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1
Robertson, Debra. "Affymetrix license valid, rules court." Nature Biotechnology 19, no. 1 (2001): 13–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/83443.
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Higashi, Yunosuke, Masao Ohira, Yutaro Kashiwa, and Yuki Manabe. "Hierarchical Clustering of OSS License Statements toward Automatic Generation of License Rules." Journal of Information Processing 27 (2019): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2197/ipsjjip.27.42.
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Flynn, Sean, Aidan Hollis, and Mike Palmedo. "An Economic Justification for Open Access to Essential Medicine Patents in Developing Countries." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 37, no. 2 (2009): 184–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2009.00365.x.
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Not all intellectual property rights grant the right to exclude that is indicative of “property rules,” as that term was used by Guido Calabresi and A. Douglas Melamed in their seminal article. Some intellectual property rights are “liability rules,” in which the right holder has an entitlement to compensation for use of the protected invention, not a right to preclude the use. Although patent laws normally grant a right to exclude others from use of the protected invention as a default, most countries’ laws allow the government to convert the patent property rule into a liability rule through a compulsory license. It has been noted, for example, that by the end of the 1950s, the U.S. had issued compulsory licenses covering 40 to 50 thousand patents, including substantial portions of the patent portfolios of AT&T, General Electric, IBM, and Xerox. The U.S. Supreme Court recently expressed a willingness to accept liability rules over injunctions in some patent infringement cases.
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Lane, Michael E. "Which Came First? The License or the Rules?" Soil Horizons 51, no. 1 (2010): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sh2010.1.0026.
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Agus Bandiyono, Rahayu Asriyani,. "Complexity Of Annual License Notification Of Small-Medium Tax Business Taxes." Jurnal Akuntansi 23, no. 2 (2019): 316. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/ja.v23i2.594.
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The issuance of Government Regulation 23 of 2018 is the government’s effort to encourage the growth of MSMEs while simultaneously increasing MSME compliance in the taxation field. This study aims to analyze the complexity of the SME Annual Taxpayer Individual Taxpayers. This quantitative study uses a questionnaire with the UMKM Individual Taxpayer in Pondok Aren Tax Office as the respondent. Pondok Aren KPP was chosen as a research location because it is an KPP that intensively approaches UMKM. This study uses the SPT complexity variable as the dependent variable. While the independent variables are ambiguity, SPT calculation, rule details, rule changes, taxpayer accounting and tax return forms. Based on the results of the study, there are 3 variables that significantly affect the complexity of the MSME Annual Taxpayer Personal Taxpayers, these variables are the calculation of tax returns, detailed rules and rules changes.
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Yeon, Asmah Laili, and Faridahwati Mohd Shamsudin. "Non-compliance of licence holders towards disclosure based regulation in Malaysian securities markets." Journal of Financial Crime 23, no. 3 (2016): 605–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfc-08-2013-0050.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine non-compliance of licence holders towards disclosure-based regulation in Malaysian securities markets in relation to the implementation of the disclosure-based regulation. Design/methodology/approach This survey was conducted among 107 principal and representative licensees registered with the Securities Commission of Malaysia. They consist of licensed dealers, investment advisers and fund managers. The majority of the respondents were capital markets and services representative licensees, while only 17 respondents were capital markets and services licensees. Findings The survey indicates that non-compliance occurs because of lack of ethical values and orientation of the players in the industry. In addition, non-compliance was also reported to occur due to lack of understanding of law and regulations, inefficient company’s surveillance, control and internal monitoring programmes and weaknesses in the implementation and enforcement of law. Other reasons include greed (wanting to be rich quickly), selective application of the law, complicity between offenders and regulators, slow judicial processes and high legal cost for victims to pursue compensation. Practical implications As the enforcement agency, Securities Commission should further enhance efforts to monitor and enforce the law of capital markets. On the other hand, the courts have to impose fines on criminals based on the extent of the losses investors have suffered by investors and on the effects of the crime on market stability. More importantly, ethics training should be carried out to license holders by the relevant bodies and agencies in the securities market. Originality/value This paper provides measures on how to curb the unethical behaviour by carrying out ethics training and introducing new rules and regulations for the industry.
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Triyana, Lily. "ASPEK YURIDIS PERJANJIAN BUSINESS FRANCHISE DI INDONESIA." Yuriska : Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum 10, no. 1 (2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24903/yrs.v10i1.256.
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In Indonesia there is no regulation about franchise. Same thing is also experienced of many state, for example English and Australian. No special regulation about franchising can be consedered to be good news or is bad news. The bad news is wth no special guidance, hence goodnesss of franchisor amd also of franchisee have to reckon on written agreement in cooperation contract. Irts meaning both parties have to neglectless and meticulous to the what agreed on. Protection of other decision which arrange an cooperation of Franchising represent the source of which whereas can be made by guidance do complied agreement have the basis for real correct and fair. Association of franhcising generally realese code of ethic of franchising.good news of inexistence regulation of area of franchising is goodness of franchisor and fracnhisee earn free compromise whateverly. As hold of legal fundament of agreement of franchise in Indonesia is freedom contract such as those which arranged in section 1338 KUH Perdata and by concidering conditions of section 1338 KUHP Perdata. Law contract in Indonesia embrace open system meaning that each and everyone is free to make all kinds of contract. In section 1338 KUH Perdata contained by the following rule all made contract lawfully will bind over them making it own. In the case conditions of 1320 section of KUH this Perdata is fulfilled by hence comand of section 1338 KUH Perdata. The making agreement act as code/law to all party. So franchise, and vitally hence to all party arrange agreement content detail.Solving of dispute represent problem which in many is important to licencer, specially In the case of giving of license. Right of intellectual properties in the form of trade secret. Solving of dispute which is through jurisdiction forum, it is though enabled to be emphasized in conference closed (for the secret of trade) felt concerned abaout by licencer party will become an openly forum to receiver of license which do not good mine. To avoid the mentioned hence better each ; every dispute realted to agreement of giving license finished in framework of alternative of is solving of dispute, including in it arbitrase.Ordinary license agreement unlike giving of agreement of license of franchise. If at giving of agreement of license usually only covering giving of permission cover all sort of kinds of intellectual property that appliances bought or rented from him. Besides so-called above, agreement of franchise are; giving of license abaout name of trading, model brand, desain, ets. Rules that can be grouped in the field of contractual law and in the field of law about intellectual property.
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Triana, Lily. "ASPEK YURIDIS PERJANJIAN BUSINESS FRANCHISE DI INDONESIA." Yuriska : Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum 10, no. 1 (2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24903/yrs.v10i1.263.
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In Indonesia there is no regulation about franchise. Same thing is also experienced of many state, for example English and Australian. No special regulation about franchising can be consedered to be good news or is bad news. The bad news is wth no special guidance, hence goodnesss of franchisor amd also of franchisee have to reckon on written agreement in cooperation contract. Irts meaning both parties have to neglectless and meticulous to the what agreed on. Protection of other decision which arrange an cooperation of Franchising represent the source of which whereas can be made by guidance do complied agreement have the basis for real correct and fair. Association of franhcising generally realese code of ethic of franchising.good news of inexistence regulation of area of franchising is goodness of franchisor and fracnhisee earn free compromise whateverly. As hold of legal fundament of agreement of franchise in Indonesia is freedom contract such as those which arranged in section 1338 KUH Perdata and by concidering conditions of section 1338 KUHP Perdata. Law contract in Indonesia embrace open system meaning that each and everyone is free to make all kinds of contract. In section 1338 KUH Perdata contained by the following rule all made contract lawfully will bind over them making it own. In the case conditions of 1320 section of KUH this Perdata is fulfilled by hence comand of section 1338 KUH Perdata. The making agreement act as code/law to all party. So franchise, and vitally hence to all party arrange agreement content detail.Solving of dispute represent problem which in many is important to licencer, specially In the case of giving of license. Right of intellectual properties in the form of trade secret. Solving of dispute which is through jurisdiction forum, it is though enabled to be emphasized in conference closed (for the secret of trade) felt concerned abaout by licencer party will become an openly forum to receiver of license which do not good mine. To avoid the mentioned hence better each ; every dispute realted to agreement of giving license finished in framework of alternative of is solving of dispute, including in it arbitrase.Ordinary license agreement unlike giving of agreement of license of franchise. If at giving of agreement of license usually only covering giving of permission cover all sort of kinds of intellectual property that appliances bought or rented from him. Besides so-called above, agreement of franchise are; giving of license abaout name of trading, model brand, desain, ets. Rules that can be grouped in the field of contractual law and in the field of law about intellectual property.
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Lynova, Iryna, and Tatiana Pleshko. "ENSURING TRANSPARENCY AND INFORMATION OPENNESS OF GENERAL SECONDARY EDUCATION IN KYIV." Educological discourse, no. 3 (2020): 123–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2312-5829.2020.3.9.
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The article offers consideration of the results of the analysis of the State Service for Education Quality in Kyiv of the sites of educational institutions of communal, state and private forms of ownership of the city of Kyiv in relation to their availability and occupancy on 21 indicators: charter of educational institution; licenses for educational activities; structure and governing bodies of the educational institution; staff in accordance with the license conditions; educational programs implemented in the educational institution and the list of educational components provided by the relevant educational program; service area assigned to the educational institution by its founder (for preschool and general secondary education institutions); licensed volume and actual number of students; language (languages) of the educational process; availability of vacant positions, procedure and conditions of the competition for their replacement (in case of its holding); material and technical support of the educational institution (according to the license conditions); results of monitoring the quality of education; annual report on the activities of the educational institution; admission rules; conditions of accessibility of the educational institution for training of persons with special educational needs; tuition fees for private schools); list of additional educational and other services, their cost, procedure for provision and payment; rules of conduct for students; a plan of measures aimed at preventing and combating bullying in the educational institution; the procedure for submitting and reviewing (with confidentiality) applications for cases of bullying (harassment) in an educational institution, response and responsibility of persons in an educational institution involved in bullying (harassment). The authors of the article developed 518 sites of schools of various forms of ownership: state and communal forms of ownership - 437, private - 81. On average, according to 21 indicators, 56% of schools publish the necessary information on the websites of general secondary education institutions. The authors hope that the comments and suggestions set out in the conclusions to the article will help schools to systematize information about their lives and prospects.
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Sikorski, Rafał. "Access to standard essential patents and antitrust enforcement: the case for licensing component manufacturers." Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny 82, no. 2 (2020): 19–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/rpeis.2020.82.2.2.
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The ability to compete on numerous markets today depends on access to technological standards. When standards are protected by standard essential patents (SEP), a license to use such SEPs will be required. There have been numerous disputes in various jurisdictions over refusals to license SEPs. Most recently, disputes concern access to SEPs by the manufacturers of components. Some SEP holders deny access to their standard essential patents to component manufacturers and prefer to license end product producers. This practice has become a highly contentious issue around the world. In particular, manufacturers of components who are denied access to SEPs claim that such refusals amount to violations of competition rules. The author examines this highly contested practice is an attempt to show when denying access to an SEP license could harm competition.
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Nainggolan, Bernard. "LISENSI PENGUMUMAN LAGU ATAU MUSIK DALAM PERSFEKTIF HUKUM PERDATA." to-ra 2, no. 1 (2016): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.33541/tora.v2i1.1119.
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The right to announce song or music, Which called in international with the performing rights or the public performance right is a part from economic right the creator of song or music. When its parsed, the right to announce consist of broadcast right, demonstrating right, announcing or utters right, as well to communicate song or musci right to the public. If so in announced right song or music bring in economic benefits to the creator of song or music, therefore needs to be given license to the user citizen song or music. However, in giving those license, might be effective, needs to be presence any institution License of principle and Collector Royalty in togetherness, that called as Collective Management Organization (CMO). Practically that has been held this periode in Indonesia, the granting of announcement license song or music is not doing by the creator or the holder copy right, but the State Public Institution (LMK) in blanket license form. So, State Public Institution with handing the representative letter from the creator of song or music giving license to useful song or music, to collect the Royalty, and then to distributing the Royalty to the people who has authority. At the view of private law, the announcement license of song or music is like an agreement what ought to have maded in written form. Its can not consist of rules which is able to harmful the state economic dan can not contain s of many things that contrast with the rule of laws. In other hand, that can be binding to the third side, therefore these license agreement of copy right must be noted in the Ministry of Law and Human Rights Indonesian Republic of Indonesia, the Directorate General of Intelctual Riches. Thereby the announcement of license song or music based on to the Private law include Formal Agreement type and from the management is an Annonymous Agreement (Onbenoemnde contract) or General Agreement type.
 
 Keywords: lisensi; pengumuman lagu atau musik
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Zhang, Zheng, Haiqing Liu, Laxmisha Rai, and Siyi Zhang. "Vehicle Trajectory Prediction Method Based on License Plate Information Obtained from Video-Imaging Detectors in Urban Road Environment." Sensors 20, no. 5 (2020): 1258. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20051258.
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The vehicle license plate data obtained from video-imaging detectors contains a huge volume of information of vehicle trip rules and driving behavior characteristics. In this paper, a real-time vehicle trajectory prediction method is proposed based on historical trip rules extracted from vehicle license plate data in an urban road environment. Using the driving status information at intersections, the vehicle trip chain is acquired on the basis of the topologic graph of the road network and channelization of intersections. In order to obtain an integral and continuous trip chain in cases where data is missing in the original vehicle license plate, a trip chain compensation method based on the Dijkstra algorithm is presented. Moreover, the turning state transition matrix which is used to describe the turning probability of a vehicle when it passes a certain intersection is calculated by a massive volume of historical trip chain data. Finally, a k-step vehicle trajectory prediction model is proposed to obtain the maximum possibility of downstream intersections. The overall method is thoroughly tested and demonstrated in a realistic road traffic scenario with actual vehicle license plate data. The results show that vehicles can reach an average accuracy of 0.72 for one-step prediction when there are only 200 historical training data samples. The proposed method presents significant performance in trajectory prediction.
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van Koppen, Barbara, and Barbara Schreiner. "Priority General Authorisations in rights-based water use authorisation in South Africa." Water Policy 16, S2 (2014): 59–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2014.110.
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This article unravels the notions of justice in statutory water law in Sub-Saharan Africa in general and South Africa in particular. These laws, which allocate and regulate water resources, are licence (or permit) systems. Three forms of injustices are identified for small-scale water users who typically encompass all poor water users: the reinforcement of the historical injustices by which colonial powers captured ownership of water resources and undermined customary water law; administrative discrimination as a result of governments' lack of capacity to license the large numbers of small-scale users; and discrimination of the smallest-scale users whose exemption from the obligation to apply for a licence relegates them to a second-class entitlement to water. Based on the texts and implementation experiences of the National Water Act (1998) and the pro-poor prioritisation rules in the National Water Resource Strategy-2 (2013), the authors propose the transformative legal tool of priority General Authorisations for black small-scale users to overcome these injustices. Via this tool all black small-scale users, including the poor, would obtain equal access to minimum quantities of water needed to progressively achieve constitutional rights to water, food, and non-discrimination, while the remaining water resources would be allocated to high-impact users through licences with strict and enforceable conditions.
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Mano, Beatriz, Fátima Jesus, Fernando J. M. Gonçalves, Sónia P. M. Ventura, and Joana Luísa Pereira. "Applicability of heuristic rules defining structure–ecotoxicity relationships of ionic liquids: an integrative assessment using species sensitivity distributions (SSD)." Green Chemistry 22, no. 18 (2020): 6176–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0gc02486d.
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Sharmila, P., Brindha Dev, Akshaya, D. Dhanvarsha, and A. Pavai. "Charter Authenticated Anti-Theft Secure Motor System." ITM Web of Conferences 37 (2021): 01009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20213701009.
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The prominent mode of transportation being used by the public is roadways. Increased usage of roadways may lead to many accidents and thefts. The major reason is violation of rules drafted for driving and causing accidents mainly by the youngsters who does not have a proper knowledge and license. So this proposed system has some restrictions to follow the rules drafted for driving and for higher safe and security, the License is scanned by means of NFC tag. When it is read by the NFC reader, Node MCU provides two-way authentication facility by sending an SMS to both the owner for authorization and the authorized current user would be able to control our vehicle by means of switching on and off the engine. The owner authorizes the user for a particular time period by using real time clock module. Without authorizing the license, the engine cannot have turned on. So, in this case license become mandatory to drive the vehicle. The features of the application to control the vehicle through the attached device. This will help a person to control the vehicle from anywhere. If a robber tries to snip the vehicle, immediately the Micro-Electromechanical System sends a signal to the controller and will be notified by a text message. Any violation to unlock the vehicle, emergency alert will send to owner as well as the current user and alarm blows out to seek the attention. This device can setup both in two-wheeler and four-wheeler.
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Allyn, Mark R., and Ram B. Misra. "Motivation of Open Source Developers." International Journal of Open Source Software and Processes 1, no. 4 (2009): 65–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jossp.2009100104.
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The motivational drivers of open source software developers have been researched by various investigators since about 2000. This work shows that developers are motivated by different extrinsic and intrinsic drivers, among them community aspirations, reciprocity and fairness, creative impulses, and monetary and career ambitions. There has been some work done in studying whether the profile of developer motivations is constant across open source projects or is sensitive to project organizational design. Among the many factors that could influence the mix of motives of OS developers is the license under which the work is performed. Licenses range in openness between those such as the GNU GPL that severely restrict the freedom of developers to mingle their OS code with proprietary code to those such as BSD licenses which allow programmers much greater latitude in integrating open source code with proprietary code. In addition to formal rules, meritocracies emerge to reward effort and performance, and also to direct, coordinate, and control other participants. The authors discuss these variables and how they may be related to motivations.
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Kameníková, Iveta. "Easier Access for General Aviation Pilots to Instrument Flight Rules Flying." MAD - Magazine of Aviation Development 5, no. 1 (2017): 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/mad.2017.01.04.
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To allow better acces for VFR pilots to hold IFR privileges, EASA introduced new pilot Qualification – Basic IR. This new qualification is porposed by EASA document NPA 2016-14, which introduces priviliges and repsonsibilities for this qualification. Basic IR is based mainly on existing license En-route IR but with signifcatn differences. Main difference is possibility to use basic IR even for 2D and 3D approaches. Even thought Basic IR is based on competency principles, it shall not be confused with competency based IR qualification, which holds differeNt privileges. With introduciton of Basic IR are connected several issues and problems which covered in this article. Every information in this article is referenced on NPA 2016-14.
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Bite, Kitija. "DEVELOPMENT OF LEGAL REGULATION FOR DRONE AS UNMANNED AIRCRAFT IN LATVIA." Administrative and Criminal Justice 4, no. 77 (2016): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/acj.v4i77.2877.
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In this article the author examines existing and seldom researched issues regarding the legal framework for regulating unmanned aircraft flights, focussing particularly on drone flights. The purpose of the article is to analyse the existing and draft legal framework for regulating unmanned aircraft flights, identifying issues pertaining to drone flight legal regulation and recommending solutions. The author analyses the notion of unmanned aircraft flights, the existing legal framework, draft legal framework and raises concerns regarding the future of drone flights. Currently, there is no definition for unmanned aircraft and drones. The definition is included in the draft provisions; however, the author concludes that this definition can cause problems when trying to extend the rules for drones. For this reason, the author offers to clarify the definition for unmanned aircraft flights which is included in the draft framework. It is necessary to clarify the law "On Aviation" rules, including human rights as threatened interests of unmanned aircraft flights. The author proposes introducing all unmanned aircraft registration and training of unmanned aircraft before obtaining a license. The author also proposes introducing a new profession in the future – drone pilot – for which it would be mandatory to earn a drone pilot license.
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Renic, Neil C. "Battlefield Mercy: Unpacking the Nature and Significance of Supererogation in War." Ethics & International Affairs 33, no. 3 (2019): 343–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0892679419000364.
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AbstractDebates over how best to ensure appropriate conduct in battle typically draw a binary distinction between rule compliance and rule violation. This framing is problematic, excluding a critical third element of battlefield conduct, supererogation—that is, positive acts that go beyond what is demanded by the explicit rules of war. This article investigates this moral category of action; specifically, situations in which combatants refrain from taking the life of an enemy despite their moral and legal license to do so. It first considers the moral tension between the duty of combatants to kill and battlefield mercy, and goes on to explore the factors that motivate the latter. The article then shifts to consider the significance of supererogation to the ongoing efforts to moderate the conduct of contemporary war. As the article illustrates, supererogatory restraint is constituted by values that when cultivated also incentivize adherence to the more explicit rules and standards of the battlefield. This is demonstrated through analysis of the conduct of Western special forces. The concept of supererogation is of further use when evaluating the origins and implications of “moral injury.” This is verified empirically in the context of armed unmanned aerial vehicles.
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Прокофьев, Александр, Aleksandr Prokofiev, Валерия Смирнова, and Valeriya Smirnova. "Certain Issues Concerning Legal Regulation of Trade Mark License Contracts." Journal of Russian Law 3, no. 7 (2015): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/11743.
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The article examines current legal problems which arise in connection with trade mark license contracts. In the contemporary business environment a problem of liability for non-ensuring quality control under trade mark licensing law has become increasingly important. Restrictive business practices and regulation of parallel import is another concern. Authors analyze not only provisions of the substantive law but also legal regulation of the relevant issues concerning the conflict of laws rules. The article also tackles a major problem in the sphere of international private law: correlation of lex contractus and lex loci protectionis connecting factors. Lex contractus covers contractual aspects of the trade mark license such as contract interpretation, mutual obligations of the parties, their performance, discharge and consequences of breach thereof. And lex loci protectionis governs non-contractual aspects such as existence, validity and protection of the right to the trade mark itself. Sometimes it is difficult to label certain issues, like the licensee’s allowed continued use of the mark after the termination of the license, as contractual or non-contractual. The article offers comprehensive analysis of all these questions on the basis of the most recent legislation, court practice and doctrines, both Russian and foreign.
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Costa, Hirdan Katarina De Medeiros, Mariana Fernandes Miranda, Raíssa Moreira Lima Mendes Musarra, and Edmilson Moutinho dos Santos. "Environmental License for Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Projects in Brazil." Journal of Public Administration and Governance 8, no. 3 (2018): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jpag.v8i3.13430.
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This article presents the environmental licensing system in Brazil and its instrument, the environmental impact assessment (EIA) and its discussion on CCS activities. Globally, extractive industry development projects are well known to have environmental impacts, and Brazil is no exception. Since the adoption of the main Brazilian environmental laws, there has been a general perception that environmental licensing system and EIAs protects its environment. Besides the legal requirement for those tools, this article describes the specific rules on oil and gas projects (onshore and offshore). This research contributes as a review of Brazil’s environmental legislation, including the specific oil and gas legislation, presented along with a comprehensive discussion of those tools. Finally, this paper essays a general contribution for an understanding environmental licensing for CCS activities. The research was done using the inductive method, based on the methodology of legal science and with bibliographic and normative research techniques, including institutional analysis.
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Nazir, Shah, Sara Shahzad, Sher Afzal Khan, Norma Binti Alias, and Sajid Anwar. "A Novel Rules Based Approach for Estimating Software Birthmark." Scientific World Journal 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/579390.
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Software birthmark is a unique quality of software to detect software theft. Comparing birthmarks of software can tell us whether a program or software is a copy of another. Software theft and piracy are rapidly increasing problems of copying, stealing, and misusing the software without proper permission, as mentioned in the desired license agreement. The estimation of birthmark can play a key role in understanding the effectiveness of a birthmark. In this paper, a new technique is presented to evaluate and estimate software birthmark based on the two most sought-after properties of birthmarks, that is, credibility and resilience. For this purpose, the concept of soft computing such as probabilistic and fuzzy computing has been taken into account and fuzzy logic is used to estimate properties of birthmark. The proposed fuzzy rule based technique is validated through a case study and the results show that the technique is successful in assessing the specified properties of the birthmark, its resilience and credibility. This, in turn, shows how much effort will be required to detect the originality of the software based on its birthmark.
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Kruys, Johannes, Peter Anker, and Roel Schiphorst. "Sharing license-exempt spectrum based on multi-dimensional metrics." info 18, no. 2 (2016): 38–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/info-11-2015-0049.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the possibility to replace radio equipment compliance requirements based on equipment parameters with a set of simple metrics that accurately reflects spectrum utilization and spectrum-sharing efficiency. Design/methodology/approach – The approach taken is to go back to the basic factors that determine radio system behavior in a shared spectrum environment: radio frequency power, duty cycle and frequency occupation. By normalizing these parameters, device specificity is avoided and a statistical perspective on spectrum utilization and sharing becomes possible. Findings – The analysis shows that two technology-neutral metrics would be adequate to govern spectrum utilization and sharing: a spectrum utilization metric and a spectrum-sharing efficiency metric. These metrics form the core of regulatory requirements for shared frequency bands. Each shared frequency band could be assigned criteria based on these metrics that take into account the types of applications for which that band will be used. Research limitations/implications – This work is a first step that identifies the main factors that affect shared spectrum usage from a statistical point of view. More work is needed on the relationship between real-world interference and its abstraction in the spectrum-sharing rules. Practical implications – The metrics proposed could be considered as the basis for a new approach to the regulation of the license-exempt spectrum, and, by extension, as the basis for generic compliance criteria. Their use would facilitate the compliance assessment of software-defined radio technology. Social implications – This work has no direct social implications. Originality/value – This paper combines new work on spectrum utilization criteria with extensions of previous work on spectrum-sharing efficiency into a comprehensive proposal for a new approach to the regulation of the license-exempt spectrum.
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Muchlish Huda, Muhammad, Samsul Arifin, and Miftakhul Ma’arif. "KONSTRUKSI SINTAKSIS KAIFIATUL IKHBAR DALAM AKAD IJAB KABUL PERNIKAHAN." TSAQOFIYA Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa Arab IAIN Ponorogo 2, no. 1 (2021): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21154/tsaqofiya.v2i1.42.
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In the context of composing Arabic sentences, the rules of kaifiatul ikhbar are included in the rules which are basic and foundation. The kaifiatul ikhbar rules are formed from the composition of the mubtada and khobar and are used in various forms of sentences, including the sentence structure of the marriage consent. Accuracy in pronouncing the kabul marriage license sentence including the arrangement of the preacher and khobar becomes important considering this kabul consent will be a legal requirement or cancellation of a marriage contract. This study attempts to analyze and present several forms of kabul mariage agreement and syntactic analysis, especially in the kaida of kaifiatul ikhbar. By using a library approach and linguistic analysis from its syntactic aspects, the results of this study indicate that there are 11 forms of kaifiyatul ikhbar with various syntactic analysis specifications. This shows that the form of kaifiatul ikhbar in the marriage contract is actually not only one forms, but with a variety of sentence forms
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Narayana, DB Anantha, and CK Katiyar. "Draft amendment to drugs and cosmetics rules to license science based botanicals, Phytopharmaceuticals as drugs in India." Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine 4, no. 4 (2013): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0975-9476.123726.
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Poirier, Brigitte, Etienne Blais, and Camille Faubert. "Graduated driver licensing and differential deterrence: The effect of license type on intentions to violate road rules." Accident Analysis & Prevention 110 (January 2018): 62–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2017.10.001.
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Faujura, Rahmanisa Purnamasari, Elisatris Gultom, and Sudjana Sudjana. "THE MONOPOLY PRACTICE AND UNFAIR BUSINESS COMPETITION IN THE TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER ACTIVITY THROUGH THE FOREIGN PATENT IN INDONESIA." UUM Journal of Legal Studies 12, Number 1 (2021): 69–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.32890/uumjls2021.12.1.4.
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It is a common knowledge that technology development shall be in line with the development of a nation. This fact is raising the need of developing countries as Indonesia to maximize potential in the field of technology. However, it is not easy as it sounds, there are many obstacles for a country to develop its potential in technology, notably for the expert in the relevant country to master the necessary skills. Due to this limitation, many countries are beginning to fill-in the gap by registering license of foreign patent. It is expected that the use of foreign patent will replace the higher cost and longer time needed in developing local technology in the developing countries. Unfortunately, the use of foreign patent license does not itself automatically enhance one’s ability to master the necessary skills. Many cases where developing countries were deceived by the ‘grant-back’ clause attached to the foreign patent license. The licensee’s position is consequently considered has lower than of the licensor, which in its turn may rise monopoly practice and unfair business competition. This study is conducted with the purpose to formulate an effective technology transfer through the licensing of foreign patent that can refrain from the repetition of monopoly practice and unfair business competition, according to the TRIPs signed by WTO and the positive law in Indonesia. This study is using juridical-normative approach as the methodology of research, it also use analytical approach through the Law Number 13 of 2016 concerning Patent; Law Number 5 of 1999 concerning Prohibition of the Monopoly Practice and Unfair Business Competition as well as the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights signed by the World Trade Organization, with respect to the license agreement of the foreign patent. Based on the issue as established previously in this journal, the expected outcome of increased information dissemination towards countries using patent licensing agreement in technology and information development related to any matter in intellectual property specifically in licensing agreement, which has higher possibility for Monopolistic Practices and Unfair Business Competition. Therefore, shows that in principle in order to prevent the licensing of foreign patent to lead onto the monopoly practice and unfair business competition, a country must establish a controlling entity to supervise the execution of the foreign patent and at the same time, enacting harmonious rules and regulations with such supervision.
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Lipinski, Tomas A., and Andrea Copeland. "Look before You License: The Use of Public Sharing Websites in Building Co-Created Community Repositories." Preservation, Digital Technology & Culture 42, no. 4 (2013): 174–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pdtc-2013-0028.
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AbstractThe legal aspects of building a co-created community repository (CCR) are explored through the examination of existing commercial web-based services. To determine whether commercial services offer a practicable option or a model for the creation of a CCR’s terms of service (TOS), we analyzed six websites. The TOS contain the rules under which content can be stored, accessed, shared, etc. This TOS assessment is based on the consideration of four attributes, applied in a legal context: functionality, integrity, provenance, and permanence. While many of the features of a successful CCR are found across the services, none possesses all of the required elements. Recommendations for preferable CCR TOS are offered.
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Adisti, Ayudya, Hans Samuel Listijono, Mutiara Fajrin Maulidya Mohammad, Judhith Vidya Dayati, and Zein Lestya Pradana. "Case Study on Mutual Funds PT. Falcon Asia." Journal La Bisecoman 2, no. 1 (2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.37899/journallabisecoman.v2i1.303.
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to ascertain the reasons investors lost money with the PT Falcon Resources Management report. to provide sanctions and liability for investors who have lost in mutual funds This report uses the law technique. The second strategy was a conceptual. Secondary data are obtained by identifying and gathering data already released books, newspapers, magazines, journals, and internet portals. This result demonstrates that if an investor will demonstrate that the manager has defaulted or has violated the rule, he or she will be liable for compensation. Accountability is carried out in compliance with the rules and legislation in place. as a result of regulatory penalties, PT Falcon lost its business license. For criminal penalties, the offense will be punished under article 104 of the Capital Market Law with a sentence of ten years and a fine of fifteen billion credits. Meanwhile, the PT Falcon Manager will be charged in civil court on the grounds of Act Against the Law, and the investor will be rewarded if victorious.
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Hallward-Driemeier, Mary, and Lant Pritchett. "How Business is Done in the Developing World: Deals versus Rules." Journal of Economic Perspectives 29, no. 3 (2015): 121–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.29.3.121.
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What happens in the developing world when stringent regulations characterizing the investment climate meet weak government willingness or capability to enforce those regulations? How is business actually done? The Doing Business project surveys experts concerning the legally required time and costs of regulatory compliance for various aspects of private enterprise—starting a firm, dealing with construction permits, trading across borders, paying taxes, getting credit, enforcing contracts, and so on—around the world. The World Bank's firm-level Enterprise Surveys around the world ask managers at a wide array of firms about their business, including questions about how long it took to go through various processes like obtaining an operating license or a construction permit, or bringing in imports. This paper compares the results of three broadly comparable indicators from the Doing Business and Enterprise Surveys. Overall, we find that the estimate of legally required time for firms to complete a certain legal and regulatory process provided by the Doing Business survey does not summarize even modestly well the experience of firms as reported by the Enterprise Surveys. When strict de jure regulation and high rates of taxation meet weak governmental capabilities for implementation and enforcement, we argue that researchers and policymakers should stop thinking about regulations as creating “rules” to be followed, but rather as creating a space in which “deals” of various kinds are possible.
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Shrestha, Uttam Bol. "Review on Issues and Aspects of Construction Material Mining in Nepal." Journal of Nepal Geological Society 58 (June 24, 2019): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jngs.v58i0.24576.
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For the development of nation, it is utmost important that infrastructures such as roads, highways, bridges, buildings etc. be constructed throughout the country. Infrastructure development is impossible without construction materials such as stone, aggregates and sand. They are the one used in huge amount in construction work. In this context, the cost of construction materials plays vital role in development process. Lower the cost of these materials, the cost of infrastructure development will be lower. Therefore, emphasis should be given to reduce their supply cost. The supply cost primarily depends on production cost. The production cost is dependent on process of getting the mining license at the desired place, scale of the targeted production, mining mechanization, mining processing and transportation cost. For this the mining must be run systematically and compatibly with concerned rules and regulations. In this paper, some of the legal shortcomings in existing rules and regulations concerned with mining the construction material is outlined that needs to be incorporated or corrected.
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Chen, You-Shyang, and Ching-Hsue Cheng. "A Delphi-based rough sets fusion model for extracting payment rules of vehicle license tax in the government sector." Expert Systems with Applications 37, no. 3 (2010): 2161–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2009.07.027.
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Stewart, Devin J. "Poetic License in the Qur'an: Ibn al-Ṣāʾigh al-Ḥanafī's Iḥkām al-rāy fī aḥkām al-āy". Journal of Qur'anic Studies 11, № 1 (2009): 1–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/e1465359109000576.
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Poetic license in the Qur'an has received limited attention in Western scholarship, and even the main exception, Friedrun Müller's 1969 monograph Untersuchungen zur Reimprosa im Koran, fails to recognise the substantial treatments of the topic, the general term for which was riʿāyat al-fāṣila, literally ‘taking into consideration the verse-final (rhyme) word’, in traditional Islamic scholarship. This study discusses the most thorough pre-modern treatment of poetic license in the Qur'an, Ibn al-Ṣāʾigh al-Ḥanafī’s treatise Iḥkām al-rāy fī aḥkām al-āy (‘Exercising Sound Judgement, on the Rules Governing Ayas’), which dates to the eighth/fourteenth century. A sophisticated linguistic, grammatical and stylistic analysis of the text of the Qur'an, Iḥkām al-rāy presents 40 types of deviation from ordinary usage that occur in order to facilitate rhyme at the ends of ayas. The study then addresses ‘cognate substitution’, one type of deviation for the sake of rhyme that Müller's Untersuchungen emphasises without naming precisely, showing that medieval rhetoricians such as Ḍiyāʾ al-Dīn ibn al-Athīr were aware of the concept, termed ʿadl (‘alteration (of morphological pattern)’), but may have avoided discussing its occurrence in the Qur'an directly for doctrinal reasons.
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Testa, Bridget Mintz. "Licensing Renewed." Mechanical Engineering 129, no. 10 (2007): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2007-oct-1.
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This article reviews that for the first time in a generation, utilities are starting the regulatory process to build nuclear reactors. There has been a virtual moratorium on new nuclear power plants in the United States during the past generation, and it has many causes. But one significant factor in the industry's decline was the Nuclear Regulatory Commission’s licensing process. There are now dozens of applications being submitted and approved for 20-year license renewals for established nuclear power plants. But before the nuclear power industry truly can be said to be reborn, new reactors must be constructed. The new rules allow for an early site permit and for a separate combined construction and operating license. Although the commission invited the nuclear power industry to test the two new processes when they were first announced, no company volunteered. One of the thorniest technical issues faced by the early applicants so far involves a new way of calculating, for a specific plant site, the ground motion that would result from a seismic event. When older plants were designed and built, the best available technique for these calculations was deterministic.
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Schmidberger, Markus, Esmeralda Vicedo, and Ulrich Mansmann. "affyPara—a Bioconductor Package for Parallelized Preprocessing Algorithms of Affymetrix Microarray Data." Bioinformatics and Biology Insights 3 (January 2009): BBI.S3060. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/bbi.s3060.
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Microarray data repositories as well as large clinical applications of gene expression allow to analyse several hundreds of microarrays at one time. The preprocessing of large amounts of microarrays is still a challenge. The algorithms are limited by the available computer hardware. For example, building classification or prognostic rules from large microarray sets will be very time consuming. Here, preprocessing has to be a part of the cross-validation and resampling strategy which is necessary to estimate the rule's prediction quality honestly. This paper proposes the new Bioconductor package affyPara for parallelized preprocessing of Affymetrix microarray data. Partition of data can be applied on arrays and parallelization of algorithms is a straightforward consequence. The partition of data and distribution to several nodes solves the main memory problems and accelerates preprocessing by up to the factor 20 for 200 or more arrays. affyPara is a free and open source package, under GPL license, available form the Bioconductor project at www.bioconductor.org . A user guide and examples are provided with the package.
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THOMS, GARY, and GEORGE WALKDEN. "vP-fronting with and without remnant movement." Journal of Linguistics 55, no. 1 (2018): 161–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002222671800004x.
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In this paper, we consider two kinds of vP-fronting constructions in English and argue that they receive quite different analyses. First, we show that English vP-preposing does not have the properties that would be expected of a movement-derived dependency. Evidence for this conclusion is adduced from the licensing conditions on its occurrence, from the availability of morphological mismatches, and from reconstruction facts. By contrast, we show that English participle preposing is a well-behaved case of vP-movement, contrasting with vP-preposing with respect to reconstruction properties in particular. We propose that the differences between the two constructions follow from the interaction of two constraints: the excluded middle constraint (EMC), which rules out derivations involving spellout of linearly intermediate copies only, and the N-only constraint, which restricts movement to occurring where the trace position would license a nominal. The EMC rules out deriving vP-fronting by true movement and instead necessitates a base-generation analysis, while the N-only constraint ensures that participle preposing is only possible in limited circumstances.
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Fuad, Md Azmol, Faed Ahmed Arnob, Abu Tahir Nizam, and Md Motaharul Islam. "A Novel Traffic System for Detecting Lane-Based Rule Violation." Annals of Emerging Technologies in Computing 4, no. 3 (2020): 29–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.33166/aetic.2020.03.004.
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In recent years, there have been a rise in the number of problems in the existing traffic management system particularly in the developing countries such as Bangladesh, India and Vietnam. Due to this, many accidents have occurred every now and then. Violating the traffic rules such as unpermitted change of lanes and over speeding are the two main reasons for increased number of accidents. In this paper, an attempt is made to solve the problem using Raspberry-pi and OpenCV contour detection technology. A prototype device has been developed to solve the problems regarding lane-based rule violations. The device will be installed in traffic surveillance cameras which will be connected to the metropolitan traffic servers. The device will communicate with the server via Gigabit Ethernet. It will also increase the time efficiency and reduce the manual monitoring cost. Moreover, it will help the traffic management department to find the person responsible for traffic rule violation and assist them to apply the laws strictly. The main contribution of this article is to develop a device that will detect any kind of unpermitted lane changes by any vehicles and identify the license plates. The proposed model has about 80% accuracy according to our evaluation.
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Baniya, Sujeeta, and Arati Timilsina. "Knowledge and Practice of Road Safety Rules and Regulations among Secondary School Students." Prithvi Academic Journal 1, no. 1 (2018): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/paj.v1i1.25897.
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Road traffic accidents are increasing in alarming ways. During adolescence period driving for curiosity, careless driving, and peer pressure are most common resulting high road traffic accidents. The main objective of the study was to explore the knowledge and practice of road safety rules and regulations. A descriptive cross sectional study design was used to conduct the study. Non-probability quota sampling technique was used to select 240 respondents from 800 students of class 11 and 12 from Pokhara Secondary School. Self-administered questionnaire was used to collect the information from respondents. The obtained data was entered on SPSS 16 version program and analyzed and interpreted by using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. The findings revealed that more than half (59.2%) of the respondents had moderately adequate knowledge. Nearly three-forth (70.4%) of the respondents had average practice as a pedestrian and 75.7 percent of the respondents as a driver had average practice. Only 7.5 percent of the respondents were exposed to road traffic accident and high speed was the main cause of accident. More than three quarter (75.7%) had always driven vehicles without license. There was significant association (p=0.034) between the faculty of respondents (science and management) and level of knowledge of respondents on road safety rules and regulations. The study concluded that there was moderate level of knowledge and average level of practice of both drivers and pedestrians on road safety rules and regulations among secondary school students. It therefore suggests awareness programs on road safety rules and regulations are significant or school students to promote safety.
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Taarika Balaji, Manju, and Timsi Jain. "A cross-sectional study to assess the knowledge, attitude and risk- behaviour towards Road Safety among Undergraduate Medical Students, Kanchipuram, Chennai." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 12, no. 1 (2021): 213–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.3981.
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Road traffic accidents/injuries in recent times have become a major global epidemic and the most important cause of death among younger population of age group 15-29 years. Countries that have undergone extensive and rapid development face an increase in the number of road accidents. This is due to the motorisation associated with urbanisation and development. A cross-sectional study was conducted among the Undergraduate Medical students of a private medical college in Chennai. Two hundred and three participants were studied by convenient sampling method. Participants were from 1st year to 4th year, and the duration of the study was for three months. A pre-tested, semi-structured and self-administered questionnaire was given, and the desired information was elicited. Data was then analysed with the help of statistical package for the social sciences software (SPSS). Chi-square test was done to test the significance (p <0.05). Among 203 study participants, 121 (59.6%) of them had a driving license. The mean age of participants was found to be 19.99, and the standard deviation equals + 1.3 years. Significantly more number of participants having driving license stopped the vehicle for pedestrians to cross the road and stopped their vehicle at a zebra crossing. The highest positive response was seen in giving way to an ambulance in those with and without a license. The number of participants wearing helmet and seat-belt was less, and the knowledge about the speed limit on national highways was also low. Significant increase in the number of female participants wearing a seat-belt, helmet, following traffic rules, avoiding drunken driving and following speed limit was observed when compared to male participants. A multi-disciplinary approach towards creating more awareness and enforcing stringent laws is the urgent need of the hour to prevent mortality and morbidity due to Road Traffic Incident.
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., Absori, Nunik Nurhayati, and Moh Indra Bangsawan. "THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT LICENSING POLICY OF CREATIVE INDUSTRY IN THE ERA OF ASEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY (AEC) IN SURAKARTA, INDONESIA." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 7, no. 3 (2019): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2019.734.
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Purpose of Study: The purpose of this study is to describe the growth of the creative industries in the city of Surakarta, formulate the sustainable development licensing model of creative industries in the era of ASEAN economic community (AEC) through legitimacy as a legal umbrella by designing the local regulation on creative industry.
 Methodology: This type of research is a juridical-empirical study with a qualitative non-doctrinal approach. The policy offered is a policy with the Fishbone model analysis which sequentially describes a visual list composed of various causes that affect in process who has done by connecting one cause to another. Each affect will be arranged according to the cause, and aims to classify some causes based on category. The identification process is done by looking for the root cause which influences in irrelevance the sustainable development creative industries legality in the city of Surakarta, namely: Local Government; Regulation; Creative Industry Businessman and the environment who will describe with a small bone. While the big bone is the result of the analysis of the root of the problem of the four indicators mentioned above, which is the root of the problem (the big bone) the irrelevance of the sustainable development creative industries legality in the city of Surakarta.
 Results: Based on the results, this research showed that there has been an increasing trend of creative industry growth in the city of Surakarta in 2015-2016 which touched the number 495 creative industries. However, the data show that in 2015-2016 only 10% of creative industries have business licenses and 90% not have the business license.
 Implications: Therefore, the local government has to make and formulate the local regulations as licence of sustainable development creative industries in the city of Surakarta and designing the guideline book to make easier for the society in order to understand the rules.
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Deshpande, Pavan, Rutuja Agawane, Sarath C. Tatikola, and Surenahalli G. Vasantharaju. "US FDA Warning Letters of CAPA Violations: A Review." Applied Clinical Research, Clinical Trials and Regulatory Affairs 7, no. 2 (2020): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2213476x06666191015114427.
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United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) is a federal agency functioning under United States Federal Executive Departments, which strives to regulate the food products and drug substances being manufactured or brought into US market, upholding Quality and Safety as prime goals. It takes care of its goals by inspecting firms which market products in the United States. It chalks out good manufacturing procedures for obtaining quality end-products. Based on inspections conducted and data collected thereby, those not abiding by rules shall be issued with Warning Letters and marketing license shall be cancelled for those who fail to justify the warning letter. This brings about discipline amongst manufacturers and sets a goal of quality that needs to be achieved to survive in market.
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Pandolfe, Jessica M., Kacie Wittke, and Tammie J. Spaulding. "Do Adolescents With Specific Language Impairment Understand Driving Terminology?" Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 47, no. 4 (2016): 324–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2016_lshss-15-0065.
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Purpose This study examined if adolescents with specific language impairment (SLI) understand driving vocabulary as well as their typically developing (TD) peers. Method A total of 16 adolescents with SLI and 16 TD comparison adolescents completed a receptive vocabulary task focused on driving terminology derived from statewide driver's manuals. Results The SLI group understood fewer driving-related terms when compared with the TD comparison group. Although both groups performed comparably in understanding simple noun driving terminology, the SLI group had greater difficulty comprehending compound noun and verb driving terms. Discussion The decreased understanding of terms found in driver's manuals for adolescents with SLI has implications for how they access necessary information for learning the driving rules, regulations, and procedures important for securing a driver's license.
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Rezapour, Mahdi, and Khaled Ksaibati. "Latent Class Model with Heterogeneous Decision Rule for Identification of Factors to the Choice of Drivers’ Seat Belt Use." Computation 9, no. 4 (2021): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/computation9040044.
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The choice of not buckling a seat belt has resulted in a high number of deaths worldwide. Although extensive studies have been done to identify factors of seat belt use, most of those studies have ignored the presence of heterogeneity across vehicle occupants. Not accounting for heterogeneity might result in a bias in model outputs. One of the main approaches to capture random heterogeneity is the employment of the latent class (LC) model by means of a discrete distribution. In a standard LC model, the heterogeneity across observations is considered while assuming the homogeneous utility maximization for decision rules. However, that notion ignores the heterogeneity in the decision rule across individual drivers. In other words, while some drivers make a choice of buckling up with some characteristics, others might ignore those factors while making a choice. Those differences could be accommodated for by allowing class allocation to vary based on various socio-economic characteristics and by constraining some of those rules at zeroes across some of the classes. Thus, in this study, in addition to accounting for heterogeneity across individual drivers, we accounted for heterogeneity in the decision rule by varying the parameters for class allocation. Our results showed that the assignment of various observations to classes is a function of factors such as vehicle type, roadway classification, and vehicle license registration. Additionally, the results showed that a minor consideration of the heterogeneous decision rule resulted in a minor gain in model fits, as well as changes in significance and magnitude of the parameter estimates. All of this was despite the challenges of fully identifying exact attributes for class allocation due to the inclusion of high number of attributes. The findings of this study have important implications for the use of an LC model to account for not only the taste heterogeneity but also heterogeneity across the decision rule to enhance model fit and to expand our understanding about the unbiased point estimates of parameters.
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Shokohyar, Sajjad, Ehsan Taati, and Sara Zolfaghari. "The Effect of Drivers' Demographic Characteristics on Road Accidents in Different Seasons Using Data Mining." PROMET - Traffic&Transportation 29, no. 6 (2017): 555–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v29i6.2342.
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According to World Health Organization, each year, over 1.2 million people die on roads, and between 20 and 50 million suffer non-fatal injuries. Based on international reports, Iran has a high death rate caused by road accidents. The objective of this study was to extract implicit knowledge from road accident data sets on roads of Iran through data mining. In this regard, three useful data mining techniques were combined: clustering, classification and rule extraction. Following the preparation stage, data were segmented via three clustering algorithms; Kohonen, K-Means and Twostep. Two-step cluster analysis is a one-pass-through data approach which generates a fairly large number of pre-clusters. Next, the optimized algorithm and cluster were identified, after which, in the classification level and by adding the drivers' demographic features through C5.0, a classification algorithm was employed so as to make the decision tree. Ultimately, the effects of these demographic features were investigated on road accidents. The characteristics such as age, job, driving license duration and gender proved to be more important factors in accident analysis. Certain rules of accidents were then extracted in each season of the year.
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Ranjan, Din Prakash, M. A. Fahim, and Rahul C. Kirte. "A cross sectional study to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice towards road traffic safety among adolescent students of a selected Pre-University college in Raichur city." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 5, no. 6 (2018): 2446. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20182175.
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Background: Globally, road traffic injuries are estimated to be the leading cause of death among young people aged 15–29 years, and second leading cause of death in 10–14 years and 20–24 years age groups. The objective of the study is to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice towards road traffic safety among adolescent students of a selected Pre-University college in Raichur city.Methods: Cross-sectional study conducted among (372) adolescent students of a selected Pre-University college in Raichur city by using pre-tested, semi-structured questionnaire and analyzed using Epi-Info software. Chi-Square test was applied and level of significance was kept at P value of <0.05.Results: Mean age of the participants was 16.68±0.75. 196 participants (52.8%) had adequate knowledge on the road safety rules and regulations. Only 25 participants (7.7%) were driving with a valid driving license. The most common reason for motor vehicle accidents was high speed. Knowledge adequacy about road safety rules and regulations had statistically significant association with age and gender.Conclusions: Mere knowledge does not necessarily translate into improved traffic behavior as was seen in this study. School/college is the basic institution where we can formulate interventions. Continuous reinforcement and education reminding them of traffic rules can bring about a positive change and motivate them to strictly adhere to the traffic norms and help reduce the morbidity and mortality regarding road traffic accidents.
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Catton, Anthony Michael. "What is mine in Minecraft? Assessing the copyright and ownership of in-game player creations (Part 2)." Interactive Entertainment Law Review 3, no. 1 (2020): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/ielr.2020.01.02.
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The previous article examined the issues surrounding the eligibility for in-game creations to be protected by copyright, and concluded that depending on the nature of the game and the type of creation that it could be protected by copyright. However, whilst an in-game creation could be copyrighted, it is unclear who actually owns it. In this second part of the article, the questions and issues surrounding the ownership of the in-game creation will be addressed. It will first examine following copyright rules on authorship whether players, game developers, or both parties could be considered authors and in turn owners of in-game creations. It will then assess and consider if End User License Agreements are valid contracts and whether assignment clauses which circumvent any copyright ownership which players might have are enforceable.
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Hill, David R., Craig R. Taube-Schock, and Leonard Manzara. "Low-level articulatory synthesis: A working text-to-speech solution and a linguistic tool." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 62, no. 3 (2017): 371–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cnj.2017.15.
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AbstractA complete text-to-speech system has been created by the authors, based on a tube resonance model of the vocal tract and a development of Carré’s “Distinctive Region Model”, which is in turn based on the formant-sensitivity findings of Fant and Pauli (1974), to control the tube. In order to achieve this goal, significant long-term linguistic research has been involved, including rhythm and intonation studies, as well as the development of low-level articulatory data and rules to drive the model, together with the necessary tools, parsers, dictionaries and so on. The tools and the current system are available under a General Public License, and are described here, with further references in the paper, including samples of the speech produced, and figures illustrating the system description.
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Lyashevskaya, Olga, Victor Bocharov, Alexey Sorokin, Tatiana Shavrina, Dmitry Granovsky, and Svetlana Alexeeva. "Text collections for evaluation of Russian morphological taggers." Journal of Linguistics/Jazykovedný casopis 68, no. 2 (2017): 258–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jazcas-2017-0035.
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Abstract The paper describes the preparation and development of the text collections within the framework of MorphoRuEval-2017 shared task, an evaluation campaign designed to stimulate development of the automatic morphological processing technologies for Russian. The main challenge for the organizers was to standardize all available Russian corpora with the manually verified high-quality tagging to a single format (Universal Dependencies CONLL-U). The sources of the data were the disambiguated subcorpus of the Russian National Corpus, SynTagRus, OpenCorpora.org data and GICR corpus with the resolved homonymy, all exhibiting different tagsets, rules for lemmatization, pipeline architecture, technical solutions and error systematicity. The collections includes both normative texts (the news and modern literature) and more informal discourse (social media and spoken data), the texts are available under CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 license.
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Cain, Frances E., Katie Arnhart, Aaron Young, and David Johnson. "Characteristics and Outcomes of Individuals Engaging in USMLE Irregular Behavior, 2006–2015." Journal of Medical Regulation 106, no. 4 (2020): 8–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.30770/2572-1852-106.4.8.
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ABSTRACT Medical licensing authorities and other entities utilize and rely on the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) as a standardized, valid and reliable tool to assess physicians’ knowledge and skills. As such, engaging in irregular behavior during the USMLE process can have a broad and damaging impact on an individual’s ability to complete the USMLE sequence and subsequently obtain a medical license in the United States. While there are also repercussions for the USMLE program and entities overseeing medical students and physicians, the risk to the public of being cared for by someone who did not pass a medical licensing examination by his or her own merit is of great concern. This study reviews data about individuals who engaged in irregular behavior, common sanctions taken against them and their ability to ultimately practice medicine in the United States. Using data from the Federation of State Medical Boards (FSMB) and the National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME), individuals with findings of irregular behavior as part of the USMLE application and/or testing process between 2006 to 2015 were identified, along with their corresponding demographic, examination, sanction and licensure outcome data. A total of 165 individuals were found to have engaged in 170 incidents of irregular behavior. The majority of individuals were male (63%, n = 101), international medical graduates (69%, n = 112) and had a mean age of 33 years old (SD = 8 years, n = 161) at the first incident or finding of irregular behavior. The two most common types of irregular behavior were falsified information (31%, n = 53) and security violations (27%, n = 46). Most incidents (86%, n = 146) were reported to the FSMB Physician Data Center (PDC) and 68% (n = 116) involved a bar from taking the USMLE for a period of time. Only 26% (n = 43) of individuals ultimately passed the entire USMLE sequence and 16% (n = 27) obtained a full, unrestricted medical license in the U.S. by 2019. To help maintain the integrity of a key component for initial licensure in the United States, there is a continued need for rigorous enforcement and safeguarding of USMLE examination applications, content, testing conditions and score reports. Individuals who plan on taking the USMLE should become familiar with USMLE rules and penalties regarding irregular behavior, including the serious implications of such behavior that can severely diminish their ability to practice medicine in the United States. Entities using USMLE information for licensure or admission into medical-related programs need to diligently ensure authentication of USMLE documents and carefully consider if individuals who have engaged in irregular behavior are qualified to practice medicine.
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Gautam, Tilak Prasad, and Tej Narayan Mandal. "Effect of disturbance on litter dynamics in moist tropical forest of eastern Nepal." Our Nature 14, no. 1 (2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/on.v14i1.16435.
Full textAbstract:
Litterfall is an important vector of nutrient and carbon recycling in forest ecosystems. Present study was conducted in moist tropical forest of eastern Nepal to understand the effect of disturbance on litter dynamics. Litterfall was estimated at monthly intervals from one litter trap (1 m × 1 m) at each of the 70 sampling plots while litter mass accumulated at each sampling plot was collected once every season from one 1 m × 1 m plot. The total annual litterfall in undisturbed forest (UF) was 11.8 Mg ha−1 yr−1 which decreased by 54.2% in disturbed forest (DF). Leaves accounted for 69% (UF) to 76% (DF) of total litterfall while non-leaf litter formed the rest. Seasonal pattern exhibited a concentrated litterfall in summer season during March to June when more than 70% litterfall occurred in both stands. Forest floor litter mass also decreased due to forest disturbance. The total input of nutrients to the soil through litterfall in UF was more than double as compared to DF. The nutrient stocks in litter mass were in the order: N > K > P in both stands. Key disturbance activities like lopping, litter removal, tree felling, grazing, fire etc. in the peripheral part of the forest should be strictly prohibited by imposing rules and regulations so that status of biodiversity would be restored. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.