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1
Petrzik, Karel, Igor Koloniuk, Hana Sehadová, and Tatiana Sarkisova. "Chrysoviruses Inhabited Symbiotic Fungi of Lichens." Viruses 11, no. 12 (December 3, 2019): 1120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11121120.
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A lichen body is formed most often from green alga cells trapped in a net of ascomycetous fungi and accompanied by endolichenic or parasitic fungi, other algae, and symbiotic or free-living bacteria. The lichen’s microcosmos is inhabited by mites, insects, and other animals for which the lichen is a source of food or a place to live. Novel, four-segmented dsRNA viruses were detected in saxicolous Chrysothrix chlorina and Lepraria incana lichens. Comparison of encoded genome proteins revealed classification of the viruses to the genus Alphachrysovirus and a relationship to chrysoviruses from filamentous ascomycetous fungi. We propose the names Chrysothrix chrysovirus 1 (CcCV1) and Lepraria chrysovirus 1 (LiCV1) as acronyms for these viruses. Surprisingly, observation of Chrysothrix chlorina hybridization with fluorescent-labelled virus probe by confocal microscope revealed that the CcCV1 virus is not present in the lichen body-forming fungus but in accompanying endolichenic Penicillium citreosulfuratum fungus. These are the first descriptions of mycoviruses from a lichen environment.
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Morozova, O. V., L. B. Zaugolnova, L. G. Isaeva, and V. A. Kostina. "Classification of boreal forests in the North of European Russia. I. Oligotrophic coniferous forests." Vegetation of Russia, no. 13 (2007): 61–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.31111/vegrus/2008.13.61.
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Results of a syntaxonomical study of the oligotrophic forests of northern European Russia are presented. The main forest types have been classified into 2 orders of the class Vaccinio-Piceetea, 4 alliances, 6 associations and 1 community. The new alliance Empetro-Piceion all. nov., which includes zonal spruce and birch northern forest association Empetro-Piceetum, has been established. These communities are formed according to cold temperature and high (sometimes temporarily) soil moisture and are characterized by the lower tree canopy, mosaic herb and moss-lichen layers with boreal mosses, sphagnum and lichens. In the middle taiga subzone these communities are replaced by Eu-Piceetum myrtilletosum. The forests with lichens are referred to order Cladonio-Vaccinietalia and divided into 4 associations. Lichen pine forests of the north-west of boreal zone were described as ass. Flavocetrario nivalis—Pinetum ass. nov. This association with a great number of lichens is differentiated by Cladonia arbuscula subsp. mitis, Flavocetraria nivalis, Cetraria ericetorum, Stereocaulon grande, Dicranum fuscescens, D. drummondii, Nephroma arcticum and species of Cladonia. The ass. Cadonio arbusculae—Pinetum (Caj. 1921) K.-Lund 1967 contains lichen pine forests with lower number of lichens and is distributed mostly in middle part of the taiga zone. The spruce-pine forests with mixed moss-lichen cover correspond to ass. Vaccinio-Pinetum. Ass. Hedysaro-Laricetum represents rich and well differentiated larch forests in the east of European Russia.
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Roux, Claude, Clother Coste, Thierry Ménard, André Bellemère, and Oliver Bricaud. "Lecanora vaenskaei Roux et C. Coste sp.nov. (Lichens, Ascomycotina), sa position systématique et celle des Rhizoplaca (Lecanorales, Lecanoraceae)." Canadian Journal of Botany 71, no. 12 (December 1, 1993): 1660–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b93-202.
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Lecanora vaenskaei Roux et C. Coste sp.nov. is described as a new saxicolous, calcifugous lichen species, discovered in southeastern France (Var Department). It differs from Lecanora chlorophaeodes Nyl. in its thallus, apothecia, paraphyses, spores and distribution. The classification of the new species is considered with respect to the genus Rhizoplaca, which is shown to belong to the family Lecanoraceae rather than the Parmeliaceae. Key words: lichens, Lecanoraceae, Lecanora, morphology, structure, distribution, ecology, systematics, Parmeliaceae, Rhizoplaca.
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Favero-Longo, Sergio E., Nicoletta Cannone, M. Roger Worland, Peter Convey, Rosanna Piervittori, and Mauro Guglielmin. "Changes in lichen diversity and community structure with fur seal population increase on Signy Island, South Orkney Islands." Antarctic Science 23, no. 1 (September 24, 2010): 65–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102010000684.
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AbstractSigny Island has experienced a dramatic increase in fur seal numbers over recent decades, which has led to the devastation of lowland terrestrial vegetation, with the eradication of moss turfs and carpets being the most prominent feature. Here we demonstrate that fur seals also affect the other major component of this region’s typical cryptogamic vegetation, the lichens, although with a lower decrease in variability and abundance than for bryophytes. Classification (UPGMA) and ordination (Principal Coordinate Analysis) of vegetation data highlight differences in composition and abundance of lichen communities between areas invaded by fur seals and contiguous areas protected from these animals. Multivariate analysis relating lichen communities to environmental parameters, including animal abundance and soil chemistry (Canonical Correspondence Analysis), suggests that fur seal trampling results in the destruction of muscicolous-terricolous lichens, including several cosmopolitan and bipolar fruticose species. In addition, animal excretion favours an increase in nitrophilous crustose species, a group which typically characterizes areas influenced by seabirds and includes several Antarctic endemics. The potential effect of such animal-driven changes in vegetation on the fragile terrestrial ecosystem (e.g. through modification of the ground surface temperature) confirms the importance of indirect environmental processes in Antarctica.
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Millot, Marion, Amandine Dieu, and Sophie Tomasi. "Dibenzofurans and derivatives from lichens and ascomycetes." Natural Product Reports 33, no. 6 (2016): 801–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5np00134j.
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Blanco, Oscar, Ana Crespo, John A. Elix, David L. Hawksworth, and H. Thorsten Lumbsch. "A molecular phylogeny and a new classification of parmelioid lichens containingXanthoparmeliatype lichenan (Ascomycota: Lecanorales)." TAXON 53, no. 4 (November 2004): 959–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4135563.
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Otálora, Mónica A. G., Per M. Jørgensen, and Mats Wedin. "A revised generic classification of the jelly lichens, Collemataceae." Fungal Diversity 64, no. 1 (October 12, 2013): 275–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13225-013-0266-1.
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Shishkonakova, E. A., N. A. Avetov, and T. Yu Tolpysheva. "Peat soils of boreal regressive bogs in West Siberia: Problems of biological diagnostics and systematics." Dokuchaev Soil Bulletin, no. 84 (July 1, 2016): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.19047/0136-1694-2016-84-61-74.
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In this paper we consider plant (geobotanical) indicators of soils, occurring in regressive bogs in the north taiga subzone of West Siberia. The specificity of regressive bogs is the difference between current vegetation and botanical composition of the peat surface horizon, which complicates their biological diagnostics. The data on peat botanical composition, degree of decomposition and thickness are presented. Destructive oligotrophic peat soils, the allocation of which is provided in the actual Russian soil classification at the level of subtype, occur in palsa bogs under shrub-lichen vegetation. Their indicators include lichens: Cladonia stellaris, C. rangiferina, C. stygia, C. arbuscula, C. mitis, Alectoria ochroleuca, Сetraria islandica, C. laevigata, Flavocetraria cucullata, F. nivalis, Govardia nigricans. A new subtype - peat oligotrophic regressive soils - which occurs in non-freezing bog is suggested. The indicators of this soil subtype in pine-shrub-sphagnum bogs are lichens Cladonia cenotea, C. chlorophaea, C. coniocraea, C. cornuta, C. crispata, C. deformis, C. gracilis, C. fimbriata, C. mitis, C. ochrochlora, C. pleurota, C. polydactyla, C. pyxidata, C. rangiferina, C. stellaris, C. subulata, C. sulphurina and liverwort Mylia anomala . The indicators of regressive soils in bog hollows are mainly liverwort Cladopodiella fluitans , mosses Warnstorfia fluitans , W. exannulata , and lichen Cetrariella delisei .
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Tibell, Leif. "Practice and Prejudice in Lichen Classification." Lichenologist 30, no. 4-5 (July 1998): 439–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/lich.1998.0148.
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AbstractOrganismal species exist as historical entities, and essentialistic thinking about ‘ defining ’ species and higher taxa should be avoided. Lichens are biological phenomena that are best understood as processes, and they behave very differently from the model organisms of most systematic theories. Classification and phylogenetic reconstructions are seen as different endeavours, having different aims and languages. A hierarchical classification is supported, and recognition of superspecific taxa is seen as a matter of convenience. Superspecific taxa may be recognized as groups having correlated features, whereas the common recognition of such taxa by a priori cardinal characters should be abandoned. Superspecific taxa having correlated features are distinctive and are likely to be monophyletic. Distinctive and phylogenetically coherent grades may need naming to avoid nomenclatural instability. In classifications, the hypothesized monophyletic status of taxa may be indicated by some convention. Phylogenetic reconstruction by cladistic parsimony analyses includes assumptions that need scrutinizing and modifying to improve the methodology. Analyses should be examined with respect to robustness for changes in the frequently applied equal weighting assumption. For some types of data an a priori weight assignment might be possible, or equal weighting may be justified.
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MOTIEJŪNAITĖ, Jurga, Mikhail P. ZHURBENKO, Ave SUIJA, and Gintaras KANTVILAS. "Lichenicolous ascomycetes onSiphula-like lichens, with a key to the species." Lichenologist 51, no. 1 (January 2019): 45–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0024282918000579.
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AbstractSixteen species of lichenicolous fungi are documented fromSiphula-like lichens. Two new genera based on new species are introduced.AmylogallaSuija, Motiej. & Kantvilas, characterized by I+ blue, K/I+ violet vegetative hyphae and ascomatal wall, immersed, cleistohymenial, yellowish to orange ascomata, unitunicate, non-amyloid, 8-spored asci and hyaline, ellipsoid, aseptate ascospores, is described fromParasiphulain Tasmania.SaaniaZhurb., characterized by superficial, stromatic, multilocular ascomata, non-amyloid hymenial gel, persistent periphysoids, bitunicate, non-amyloid, 4(–8)-spored asci and narrowly obovate to ellipsoid, 1(–3)-septate, initially hyaline and smooth-walled, later sometimes brown and verruculose ascospores, is described fromSiphulain South Africa. Four additional species are described as new: two fromSiphula(Cercidospora santessoniiMotiej., Zhurb., Suija & Kantvilas andStigmidium kashiwadaniiZhurb.) and two fromParasiphula(Endococcus hafellnerianusMotiej., Suija & Kantvilas andPyrenidium macrosporumMotiej., Zhurb., Suija & Kantvilas). Additional hosts and/or expanded geographical ranges are reported forAabaarnia siphulicola,Epigloea soleiformis, Plectocarpon gayanumandPyrenidium actinellum. The Southern Hemisphere is the centre of species richness for siphulicolous fungi, with 12 species restricted to this region. Taxa recorded for the Northern Hemisphere areSphaerellothecium siphulae(arctic and boreal) and the subcosmopolitanEpigloea soleiformisandPyrenidium actinellum, both of which are also known from various lichen hosts. The distribution of siphulicolous fungi strongly underpins the current generic classification ofSiphula-like lichens, with five species being confined exclusively toParasiphulaand nine toSiphula. A key to the taxa occurring onSiphulaandParasiphulais provided.
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Colpaert, Alfred, Jouko Kumpula, and Mauri Nieminen. "Remote sensing, a tool for reindeer range land management." Polar Record 31, no. 177 (April 1995): 235–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400013735.
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AbstractThe Finnish reindeer-herding area lies in the northern boreal forest zone. The herding area is divided into 57 reindeer management districts with a total area of 114,355 km2 (excluding water areas). The official number of reindeer in the year 1992 was 263,789, or 2.3 reindeer per square kilometre. In 1946 the density was only about one reindeer per square kilometre. The increased pressure on the mid-winter lichen pastures has reduced the volume of lichen. Also the decreased area of old coniferous forests with arboreal lichens has diminished the supply of food during the late-winter months. The lack of suitable winter pastures has led to the need for supplementary feeding with hay.The intention of this study was to develop and test methods for cost-effective reindeer range land inventory and to assess the present state of pastures in seven districts. Use was made of Landsat 5 TM satellite imagery that was processed with remote sensing and GIS software. The analysis of well-known field sites proved the image classification to be between 80 and 90% accurate. By comparing field data and classification results, estimates can be made on the available fodder reserves in the different pasture types. The results show that mid-winter pastures are both scarce and degraded in six of the seven areas investigated. Only one area (Muotkatunturi) has mid-winter pastures in reasonably good condition. Late-winter pastures with arboreal lichens are more widespread than mid-winter pastures and determine the amount of additional winter feeding required. Summer pastures are abundant in all seven reindeer-herding districts and are therefore not a limiting factor. The method used is objective, inexpensive, and fast when compared to conventional methods. Information can be produced on the quantity and quality of reindeer pastures. This knowledge can be used to make better estimates of the natural grazing capacity of reindeer districts in Finland.
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GAZZANO, Claudia, Sergio E. FAVERO-LONGO, Enrica MATTEUCCI, and Rosanna PIERVITTORI. "Image analysis for measuring lichen colonization on and within stonework." Lichenologist 41, no. 3 (May 2009): 299–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0024282909008366.
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AbstractThe suitability of image analysis by colour-based pixel classification to quantify lichen colonization on the surface of and within marble, travertine and mortar stonework has been investigated. High resolution images of lichenized stonework surfaces were acquired at different field sites using a scanner, thus avoiding invasive surveys, and the percentage cover of lichen species was subsequently measured in the laboratory using dedicated software. Furthermore, microphotographs of polished cross-sections of lichenized marble, travertine and mortar, stained using the periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) method to visualize hyphae, were produced by the same software to quantify hyphal spread within the substratum, a parameter which can be used more successfully than the commonly used depth of hyphal penetration to quantify how much the lichen has affected the conservation of a stone substratum. Significant statistical differences in hue, saturation and intensity (HSI) of the lichen thalli and PAS-stained hyphae, with respect to the lithic substrata, allowed the software to discriminate and quantify the lichen species cover on, and hyphal spread within, the three investigated lithotypes. Since such a quantitative approach highlights the volume of influence of lichens on stonework, where bioweathering processes are likely to develop, it could be used to support decisions on the preservation of our stone cultural heritage.
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INCERTI, Guido, and Pier Luigi NIMIS. "Biogeographical outline of epiphytic lichens in a Mediterranean area: Calabria (S Italy)." Lichenologist 38, no. 4 (July 2006): 355–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0024282906006219.
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This paper aims to provide a biogeographical analysis of the epiphytic lichen flora of S Calabria by means of chorograms (i.e. distributional maps showing the joint distribution of multiple taxa). Two datasets on both local and Italian distribution were used. Local distribution is described by records of 135 epiphytic species in 14 sampling sites (5 trees per site, boles sampled from the ground to 2 m) representing the main vegetation belts of the survey area. A cluster analysis of the species, based on their commonness-rarity in the 9 main bioclimatic areas and in the 20 administrative regions of Italy, was applied. For each of the 7 clusters of species (chorotypes), a chorogram was produced. The matrix of species and sites was also submitted to numerical classification, and 5 clusters of sites were obtained, corresponding to the main altitudinal belts and tree species. For each group of sites, the frequencies of chorotypes were calculated. The results show a clear relationship between local distribution, mainly related to ecological conditions, and the Italian one. The truly Mediterranean forests of the survey area have the highest incidence of the Tyrrhenian element. Beech forests of the montane belt, dominated by broad-ranging lichens, are the most diverse biogeographically. The pine forests lying above the temperate belt do not host a peculiar lichen flora, being dominated by broad-ranging circumboreal species.
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Laundon, Jack Rodney. "The subspecies of Melanelixia fuliginosa." Lichenologist 38, no. 3 (May 2006): 277–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0024282906005627.
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The delimitation of the genus Parmelia s.lat. has been a subject of controversy for the past 30 years. Originally this large group of lichens was split into smaller genera for convenience, based mainly on the colour of the thallus and the presence of marginal cilia (Hale 1974); later conidial and other vegetative characters were used (Hale 1984: 18–20). With time several quite small genera of parmelioid lichens were recognized by a number of authors (e.g. Elix 1994), whilst others, because of the sparsity of characters, continued to regard most of them as still belonging to Parmelia (Purvis et al. 1992). Recent molecular studies have ended this polarization, and an agreed classification is now being adopted (Blanco et al. 2004a, 2004b, 2005).
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Nimis, P. L., M. Castello, and M. Perotti. "Lichens as Biomonitors of Sulphur Dioxide Pollution in La Spezia (Northern Italy)." Lichenologist 22, no. 3 (July 1990): 333–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0024282990000378.
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AbstractLichens epiphytic on olive trees were used as biomonitors of sulphur dioxide pollution in La Spezia (Northern Italy). The method adopted was designed to avoid subjectivity at all stages, from the sampling strategy to data analysis. Thus, lichen data are expressed by an index that does not depend on any sensitivity scale; data analysis relies on multivariate methods of classification and ordination, and the pollution maps have been produced by automatic mapping programmes. The index, based on the frequency of species within a sampling grid, showed a very high statistical correlation with pollution data measured by recording gauges. The results of classification and ordination indicate that Parmelia caperata is the species with a distribution best related to the lichen index. The quality of air pollution data obtained from biomonitors is discussed.
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Mierczyk, Monika, Bogdan Zagajewski, Anna Jarocińska, and Roksana Knapik. "Assessment of Imaging Spectroscopy for rock identification in the Karkonosze Mountains, Poland." Miscellanea Geographica 20, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mgrsd-2015-0016.
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Abstract Based on laboratory, field and airborne-acquired hyperspectral data, this paper aims to analyse the dominant minerals and rocks found in the Polish Karkonosze Mountains. Laboratory spectral characteristics were measured with the ASD FieldSpec 3 spectrometer and images were obtained from VITO’s Airborne Prism EXperiment (APEX) scanner. The terrain is covered mainly by lichens or vascular plants creating significant difficulties for rock identification. However, hyperspectral airborne imagery allowed for subpixel classifications of different types of granites, hornfels and mica schist within the research area. The hyperspectral data enabled geological mapping of bare ground that had been masked out using three advanced algorithms: Spectral Angle Mapper, Linear Spectral Unmixing and Matched Filtering. Though all three methods produced positive results, the Matched Filtering method proved to be the most effective. The result of this study was a set of maps and post classification statistical data of rock distribution in the area, one for each method of classification.
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Chalifoux, Stéphanie, Isabelle Saucier, G. Jean Doucet, and Pierre Lamothe. "Mapping caribou habitat north of the 51st parallel in Québec using Landsat imagery." Rangifer 23, no. 5 (April 1, 2003): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.23.5.1707.
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A methodology using Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) images and vegetation typology, based on lichens as the principal component of caribou winter diet, was developed to map caribou habitat over a large and diversified area of Northern Québec. This approach includes field validation by aerial surveys (helicopter), classification of vegetation types, image enhancement, visual interpretation and computer assisted mapping. Measurements from more than 1500 field sites collected over six field campaigns from 1989 to 1996 represented the data analysed in this study. As the study progressed, 14 vegetation classes were defined and retained for analyses. Vegetation classes denoting important caribou habitat included six classes of upland lichen communities (Lichen, Lichen-Shrub, Shrub-Lichen, Lichen-Graminoid-Shrub, Lichen-Woodland, Lichen-Shrub-Woodland). Two classes (Burnt-over area, Regenerating burnt-over area) are related to forest fire, and as they develop towards lichen communities, will become important for caribou. The last six classes are retained to depict remaining vegetation cover types. A total of 37 Landsat TM scenes were geocoded and enhanced using two methods: the Taylor method and the false colour composite method (bands combination and stretching). Visual inter¬pretation was chosen as the most efficient and reliable method to map vegetation types related to caribou habitat. The 43 maps produced at the scale of 1:250 000 and the synthesis map (1:2 000 000) provide a regional perspective of caribou habitat over 1200 000 km2 covering the entire range of the George river herd. The numerical nature of the data allows rapid spatial analysis and map updating.
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ROSA, GONÇALO M., and FRANCO ANDREONE. "Bioacoustic data of the recently described Boophis calcaratus (Anura: Mantellidae: Boophinae), a cryptic treefrog from Eastern Madagascar." Zootaxa 2426, no. 1 (April 14, 2010): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2426.1.4.
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The recent systematic classification of Malagasy amphibians by Glaw & Vences (2006) proposed a new monophyletic Boophis subgenus (Sahona), that includes the species formerly ascribed to the B. tephraeomystax group. This subgenus contains ten described species (Vallan et al. 2009), which show a rather cryptic colouration, sometimes reminding tree corks and lichens, as it is the case of B. lichenoides, B. guibei, and possibly also in B. xerophilus (Andreone 2002; Glaw & Vences 2007).
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Stratis, J. A., S. Tsakovski, V. Simeonov, G. Zachariadis, and Th Sawidis. "Chemometrical classification of biomonitoring analytical data for heavy metals. Part III. Lichens as bioindicators." Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry 69, no. 3-4 (April 1999): 295–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02772249909358712.
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Jozdani, Shahab, Dongmei Chen, Wenjun Chen, Sylvain G. Leblanc, Christian Prévost, Julie Lovitt, Liming He, and Brian A. Johnson. "Leveraging Deep Neural Networks to Map Caribou Lichen in High-Resolution Satellite Images Based on a Small-Scale, Noisy UAV-Derived Map." Remote Sensing 13, no. 14 (July 6, 2021): 2658. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13142658.
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Lichen is an important food source for caribou in Canada. Lichen mapping using remote sensing (RS) images could be a challenging task, however, as lichens generally appear in unevenly distributed, small patches, and could resemble surficial features. Moreover, collecting lichen labeled data (reference data) is expensive, which restricts the application of many robust supervised classification models that generally demand a large quantity of labeled data. The goal of this study was to investigate the potential of using a very-high-spatial resolution (1-cm) lichen map of a small sample site (e.g., generated based on a single UAV scene and using field data) to train a subsequent classifier to map caribou lichen over a much larger area (~0.04 km2 vs. ~195 km2) and a lower spatial resolution image (in this case, a 50-cm WorldView-2 image). The limited labeled data from the sample site were also partially noisy due to spatial and temporal mismatching issues. For this, we deployed a recently proposed Teacher-Student semi-supervised learning (SSL) approach (based on U-Net and U-Net++ networks) involving unlabeled data to assist with improving the model performance. Our experiments showed that it was possible to scale-up the UAV-derived lichen map to the WorldView-2 scale with reasonable accuracy (overall accuracy of 85.28% and F1-socre of 84.38%) without collecting any samples directly in the WorldView-2 scene. We also found that our noisy labels were partially beneficial to the SSL robustness because they improved the false positive rate compared to the use of a cleaner training set directly collected within the same area in the WorldView-2 image. As a result, this research opens new insights into how current very high-resolution, small-scale caribou lichen maps can be used for generating more accurate large-scale caribou lichen maps from high-resolution satellite imagery.
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Crespo, Ana, Frank Kauff, Pradeep K. Divakar, Ruth del Prado, Sergio Pérez-Ortega, Guillermo Amo de Paz, Zuzana Ferencova, et al. "Phylogenetic generic classification of parmelioid lichens (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) based on molecular, morphological and chemical evidence." TAXON 59, no. 6 (December 2010): 1735–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tax.596008.
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Muggia, Lucia, Yu Quan, Cécile Gueidan, Abdullah M. S. Al-Hatmi, Martin Grube, and Sybren de Hoog. "Sequence data from isolated lichen-associated melanized fungi enhance delimitation of two new lineages within Chaetothyriomycetidae." Mycological Progress 20, no. 7 (July 2021): 911–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11557-021-01706-8.
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AbstractLichen thalli provide a long-lived and stable habitat for colonization by a wide range of microorganisms. Increased interest in these lichen-associated microbial communities has revealed an impressive diversity of fungi, including several novel lineages which still await formal taxonomic recognition. Among these, members of the Eurotiomycetes and Dothideomycetes usually occur asymptomatically in the lichen thalli, even if they share ancestry with fungi that may be parasitic on their host. Mycelia of the isolates are characterized by melanized cell walls and the fungi display exclusively asexual propagation. Their taxonomic placement requires, therefore, the use of DNA sequence data. Here, we consider recently published sequence data from lichen-associated fungi and characterize and formally describe two new, individually monophyletic lineages at family, genus, and species levels. The Pleostigmataceae fam. nov. and Melanina gen. nov. both comprise rock-inhabiting fungi that associate with epilithic, crust-forming lichens in subalpine habitats. The phylogenetic placement and the monophyly of Pleostigmataceae lack statistical support, but the family was resolved as sister to the order Verrucariales. This family comprises the species Pleostigma alpinum sp. nov., P. frigidum sp. nov., P. jungermannicola, and P. lichenophilum sp. nov. The placement of the genus Melanina is supported as a lineage within the Chaetothyriales. To date, this genus comprises the single species M. gunde-cimermaniae sp. nov. and forms a sister group to a large lineage including Herpotrichiellaceae, Chaetothyriaceae, Cyphellophoraceae, and Trichomeriaceae. The new phylogenetic analysis of the subclass Chaetothyiomycetidae provides new insight into genus and family level delimitation and classification of this ecologically diverse group of fungi.
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Brodo, Irwin M. "Studies of the lichen genus Ochrolechia. 1. A new classification for Pertusaria subplicans and P. rhodoleuca." Canadian Journal of Botany 66, no. 7 (July 1, 1988): 1264–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b88-181.
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A reexamination of the ascus structure, spore type, and chemistry of the saxicolous lichens Pertusaria subplicans Nyl. and P. rhodoleuca Th. Fr. has revealed them to be better classified within the genus Ochrolechia. The following new combinations have therefore been introduced: Ochrolechia subplicans (Nyl.) comb.nov. and O. rhodoleuca (Th. Fr.) comb.nov. Ochrolechia rhodoleuca is apparently restricted to northern Europe, leaving O. subplicans as the name of the American material. It is possible to discern two ecologically defined subspecies within O. subplicans, each with slight chemical and morphological distinctions: subsp. subplicans and subsp. hultenii (Erichs.) Brodo comb.nov. A method is described for determining the precise location of gyrophoric, alectoronic, and variolaric acids within an ascoma by using a combination of conventional ultraviolet and spot-test techniques.
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Poelking, E. L., C. E. R. Schaefer, E. I. Fernandes Filho, A. M. de Andrade, and A. A. Spielmann. "Soil–landform–plant communities relationships of a periglacial landscape at Potter Peninsula, Maritime Antarctica." Solid Earth Discussions 6, no. 2 (August 6, 2014): 2261–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sed-6-2261-2014.
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Abstract. Integrated studies on the interplay between soils, periglacial geomorphology and plant communities are crucial for the understanding of climate change effects on terrestrial ecosystems of Maritime Antarctica, one of the most sensitive areas to global warming. Knowledge on physical environmental factors that influence plant communities can greatly benefit studies on monitoring climate change in Maritime Antarctica, where new ice-free areas are being constantly exposed, allowing plant growth and organic carbon inputs. The relationship between topography, plant communities and soils was investigated in Potter Peninsula, King George Island, Maritime Antarctica. We mapped the occurrence and distribution of plant communities and identified soil–landform–vegetation relationships. The vegetation map was obtained by classification of a Quickbird image, coupled with detailed landform and characterization of 18 soil profiles. The sub-formations were identified and classified, and we also determined the total elemental composition of lichens, mosses and grasses. Plant communities at Potter Peninsula occupy 23% of the ice-free area, at different landscape positions, showing decreasing diversity and biomass from the coastal zone to inland areas where sub-desert conditions prevail. There is a clear dependency between landform and vegetated soils. Soils with greater moisture or poorly drained, and acid to neutral pH, are favourable for mosses subformations. Saline, organic-matter rich ornithogenic soils of former penguin rookeries have greater biomass and diversity, with mixed associations of mosses and grasses, while stable felseenmeers and flat rocky cryoplanation surfaces are the preferred sites for Usnea and Himantormia lugubris lichens, at the highest surface. Lichens subformations cover the largest vegetated area, showing varying associations with mosses.
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Sinigla, Mónika, Erzsébet Szurdoki, László Lőkös, Dénes Bartha, István Galambos, András Bidló, and Edit Farkas. "Distribution and habitat preference of protected reindeer lichen species (Cladonia arbuscula, C. mitis and C. rangiferina) in the Balaton Uplands (Hungary)." Lichenologist 53, no. 3 (May 2021): 271–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0024282921000165.
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AbstractThe maintenance of protected lichen species and their biodiversity in general depends on good management practices based on their distribution and habitat preferences. To date, 10 of the 17 protected lichen species of Hungary have been recorded in the Bakony Mts including the Balaton Uplands region. Habitat preferences of three protected Cladonia species (C. arbuscula, C. mitis and C. rangiferina) growing on underlying rocks of red sandstone, basalt, Pannonian sandstone and gravel were investigated by detailed sampling. We recorded aspect, underlying rock type, soil depth, pH and CaCO3 content, habitat type (as defined by the General National Habitat Classification System Á-NÉR), all species of lichen, bryophyte and vascular plants as well as percentage cover of exposed rock, total bryophytes, lichens, vascular plants and canopy, degree of disturbance and animal impacts. Sporadic populations of these species mostly exist at the top of hills and mountains in open acidofrequent oak forests, but they may occur in other habitats, such as closed acidofrequent oak forests, slope steppes on stony soils, siliceous open rocky grasslands, open sand steppes, wet and mesic pioneer scrub and dry Calluna heaths. Cladonia rangiferina was found to grow beneath higher canopy cover than either C. arbuscula or C. mitis in the Balaton Uplands. Furthermore, there were significant differences in canopy cover between occupied and unoccupied quadrats in the case of all three species. Cladonia rangiferina is a good indicator species of natural habitats in Hungary due to its restricted distribution and low ecological tolerance. These results may lead to the adoption of effective conservation methods (e.g. game exclusion, artificial dispersal) in the future.
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Poelking, E. L., C. E. R. Schaefer, E. I. Fernandes Filho, A. M. de Andrade, and A. A. Spielmann. "Soil–landform–plant-community relationships of a periglacial landscape on Potter Peninsula, maritime Antarctica." Solid Earth 6, no. 2 (May 27, 2015): 583–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-6-583-2015.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Integrated studies on the interplay between soils, periglacial geomorphology and plant communities are crucial for the understanding of climate change effects on terrestrial ecosystems of maritime Antarctica, one of the most sensitive areas to global warming. Knowledge on physical environmental factors that influence plant communities can greatly benefit studies on the monitoring of climate change in maritime Antarctica, where new ice-free areas are being constantly exposed, allowing plant growth and organic carbon inputs. The relationship between topography, plant communities and soils was investigated on Potter Peninsula, King George Island, maritime Antarctica. We mapped the occurrence and distribution of plant communities and identified soil–landform–vegetation relationships. The vegetation map was obtained by classification of a QuickBird image, coupled with detailed landform and characterization of 18 soil profiles. The sub-formations were identified and classified, and we also determined the total elemental composition of lichens, mosses and grasses. Plant communities on Potter Peninsula occupy 23% of the ice-free area, at different landscape positions, showing decreasing diversity and biomass from the coastal zone to inland areas where sub-desert conditions prevail. There is a clear dependency between landform and vegetated soils. Soils that have greater moisture or are poorly drained, and with acid to neutral pH, are favourable for moss sub-formations. Saline, organic-matter-rich ornithogenic soils of former penguin rookeries have greater biomass and diversity, with mixed associations of mosses and grasses, while stable felsenmeers and flat rocky cryoplanation surfaces are the preferred sites for Usnea and Himantormia lugubris lichens at the highest surface. Lichens sub-formations cover the largest vegetated area, showing varying associations with mosses.
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Dahlberg, Anders, Göran Thor, Johan Allmér, Mats Jonsell, Mattias Jonsson, and Thomas Ranius. "Modelled impact of Norway spruce logging residue extraction on biodiversity in Sweden." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 41, no. 6 (June 2011): 1220–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x11-034.
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Logging residues are increasingly being extracted for bioenergy purposes. This study estimates how extraction of fine woody debris (FWD) may affect the overall habitat availability for 577 species of wood- and bark-inhabiting basidiomycetes, beetles, and lichens in Sweden using Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.) as their primary substrate. We combined modeling of (i) the amount of various types of woody debris available throughout a forest rotation in managed forests with (ii) a classification of each species’ associations with different types of wood. In three different regions, we compared a scenario with no logging residue extraction with three different levels of extraction. Our results suggest that the extraction may cause a 35%–45% reduction in aboveground FWD and a more than 20% decline in the potential amount of substrate for about 50% of the species (affecting basidiomycetes and beetles more than lichens). The intensified forestry during the last century has, however, steadily increased the production of FWD. Furthermore, no red-listed species is primarily associated with logging residues of Norway spruce. Therefore, the current situation in Sweden with extraction of 70% of Norway spruce FWD on 50% of the clearcuts probably constitutes a minor contribution to the regional extinction risks.
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Zhao, Xin, Steven D. Leavitt, Zun Tian Zhao, Lu Lu Zhang, Ulf Arup, Martin Grube, Sergio Pérez-Ortega, et al. "Towards a revised generic classification of lecanoroid lichens (Lecanoraceae, Ascomycota) based on molecular, morphological and chemical evidence." Fungal Diversity 78, no. 1 (December 11, 2015): 293–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13225-015-0354-5.
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Laundon, Jack R. "Lepraria in the British Isles." Lichenologist 24, no. 4 (October 1992): 315–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002428299200046x.
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AbstractThe first modern taxonomic classification of the species of Lepraria is presented. Chemistry is the most important character used to separate the morphologically similar, but distinct, sterile taxa. Nine species are recorded from the British Isles, of which L. eburnea and L. frigida are new to science. Lepraria nivalis is a new name for Crocynia murorum B. de Lesd., and L. caesioalba (B. de Lesd.) Laundon a new combination. Two species, L. incana (L.) Ach. and L. lobificans Nyl., are especially common and are dominant on shaded bark and rock. Twenty-eight lichens reported as Lepraria belong elsewhere or require further study. The combination Leproloma cacuminum (Massal.) Laundon is made to replace the name L. angardianum.
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CRESPO, Ana, Pradeep K. DIVAKAR, and David L. HAWKSWORTH. "Generic concepts in parmelioid lichens, and the phylogenetic value of characters used in their circumscription." Lichenologist 43, no. 6 (October 5, 2011): 511–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0024282911000570.
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AbstractThis article traces the changing systems in the classification of the parmelioid lichens from the early 19th century to the present day. Molecular phylogenetic approaches have enabled the relative importance of traditionally used characters to be objectively re-assessed, and led to the realization of the significance of others that had previously been passed over or dismissed; for example, differences in ascospore and conidium types or the cell-wall constituents. Information on the different characters employed is presented and assessed. It is concluded that characters related to thallus form or chemical products prove to be less informative at the generic level than has sometimes been assumed. Features requiring further study are identified, and in the light of experience in this group, lichenologists should be cautious in translating their results into formal taxonomies.
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Bobrovskiy, Ilya, Janet M. Hope, Andrey Ivantsov, Benjamin J. Nettersheim, Christian Hallmann, and Jochen J. Brocks. "Ancient steroids establish the Ediacaran fossil Dickinsonia as one of the earliest animals." Science 361, no. 6408 (September 20, 2018): 1246–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aat7228.
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The enigmatic Ediacara biota (571 million to 541 million years ago) represents the first macroscopic complex organisms in the geological record and may hold the key to our understanding of the origin of animals. Ediacaran macrofossils are as “strange as life on another planet” and have evaded taxonomic classification, with interpretations ranging from marine animals or giant single-celled protists to terrestrial lichens. Here, we show that lipid biomarkers extracted from organically preserved Ediacaran macrofossils unambiguously clarify their phylogeny. Dickinsonia and its relatives solely produced cholesteroids, a hallmark of animals. Our results make these iconic members of the Ediacara biota the oldest confirmed macroscopic animals in the rock record, indicating that the appearance of the Ediacara biota was indeed a prelude to the Cambrian explosion of animal life.
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Кучеров, Илья Борисович, Галина Александровна Гришуткина, Виктория Владимировна Телеганова, and Алексей Дмитриевич Потемкин. "On the diagnostic potential of epiphytic bryophytes in forest vegetation classification." Herald of Tver State University. Series: Biology and Ecology, no. 1(61) (April 13, 2021): 102–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.26456/vtbio189.
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Эпифитные и эпиксильные виды мохообразных и лишайников могут выступать в качестве диагностических не только при дифференциации своих синузий, но и на уровне лесного сообщества в целом, формируя единые детерминантные группы вместе с сосудистыми растениями и эпигейными мхами. Это подтверждают результаты доминантно-детерминантной классификации широколиственных лесов, описанных в заповедниках «Калужские засеки» и «Мордовский». В обоих случаях выделенные синтаксоны поддаются флористической дифференциации с помощью не только сосудистых растений, но и эпифитных мохообразных. При необходимости их можно было бы разграничить исключительно по видам эпифитной бриосинузии. Формирование единых детерминантных групп обусловлено влиянием факторов, единообразно воздействующих на все виды, входящие в эти группы. Первостепенную роль предположительно играют микроклиматические факторы, особенно влажность и амплитуды температур приземного слоя воздуха. Эдафические факторы не оказывают прямого влияния на сопряженность видов сосудистых растений и эпифитных мохообразных, но их косвенное влияние также может быть существенным. Piphytic and epixylic species of bryophytes and lichens may serve as determinants in differentiation of not only their synusiae but also at the level of forest plant communities where they grow, forming integrated differential groups together with vascular plant and epigeic bryophyte species. This is proved by the results of the broadleaved forest classification, performed following the complex dominant-determinant approach in the Kaluzhskie Zaseki (see Table 1) and Mordovian (see Table 2) nature reserves, Russia. All the recognized broadleaved-forest syntaxa are subject to distinct floristic differentiation with the help of both vascular and epiphytic bryophyte species under ecologically contrasting habitat conditions. Moreover, if necessary, these syntaxa can be distinguished using the epiphytic species only. The ecological and phytocoenotical association of vascular and epiphytic bryophyte species presumably originates due to microclimatic factors such as air humidity and temperature ranges near the ground. Edaphic factors do not influence the association of vasculars and epiphytic bryophytes within the integrated determinant groups directly, but their indirect influence may be also essential.
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Flieger, Jolanta, Wojciech Flieger, Jacek Baj, and Ryszard Maciejewski. "Antioxidants: Classification, Natural Sources, Activity/Capacity Measurements, and Usefulness for the Synthesis of Nanoparticles." Materials 14, no. 15 (July 25, 2021): 4135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14154135.
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Natural extracts are the source of many antioxidant substances. They have proven useful not only as supplements preventing diseases caused by oxidative stress and food additives preventing oxidation but also as system components for the production of metallic nanoparticles by the so-called green synthesis. This is important given the drastically increased demand for nanomaterials in biomedical fields. The source of ecological technology for producing nanoparticles can be plants or microorganisms (yeast, algae, cyanobacteria, fungi, and bacteria). This review presents recently published research on the green synthesis of nanoparticles. The conditions of biosynthesis and possible mechanisms of nanoparticle formation with the participation of bacteria are presented. The potential of natural extracts for biogenic synthesis depends on the content of reducing substances. The assessment of the antioxidant activity of extracts as multicomponent mixtures is still a challenge for analytical chemistry. There is still no universal test for measuring total antioxidant capacity (TAC). There are many in vitro chemical tests that quantify the antioxidant scavenging activity of free radicals and their ability to chelate metals and that reduce free radical damage. This paper presents the classification of antioxidants and non-enzymatic methods of testing antioxidant capacity in vitro, with particular emphasis on methods based on nanoparticles. Examples of recent studies on the antioxidant activity of natural extracts obtained from different species such as plants, fungi, bacteria, algae, lichens, actinomycetes were collected, giving evaluation methods, reference antioxidants, and details on the preparation of extracts.
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Blanco-Sacristán, Javier, Cinzia Panigada, Giulia Tagliabue, Rodolfo Gentili, Roberto Colombo, Mónica Ladrón de Guevara, Fernando T. Maestre, and Micol Rossini. "Spectral Diversity Successfully Estimates the α-Diversity of Biocrust-Forming Lichens." Remote Sensing 11, no. 24 (December 9, 2019): 2942. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11242942.
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Biocrusts, topsoil communities formed by mosses, lichens, liverworts, algae, and cyanobacteria, are a key biotic component of dryland ecosystems worldwide. Experiments carried out with lichen- and moss-dominated biocrusts indicate that climate change may dramatically reduce their cover and diversity. Therefore, the development of reproducible methods to monitor changes in biocrust diversity and abundance across multiple spatio-temporal scales is key for evaluating how climate change may impact biocrust communities and the myriad of ecosystem functions and services that rely on them. In this study, we collected lichen-dominated biocrust samples from a semi-arid ecosystem in central Spain. Their α-diversity was then evaluated using very high spatial resolution hyperspectral images (pixel size of 0.091 mm) measured in laboratory under controlled conditions. Support vector machines were used to map the biocrust composition. Traditional α-diversity metrics (i.e., species richness, Shannon’s, Simpson’s, and Pielou’s indices) were calculated using lichen fractional cover data derived from their classifications in the hyperspectral imagery. Spectral diversity was calculated at different wavelength ranges as the coefficient of variation of different regions of the reflectance spectra of lichens and as the standard deviation of the continuum removal algorithm (SD_CR). The accuracy of the classifications of the images obtained was close to 100%. The results showed the best coefficient of determination (r2 = 0.47) between SD_CR calculated at 680 nm and the α-diversity calculated as the Simpson’s index, which includes species richness and their evenness. These findings indicate that this spectral diversity index could be used to track spatio-temporal changes in lichen-dominated biocrust communities. Thus, they are the first step to monitor α-diversity of biocrust-forming lichens at the ecosystem and regional levels, a key task for any program aiming to evaluate changes in biodiversity and associated ecosystem services in drylands.
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KIRIKA, PAUL M., PRADEEP K. DIVAKAR, ANA CRESPO, STEVEN D. LEAVITT, GEORGE MUGAMBI, GRACE W. GATHERI, and H. THORSTEN LUMBSCH. "Polyphyly of the genus Canoparmelia—uncovering incongruences between phenotype-based classification and molecular phylogeny within lichenized Ascomycota (Parmeliaceae)." Phytotaxa 289, no. 1 (December 20, 2016): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.289.1.2.
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Many phenotypical features traditionally used to classify genera in Parmeliaceae and in lichens in general have evolved several times independently, potentially limiting their taxonomic utility. Here, we aim to elucidate evolutionary relationships of Canoparmelia s. lat. among other parmotremoid taxa. A multilocus dataset (ITS, nuLSU and mtSSU rDNA sequences) was gathered and analyzed within a phylogenetic framework. Canoparmelia s. lat. was recovered as highly polyphyletic within the parmelioid clade, and three divergent lineages representing Canoparmelia s. lat. were identified in addition to the previously segregated Crespoa group. Of these, two formed a sister relationship with Parmotrema. However, no apparent diagnostic morphological features were found distinguishing the distinct Canoparmelia s. lat. clades reconstructed in the phylogenetic analyses. As a consequence, we propose to restrict the circumscription of Canoparmelia to clade 1 (i.e. the C. texana group) and to include clades 2 and 3 in Parmotrema. We propose to recognize these well-supported monophyletic clades at subgeneric level. Consequently, the new subgeneric name Parmotrema subgen. Africanae is proposed for clade 3 recovered in this study. Since clade 4, which clusters with the genera Nesolechia and Punctelia, is only represented by a single sequenced specimen, we refrain from proposing any taxonomic changes. The new combinations Parmotrema epileucum, and P. zimbabwense are proposed.
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BENNETT, James P. "Discrimination of lichen genera and species using element concentrations." Lichenologist 40, no. 2 (March 2008): 135–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0024282908007445.
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Abstract:The importance of organic chemistry in the classification of lichens is well established, but inorganic chemistry has been largely overlooked. Six lichen species were studied over a period of 23 years that were growing in 11 protected areas of the northern Great Lakes ecoregion, which were not greatly influenced by anthropogenic particulates or gaseous air pollutants. The elemental data from these studies were aggregated in order to test the hypothesis that differences among species in tissue element concentrations were large enough to discriminate between taxa faithfully. Concentrations of 16 chemical elements that were found in tissue samples from Cladonia rangiferina, Evernia mesomorpha, Flavopunctelia flaventior, Hypogymnia physodes, Parmelia sulcata, and Punctelia rudecta were analyzed statistically using multivariate discriminant functions and CART analyses, as well as t-tests. Genera and species were clearly separated in element space, and elemental discriminant functions were able to classify 91–100 of the samples correctly into species. At the broadest level, a Zn concentration of 51 ppm in tissues of four of the lichen species effectively discriminated foliose from fruticose species. Similarly, a S concentration of 680 ppm discriminated C. rangiferina and E. mesomorpha, and a Ca concentration of 10 436 ppm discriminated H. physodes from P. sulcata. For the three parmelioid species, a Ca concentration >32 837 ppm discriminated Punctelia rudecta from the other two species, while a Zn concentration of 56 ppm discriminated Parmelia sulcata from F. flaventior. Foliose species also had higher concentrations than did fruticose species of all elements except Na. Elemental signatures for each of the six species were developed using standardized means. Twenty-four mechanisms explaining the differences among species are summarized. Finally, the relationships of four species based on element concentrations, using additive-trees clustering of a Euclidean-distance matrix, produced identical relationships as did analyses based on secondary product chemistry that used additive-trees clustering of a Jaccard similarity matrix. At least for these six species, element composition has taxonomic significance, and may be useful for discriminating other taxa.
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Pankiv, Zinovii, and Andriana Yavorska. "Stages of suspended soils formations in Verkhovyna dividing range of Ukrainian Carpathians." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, no. 50 (December 28, 2016): 286–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2016.50.8715.
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It was found out that suspended soils in Verkhovyna Dividing Range in Ukrainian Carpathians are intrazonal ones and are formed near dense sandstones outcrops in Krosnenska zone provided excess moisture of flushing type of water regime. Suspended soils are located within the mountain-forest and subalpine zones under moss lichen communities. They form habitats ranging from 0.1 to 1.0 square meter, oval and oblong shaped with the highest capacity of organic horizon in the central part with gradual reduction to the periphery. Suspended soils in Ukrainian Carpathians were mentioned for the first time in writings of Professor A. Zrazhevskyi. Formation of suspended soils in dense sandstones within Verkhovyna Dividing Range can occur in two ways: initial (primary) soil development and settlement of moss lichen communities from adjacent soil areas. Main stages of formation of soils under research are detected analyzing the succession of plant communities and morphological features of each section. Initial stage begins with the settlement of alga, bacteria, fungi, actinomyces, lichens (crustose and foliose) in centres of soil formation and formation of humified layer of dark gray colour up to 2 cm thick. Moss settlement on the developed organo-mineral layer and formation of organic (peat) horizon marks the beginning of development stage. Soils under research with formed organic horizon up to 10 cm thick are to be classified as initial suspended soils. The development stage is accompanied by accumulation of defunct organic remains (peat formation) and expansion of organic horizon (Td+T). Soils formed in Krosnenska zone in mild wind-blown sandstones with organic horizon more than 10 cm thick are at the stage of equilibrium functioning. It is advisable to define these soils as peat-suspended soils. Suspended soils are not represented in the nomenclature list of soils of Ukraine, that encourages conducting more detailed research on their classification. Patterns of distribution of soils under research and stages of soil formation were found out. Key words: Verkhovyna Diving range, suspended soils, the formation of peat, genesis, stages of soil formation.
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Ottlé, C., J. Lescure, F. Maignan, B. Poulter, T. Wang, and N. Delbart. "Use of various remote sensing land cover products for plant functional type mapping over Siberia." Earth System Science Data 5, no. 2 (November 18, 2013): 331–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-5-331-2013.
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Abstract. High-latitude ecosystems play an important role in the global carbon cycle and in regulating the climate system and are presently undergoing rapid environmental change. Accurate land cover data sets are required to both document these changes as well as to provide land-surface information for benchmarking and initializing Earth system models. Earth system models also require specific land cover classification systems based on plant functional types (PFTs), rather than species or ecosystems, and so post-processing of existing land cover data is often required. This study compares over Siberia, multiple land cover data sets against one another and with auxiliary data to identify key uncertainties that contribute to variability in PFT classifications that would introduce errors in Earth system modeling. Land cover classification systems from GLC 2000, GlobCover 2005 and 2009, and MODIS collections 5 and 5.1 are first aggregated to a common legend, and then compared to high-resolution land cover classification systems, vegetation continuous fields (MODIS VCFs) and satellite-derived tree heights (to discriminate against sparse, shrub, and forest vegetation). The GlobCover data set, with a lower threshold for tree cover and taller tree heights and a better spatial resolution, tends to have better distributions of tree cover compared to high-resolution data. It has therefore been chosen to build new PFT maps for the ORCHIDEE land surface model at 1 km scale. Compared to the original PFT data set, the new PFT maps based on GlobCover 2005 and an updated cross-walking approach mainly differ in the characterization of forests and degree of tree cover. The partition of grasslands and bare soils now appears more realistic compared with ground truth data. This new vegetation map provides a framework for further development of new PFTs in the ORCHIDEE model like shrubs, lichens and mosses, to represent the water and carbon cycles in northern latitudes better. Updated land cover data sets are critical for improving and maintaining the relevance of Earth system models for assessing climate and human impacts on biogeochemistry and biophysics. The new PFT map at 5 km scale is available for download from the PANGAEA website at 10.1594/PANGAEA.810709.
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Ottlé, C., J. Lescure, F. Maignan, B. Poulter, T. Wang, and N. Delbart. "Use of various remote sensing land cover products for PFT mapping over Siberia." Earth System Science Data Discussions 6, no. 1 (June 27, 2013): 255–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essdd-6-255-2013.
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Abstract. High-latitude ecosystems play an important role in the global carbon cycle and in regulating the climate system and are presently undergoing rapid environmental change. Accurate land cover datasets are required to both document these changes as well as to provide land-surface information for benchmarking and initializing earth system models. Earth system models also require specific land cover classification systems based on plant functional types, rather than species or ecosystems, and so post-processing of existing land cover data is often required. This study compares over Siberia, multiple land cover datasets against one another and with auxiliary data to identify key uncertainties that contribute to variability in Plant Functional Type (PFT) classifications that would introduce errors in earth system modeling. Land cover classification systems from GLC 2000, GlobCover 2005 and 2009, and MODIS collections 5 and 5.1 are first aggregated to a common legend, and then compared to high-resolution land cover classification systems, continuous vegetation fields (MODIS-VCF) and satellite-derived tree heights (to discriminate against sparse, shrub, and forest vegetation). The GlobCover dataset, with a lower threshold for tree cover and taller tree heights and a better spatial resolution, tends to have better distributions of tree cover compared to high-resolution data. It has therefore been chosen to build new PFTs maps for the ORCHIDEE land surface model at 1 km scale. Compared to the original PFT dataset, the new PFT maps based on GlobCover 2005 and an updated cross-walking approach mainly differ in the characterization of forests and degree of tree cover. The partition of grasslands and bare soils now appears more realistic compared with ground-truth data. This new vegetation map provides a framework for further development of new PFTs in the ORCHIDEE model like shrubs, lichens and mosses, to better represent the water and carbon cycles in northern latitudes. Updated land cover datasets are critical for improving and maintaining the relevance of earth system models for assessing climate and human impacts on biogeochemistry and biophysics. The new PFT map at 5 km scale is available for download from the PANGAEA website, at: doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.810709.
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Aptroot, André. "Aspects of the Integration of the Taxonomy of Lichenized and Non-Lichenized Pyrenocarpous Ascomycetes." Lichenologist 30, no. 4-5 (July 1998): 501–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/lich.1998.0151.
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AbstractThe integration of the taxonomy of lichenized and non-lichenized pyrenocarpous ascomycetes is still in progress. Within this group, at least 12 lichenization events, three re-lichenizations and at least 24 de-lichenization events, are supposed to have occurred during evolution. This is evident from the increasing amount of information regarding phylogeny and classification of pyrenocarpous fungi. The total number of lichenization events, including re- and de-lichenization, within all fungi is estimated to be at least 100. However, the vast majority of the pyrenocarpous lichens are concentrated in a few relatively large, presumably monophyletic, groups. In some cases, proposed integrations have proven to be untenable, for example Microtheliopsis and with the Herpotrichiellaceae, Flavobathelium with the Dimeriaceae and most notably the Normandina thallus with the basidiomycetes and its ascocarps with Sphaendina in the Mycosphaerellaceae. The same true for many cases where lichenized taxa were unwittingly included in otherwise non-lichenized groups, such as Didymosphaeria and Massarina, or even described new, presumably non-lichenized, genera like Holstiella, Starbaeckiella and Titanella.
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Sumina, O. I. "Classification of vegetation of technogenic habitats of Chukotka: new syntaxa of association Arctagrostietum arundinaceae Sumina 1994." Vegetation of Russia, no. 32 (2018): 109–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.31111/vegrus/2018.32.109.
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Industrial development of the Arctic is expanding year by year. Instability of tundra ecosystems to external impacts is increasing under the conditions of a changing climate, so the urgency of biodiversity conservation problem is steadily growing for the Far North. To assess the current condition of ecosystems and prevent their undesirable changes an ecological monitoring has to be widely used. Its results are especially valuable if based on data about the long-term dynamics of studied parameters. This paper continues a number of our publications devoted to the classification of vegetation developing on technogenic habitats in various regions of the Russian Far North (Sumina, 1994, 1995, 2012, 2013; Sumina, Koptseva, 2004). We studied vegetation forming during primary successions on disturbed lands where plant and soil cover had been completely removed (quarries for extraction of building materials, bulldozed sites, etc.). Classification (including full relevés) of vegetation on technogenic habitats of Chukotka in the vicinity of the settlements of Egvekinot, Iultin, and in the middle reach of the Amguema River valley was published in 1994 (Sumina, 1994). Later, the data which have been collected in 1984 in the vicinity of Pevek town were also included in analysis, and one of the previously described associations (Arctagrostietum arundinaceae Sumina 1994) was subdivided into 3 subassociations. The synoptic tables for all abovementioned regions were published (Sumina, 2013). Thereby, to finish our study it is necessary to publish relevés from the neighborhood of the Pevek town, which is the aim of the present paper. The Pevek town (69°42′ N, 170°18′ E) is located in the subzone of the northern hypoarctic tundra (Katenin, 2000). The vegetation developing on 2 rubble quarries was investigated. The quarries are located on the slopes of the Janrapaak mountain (69°42′35″ N, 170°22′21″ E) and Peekinei mountain (69°41′40″ N, 170°20′2″ E). In 1984, the time of natural recovery (it was determined using available documentation and interviewing witnesses) was from 2–5 to 12–15 years (we used such age classes: I — up to 5 years, II — from 6 to 10, and III — from 11 to 15). Within the limits of a single quarry, there were sites which recovering for different periods of time. The relevés were made on plots 25 m2, situated in homogeneous stands with constant physiognomy, dominant species, and total cover. There were noted: position in relief, microrelief of ground surface, granulometric composition of substrate, moistening, stand physiognomy, total vegetation cover, cover of vascular plants, mosses, and lichens, and cover-abundance estimates for every species. If cover was less than 1 %, the modified estimates of the Braun-Blanquet abundance scale were used (Barkman et al., 1964). When data were treatment, the species cover estimated in percent was translated according the following point scale (Økland, 1990): 1 — r; 2 — +; 3 — +1 (< 1 %); 3* — 1 %; 4 — 2–4 %; 5 — 5–12 %; 6 — 12.5–25 %; 7 — 25–50 %; 8 — 50–75 %; 9 — 75–100 %). Taking into account the low species number in pioneer communities, wide geographical area, large ecological amplitude, and high frequency along successional gradient which are typical for many apophyte species, we used “differentiating combination of species” (Molenaar, 1976; Matveeva, 2006) to distinguish syntaxa. The final table of vegetation of technogenic habitats in the Pevek town area includes 37 relevés. Plant communities were classified using the Braun-Blanquet approach (Westhoff, Maarel, 1978). The classification involves syntaxa of the following levels: association, subassociation, variant, subvariant, and community type. The vegetation of technogenic habitats of Chukotka belongs to alliance Poion glauco-malacanthae Sumina 1994, which has 4 associations (Sumina, 1994, 2013). Ass. Arctagrostietum arundinaceae Sumina 1994 is the most widespread between them. In the vicinity of the Pevek town the new its subassociation was distinguished and described. Subass. Arctagrostietum arundinaceae oxytropidetosum czukoticae subass. nov. hoc loco (table 1; table 2, N 7–37, holotypus — N 17). Characteristic species: Oxytropis czukotica, Draba nivalis, Minuartia arctica, Peltigera didactyla, Artemisia arctica. The peculiarity of communities is the low frequency of one of the alliance characteristic species (Chamaenerion latifolium), the presence only Arctagrostis arundinacea from the characteristic species of the ass. Arctagrostis arundinacea, and a set of species which are typical for mountain rubbly tundra. Communities of the subassociation are confined to dry or moderately moist (very rarely — to moist) rubbly grounds. The time of vegetation recovery varies from I to III classes of age. Total plant cover ranges from 3 to 70 %; in most cases it is not less than 20 %. Cover of vascular is 1–50 %. Their number in communities is different (11–28), and the average values in the subvariants varies from 14 to 24. Moss cover is <1–60 %, usually it is not less than 10 %. Lichens are present in most communities with cover <1 %. Subassociation includes 2 variants and 6 subvariants, detailed description of which is given. Simultaneously with subass. Arctagrostietum arundinaceae oxytropidetosum czukoticae in the Pevek town area the community type Puccinellia hauptiana–Descurainia sophioides with characteristic species of the alliance and two typical pioneer species (Puccinellia hauptiana and Descurainia sophioides) was distinguished. This community type corresponds to the very first stages of the primary succession. The average value of total cover is 25 %, cover of vascular — about 20 %, mosses — 15 %. Significant features are a small number of species (2–10, the average — 7), and the absence of lichens. In Chukotka, syntaxa which are below than an association level have the same features as in other regions of the Russian Far North (Sumina, 2013). Subassociations always spread in a certain region and do not go beyond its limits. Variants and subvariants have a narrow-local distribution and subtler reflect the specificity of disturbed habitat conditions or position of communities on successional gradient. The diversity of quarries vegetation is driven by random factors as well as complicated process of recovery dynamics. The final stage of primary succession should be tundra coenoses belonged to syntaxa combined the natural vegetation, but incessant technogenic disturbances support the existing of communities of all stages of succession, including pioneer ones. Accordingly, the distinguished syntaxa of thechnogenic vegetation also continue their existence. Only the analysis of the long-term vegetation dynamics can answer the question “has to be confirmed or rejected the last statement?” Our materials can become the basis for such an analysis.
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Kantvilas, G. "Tasmanian rainforest lichen communities: a preliminary classification." Phytocoenologia 16, no. 3 (August 26, 1988): 391–428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/phyto/16/1988/391.
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Smirnova, Oksana, and Aleksej Smirnov. "Fungal diseases of tree stands under urbanized conditions of Moscow." Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke, no. 124 (2013): 241–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmspn1324241s.
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Phytosanitary and ecological estimation of tree-stands has been con?ducted at the Forest Experimental Station of Moscow Agricultural Academy and parks of Northeast of Moscow in 2007-2011. Fomes fomentarius was proved to be a very serious pathogen of trees under conditions of Moscow, Piptoporus betulinus, Phellinus igniarius, and Fomitopsis pinicola also occurred and caused damage to trees. This rather bad phytosanitary situation depends on alarming ecological situation in Moscow. At the Forest Experimental Station of Moscow Agricultural Academy a number and cover of lichens decreased. In general, all trees in Moscow are in dynamic equilibrium with the urbanized environment. In connection with this, the following classification of tree-stands was proposed for the urbanized environment: 1 - healthy trees, 2 - affected trees which can be managed, 3 - dry woods, 3a - very diseased. Many tree-stands in investigated regions of Moscow are found to belong to the groups 2 and 3c. All tree-stands must be carefully monitored and managed in order to provide a well-timed decision on the support system for preservation of trees as ?lungs of city? and avoid unpredictable tree falling which put people and traffic at risk.
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Degteva, S. V., and Yu A. Dubrovskiy. "Coenotical diversity of vegetation of mountain-tundra and open woodland belts on the Manpupuner Ridge (Northern Urals, Pechoro-Ilychskiy Nature Reserve)." Vegetation of Russia, no. 34 (December 23, 2018): 47–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.31111/vegrus/2018.34.47.
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The study of coenotical diversity of mountain tundra and open woodland altitudinal belts at Manpupuner ridge (Pechoro-Ilych Nature Reserve) in 2012–2013 continues the previous researches by Institute of Biology Komi Scientific Centre RAS at ridges Schuka-Yol-is, Kychyl-is, Makar-is, Tonder and Turynya-ner, and Mankhambo in 2007–2011 (Degteva, Dubrovskiy 2009, 2012, 2014). The data were obtained using the complex of traditional and modern methods of phytocoenotical and floristical researches (Ipatov, Mirin, 2008). 184 relevés (kept in the Phytocoenarium of the Institute of Biology KSC RAS), made at 400 m2 plots in open woodland and forests stands, at 100 m2 plots in meadow, tundra and shrub stands or within the limits of the communities, were set along the profiles at the elevation gradients. The assessment of vertical and horizontal structure, species number and abundance of vascular plants, main mosses and lichens as well as community classification according the dominant approach was carried out. In mountain tundra communities which are located at flat plates and terraces of the upper part of slopes 122 species of vascular plants, 36 of mosses and 37 of lichens were found. Three associations (Fruticuleto-betuletum nanae flavocetrariosum (Fig. 2), Fruticuletum cladinosum, Myrtilletum cladinosum, Fruticuletum cladinosum) of lichen tundra (Table 2), two ones (Fruticuleto-betuletum nanae hylocomiosum, Myrtilletum hylocomiosum) of green moss tundra (Fig. 3, 4) and ass. Bistorto majoris-avenelletum polytrichosum of Polytrichum-dominated tundra (Table 3) were distinguished. More diverse is vegetation of the open woodland belt where the complex of open woodlands, bushes and meadows is presented. Poor in species number spruce open woodlands with total tree crown density is 0.1–0.2 and of 2–3 m height in the upper part of the belt and 6 m in the lower slope parts, which occur at about 680–760 m,1 belong to associations Piceetum betuloso nanae–caricoso-empetroso-cladinosum and P. avenelloso-myrtilloso-hylocomiosum (Table 4; Fig. 5). Pinus sibirica open woodlands (Table 4) of lichen (Cembretum betuloso nanae–arctoetoso alpinae–flavocetrariosum (Fig. 6) and C. caricoso globularis–vaccinioso uliginosii–cladinosum) and green moss (C. caricoso globularis–vaccinioso uliginosii–hylocomiosum) types were met at 620–640 m at flat terraces (first time in the Pechoro-Ilych Nature Reserve). Open woodlands dominated by mountain ecological form of Betula pubescens occur at 580–770 m more common at east and north-west exposition, but also occur at south-west and north slopes and in the southern part of the Manpupuner Ridge, on terraces. Taxation parameters of the stands change with the elevation changes. In the upper part of this belt, the canopy density is 0.1–0.2, tree height 1.5–2.5 m and stem diameter 2–4 cm, at elevations about 600 m, 0.4–0.6, 8–12 m and 18–26 cm respectively. Five associations are distinguished within this formation: Montano-Betuletum gymnocarpiosum, M.-B. geraniosum albiflorii, M.-B. calamagrostidosum, M.-B. aconitosum (Fig. 7), M.- B. avenellosum (Table 5). Shrub vegetation is presented by Salix spp., Betula nana and Juniperus sibirica stands. The willows (Salicetum lanatae geraniosum albiflorii and Salicetum lanatae mixtoherboso–calamagrostidosum) (Table 6, Fig. 8) are developed in stream runoffs/valleys at elevations 700–770 m. Juniperus communis communities (Juniperetum sibiricae avenelloso-myrtilloso-hylocomiosum (Fig. 9) and Juniperetum sibiricae gymnocarpiosum; Table 6) in the Pechoro-Ilych Nature Reserve are found at 670–780 m in the drained ecotopes at terraces, flat and convex slopes. Betula nana stands (Betuletum nanae empetroso-caricoso-hylocomioso-cladinosum (Fig. 10), Betuletum nanae caricoso-hylocomiosum (Fig. 11) and Betuletum nanae fruticuloso-hylocomiosum; Table 6) cover the largest areas at 680–750 m on terraces, flat, convex and concave slopes and saddles between the individual vertices. In mountain meadows (Calamagrostidetum geraniosum (Fig. 12) and Geranietum mixtoherbosum (Fig. 13)) which do not cover large areas at the ridge and occur on rich wet soils at stream runoffs, valleys and the borders of the stone-fields, 117 species of vascular plants, 27 of mosses and 32 of lichens are found (Table 7). Coenotical core of their flora is formed by species of meadow and mountain meadow eco-coenotical group. Species number at 100 m2 plot vary from 12 to 45 (mean 27). Three associations (Piceetum fruticuloso-hylocomiosum, P. aconitosum and P. dryopteridosum expansae) dominate in the mountain forest belt. The common number of syntaxa of association level at the Manpupuner Ridge is 27 including mountain tundras, bushes, meadows, open woodlands and forests.
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Pankiv, Zinoviy, and Andriana Yavorska. "Modern state of study of initial soils and initial grounding (analytical review)." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, no. 51 (December 27, 2017): 267–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2017.51.8865.
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On the basis of elaboration and analysis of literary sources, a modern state of scientific research on evolution, genesis, distribution, morphology, classification of initial soils and peculiarities of initial soil formation, in general, has been established. There are three main discussion directions in modern scientific researches, in particular, the issues of terminology (change of its semantic content with the development of new concepts in soil science), morphological features and genesis of initial soils. A detailed analysis of available factual materials with authorial modifi cations allowed to form the following evolutionary series: embryonic (germinal) soils – the soil-like body (kurumy) - primary (incipient) – primitive (young) – weakly developed soils. Embryonic soils are organo-mineral layers with a thickness of up to 1 cm, dark brown, dark gray homogeneous color, which are closely adjacent to the dense rock and severely separated, have no signs of division into horizons and are formed under lithophilic groups and lichens. They form separate spots (up to 1 m), confi ned to small depressions, cracks within the rock. Further development of the embryonic process due to the settlement of leaf lichens, the combination of the processes of pedogenesis and lithogenesis cause the formation of Kurums with an organogenic layer thickness of up to 3 cm, which lies directly on a dense rocky rock and is easily separated from it. There are no signs of division into genetic horizons. The soil-like bodies (Kurum) are fragmentarily combined with the weakly developed soils zones within cracks and clefts and embryonic soils. The placement of the moss layer prepared during the embryonic stage intensifies the processes of accumulation of organic matter and the growth of soils upwards. Under the mosses on the dense rocks, the primary (initial) soils are formed. These soils have the power of the organogenic horizon up to 10 cm and marked signs of differentiation on the soil horizons. Settlements on mosses of meadow grass, turf crops, shrubs cause an increase in the power of the organogenic horizon to 20 cm with the allocation of genetic horizons that lie on a dense rock without signs of the development and formation of eluvial deposits. Such signs are characteristic of primitive (young) soils. Key words: initial soils, initial soils formation, the soil-like body, embryonic soils.
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Favero-Longo, Sergio E., M. Roger Worland, Peter Convey, Ronald I. Lewis Smith, Rosanna Piervittori, Mauro Guglielmin, and Nicoletta Cannone. "Primary succession of lichen and bryophyte communities following glacial recession on Signy Island, South Orkney Islands, Maritime Antarctic." Antarctic Science 24, no. 4 (March 7, 2012): 323–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102012000120.
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AbstractA directional primary succession with moderate species replacement was quantitatively characterized on Signy Island in zones of a glacial valley corresponding to their age since deglaciation. A continuous increase in diversity and abundance of lichens and bryophytes was observed between terrains deglaciated in the late 20th century, to areas where deglaciation followed the Little Ice Age, and others thought to be ice-free since soon after the Last Glacial Maximum. Classification (UPGMA) and ordination (principal co-ordinate analysis) of vegetation data identified three different stages of development: a) pioneer communities, which rapidly develop in a few decades, b) immature communities developing on three to four century old terrains, and c) a climax stage (Polytrichum strictum-Chorisodontium aciphyllum community) developing on the oldest terrains, but only where local-scale environmental features are more favourable. Multivariate analysis including environmental parameters (canonical correspondence analysis) indicated terrain age as being the dominant controlling factor, with other environmental factors also exhibiting significant conditional effects (duration of snow cover, surface stoniness). These findings not only quantitatively verify reports of the rapid colonization of Maritime Antarctic terrains following recent climate amelioration and associated decrease in glacial extent, but also show how local-scale environmental resistance may slow or even prevent vegetation succession from pioneer to more mature stages in future.
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Lavrinenko, O. V., and I. A. Lavrinenko. "Vegetation of Loiseleurio procumbentis–Vaccinietea Eggler ex Schubert 1960 class in the East European tundras." Vegetation of Russia, no. 38 (July 2020): 27–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.31111/vegrus/2020.38.27.
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Communities of Loiseleurio procumbentis–Vaccinietea Eggler ex Schubert 1960 class and Deschampsio flexuosae–Vaccinietalia myrtilli Dahl 1957 order, widespread in the East European tundras, are represented by 2 alliances: Loiseleurio-Arctostaphylion Kalliola ex Nordhagen 1943 (dwarf-shrub-lichen communities in wind-blown habitats with well-drained automorphic soils) and Phyllodoco–Vaccinion myrtilli Nordhagen 1943 (moderately chionophytic dwarf-shrub communities in habitats with well-drained automorphic soils, moderately moist in summer) (definitions by: Ermakov, 2012). Acidic psammozems and podburs composed of sandy sediments are developed in such habitats. In the first half of the 20th century, such vegetation was described in the East European tundras in ecological-physiognomic classification traditions by Soviet geobotanists V. N. Andreyev, I. D. Bogdanovskaya-Giyenef, A. A. Dedov and Z. N. Smirnova. They attributed it to lichen, dwarf-shrub-lichen and dwarf-shrub vegetation types on sandy substrates. Based upon the analysis of 196 relevés (142 of them are in this paper) from 34 sites on the Kolguyev Isl., Malozemelskaya and Bolshezemelskaya tundras, Pechora River Delta and Northern Timan Ridge (Fig. 1), we described 5 associations (including 3 subassociations and 10 variants) by Braun-Blanquet classification approach; 4 syntaxa are left in the rank of community type. Two associations of Loiseleurio-Arctostaphylion alliance, first described in the mountain regions of Fennoscandia, are also basic in the East European tundras. The area of ass. Empetro–Betuletum nanae Nordhagen 1943 occupying the lower sub-belt of the mountain-tundra belt of Fennoscandia, is also common in the plain areas in more moderate conditions in the south tundra and forest-tundra (Table 4, rel. 1–13; Table 6, syntaxon 10; Fig. 9а, б, 10). Ass. Loiseleurio-Diapensietum (Fries 1913) Nordhagen 1943, described in the upper sub-belt of the mountain-tundra belt, is represented by subass. salicetosum nummulariae Koroleva 2006 in the plain areas with its distribution area from typical tundra on Kolguyev Isl. to the northern forest-tundra in the mainland. Three variants of subassociation are identified on the latitudinal gradient: inops — on the Kolguyev Isl., Diapensia lapponica — in the continental typical tundra and Loiseleuria procumbens — in the south tundra and forest-tundra (Table 2, rel. 1–35; Table 6, syntaxa 6–9; Fig. 4а–в, 5, 6). Subass. Loiseleurio-Diapensietumsalicetosum nummulariae was first described in the tundra zone of the Kola Peninsula for petrophytic communities with a polygonal structure in oligochion and achion habitats (Koroleva, 2006). We attributed dwarf-shrub-lichen communities dominated by chionophobic lichens (Flavocetraria nivalis, Alectoria nigricans, A. ochroleuca, Bryocaulon divergens) with irregularly-mosaic horizontal structure on sandy substrates to this subassociation due to the high similarity of the species composition (Table 2). Ass. Empetro hermaphroditi–Salicetum nummulariae Bogdanovskaya-Giyenef ex Lavrinenko et Lavrinenko ass. nov. hoc loco (Table 1, rel. 1–18; nomenclatural type (neotypus hoc loco) — rel. 6 (author’ number — К157, Kolguyev Isl., Khayropskoye Lake environs, 10.09.2007, authors — O. V. Lavrinenko, I. A. Lavrinenko); Table 6, syntaxa 1–4; Fig. 2а–в, 3) with variants Tanacetum bipinnatum, Racomitrium canescens and Betula nana unites dwarf-shrub communities corresponding to different stages of the succession of the overgrown of open sands. They are common in the typical tundra subzone on Kolguyev Isl. and in the north-east part of Malozemelskaya tundra in sites with large sandy outcrops. The area of ass. Cladonietum rangiferino–arbusculae ass. nov. hoc loco (Table 4, rel. 14–20; nomenclatural type (holotypus hoc loco) — rel. 19 (author’ number — Т29,, Malozemelskaya Tundra, Kolokolkova Bay, Tobseda village (uninhabited) vicinity, 14.07.2002, author — O. V. Lavrinenko); Table 6, syntaxon 11; Fig. 12а, б) is so far limited by the coastal part of the Malozemelskaya tundra (it will probably be expanded). Communities transformed by reindeer grazing are left in the rank of community type — Dicranum elongatum–Salix nummularia com. type (Table 3, rel. 1–28; Table 6, syntaxon 5; Fig. 7а, б, 8) as well as draft-shrub-lichen with Cladonia stellaris — Cladonia stellaris com. type (Table 4, rel. 21–22; Fig. 11а). Regional characteristic species are established for Loiseleurio-Arctostaphylion alliance — psammophytic moss Polytrichum piliferum and lichens Cetraria aculeata (incl. C. muricata), C. nigricans, Cladonia pyxidata, C. cervicornis subsp. verticillata. The basic association— Phyllodoco–Vaccinietum myrtilli Nordhagen 1943 in Phyllodoco–Vaccinion myrtilli alliance in the East European tundras is represented by two subassociations: P.–V. m. salicetosum herbaceae subass. nov. hoc loco(Table 5, rel. 1–14; nomenclatural type (holotypus hoc loco) — rel. 4 (author’ number — 88_12, Kolguyev Isl., Bugryanka River in the midstream, 21.08.2012, authors — O. V. Lavrinenko, I. A. Lavrinenko); Table 6, syntaxon 12; Fig. 13а and б, 14, 15) — on Kolguyev Isl. and P.–V. m. veratretosum lobeliani subass. nov. hoc. loco (Table 5, rel. 15–33; nomenclatural type (holotypus hoc loco) — rel. 24 (author’ number — БН31_14, Bolshezemelskaya Tundra, Bolvanskiy Nos Cape, 27.07.2014, authors — O. V. Lavrinenko, I. A. Lavrinenko); Table 6, syntaxon 13; Fig. 16а–в, 17 ) — in the mainland areas in typical, south tundra subzones and northern forest-tundra. Floristic differences between them are caused by differences both in area distribution of some species, and habitats. There are some taxa of Salicetea herbaceae Br.-Bl. 1948 class on Kolguyev Isl, which indicates more nival conditions. The subass. P.–V. m. salicetosum herbaceae seems to be widespread on the Kola Peninsula. There are 2 variants in each subassociation: Vaccinium myrtillus and Chamaepericlymenum suecicum. Vaccinium myrtillus communities with Cladonia stellaris and Vacciniumuliginosum subsp. microphyllum are left in the rank of community type — Cladonia stellaris–Vaccinium myrtillus com. type (Table 5, rel. 34, 35; Fig. 18) and Vaccinium microphyllumcom. type (Table 5, rel. 36–39; Table 6, syntaxon 15; Fig. 19) due to the small number of relevés. The results of geographical analysis of vascular plant coenoflora of Loiseleurio-Arctostaphylion alliance syntaxa are as follows: dominating arctic species — 45 %, hypoarctic — 32 % and boreal — 23 %; there are no boreal species among the high-constant ones, the number arctic and hypoarctic species is approximately equal. The analogous data for of Phyllodoco–Vaccinion myrtilli alliance syntaxa: arctic, hypoarctic and boreal fractions — 33 % each; hypoarctic species dominates among the high-constant ones, boreal (including arcto-boreal) — 2times less and only 2 — arctic-alpine species.
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Brosnan, V., and C. J. Ellis. "EPIPHYTE RESPONSE TO WOODLAND HABITAT CONDITION ASSESSED USING COMMUNITY INDICATORS: A SIMPLIFIED METHOD FOR SCOTLAND’S TEMPERATE RAIN FOREST." Edinburgh Journal of Botany 77, no. 3 (June 9, 2020): 519–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096042862000013x.
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National vegetation classification (NVC) has been widely applied as a framework for mapping and conserving plant species and community types. However, a limited availability of expertise has prevented NVCs from being developed and used in cryptogam-dominated systems, such as for temperate and boreal epiphyte communities. This study simplified a recent systematically sampled NVC, trialled for epiphyte communities in Scotland, by reducing the original list of 82 community indicators to 34 easily recognisable species (lichens, mosses and liverworts). These were subsequently sampled from woodland sites positioned in Scotland’s temperate rain forest zone. Sites were positioned among localities in less intensively managed landscapes (northwest Scotland) through to peri-urban environments (southern Scotland), grouping sites for each locality based on a contrast in woodland temporal continuity (ancient or recent). The richness and diversity of epiphyte community indicators were compared with easily measured variables reflecting stand heterogeneity or ecological stability, and woodland temporal continuity, with air pollution as a covariable. Richness and diversity were significantly explained by the ecological stability of woodland stands, heterogeneity of the light environment, and nitrogen pollution. This demonstrates a tool that can be deployed by the non-specialist, with appropriate training, to quantify the condition of a woodland stand through consequences for its epiphytes in globally important temperate rain forest. The pattern of richness and diversity was consistent with the co-occurrence of particular indicator species, which represent the range of epiphyte community types supported by a woodland.
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Fitriani, Lili, Irma Afriyanti, Afriyani Afriyani, Friardi Ismed, and Erizal Zaini. "Solid Dispersion of Usnic acid–HPMC 2910 Prepared by Spray drying and Freeze drying Techniques." Oriental Journal of Chemistry 34, no. 4 (August 3, 2018): 2083–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/3404048.
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Usnic acid is a dibenzofuran derivate produced by some lichens species primarily Usnea sp., that has several pharmacological activities. Based on Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS), usnic acid belongs to class II that has high permeability but low solubility. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to increase the solubility of usnic acid by preparing solid dispersions (SD) using hydrophilic polymer HPMC 2910. Usnic acid and HPMC at ratio 1:1 (w/w) were prepared for solid dispersion using spray drying and freeze drying techniques. Physical mixture at the same ratio was prepared as comparison. Characterization for intact materials, physical mixture and solid dispersions were done using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fourier transform infra-red (FT IR) spectroscopy, and solubility test. The result of PXRD showed a decrease of peak intensity for solid dispersions. Thermal properties of solid dispersions showed lower melting point compared to usnic acid and physical mixture. The morphology of solid dispersion depicted different shape compared to intact materials and physical mixture. The infra-red spectrum showed the slightly shift at wave numbers of functional groups but there was no new functional groups formed. The solubility of solid dispersions significantly increased, which the solubility test result were 55±0.023, 227±0.034, 567± 0.020, and 932±0.053 (μg/ml) for intact usnic acid, physical mixture, SD by spray drying and SD by freeze drying, respectively. In conclusion, solid dispersions of usnic acid – HPMC 2910 were able to modify physicochemical properties and increased the solubility.
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Heidmarsson, Starri, Jan‐Eric Mattsson, Roland Moberg, Anders Nordin, Rolf Santesson, and Leif Tibell. "Classification of lichen photomorphs." TAXON 46, no. 3 (August 1997): 519–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1224392.
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