this plasma. These two topics are experimentally explored thanks to the development of laboratory test benches that simulate the conditions likely to be encountered by the microphone on Mars.On the one hand a LIBS setup under Mars atmosphere is used to compare acoustic signal from several minerals. A metrological study of the sensitivity of the acoustic signal with respect to LIBS experimental parameters is conducted : the acoustic energy is proportional to the CO2 background pressure and to the irradiance deposited on the sample. These two relationships will help to normalize the acoustic signal from multiple LIBS targets on Mars. Moreover, it is noticed that the decrease of the acoustic energy along a LIBS burst is linearly linked to the ablated volume. The decrease rate is correlated to the rock hardness.It provides new information relative to the ablation process that is independent from the LIBS emission spectrum. It could be used to better characterize geologic targets and rock, in particular the ones with asurface coating or a weathering rind.On the other hand, a test campaign in a Martian wind tunnel is dedicated to link wind properties withwind-induced signal recorded by the microphone. It is demonstrated that the microphone can determinethe flow velocity by studying the low frequency range of the acoustic spectrum whereas the wind directioncan be retrieved by looking at the high frequency range. An in situ cross-calibration with the weather station on board Perseverance, MEDA, will be required to validate these results. It is also shown that the synchronization of the microphone with the LIBS laser can be used to measure the speed of sound and therefore to estimate the atmospheric temperature close to the surface of Mars.This work also describes some progresses in the microphone development including the performances' validation, the implementation of operating modes and the preparation of SuperCam operations at the surface of Mars
Devismes, Damien. "Développement d’un système analytique pour la datation in situ des roches martiennes par la méthode K-Ar." Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA112254/document.
Full textCrater counting is the only method used on Mars to give relative geochronological information but it never had been fitted and corrected by absolute geochronology. This work is about the development of a new prototype demonstrating the ability of a protocol using in situ K-Ar dating. The goal is to propose a solution of an absolute geochronology for the next explorations rovers. A quadrupled Nd:YAG laser at 266 nm ablates a basaltic sample under high vacuum. The light collection by a spectrometer (Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy) gives the rate of potassium and the chemical or the mineralogy of the target. Thanks to the specificities of the ablation in highvacuum and with a UV laser, the ablated mass has a good reproducibility per mineralogy. Thus, theLIBS identification gives an estimation of the ablated mass. After the purification of the released gas,a quadrupole mass spectrometer determines the quantity of argon. All these measures give an age with a theoretical uncertainty of 13% in the best conditions.The calibration of the experiment had given new information about the effects on LIBS spectrarelated to the ablation under high vacuum. The rise of the pressure and the variation of geometry of the pit have opposite effects on the elements peaks. We also demonstrated that the instrument was capable of measuring the age of the groundmass of basalt and has some interesting perspectives on some mineral phases such as biotite
Gallou, Guillaume. "Etude et optimisation de la spectroscopie sur plasma induit par laser (LIBS) pour le suivi en continu des polluants émis par les sources fixes." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LYO10153.
Full textIn the context of the prevention of atmospheric pollution and air quality improvement, measurement of the stationary sources emission appears as a key component to evaluate the concentration of one or many pollutants and also to estimate the annual flows. Analytical techniques of atmospheric pollutants must on principle permit to control the safety concentration limits fixed by order. To that end, laserinduced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) appears to be a good technique. Indeed, this multielementary analysis technique requires no sample preparation, is quantitative, fast (< 1 min), and can be performed at remote distance. The objective of this work, supported by ADEME and run by CEA and INERIS, is to develop and optimise LIBS technique to measure in-situ and in real time metallic pollutants in particulate forms emitted by stationary sources. During this study, two experimental approaches were carried out simultaneously: the first one, realized in CEA, consists to collect micrometric metallic particles generated by ultrasonic nebulizer on filter and then to analyse those filters with adapted LIBS device. In parallel, the second device is realised in INERIS to analyse the same particles by focusing the laser directly (direct analysis) on the flowing aerosol inside an analysis cell. To evaluate correctly the analysis LIBS devices as well as the acquisition and data treatment protocols adapted to aerosols analysis, specific experimental setup of generating and characterising metallic aerosol is designed and implemented. Then, experimental results are optimized and compared. After those developments and tests in laboratory, in-situ measurements are realized in the "Centre Technique des Industries de la Fonderie (CTIF)" in Sèvres. Measurements were performed on melting process to analyse in-situ and in real time concentration of metallic particles emitted during copper melt
Nguegang, Kamwa Blandine. "Stratégie d'échantillonnage des mesures LIBS in situ de la teneur en or dans des échantillons miniers : optimisation par analyse statistique." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/69119.
Full textIn Quebec, 19 gold mines produce more than C (dollar) 1.8 billion of gold annually. In these mines, hundreds of rock samples are collected daily and sent to the laboratory to determine their gold concentrations. Since laboratory results are only available after 24 to 48 hours, there is a direct negative impact on mining activities. Technological advances in recent years suggest that Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) may be a promising technology for real-time and in-situ measurement of the gold content of rock samples. Considering the size of each shot produced by the laser on a rock sample, namely 500 µm, many shots will be required in order to obtain a representative result of the sample analyzed. For example, for a 50 cm long core sample, and a surface analyzed between 70 and 80%, 10,000 laser shots were fired to ensure to obtain a result representative of the sample, with an acquisition time of half a day in the laboratory, which is a too long period of time for a practical application in mines. For this reason, the objective of this project is to minimize the number of LIBS shots required on a sample to be analyzed, while remaining representative of the latter, and thus obtain a reliable and accurate measurement of the gold content. For this, a descriptive statistical analysis combined with several elaborate patterns is applied to the 10,000 LIBS data obtained. By setting a compromise between the number of shots to be made on a sample and the analysis time, the Loop pattern minimizes the number of shots with an acceptable analysis time. From the latter, a sampling protocol has been developed, where to be representative of core samples, 1500 shots are needed whereas for rock samples, only 100 shots are needed. However, it would be important to be
Sankhe, Mamadou. "Caractérisations spatio-temporelles de milieux plasmagènes à haute énergie par diffusion laser." Thesis, Orléans, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ORLE3028.
Full textThe transient plasmagenic media generated by tip-tip electric discharge and laser breakdown are used in fuel mixture ignition applications or for analytical purposes such as Laser-Induced Plasma Spectroscopy (LIBS). In addition to their important scientific and technological interests, these media are still difficult to grasp because of their transient nature and the important gradients that characterize them. In addition, the hypotheses of Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium (LTE), often made as part of their study, are not always verified.In order to better understand these transient plasmagenic media, two complementary spectroscopic characterization techniques have been implemented: Optical Emission Spectroscopy (OES) and Thomson Scattering (TS).The combined use of OES (based on complementary hypotheses validating LTE) and TS (assuming only a Maxwellian distribution of translational velocities of particles), should make it possible to validate the conditions of LTE in the plasmas studied and of provide realistic input data for modeling.In this manuscript, we studied a tip-tip electrical discharge, used in the ignition of metal powders, and laser-induced breakdown and ablation plasmas, used for LIBS applications
Trichard, Florian. "Étude de la spectrométrie de plasma induit par laser pour l’analyse en ligne de liquides." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10311/document.
Full textProcess control is a major challenge for chemical and petrochemical industries so as to ensure product quality, cost control, sustainable productivity and risk management. To do so, carrying out the analysis directly at the core of the process is the most efficient way. However, for most applications, elemental analyzes are mainly performed in the laboratory and rarely on-line, which requires the implementation of different technologies, usually complex and expensive. This work is part of a large innovative project that covers the field of on-line elemental analysis, a research area still understudied to this day. The analytical technique selected here is the Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy. Indeed, its speed and its capability to analyze all states of matter without sample preparation, gives it a great potential for on-line analysis. This technique is investigated in order to achieve on-line analysis of elements contained in various liquid matrices: brines, silicone oils and petroleum products. The optimization of different measurement parameters is performed, including an experimental design based approach. Different liquid sampling configurations and several LIBS setups are designed in order to tackle the issues encountered. Finally, a transposition to the industrial world is presented through on-line monitoring of sulfur in petroleum products on an industrial pilot process. The results are promising, but improving the stability of measurements over time still requires further research
Saad, Rawad. "Etudes physico-chimiques des plasmas induits par laser pour l'analyse quantitative des matériaux dans les systèmes nucléaires." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0172/document.
Full textLaser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) is a multi-elemental analysistechnique very well suited for analysis in hostile environments particularly in thenuclear industry. Quantitative measurements are frequently performed on liquid orsolid samples but in some cases, atypical signal behaviors were observed in theLIBS experiment. To avoid or minimize any impact on measurement accuracy, it isnecessary to improve the understanding of these phenomena. In the framework of athree-year PhD thesis, the objective was to study the chemical reactions occurringwithin laser-generated plasma in a LIBS analysis. Experiments on a model material (pure aluminum sample) highlighted thedynamics of molecular recombination according to different ambient gas. Thetemporal evolution of Al I atomic emission lines and molecular bands of AlO and AlNwere studied. A collisional excitation effect was identified for a peculiar electronicenergy level of aluminum in the case of a nitrogen atmosphere. This effectdisappeared in air. The aluminum plasma was also imaged during its expansionunder the different atmospheres in order to localize the areas in which the molecularrecombination process takes place. Spectacular particle projections have beenhighlighted
Tian, Ye. "Characterization of laser-induced plasma and application to surface-assisted LIBS for powder and liquid samples." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1292/document.
Full textLaser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is an analytical method with optical emission spectroscopy that uses a laser pulse to vaporize, atomize, and excite a hot plasma as the spectroscopic emission source. Although LIBS has demonstrated its versatility and attractive features in many fields, the quantitative analysis ability of LIBS is considered as its Achilles’ heel. From a fundamental point of view, this can be due to the complex nature of laserinduced plasma as the spectroscopic emission source for LIBS application. The temporal and spatial characterization of laser-induced plasma is considered as one of the key points for the LIBS technique. On the other hand, from the analytical point of view, LIBS is usually characterized by direct laser ablation. This can be however quite limiting, especially for some types of materials such as powders or liquids. Proper sample preparation or treatment allowing the deposition of a thin homogeneous film on a metallic surface could greatly improve the analytical performance of LIBS for these types of materials. Since the metallic surface is expected to contribute to increase the temperature and the density of the plasma and, consequently, to a better overall sensitivity, we call this technique surface-assisted LIBS. The present thesis work is therefore motivated by two basic aspects of LIBS analysis: the need of an improved knowledge of laser-induced plasma as a spectroscopic emission source, and new methods to improve the analytical performance of LIBS, including a higher sensibility and a reduced matrix effect. The first part of this thesis (Chapter 2) is dedicated to an extensive characterization of the plasma induced on glass samples, as a function of the laser wavelength, infrared (IR) or ultraviolet (UV), and the ambient gas, air or argon. Both the spectroscopic imaging and time- and space-resolved emission spectroscopy are used for plasma diagnostics in this work. The second part of this thesis is to develop a surface-assisted LIBS method for the elemental analysis in powders, and in wines as examples of liquids. We applied the surface-assisted LIBS for the quantitative elemental analysis in cellulose powders, alumina powders, and soils (Chapter 3). Special attentions are paid on the figures-of-merit, matrix effects, and normalization approaches in LIBS analysis. We also used the surfaceassisted LIBS for the classification of French wines according to their production regions (Chapter 4). Two classification models based on the principal component analysis (PCA) and random forest (RF) are used for the classification. Through these applications, this thesis work demonstrates the efficiency of the surface-assisted LIBS method for the analysis of powders (cellulose, alumina and soils) and of liquids (wines), with ppm or sub-ppm sensitivities and a reduced matrix effect
Bruder, Romain. "Etude et développement de la spectroscopie d'émission optique sur plasma induit par laser pour l'analyse de terrain : un exemple d'application aux œuvres d'art." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066123.
Full textEl, Rakwe Maria. "Approches multivariées innovantes pour le traitement des spectres d'émission de plasmas produits par laser. Application à l'analyse chimique en ligne par LIBS en milieu nucléaire." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066316/document.
Full textOnline and in situ analysis is now a strategic development for analytical chemistry. This is especially true in the nuclear field for which the security constraints related to the radioactivity of samples, and the need to minimize waste from analyzes argue for remote measurement techniques without sampling or sample preparation. Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) technique for elemental analysis of materials based on laser ablation and the optical emission spectroscopy, has these qualities. It is a technique of choice for online analysis. However, the processes involved in LIBS, namely laser ablation, atomization, plasma formation and emission, are quite complex and difficult to control because the underlying physical phenomena are coupled and nonlinear. In addition, the analytical performance of the LIBS technique depends strongly on the choice of experimental conditions. Finally, an online analysis system should be as robust as possible face to uncontrolled variations in measurement conditions. The processes involved in LIBS, namely laser ablation, atomization, plasma formation and emission, are quite complex and difficult to control because the underlying physical phenomena are coupled and nonlinear. In addition, the analytical performance of the LIBS technique depends strongly on the choice of experimental conditions. The objective of this thesis is to improve control and performance of quantitative analysis by LIBS using multivariate methods capable of handling multi-dimensionality, nonlinearity and the coupling between parameters and data. For this, the work is divided into two parts. First the optimization is carried out using a central composite design to model the relationship between the experimental parameters of laser ablation (pulse energy and beam focusing parameters) and signal detection (delay time) to the physical characteristics of plasma (ablated mass, temperature) and the analytical performance (intensity and repeatability of the signal). The optimization parameters that results is then interpreted as the best compromise for the quantitative analysis between efficiency of laser ablation and plasma heating. Secondly, we developed a multivariate methodology based on MCR-ALS, ICA and PLS techniques to quantify certain elements in different metallic matrices operator, in addition to the usual spectral dimension, the time dimension of LIBS signal. In this part, we discuss the value of this approach over conventional methods of quantification (univariate and multivariate) and the contribution of this methodology to diagnose, understand and possibly compensate matrix effects observed in LIBS
Ben, Amar Ismail, and Amar Ismail Ben. "Étude des techniques d'analyse du minerai de phosphate et proposition d'un système LIBS à base de FPGA pour la mesure de P2O5." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/38217.
Full textCe travail s’inscrit dans le cadre du projet de recherche achevant le cycle de formation des étudiants de maîtrise en génie électrique avec mémoire à l’Université Laval. Ce projet a été effectué au sein de la Faculté des sciences et de génie et le Centre d’optique, photonique et laser (COPL) de l’université Laval. À cet effet, ce mémoire contient les axes majeurs nécessaires pour une étude comparative et expérimentale des techniques d’analyse du minerai de phosphate (MP). L’objectif est de déterminer la technique la plus efficace à adopter pour mettre en place une solution in situ. Une proposition d’un système LIBS à base de FPGA pour la mesure de P2O5 est également présentée ainsi que sa conception. Tout d’abord, ce mémoire présente le contexte du projet pour bien comprendre la problématique et la motivation, ainsi que les objectifs et l’importance de mettre en place une solution in situ pour l’analyse du minerai de phosphate. Ceci nous a permis d’identifier le besoin et de repérer les exigences attendues. Aussi, le présent travail couvre une revue de littérature détaillée sur les méthodes classiques d’analyse du minerai de phosphate au laboratoire, et les techniques multi élémentaires qui permettent d’analyser plusieurs composés avec un seul équipement. La faisabilité d’utiliser une de ces techniques pour répondre au besoin a été présentée dans ce travail. Pour ce faire nous avons vérifié les limitations des trois techniques recommandées pour l’analyse des minéraux. Il s’agit des techniques ICP, XRF et LIBS. Les résultats montrent que l’XRF est incapable de quantifier les éléments légers dont le nombre atomique est inférieur à 11, alors que la LIBS permet d’avoir des résultats rapides et précis pour la majorité des éléments présents dans le minerai du phosphate. À la fin de ce mémoire, nous présentons une proposition d’un système LIBS à base de FPGA pour la mesure de P2O5 (qui est l’élément le plus important dans le minerai du phosphate)
This work is part of the research project completing the training cycle of research master at Laval University. This project was carried out within the Faculty of Science and Engineering and the Center of Optics, Photonics, and Laser (COPL). To this end, this report contains the major axes necessary for a comparative and experimental study of phosphate ore techniques analysis. The objective is to determine the most efficient technique to adopt to implement an in-situ solution. At the end of this report, we will introduce a proposal for LIBS system based on FPGA board for P2O5 measurement. First, this report presents the context of the project to understand the problem and the motivation, as well as the objectives and importance of setting up an on-line solution for the analysis of phosphate ore. Allowed us to describe the need and identify the expected requirements. Secondly, the present work covers a detailed literature review about conventional methods of analyzing phosphate ore in the laboratory, and multi-elemental techniques used to analyze several compounds with a single equipment. This work presents also the feasibility of using one of these techniques to meet the need. To do this, we have checked the limitations of the most three recommended techniques for mineral analysis. These are ICP, XRF and LIBS techniques. The results show that the XRF is unable to quantify the light elements whose atomic number is less than 11, while the LIBS allows having fast and accurate results for the majority of the elements existing in the phosphate ore. At the end of this dissertation, we present a proposal of an FPGA-based LIBS system or the measurement of P2O5 (which is the most important element in phosphate ore).
This work is part of the research project completing the training cycle of research master at Laval University. This project was carried out within the Faculty of Science and Engineering and the Center of Optics, Photonics, and Laser (COPL). To this end, this report contains the major axes necessary for a comparative and experimental study of phosphate ore techniques analysis. The objective is to determine the most efficient technique to adopt to implement an in-situ solution. At the end of this report, we will introduce a proposal for LIBS system based on FPGA board for P2O5 measurement. First, this report presents the context of the project to understand the problem and the motivation, as well as the objectives and importance of setting up an on-line solution for the analysis of phosphate ore. Allowed us to describe the need and identify the expected requirements. Secondly, the present work covers a detailed literature review about conventional methods of analyzing phosphate ore in the laboratory, and multi-elemental techniques used to analyze several compounds with a single equipment. This work presents also the feasibility of using one of these techniques to meet the need. To do this, we have checked the limitations of the most three recommended techniques for mineral analysis. These are ICP, XRF and LIBS techniques. The results show that the XRF is unable to quantify the light elements whose atomic number is less than 11, while the LIBS allows having fast and accurate results for the majority of the elements existing in the phosphate ore. At the end of this dissertation, we present a proposal of an FPGA-based LIBS system or the measurement of P2O5 (which is the most important element in phosphate ore).
Diaz, Rosado José Carlos. "Étude et développement de la spectroscopie d'émission optique sur plasma induit par laser pour la réalisation d'analyses de terrain : application à l’analyse en ligne de métaux dans les liquides." Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA114805/document.
Full textMetal contamination of water is a major public health issue. Controls and treatments are more drastic and performed on them for human consumption. It is essential for this to possess reliable and sensitive analytical tools adapted to the existing regulations and flexible enough to use. The technique of "Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy" (LIBS), proven for the analysis of solids, including exo-terrestrial explorations, this very interesting advantages for liquids including, for example, are multi-character elementary and the possibility of in-situ measurements of water contamination by metals.A first part of this study thesis allowed to explore the potential (LIBS) for the analysis of dissolved metals or suspensions in water. Study has found an important effect related to the particle size in the analysis of suspensions. A second prong is to look at the effects of organic matrix represented by humic acid and those natural minerals represented by the bentonite and alumina particles. The matrix effect observed was corrected by normalization by internal standard
Boudhib, Mohamed. "Analyse d’aérosols par méthodes LIBS sans étalonnage et LIBS couplée à une cellule radiofréquence utilisée comme piège à particules." Thesis, Orléans, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ORLE2011/document.
Full textNew issues related to process control and workplace surveillance accompany the emergence of nanotechnology industry. This involves the development of new real-time and in-situ characterization techniques. In this context, the NOVA unit from the INERIS institute collaborated with LP3 and GREMI laboratories to study two approaches aiming to enhance the LIBS technic performances. The first approach used a flow cell to determine the relative elemental composition of an aerosol with a calibration-free procedure. The recorded spectra were compared to theoretical spectra calculated for a plasma in the Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium LTE. The best agreement between recorded and computed spectra allowed the determination of the relative composition with a good agreement with the reference value, for an alumina aerosol. The study of the temporal evolution of the plasma allowed the estimation of a temporal range within which the LTE hypothesis was verified. The second approach used a low-pressure radiofrequency plasma generated in an inert gas as a particle trap to analyse aerosols and nanoparticles. The use of such a system allowed the enhancement of particles detection by concentrating them spatially. We determined the optimal parameters for the LIBS analysis using this system. Furthermore, we established the plasma continuum was attenuated even at very low time delays. We evaluated the sampling volume of this new system and compared it to case of LIBS analysis on air. Finally, we estimated the detection limits of this system when analysing nanoparticles
Ribière, Maxime. "Spectroscopies d'émission et d'absorption appliquées à l'analyse de plasmas produits par impulsion laser." Phd thesis, Université de Rouen, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00443037.
Full textLei, Wenqi. "Temporal and spatial characteristics of laser-induced plasma on organic materials and quantitative analysis of the contained inorganic elements." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00967250.
Full textDiaz, Rosado José Carlos. "Étude et développement de la spectroscopie d'émission optique sur plasma induit par laser pour la réalisation d'analyses de terrain : application à l'analyse en ligne de métaux dans les liquides." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00818909.
Full textMartinez, Labrador Mauro Alberto. "Nouvelle utilisation de l’ablation laser dans l’analyse de pétrole et de ses dérivés." Thesis, Pau, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PAUU3046/document.
Full textAnalysis of crude oil and its derivatives is of great importance for the crude oil industry and the environment, and that within its matrix contains a set of metals (V, Ni, Fe, etc.) and nonmetals (S, N, Cl, etc) which have great impact during the refining and combustion processes. Quantification of these elements has become common subject matter in many analytical laboratories. Currently, there are standard methods for the quantification of these elements using spectroscopic techniques such as inductively coupled plasma (ICP), electrothermal vaporization (ETV), neutron activation analysis (NAA), for metals and some non-metals, and potentiometric techniques non-metals such as halogens. These methods, although they are validated, show time-consuming procedures, it can not raise a good calibration strategies and in some cases requires the use of expensive organometallic standards. Because of these reasons was raised in this paper find new forms of quantification for elemental analysis in the oil and its derivatives using sensitive methodologies, quick and easy. The first idea that arises is the sample encapsulated within a crude solid xerogel matrix, this poses the advantage to prepare our own calibration standards using aqueous solutions of known concentration and encapsulating them in the same way. This way crude oil encapsulated in xerogel was validated using LA ICP MS and LIBS and detection limits were obtained from 0.7 ng g-1 for Ni, 0.8 ng g-1 for V and 1.5 ng g-1 S, with a reproducibility between 1 to 3%. Also raised speciation analysis of molecules associated with V, Ni and S by thin layer chromatography and monitored by LA ICP MS, thus was found a family of differentiation-associated molecules to these elements between different fractions of crude and the same sample matrix, as detection limits were found for Ni and V of 18 ng g-1 and 23 ng g-1 respectively. It was also observed that the use of these methods of analysis may take less time to reach some systematic analysis protocols and ultimately fail to generate very little waste to the environment
Picard, Jessica. "Développement de la LIBS pour l'analyse en ligne de produits uranifères ou plutonifères solides." Thesis, Dijon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015DIJOS017/document.
Full textWith the objective to implement a fast, online analysis technique for control of solid metal nuclear materials, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) technique is developed for quantitative analysis in uranium and plutonium. Since these matrices have a very dense emission spectrum in the UV-Visible range, the Vacuum Ultra-Violet (VUV) spectral range, less rich in lines, is explored. The aim of this thesis is to perform the analytical development of VUV-LIBS for quantitative analysis between 500 and 5000 ppm with an uncertainty of 3%. For that purpose, four steps were defined. First, for practical and safety reasons, it is generally better to perform experiments on surrogate materials. LIBS based on laser-material interaction, it is relevant to seek a surrogate of material of interest from the viewpoint of the ablated mass. Thus, a complete study of laser ablation of several metals was enabled to build a predictive model of the ablation efficiency. Titanium and stainless steel were defined as surrogate materials of plutonium and uranium for laser ablation. Secondly, the VUV-LIBS setup analytical performances were optimized for several elements of interest in four metals. Then, two calibration methods are used to determine the analytical performances. The limits of quantification are of the order of a few hundreds of ppm for all studied matrices, which validates the objective of impurities quantitation in the 500-5000 ppm range. Uncertainty is lower than 3% in the best cases. Finally, the calibration transfer between the four matrices was studied. A normalization of the nickel net signal measured in three matrices was presented
Barreda, Flory-Anne. "Étude expérimentale et modélisation des potentialités de la technique libs (ablation laser couplée à la spectroscopie) pour l’analyse directe des solides." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LYO10337/document.
Full textLaser ablation is widely spread for solid sample microanalysis. A tightly focused laser beam allows direct sampling of matter, the ablated mass can then be analysed either with LIBS (Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy) or with an inductively coupled plasma source combined with an optical emission spectrometer (ICP-AES) or a mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). With spatial resolution down to the micron scale, laser ablation techniques permit local elemental analysis of sample surface. Nevertheless, analytical performances of such techniques could be improved by combining LIBS and ICP information to understand and control laser/matter interaction. For this purpose, this work aimed to develop a microanalytical technique based on laser ablation coupled to simultaneous detection with LIBS and ICP to study analytical potentialities of such technique for elemental mapping of material surface. Performances and limitations of the system were studied on one hand, by characterizing laser-induced aerosols and on the other hand, by studying simultaneous LIBS and ICP signals. Elemental fractionation on critical matrices such as brass was evidenced in microablation despite a different laser/matter interaction compared with macroablation. A correction procedure a posteriori using the total extraction efficiency of the ablation cell was proposed to overcome this problem for quantitative analysis. An ablation cell, optimized from a numerical simulation study, was developed for mapping applications. Analytical performances were evaluated in terms of stability (8-10 %), spatial resolution (5 µm) and detection limits (in the ppm range with ICP-MS). The LIBS and ICP complementarity makes the double detection system a diagnostic tool for laser/matter interaction and an analytical instrument allowing simultaneous monitoring of traces and majors from a large element range of the periodic classification
Stankova, Alice. "Nouvelles méthodes de détermination des métaux dans les cendres volantes." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00839268.
Full textNegre, Erwan. "Couplage ablation laser et imagerie spectrale rapide pour identification et analyses de plastiques : concept, développement et validation." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1036/document.
Full textLaser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) is an analytical technique based on the emission of a plasma arising from the laser-matter interaction. All the elements of the periodic table can be detected with a detection limit close to the ppm, regardless of the nature of sample: solid, liquid or gas. LIBS can perform elemental as well as molecular analysis, which makes it a trustworthy technique for the identification of organic materials, especially with reference to plastic waste sorting where the established techniques experience some difficulties to fulfill all the requirements of this issue. Nevertheless, the laser-induced plasma is a transient and inhomogeneous process regularly hard to master in comparison with an inductively coupled plasma. As a consequence, LIBS technique still remains marginal for the applications demanding a reliable and frequently quantitative information. This doctoral research, which falls within the framework of a partnership between the CRITT Matériaux Alsace and the Institut Lumière Matière in Lyon, proposes to examine the two issues mentioned above. A new LIBS instrument is first given. It is organized around several monitoring tools driven by a dedicated software which allowed us to considerably reduce the fluctuations of the LIBS signal coming from the different factors involved in the process of laser ablation (laser energy, sample and detection positions, etc…). The efficiency of this new LIBS instrument is then illustrated through the example of the quantification of trace elements in glass matrices
Boueri, Myriam. "Laser-induced plasma on polymeric materials and applications for the discrimination and identification of plastics." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00733833.
Full textHannachi, Riadh. "Etude expérimentale et propriétés radiatives d'un plasma thermique induit par impact laser à la surface de milieux aqueux eau-chlorure de calcium/chlorure de magnésium/chlorure de sodium." Toulouse 3, 2007. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/89/.
Full textThis thesis is part of a project concerning the development of a process which enables the detection of pollutants in water using a laser ablation device. The impact of a laser beam on a material allows to vaporize it and to generate a plasma. The elementary composition of the sample is obtained by the spectroscopic analysis of the ionized gas. This method, applicable to any kind of materials (solid, liquid, gaseous, insulating or conductive) is known as LIBS (Laser induced Breakdown Spectroscopy). A Nd: Yag laser (lambda = 532 nm, pulse duration 4ns, deposited energy 30 mJ, frequency 5 Hz) is used to generate a plasma on the surface of liquid targets containing weak proportions of alkaline salts (5. 10-4 to 2 mol/liter of CaCl2, MgCl2 and NaCl). This work allowed to test the sensibility of the process and to define the detection limits of the species Ca, Mg and Na acting as impurities. Various optical emission spectroscopy diagnosis techniques based upon the assumption of local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) are used to characterize the plasma plume in its extinction phase (temperature and species densities). The second part of this thesis is dedicated to the development of calculation codes enabling the determination of the chemical equilibrium composition and radiative properties: the mean absorption coefficients k\lambda (m-1) by frequency bands and the net emission coefficient epsilon\N (W. M-3. Sr-1). .
Devismes, Damien. "Développement d'un système analytique pour la datation in situ des roches martiennes par la méthode K-Ar." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00954414.
Full textLam, Julien. "Pulsed Laser Ablation in Liquid : towards the comprehension of the growth processes." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10137/document.
Full textWhen a pulsed-laser is focused into a solid target immersed in water, the material is evaporated. Nucleation and growth occur in the liquid and nanoparticles are synthesized. The method can be considered as versatile because one can try to synthesize any kinds of materials. Also, the nanoparticles are directly stabilized by the solvant so there is no need of complexing agents. The nanoparticles are described as ligand-free. However, various processes can occur during the synthesis and the aim of my work is to understand these different components. Since the laser ablation in liquid displays a wide range of timescales, we used numerous methods to address this problem. First, I will present the use of plasma spectroscopy and the questions it raises towards local thermodynamic equilibrium. Then, I will describe our microscopic approach of nucleation based on quantum chemistry techniques. Finally, I will illustrate the advantages of shadowgraphic measurements to reach an hydrodynamic understanding of the system
Roux, Clément. "Etude et développement d'un système LIBS portable hautes performances de nouvelle génération et d'une source de marquage UV à faible durée d'impulsion." Thesis, Dijon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016DIJOS047.
Full textThis work describes three original laser sources developed specifically for Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) and wire marking. The main goal of the work on the LIBS was to propose new solutions to make portable LIBS as efficient as laboratory LIBS and to evaluate their potential in geological applications. New spectrometers (based on SWIFTS technology) and compact lasers were evaluated and they led to the realization of a portable LIBS gun. The two types of analyze possible which are in situ analysis and chemical cartography of the sample surface led to design two specific lasers: a first compact source emitting at 532 nm with a high beam quality allowing a high spatial resolution and a second one with a lower beam quality but much more robust. The laser developed for marking is a Q-switched Nd:YVO4 emitting in the UV at 355 nm. The original architecture used, the “Cavity-Dumped”, make the pulse duration constant (2 ns) with any repetition rate so that the peak power is high even if the repetition rate is important. The very good beam quality observed makes the laser spot very small so that the marking is very precise and contrasted
Wang, Xiaochun. "Chemical Fractionation in Molybdenum-rich Borosilicate Glass-ceramic and Behavior of Powellite Single Crystal under Irradiation." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10183/document.
Full textThe fractionation of fission products and minor actinides (simulated by rare-earth elements) is studied in a Morich borosilicate glass-ceramic containing powellite (CaMoO4) crystallites, using elemental analysis techniques (LIBS, LA-ICPMS, and EMPA). For Mo-rich borosilicate glass-ceramic containing powellite crystallites, it was suggested that rare earth elements and Sr (beta-decay source) are prone to incorporate into the powellite phase, while Al, Fe, Zr et Cs (beta-decay source) and Zn remain in the glass matrix. The behavior of rare-earth (surrogates of radioactive minor actinides) doped powellite single crystal under irradiations figure out its longterm behavior in storage conditions, using optical interferometry, Raman spectroscopy, TEM, and luminescent spectroscopy. It is observed that the irradiation-induced swelling in powellite first increased with irradiation dose (0.012 to 1.2 dpa), then reached saturation after 1.2 dpa Anisotropic stress and lattice volume change induced by irradiation in powellite single crystal were found and analyzed by determining the peak position of V1 (Ag) et V3 (Eg) Raman modes. Structure disorder of irradiated powellite in medium-range order was represented by the Raman linewidth broadening. According to the TEM characterization, the structural damages of irradiated powellite followed an evolution of crystalline structure, point defects, dislocations, mosaicity. It was confirmed by both Raman and TEM that powellite resisted strongly and never reached amorphization within the studied dpa range (0.012 to 5.0)
Cattani, Fanny. "Définition d’une collection de minéraux de référence afin de développer et de calibrer une méthode de datation in-situ adaptée à la surface de Mars." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS002/document.
Full textAbsolute age determination is necessary to check and calibrate the relative Martian chronology presently available from meteoritic crater counting. For this purpose, we have developed an in-situ K-Ar dating prototype for planetary surfaces at GEOPS laboratory. This instrument, supported by a CNES-CNRS research program, is a laser ablation-based system built to vaporize a reproducible volume of rock or mineral. It quantifies potassium content (K) by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and argon (Ar) by quadrupole mass spectrometry (QMS). The K-Ar age determination also requires accurate quantification of the ablated sample mass. Following an important period of experimental set-up development to improve precision, accuracy and sensitivity of the technique, our efforts focused on the calibration of the different parts of this instrument. To that purpose, a collection of reference samples (micas, feldspars, amphibolite, basalts) was done and analyzed (total chemistry and age measurements by K-Ar and ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar conventional techniques). These samples show a K content between 0,15 and 11% and an Ar content between 1 and 100x10¹⁴ ⁴⁰Ar* atoms per gram, corresponding to Martian basalt from 700 Ma to 3 Ga for 0.4% K. The results obtained evidence a correlation between the ablation time and the ablated mass depending on the mineral phase analyzed. In order to check this correlation, measurements were conducted on several samples, in particular a microlitic basalt (Viluy basalt) similar to Martian basalts. The K-Ar in-situ age of 401 ± 41 Ma obtained by our approach is consistent with the age of 381 ± 5 Ma measured indepedently on mineral populations. More generally, this study allows to obtain K-Ar ages measured by our in-situ dating method with uncertainties lower than 15%, on relatively low-K and young samples compared to Martian rocks
Patatut, Loïc. "Développement d'un dispositif de LIBS pour l'analyse quantitative en ligne des procédés de purification du silicium fondu." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAI100/document.
Full textThe aim of this PhD research work was to develop and to validate a quantitative method to measure the composition of molten silicon by Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS). The device used consists in an intrusive measurement on the surface of gas bubbles which are produced by blowing an inert gas through a pipe inserted into the melt. First, the signal acquisition conditions were optimized to ensure LIBS signal repeatability and reproducibility to overcome experimental fluctuations due to the bubbling. Second, the experimental parameters affecting plasma physics were evaluated to maximize the measurement sensitivity and to lower the limits of detection. The two key parameters identified are the laser power density and the ambient gas: the signal intensity and then the number of emitters inside the plasma are promoted by higher laser energy and an Ar atmosphere rather than a He one. The plasma spectroscopic diagnosis as a function of these parameters showed that they don’t have significant effect on the temperature of electrons, ions and neutral species. The only mechanisms to be considered are then the increase of the mass ablated by the laser and the modification of the plasma relaxation conditions by the ambient atmosphere. Third, calibration curves were established for B, Al, Fe, Cu and Ti impurities under the optimized conditions. Limits of detections from few ppmw for B, Fe and Al to less than 0,5 ppmw for Ti and Cu have been achieved. The predicted concentrations by LIBS are in very good agreement with the ones measured by the conventional ex-situ method, ICP-OES. The mean relative discrepancy is lower than 10 %. These results demonstrate the LIBS benefits for in-situ and in-line monitoring of photovoltaic silicon production processes
Guyon, Laurent. "Spectroscopies femtosecondes de molécules biologiques : vers une détection optique des bactéries." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00195925.
Full textLa distinction des flavines par contrôle cohérent consiste à façonner une impulsion excitatrice à 400 nm, et à contrôler l'état excité des molécules en phase liquide par une deuxième impulsion infrarouge qui en diminue la fluorescence. Nous mettons en évidence le rôle du solvant dans ce processus bi-impulsionnel de déplétion, pour le tryptophane. Les études spectroscopiques en phase liquide, qui utilisent des impulsions intenses, engendrent des effets non-linéaires parfois inattendus, qu'il est important de connaître : c'est pourquoi nous étudions la filamentation dans un milieu liquide absorbant.
La photofragmentation des chromophores biologiques ionisés, flavines et tryptophanes, est examinée en phase gazeuse à l'aide d'un dispositif « pompe-pompe » similaire à celui de la déplétion. Nous montrons, avec la flavine mononucléotide, que la seconde impulsion diminue certaines voies de fragmentation au profit des autres. Enfin, nous révélons les potentialités de la LIBS femtoseconde pour l'analyse foliaire et la discrimination de bactéries.
Payré, Valérie. "Contribution de l’instrument ChemCam à la compréhension de la croûte primitive martienne et des mécanismes d’altération de la surface de Mars : quantification LIBS des éléments traces Li, Rb, Sr, Ba et Cu." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0264/document.
Full textUntil recently, Mars was considered as a planet with a homogeneous crust dominated by olivine-rich basalts. This simplistic vision has been largely disrupted especially with results of recent in situ missions. In this way, the Curiosity rover that travels in Gale crater, which formed by impact during the Hesperian period (3.5-3.8 Gyr) within igneous basement rocks dated at 4.2 Gyr, discovered Noachian alkaline igneous rocks (> 3.8 Gyr) using the ChemCam LIBS instrument (‘laser induced breakdown spectroscopy’): this observation along with the recent identification of Noachian igneous felsic clasts within the breccia meteorite NWA 7533 and subsequent paired stones, revealed an evolved primitive magmatic system (Sautter et al., 2016). Would an evolved ‘continental’ primitive crust have ever existed on Mars? This is favored in this work by orbital GRS observations showing several Si-K-Th-rich Noachian terrains displaying abundant feldspars. Besides, the identification of low-Ca feldspars within the clasts of the breccia and Gale rocks, suggests that the primitive martian crust may have formed according to a model that differs from the lunar magma ocean. In addition, the LIBS quantification of Li, Rb, Sr and Ba presented in this work in igneous rocks, along with the distribution of alkali trace elements within the igneous clasts of the breccia, suggests the potential occurrence of several magmatic reservoirs. Concurrently, in the Kimberley formation, copper quantification using LIBS data, reveals anomalously elevated abundances within potassic rocks: these Cu-phases mainly associated with detrital igneous silicates, would come from a primitive felsic igneous source located in the northern rim. During the Noachian period, the hydrothermal circulation within an evolved magmatic chamber favored the formation of a Cu-bearing deposit in Gale vicinity. After all, the Earth and Mars are geologically closer than ever
Gravel, Jean-François. "Analyse chimique par ablation laser et caractérisation du plasma induit par laser par shadowgraphy." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26173/26173.pdf.
Full textDetalle, Vincent. "Analyse de l'homogénéité du combustible nucléaire MOX par Spectrométrie d'Emission optique sur Plasma Induit par Laser (SEPIL)." Lyon 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LYO10267.
Full textMorel, Stéphane. "Analyse des surfaces contaminées par spectroscopie de plasma induit par laser : application à la détection et à l'identification chimique et biologique." Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066265.
Full textDUDRAGNE, LAURENS. "Procede d'identification et d'analyse de polluants en milieu gazeux et sur cible, par spectroscopie de plasma induit par laser." Paris 6, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA066105.
Full textTravaillé, Grégoire. "Spectroscopie LIBS sans calibration : évaluation critique et application à l’analyse de sols pollués." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR14143/document.
Full textDespite the existence of many benchmarked spectrochemical analysis techniques in the field of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), the quantitative analysis holds of the laser induced plasma still holds a huge number of analytical drawbacks, the occurrence of matrix effects not being the slightest among those ones.Calibration-Free LIBS was historically developped to address specifically those aspects, and has already reached a high level of maturation for the analysis of simple metallic or soil samples. Unfortynately, in spite of the strong assumptions that need to be necesserily considered in the CF-LIBS algorithm (such as Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium, and the homogeneity and stationnarity of the plasma), only a few number of contributions have been devoted to the critical assessment of the latter postulates to date. Thanks to the help of several case tests and theoretical (collisionnal-radiative model depicting aluminum, argon and cadmium plasmas) and experimental concepts originating from the field of plasma physics (Thomson-Scattering experiments intended to validate our results), we will focus our study on the research and development of novel experimental criteria that would allow an experimentalist to set up and analyze a CF-LIBS experiment in the least unfavourable theoretical and experimental conditions.We will eventually apply our new considerations on the prediction of the CF-LIBS analysis efficiency, coming to the specific field of interest of analysis of geophysical samples (such as soils polluted by heavy metals). A special interest will be paid on the latest developments appearing nowadays in the field of LIBS, and devote a part of our debate on the expectancies that will have to be fulfilled in order to highen the analysis potential of LIBS
Amodeo, Tanguy. "Caractérisation de l'interaction d' aérosols avec un plasma induit par laser : application à la métrologie de nanoparticules manufacturées." Amiens, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AMIE0121.
Full textOver the last years, industries producing and using manufactured nanoparticles have extended. Such activities can generate potential accidental and toxicological risks, mainly related to nanoparticle worker exposure. In this context, it becomes necessary to design tools enabling detection of these emergent pollutants. Thus, a technique based on Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) has been proposed. Indeed, the LIBS technique allows to make real time and in situ measurements without any sample step. The main objective of this work was to study laser-induced plasma particle interaction and to assess the relevance of LIBS method for nanoparticle on-line detection. To begin with, emission spectroscopy experiments have been realised in order to evaluate effects of several parameters on LIBS signal (eg: size, concentration and chemical composition of particles, ambient gas, laser energy and wavelength). Based on time-resolved spectral imagery recordings, these experiments allowed a better understanding of the physical processes inherent to particle-plasma interaction such as vaporisation or matter distribution. Thus, for particle sizes ranging from 40 nm to 1 µm, results showed that LIBS signal is not influenced by potential size effects. These studies also permitted to discuss the mechanisms involved in the temporal evolution of atomic emission coming from vaporised matter. Particularly, the plasma shape, temperature and electronic densities have proved to be sensitive to particle concentration. Finally, based on worker exposure regulation, limits of detection have been assessed and discussed. Moreover, based on these studies, LIBS experiments have been performed within a Silicon Carbide nanoparticle pre-industrial process. Results showed that LIBS technique is able to make on line and real time monitoring of atomic ratio (Si/C) during production process. Thus, this work brings some arguments supporting the relevance of LIBS-based technique applied to nanoparticle production process safety both for ambient workplace surveillance and for produced nanoparticle control
Doucet, François. "Évaluation de la spectroscopie à plasma induit par laser pour l'analyse directe d'alliage d'aluminium solide par l'utilisation de modèles multivariables /." [Montréal] : Université de Montréal, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/umontreal/fullcit?pNQ92739.
Full text"Thèse présentée à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de Philosophiae Doctor (Ph.D.) en chimie" Version électronique également disponible sur Internet.