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Academic literature on the topic 'Lichens – Morphology'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 12 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Lichens – Morphology"

Hartl, C., A. R. Schmidt, J. Heinrichs, L. J. Seyfullah, N. Schäfer, C. Gröhn, J. Rikkinen, and U. Kaasalainen. "Lichen preservation in amber: morphology, ultrastructure, chemofossils, and taphonomic alteration." Fossil Record 18, no. 2 (July 17, 2015): 127–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/fr-18-127-2015.

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Abstract. The fossil record of lichens is scarce and many putative fossil lichens do not show an actual physiological relationship between mycobionts and photobionts or a typical habit, and are therefore disputed. Amber has preserved a huge variety of organisms in microscopic fidelity, and so the study of amber fossils is promising for elucidating the fossil history of lichens. However, so far it has not been tested as to how amber inclusions of lichens are preserved regarding their internal characters, ultrastructure, and chemofossils. Here, we apply light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Raman spectroscopy to an amber-preserved Eocene lichen in order to gain information about the preservation of the fossil. The lichen thallus displays lifelike tissue preservation including the upper and lower cortex, medulla, photobiont layer, apothecia, and soredia. SEM analysis revealed globular photobiont cells in contact with the fungal hyphae, as well as impressions of possible former crystals of lichen compounds. EDX analysis permitted the differentiation between halite and pyrite crystals inside the lichen which were likely formed during the later diagenesis of the amber piece. Raman spectroscopy revealed the preservation of organic compounds and a difference between the composition of the cortex and the medulla of the fossil.

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Murugesan, Priya. "Phytochemical Analysis and Antimicrobial Activity of Edible Lichen." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 10, no. 2-s (April 15, 2020): 102–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v10i2-s.4016.

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Lichens are composite organisms consisting of a symbiotic association of a fungus (the mycobiont) with a photosynthetic partner (the phytobiont), usually either a green alga or cyanobacterium. The morphology, physiology and biochemistry of lichens are very different from those of the isolated fungus and alga in culture. Lichens occur in some of the most extreme environments on the Earth and may be useful to scientists in many commercial applications. Antibacterial, antifungal and phytochemical analysis of edible lichen, (Platismatia glauca) was studied in this work. Keywords: Edible Lichen, Platismatia glauca, secondary metabolites, antimicrobial

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Noer, Iin Supartinah, Joko Kusmoro, Erwan Yudiar Darussalam, Dwi Nur Laksono, and Aan Abdul Hakim. "THE LICHENS DIVERSITY IN TRIANGULATION OF ALAS PURWO NATIONAL PARK, EAST JAVA." KnE Life Sciences 2, no. 1 (September 20, 2015): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kls.v2i1.154.

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The lichen flora of tropical areas is still much underworked Java in general and Alas Purwo in East Java for specially is no exception. Alas Purwo National Park is representative of a typical lowland tropical rain forest ecosystem in Java. . It is famous with peculiar and endemic species of plant include sawo kecik (Manilkara kauki) and manggong bamboo (Gigantochloa manggong). , beside among the other plants also ketapang (Terminalia cattapa), nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum), kepuh (Sterculia foetida), and keben (Barringtonia asiatica). Moreover, in lowland tropical rain forest ecosystem have reported the lichens species diversity is very high and may include over 200 species in 1 ha. There is no reported have found concerning the lichens richness in Alas Purwo. Recently preliminary study of Lichens diversity have been done at triangulation Zone Alas Purwo National Park , East Java. The lichens of the study area have not been treated comprehensively. We explored the lichenological characteristics of putative”tropical lowland cloud forest” (LCF) in a lowland area (0–20ma.s.l.) near Triangulation using macrolichens (cortocoulous species) as indicator taxa We analyzed lichen diversity on 20 trees in two 0,25 ha plots. In tropical lowland forests, corticolous green algal lichens are abundant and highly diverse. This may be related to adaptation to prevailing microenvironmental conditions including, for example, high precipitation and low light intensities. In the understory of a tropical lowland rain forest in Alas Purwo , we studied the morphology and anatomy of corticolous lichens and microcristal test. We found that from Tetrasigma sp , Serbella otodans, Hemandia feltata Baringtonia aciatika Pandanaceae Manilcara cauci Swetinia mahagoni trees there are 30 species of lichens, dominated by Dyorigma sp Graphis and Glyphis from familia of Graphidaceae and Dirinaria Physcia Pyxine Ramalina from familia of Parmeliaceae. The thallus calour was variety from Green-grey, Green-bllue, green, light green, grey, brown, dark green to orange. They have vegetative as wel as generative reproduction such as isidia, soralia, soredia, chypellae, histerothecia, perithecia,and apothecia. The lichenic acids contain such as gyrophoric acid, barbatic acid, usnic acid, atranorin, acid, divaricatic acid and lecanoric acid, Keywords: Alas Purwo, lichens and lichenic acid.

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Thomas, Michael A., Thomas H. Nash, and Shirley C. Tucker. "Coenogonium: A Green Algal Lichen Without Photosynthetic Depression at High Water Contents." Lichenologist 28, no. 4 (July 1996): 341–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/lich.1996.0031.

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AbstractFor experiments run at 350 ppm CO2, the subtropical lichen Coenogonium does not exhibit net photosynthetic depression at water contents above those at which initial maximal values are reached. This is in contrast to most lichens for which such a depression occurs. We infer that the results reflect the unusual morphology of Coenogomum, in which the alga is the dominant symbiont, occurring as filaments at the lichen surface. This arrangement should minimize CO2 diffusion resistance to the algal surface. With light saturation occurring by 70 μmol photons m−2 s−1, Coenogoniium has one of the lowest light saturation values reported among lichens.

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Tsurykau, A. G. "Corticolous Lichens of Belarus. II. Obligate and Facultative Epiphytes." Bulletin of Irkutsk State University. Series Biology. Ecology 35 (2021): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.26516/2073-3372.2021.35.51.

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The lichen biota of Belarus lists 406 corticolous species. Of these, 213 (35.7%) species are obligate epiphytes. Crustose lichens make up the majority of obligate epiphytes (157 species, or 73.7%). Apparently, this can indicate the decisive role of the morphology and chemistry of the substrate for the closely contacted lichen thallus. Facultative epiphytes are represented by 193 species, which are quite widely represented by foliose and fruticose life forms (51.3%). Facultative epiphytes inhabit rotting and processed wood, stony substrates, soil (including forest litter), mosses, leaves (needles), root turnouts and metal objects. Wood is inhabited by 154 facultative epiphyte species, of which 80 lichens are strongly epiphyticlignicolous. The lichen diversity of tree bark and wood is relatively similar; the value of the Sørensen-Dice index is equal to 0.51. Soil is the second most important substrate after wood for facultative epiphytes. It is inhabited by 55 lichens, most of which are represented by Cladonia and Peltigera species. 46 species of facultative epiphytes were found on mosses. These are represented mainly by cyanobiont-containing lichens, broad-lobed species, as well as many by the representatives of the genus Cladonia. The stony substrate is suitable for 43 facultative epiphytes species and is characterized by a high specificity of lichen biota. Its Sørensen- Dice index is equal to 0.13. Most of these representatives are common in urban environments. Fungi, lichens, root inversions, leaves, and metal are predominantly inhabited by multisubstrate lichen species.

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Adamo, P., A. Marchetiello, and P. Violante. "The Weathering of Mafic Rocks by Lichens." Lichenologist 25, no. 3 (July 1993): 285–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/lich.1993.1033.

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AbstractThe weathering phenomena resulting from the growth of six foliose and crustose lichens (Parmelia subrudecta, Xanthoria ectaneoides, Parmelia conspersa, Aspicilia radiosa, Caloplaca sp. and Ochrolechia parella) on three mafic rocks have been studied. The bioweathering results in more or less extensive fragmentation and corrosion of the mineral surfaces immediately beneath the lichen thalli and in the formation, in the thallus or at the rock-lichen interface, of secondary products. The significant amounts of whewellite found in all interfaces, and the bipiramids of weddellite detected at the serpentine rock-Ochrolechia parella interface, suggest that the oxalic acid secreted by the mycobiont is the chemical substance principally involved. The capacity of the lichens to alter their rock substrata does not appear to be related to their thallus morphology.

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Barták, Miloš, Josef Hájek, Alla Orekhova, Johana Villagra, Catalina Marín, Götz Palfner, and Angélica Casanova-Katny. "Inhibition of Primary Photosynthesis in Desiccating Antarctic Lichens Differing in Their Photobionts, Thallus Morphology, and Spectral Properties." Microorganisms 9, no. 4 (April 13, 2021): 818. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9040818.

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Five macrolichens of different thallus morphology from Antarctica (King George Island) were used for this ecophysiological study. The effect of thallus desiccation on primary photosynthetic processes was examined. We investigated the lichens’ responses to the relative water content (RWC) in their thalli during the transition from a wet (RWC of 100%) to a dry state (RWC of 0%). The slow Kautsky kinetics of chlorophyll fluorescence (ChlF) that was recorded during controlled dehydration (RWC decreased from 100 to 0%) and supplemented with a quenching analysis revealed a polyphasic species-specific response of variable fluorescence. The changes in ChlF at a steady state (Fs), potential and effective quantum yields of photosystem II (FV/FM, ΦPSII), and nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) reflected a desiccation-induced inhibition of the photosynthetic processes. The dehydration-dependent fall in FV/FM and ΦPSII was species-specific, starting at an RWC range of 22–32%. The critical RWC for ΦPSII was below 5%. The changes indicated the involvement of protective mechanisms in the chloroplastic apparatus of lichen photobionts at RWCs of below 20%. In both the wet and dry states, the spectral reflectance curves (SRC) (wavelength 400–800 nm) and indices (NDVI, PRI) of the studied lichen species were measured. Black Himantormia lugubris showed no difference in the SRCs between wet and dry state. Other lichens showed a higher reflectance in the dry state compared to the wet state. The lichen morphology and anatomy data, together with the ChlF and spectral reflectance data, are discussed in relation to its potential for ecophysiological studies in Antarctic lichens.

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GAUSLAA, Yngvar. "Rain, dew, and humid air as drivers of morphology, function and spatial distribution in epiphytic lichens." Lichenologist 46, no. 1 (January 2014): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0024282913000753.

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AbstractThis review is a first attempt to combine and compare spatial distribution of the three main water sources, rain, dew and humid air, with water-related traits of mainly epiphytic macrolichens in a conceptual and functional model. By comparing climatic and lichenological knowledge, various effects of dewfall, rainfall and humid air on epiphytic lichen morphology and function are analyzed to search for traits and patterns. Although dew, rain and humid air cause lichen hydration and activate photosynthesis, these atmospheric hydration sources influence and shape lichens differently. In order to visualize hydration patterns, dew, rain and humid air are shown as corners in a triangle exhibiting the various combinations of these hydration sources. The sources of hydration vary on temporal scales, and on the spatial scales: regional, landscape, stand and tree. Lichen growth form, photobiont type, water-holding capacity (WHC) and suprasaturation depression show clear patterns within the hydration triangle. For most lichen species, one average pre-dawn dewfall approximately fills their average internal WHC. This suggests that lichens are optimally designed to utilize dew rather than rain, consistent with literature emphasizing dew as a driver for annual C-assimilation in chlorolichens. However, rain is needed to fill their external WHC and to fully hydrate most cyanolichens. Including the sources of hydration and internal lichen variables, such as water-holding capacity, will improve modelling of local and global future scenarios on lichen distribution and biomass production.

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Roux, Claude, Clother Coste, Thierry Ménard, André Bellemère, and Oliver Bricaud. "Lecanora vaenskaei Roux et C. Coste sp.nov. (Lichens, Ascomycotina), sa position systématique et celle des Rhizoplaca (Lecanorales, Lecanoraceae)." Canadian Journal of Botany 71, no. 12 (December 1, 1993): 1660–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b93-202.

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Lecanora vaenskaei Roux et C. Coste sp.nov. is described as a new saxicolous, calcifugous lichen species, discovered in southeastern France (Var Department). It differs from Lecanora chlorophaeodes Nyl. in its thallus, apothecia, paraphyses, spores and distribution. The classification of the new species is considered with respect to the genus Rhizoplaca, which is shown to belong to the family Lecanoraceae rather than the Parmeliaceae. Key words: lichens, Lecanoraceae, Lecanora, morphology, structure, distribution, ecology, systematics, Parmeliaceae, Rhizoplaca.

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Borchhardt, Nadine, Ulf Schiefelbein, Nelida Abarca, Jens Boy, Tatiana Mikhailyuk, Harrie J. M. Sipman, and Ulf Karsten. "Diversity of algae and lichens in biological soil crusts of Ardley and King George islands, Antarctica." Antarctic Science 29, no. 3 (January 12, 2017): 229–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102016000638.

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AbstractIn the present study the biodiversity of the most abundant phototrophic organisms forming biological soil crust communities were determined, which included green algae, diatoms, yellow-green algae and lichens in samples collected on Ardley and King George islands, Maritime Antarctic. The species were identified by their morphology using light microscopy, and for lichen identification thin layer chromatography as also used to separate specific secondary metabolites. Several sources of information were summarized in an algae catalogue. The results revealed a high species-richness in Antarctic soil crust communities with 127 species in total. Of which, 106 taxa belonged to algae (41 Chlorophyta, nine Streptophyta, 56 Heterokontophyta) and 21 to lichens in 13 genera. Moreover, soil crust communities with different species compositions were determined for the various sampling locations, which might reflect microclimatic and pedological gradients.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Lichens – Morphology"

Eriksson, Amanda. "Water storage in the lichen genus Usnea in Sweden and Norway : Can morphological and water storage traits explain the distribution and ecology of epiphytic species?" Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-122696.

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Lichens are poikilohydric and cannot control water uptake and loss, water relations could therefore impact their distribution. This study examines if morphological, anatomical, and water storage traits could explain distribution of epiphytic species in the lichen genus Usnea. Seven species from oceanic (Norway) and continental areas (Sweden) were studied. Total, internal, and external water holding capacity (WHC, mg H2O cm-2) along with relative water content (WC) were recorded by spraying the thalli with water and measuring mass after shaking and blotting. The specific thallus mass (STM, mg cm-2 - main driver of WHC) was calculated from images of wet thalli. Thickness of anatomical layers (cortex, medulla, and axis) was also measured. Pendent species had lower STM and water storage than shrubby species, most probably an adaptation to water uptake from humid air. Total, internal, and external WHC were higher in the shrubby species than in the pendent ones. The pendent species had the same internal WHC as earlier reports on Bryoria and Alectoria. External water storage decreased for all species as biomass increased. The ratio between total and internal water was twice as high as reported in foliose lichens. Variation in branch diameter was much higher in shrubby than in pendent species. The interspecific differences in water storage reflect regional differences in water sources – oceanic species had higher water storage than pendent continental species, but lower than the shrubby U. hirta. I conclude that both internal and external water storage help to explain distribution of Usnea in Norway and Sweden.

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Leavitt, Steven. "Assessing Traditional Morphology- and Chemistry-Based Species Circumspections in Lichenized Ascomycetes: Character Evolution and Molecular Species Delimitation in Common Western North American Lichens." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2010. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2191.

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Accurate species delimitation has critical implications for ecological and conservation studies; and for understanding factors driving diversification. However, a growing body of evidence indicates that morphology-based species circumspection in lichenized ascomycetes often fails to accurately represent the number of fungal species. The use of molecular data in lichen systematics provides an important alternative to traditional morphological characters for identifying natural groups and assessing evolutionary histories in challenging lichen taxa. In this work, I examined two common lichen-forming genera in western North America, Rhizoplaca and Xanthoparmelia, as models for investigating character evolution, species delimitation in morphologically and chemically diverse species, and identification of lineages in the early stages of divergence. Phylogenetic hypotheses were reconstructed to assess character evolution using sequence data from four nuclear ribosomal markers and fragments from two nuclear loci. I applied a multifaceted approach to delimit species in Rhizoplaca and Xanthoparmelia by assembling multiple lines of evidence using DNA sequence data, and genealogical and population genetic analyses. I have found that traditionally circumscribed species are not supported by molecular data. For example, in Rhizoplaca previously unrecognized lineages were identified within what has thus far been considered a single species. In contrast, morphologically and chemically distinct species within Xanthoparmelia were not supported by molecular data. Distinct medullary chemistries, growth forms, and the production of vegetative diaspores appear to have evolved independently multiple times in Xanthoparmelia. This work clearly indicates that morphological and chemical characters do not always accurately reflect lichen species diversity within even the best known and studied genera. My study of the Rhizoplaca melanophthalma species complex demonstrates that the genus Rhizoplaca, as presently circumscribed, is more diverse in western North American than previously thought. I present these analyses as a working example of species delimitation in morphologically cryptic lichenized fungi. In Xanthoparmelia diagnostic morphological and chemical characters have evolved in a highly homoplasious manner. In contrast to other studies documenting previously undiscovered fungal lineages masked within lichen species circumscribed by traditional morphological and chemical characters, my work suggests that species diversity has been overestimated in the lichen genus Xanthoparmelia.

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Reese, Næsborg Rikke. "Disentangling Lecania." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Systematisk botanik, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-8183.

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This thesis focuses on phylogenetic, taxonomic, ecological, and conservation aspects of the crustose lichen genus Lecania (Ramalinaceae, lichenized Ascomycota). Lecania has previously been defined on basis of relatively few morphological characters, and the genus had never been treated in molecular phylogenies. The molecular phylogeny of the genus is inferred from DNA sequences. Twenty-five species traditionally placed in Lecania are included in the study along with 21 species from closely related genera. Lecania is a polyphyletic genus. A well-supported monophyletic group containing 16 Lecania species, including the type species L. fuscella is discovered, i.e. Lecania s. str. Nine species formerly included in Lecania do not belong in the genus. A new species, L. belgica, is described. The relationships of a group of morphologically similar Lecania species, i.e. the L. cyrtella group are investigated using morphological and molecular methods. Haplotype network and phylogenetic analyses indicate that the included species, as conceived in the morphological examinations, all are monophyletic. Two new species, L. leprosa and L. madida, are described, L. proteiformis is resurrected from synonymy, and the known range of L. prasinoides is greatly expanded. The type species Lecania fuscella has become endangered in many countries. Twelve localities in Sweden where the species had been found historically are investigated, but L. fuscella is only recovered in one locality. The species composition in these 12 localities, 58 old and 5 new collections with L. fuscella is determined and analyzed. The vegetation community differs between the old and the new collections, and between the locality where the species is recovered and those where it is not. Lecania fuscella has not been able to adapt to environmental changes and now only appears in a specific type of vegetation community. The phylogenetic diversity of the species is calculated, but does not reflect the species’ evolutionary potential.

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Articus, Kristina. "Phylogenetic Studies in Usnea (Parmeliaceae) and Allied Genera." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-3974.

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Pittam, Sherry K. "Pendent Usnea (Lichens; Ascomycetes; Parmeliaceae) in Western Oregon : taxonomy; morphological characters; and geographical distribution." Thesis, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/35317.

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Pendent Usnea species were collected in western Oregon and examined. Character states, such as cortex-medulla-axis ratio; fibril length; papilla diameter; branching patterns; and presence or absence of fibrils, papillae, soredia, isidia; plus chemistry, were recorded and analyzed by inspection for differences. Historical names were researched in the literature. A comparison was made between species concepts used in these accounts, with many conflicting concepts encountered. Selected morphological characters were examined by scanning electron microscope, or dissecting microscope, described, and illustrated. The characters reviewed included articulate fissures; isidia and soredia; cortex-medulla-axis ratio; papillae; and foveate pits. Species determinations were made for field collections. Names were found for all specimens inspected without introducing new names at this time. Eight pendent species were found in western Oregon; they are Usnea cavernosa, Usnea ceratina, Usnea fillpendula, Usnea hesperina subsp. liturata, Usnea inflata, Usnea leucosticta, Usnea longissima, and Usnea merrillii. A practical key to taxa with descriptions is provided and geographic distributions are recorded in tables and maps.
Graduation date: 1995

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ŠOUN, Jaroslav. "Taxonomy of selected groups of the genus \kur{Caloplaca}." Doctoral thesis, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-79953.

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The thesis deals with phylogeny, taxonomy and nomenclature of selected groups of the lichen genus Caloplaca. Particularly, the C. cerina group was closely investigated using molecular methods (ITS sequences), morphology and chemistry, based on material from Europe, and to some extent also from North America and western Asia. This approach resulted in the description of three new species (C. sterilis, C. subalpina, C. thracopontica), and detected an unexpected richness of lineages. Nomenclature, taxonomy, morphology and ecology of C. aurantia and C. flavescens from the C. aurantia group were studied in detail, including selection of the neotype of the former species. Their distribution was reviewed for the territory of the Czech Republic. Poorly known taxon C. aurantiomurorum from Algeria was lectotypified and synonymized with C. aurantia. Apart from the two groups, C. phlogina and C. scythica, differing partly in thallus colour and distinctly in distribution, were examined using both molecular (ITS sequences) and phenotypic data and found to be conspecific.

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Books on the topic "Lichens – Morphology"

Round, F. E. The Diatoms: Biology & morphology of the genera. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press, 1990.

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T͡S︡enoticheskai͡a︡ i floristicheskai͡a︡ struktura listvennykh lesov evropeĭskogo Severa. Sankt-Peterburg: Nauka, 2001.

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Crawford, R. M., F. E. Round, and D. G. Mann. Diatoms: Biology and Morphology of the Genera. Cambridge University Press, 1990.

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Pittam, Sherry K. Pendent Usnea (Lichens; Ascomycetes; Parmeliaceae) in Western Oregon: Taxonomy; morphological characters; and geographical distribution. 1995.

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Book chapters on the topic "Lichens – Morphology"

Ott, S., and H. T. Lumbsch. "Morphology and Phylogeny of Ascomycete Lichens." In Fungal Associations, 189–210. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07334-6_11.

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Honegger, Rosmarie. "The Functional Morphology of Cell-to-Cell Interactions in Lichens." In Cell to Cell Signals in Plant, Animal and Microbial Symbiosis, 39–53. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73154-9_3.

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