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Journal articles on the topic 'Life without parole sentence'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Pettigrew, Mark. "Deterioration and the long term prisoner: a descriptive analysis of Myra Hindley." International Journal of Prisoner Health 12, no. 2 (2016): 115–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijph-10-2015-0036.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore supposed inevitable personal decline for long-term prisoners, particularly those serving a sentence of life without parole. Design/methodology/approach – Using the prison records of a life without parole sentenced prisoner. Findings – Findings suggest that prisoner deterioration is not inevitable in a whole life prison sentence. Research limitations/implications – Findings are based on one account, of a female prisoner. Practical implications – Distinct services and support are required for those with a natural life prison sentence. Originality

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2

Leigey, Margaret E., and Doris Schartmueller. "The Fiscal and Human Costs of Life Without Parole." Prison Journal 99, no. 2 (2019): 241–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032885519825496.

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In recent decades, the United States has increasingly relied on life-without-parole (LWOP) sentences. Due to its indeterminacy, such a sentence involves tremendous fiscal and human costs. This study first examines the use of LWOP in Louisiana, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts, which have high percentages of LWOP inmates in their prison populations. After a comparison of what type of convictions trigger LWOP, we discuss the impact the LWOP population has had on the states’ correctional systems. We then assess the human costs of LWOP by problematizing the indeterminacy of the sentence and compari

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3

Smith, Tobias, and Su Jiang. "Making sense of life without parole in China." Punishment & Society 21, no. 1 (2017): 70–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1462474517739848.

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In 2015, the People’s Republic of China introduced the sentence of lifelong imprisonment for a single, non-violent crime: corruption. Although life without the possibility of parole statutes were increasingly common in the US and across the world by the late 20th century, this is the first such statute ever introduced in China. While introducing the new punishment for corruption, China, the world’s leading executioner, retained the death penalty for corruption as well. This study examines the reasons for China’s adoption of life without the possibility of parole and situates China in global de

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4

Gilbert, Jeremiah J. "'The Same as a Death Sentence': Juvenile Life without Parole." Journal of Prisoners on Prisons 18, no. 1-2 (2009): 147–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.18192/jpp.v18i1-2.5340.

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5

Harris, Anjelica. "“We Can’t Just Throw Our Children Away”." Texas A&M Law Review 7, no. 3 (2020): 613–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/lr.v7.i3.4.

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In the words of Supreme Court Justice Elena Kagan, children are different. The issue of how to sentence juvenile offenders has long been controversial. Although psychology acknowledges the connection between incomplete juvenile brain development and increased criminality, the justice system lags behind in how it handles juvenile offenders. A prime example is the case of Bobby Bostic, who at the age of sixteen was charged with eighteen offenses and sentenced to 241 years in prison. This sentence, known as a term-of-years or virtual life sentence, essentially guarantees that no matter what Bobby

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6

Sorensen, Jonathan R., and Thomas J. Reidy. "Nothing to Lose? An Examination of Prison Misconduct Among Life-Without-Parole Inmates." Prison Journal 99, no. 1 (2018): 46–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032885518814719.

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Inmates serving life-without-parole (LWOP) have been described as having “nothing to lose” by virtue of their sentence, leading to an assumption that they are more prone to disciplinary violations. This study refutes such an argument and is consistent with research demonstrating that LWOP inmates do not pose a disproportional risk for disciplinary misconduct. Results from our study comparing LWOP with parole-eligible, life-sentenced (LWP) inmates revealed neither significant differences in the total violation count nor the time to commission of an act of disciplinary misconduct. Trajectories o

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7

D’Angelo, Jill. "Book Review: The forgotten men: Serving a life without parole sentence." Criminal Justice Review 41, no. 1 (2015): 128–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734016815604703.

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8

Hussemann, Jeanette, and Jonah Siegel. "Decision-Making and Holistic Public Defense Post-Montgomery v. Louisiana." Criminal Justice Policy Review 31, no. 6 (2019): 886–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0887403419871601.

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In 2012, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Miller v. Alabama that mandatory sentences of life without the possibility of parole (LWOP) for youth are unconstitutional. In 2016, the Court held in Montgomery v. Louisiana that the ruling in Miller should be applied retroactively. Drawing from qualitative interviews with justice actors, and individuals who were sentenced to LWOP as juveniles and paroled, this article examines the implementation of Miller-Montgomery in Michigan, the factors that influence decisions to release juvenile lifers, and their reentry process. In doing so, we focus specific a

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9

Milne, David. "Youth Advocates Fight to End Life-Without-Parole Sentences." Psychiatric News 41, no. 18 (2006): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/pn.41.18.0010.

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10

Daly, Rich. "Fewer Young Criminals May Face Life-Without-Parole Sentences." Psychiatric News 44, no. 20 (2009): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/pn.44.20.0016a.

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11

Villaume, Alfred C. "“Life Without Parole” and “Virtual Life Sentences”: Death Sentences by Any Other Name." Contemporary Justice Review 8, no. 3 (2005): 265–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10282580500132997.

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12

Leigey, Margaret E. "For the Longest Time: The Adjustment of Inmates to a Sentence of Life Without Parole." Prison Journal 90, no. 3 (2010): 247–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032885510373490.

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13

Stauring, Javier. "Healing the Broken." Boom 6, no. 2 (2016): 57–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/boom.2016.6.2.57.

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The United States is the only country in the world that sentences children to life in prison without the possibility of parole, but that horrifying practice is beginning to wane. Over the past five years, state and federal Supreme Courts have ruled that mandatory life sentences without parole for juveniles is unconstitutional, and California has enacted legislation that allows most of those sentenced to life as juveniles to petition for a new sentencing hearing. The hope generated by these efforts, giving a second chance to those who committed serious crimes at a young age, is transformational

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14

Lang, Connor. "The Intersection of Wrongful Convictions and Gender in Cases Where Women Were Sentenced to Death or Life in Prison Without Parole." Michigan Journal of Gender & Law, no. 27.2 (2021): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.36641/mjgl.27.2.intersection.

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This Note examines National Registry of Exonerations data and discusses the prevalence of false confessions and presence of a child victim in cases of women who were convicted of murder, received a serious sentence, and were later exonerated. After looking at the cases of women exonerated after receiving death sentences or life without parole sentences in light of the prevalence of these factors, this Note argues that examination of the cases reveals that the presence of a false confession or a child victim may have contributed to some of the wrongful convictions where these factors may have l

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15

Gleeson, John. "Debevoise’s Holloway Project and “Second Looks”." Federal Sentencing Reporter 33, no. 5 (2021): 319–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/fsr.2021.33.5.319.

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The president’s power to grant clemency is but one feature of a sentence-correction ecosystem. But the abolition of federal parole in the 1980s left the clemency power as the only way to correct lawfully imposed sentences for the simple reason that they are too damn long. This article is about another way to correct sentences for that simple reason, one that has been right there all along but was moribund for decades, and about a 2018 statute and a Debevoise & Plimpton pro bono project that breathed life into it. And it is a critical Article III complement to the Article II clemency power.

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16

Jaworska, Anetta. "Social Attitudes Toward Life Sentence in Relation to Minor and Juvenile Offenders - Replication of Edie Green's and Andrew Evelo's Studies (2013)." International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 43 (November 2014): 141–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.43.141.

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The article points out some of the differences between Polish and American juvenile penal policy. It shows the differences between Polish and American society in terms of attitudes towards the use of life sentences without the possibility of parole (LWOP) for juvenile offenders. Studies also show that in both (Polish and American) societies, the tendency to impose the harshest sentences reflects the perceived purpose of the penalty.

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17

Kolaković-Bojović, Milica. "LIFE IMPRISONMENT AND PAROLE IN SERBIA – (UN)INTENTIONALLY MISSED OPPORTUNITY." Journal of Criminology and Criminal Law 59, no. 1 (2021): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.47152/rkkp.59.1.2.

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Triggered by the cruel rape and murder of a 15-year-old girl in July 2014, the public campaign was launched in order to change penal policy for a sexual violence committed against children in Serbia. Widely supported by general public, but strongly disputed by legal experts and professionals, amendments to the Criminal Code have been adopted in May 2019 introducing the life sentence without parole for the most serious crimes committed against children. This influenced the decision of the author to further explore how this public policy action fits to the relevant international standards, but a

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18

Singer, Simon I. "Sentencing Juveniles to Life in Prison." Crime & Delinquency 57, no. 6 (2011): 969–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128710396426.

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In Roper v. Simmons, the U.S. Supreme Court determined that the sentencing of juveniles to death violated the constitutional amendment against cruel and unusual punishment. Similarly, the Court most recently decided that life without parole for nonhomicide offenses is also unconstitutional ( Graham v. Florida, 2010). Part of the reason for the Court’s decisions is the lack of consensus as to the appropriateness of punishing juveniles as if they were adults. To examine the extent to which there is consensus as to the capital penalties for capital crimes, this article examines a population of yo

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19

Gluck, Gerald. "QEEG Accepted in Death Penalty Trial in Florida v. Nelson." Biofeedback 39, no. 2 (2011): 74–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5298/1081-5937-39.2.04.

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Quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) was accepted for the first time in a Frye Hearing in the death penalty phase of a murder case in Florida. Issues of reliability, validity, and the basic science of QEEG were addressed in the case. Linkages of the defendant's conduct, QEEG results, other testing, and history demonstrated his state of impairment, resulting in a sentence of life without parole. Implications for the future of QEEG and a hierarchy of usage argues that its acceptance in life-and-death decisions makes insurance reimbursement denials for QEEG and neurofeedback, based on the s

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20

Steinberg, Laurence, and Elizabeth Scott. "Should Juvenile Offenders Ever Be Sentenced to Life without the Possibility of Parole?" Human Development 53, no. 2 (2010): 53–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000288207.

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21

López, Rachel E. "The Unusual Cruelty of Nursing Homes Behind Bars." Federal Sentencing Reporter 32, no. 5 (2020): 264–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/fsr.2020.32.5.264.

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The elderly prison population continues to rise along with higher rates of dementia behind bars. To maintain the detention of this elderly population, federal and state prisons are creating long-term care units, which in turn carry a heavy financial burden. Prisons are thus gearing up to become nursing homes, but without the proper trained staff and adequate financial support. The costs both to taxpayers and to human dignity are only now becoming clear. This article squarely addresses the second dimension of this carceral practice, that is the cost to human dignity. Namely, it sets out why ind

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22

Seeds, Christopher. "Life Sentences and Perpetual Confinement." Annual Review of Criminology 4, no. 1 (2021): 287–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-criminol-061020-022154.

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The past 40 years have been a time of great change in life sentencing, during which the use of life sentences has dramatically grown and the quality of life sentences has markedly hardened. The rise of life without parole in the United States is a particularly recognizable development, but life sentencing has increased worldwide, and the use of other forms of punishment that hold people in prison until death has also intensified. This article focuses on these transformations by examining several important areas in which thinking and scholarship on life sentencing have been altered and spurred

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23

Cunningham, Mark D., and Jon R. Sorensen. "Nothing to Lose? A Comparative Examination of Prison Misconduct Rates Among Life-Without-Parole and Other Long-Term High-Security Inmates." Criminal Justice and Behavior 33, no. 6 (2006): 683–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854806288273.

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The impact of life-without-parole (LWOP) sentencing for inmate misconduct has important implications for inmate classification, prison management, capital sentencing determinations, and public policy considerations. This study seeks to illuminate these issues by comparing the disciplinary behavior of 1,897 inmates sentenced to LWOP in the Florida Department of Corrections to that of 7,147 inmates serving sentences of 10 to 30 or more years. The sample is restricted to inmates admitted between January 1, 1998, and December 31, 2002, sentenced to a prison term of 10 years or longer, who remained

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24

SORENSEN, JON, ROBERT WRINKLE, and APRIL GUTIERREZ. "Patterns of Rule-Violating Behaviors and Adjustment to Incarceration among Murderers." Prison Journal 78, no. 3 (1998): 222–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032885598078003002.

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The importation and deprivation models were used to examine the patterns of rule violation among groups of seldom studied, long-term inmates who have no hope of being granted parole, murderers sentenced to life without parole or death. Age and race were found to be consistent predictors of prison rule violations, with younger Black inmates being most likely to commit assaultive violations and to be among a group of high-rate offenders. During the first 10 years of their incarceration, these lifers and death-sentenced inmates exhibited a stable pattern of rule violating congruent with previous

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25

Dubler, Nancy Neveloff. "The Collision of Confinement and Care: End-of-Life Care in Prisons and Jails." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 26, no. 2 (1998): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.1998.tb01670.x.

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In 1997, the United States incarcerated over 1.7 million persons in local jails and in state and federal prisons. These inmates are disproportionately poor and persons of color. Many lack adequate access to health care before incarceration and present to correctional services with major unaddressed medical problems.Convictions for drug possession and use have increased the number of injection drug users with HIV and AIDS in prisons. Determinate sentencing and “three strikes and you’re out” laws have increased the number of inmates who are aging and dying during their sentences. Their feelings

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26

Nellis, Ashley. "Throwing Away the Key: The Expansion of Life Without Parole Sentences in the United States." Federal Sentencing Reporter 23, no. 1 (2010): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/fsr.2010.23.1.27.

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27

Li, Lifeng. "Sentence of life without parole: Proposal for the revision of Chinese criminal law in the context of the elimination of death penalty." Frontiers of Law in China 5, no. 3 (2010): 424–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11463-010-0105-1.

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28

Schweitzer, Kimberly, and Narina Nuñez. "Victim Impact Statements: How Victim Social Class Affects Juror Decision Making." Violence and Victims 32, no. 3 (2017): 521–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-15-00187.

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Although the Supreme Court has ruled that victim impact statements (VIS) should be allowed at trial, the concern voiced in Payne v. Tennessee (1991) and Furman v. Georgia (1972) was that VIS might enable jurors to make comparative judgments about the worth of the victim. This study examined the effect VIS and low and middle socioeconomic status (SES) victims have on jurors’ decisions. Mock jurors listened to 1 of 3 audio recordings of the sentencing phase of a capital murder trial (no VIS, low SES VIS, or middle SES VIS) and were asked to sentence the defendant to either life in prison without

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29

Hadházi, Dávid. "A köztársasági elnöki kegyelem a büntetőjog szempontjából." Debreceni Jogi Műhely 12, no. 3-4 (2015): 102–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.24169/djm/2015/3-4/9.

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The individual pardon, exercised by the President of the Republic, has recently become the centre of attention in the media and among the lawyers in context of life imprisonment without parole eligibility. This prompts me to investigate the presidential pardon in this article. I am dealing with the origins and the standardization of pardon, then I move on to the conditions and criteria the Head of State can take into consideration when making the decision. Afterwards, I am presenting some statistics. The power of pardon is stipulated by the Fundamental Law of Hungary, and the speci

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Carmichael, Jason T. "The Forgotten Men: Serving a Life without Parole Sentence. By Margaret E. Leigey. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 2015. Pp. xvi+222. $90.00 (cloth); $28.95 (paper)." American Journal of Sociology 121, no. 6 (2016): 1964–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/685708.

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31

Sheleff, Leon. "The Death Penalty — Response." Israel Law Review 25, no. 3-4 (1991): 512–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021223700010591.

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One of the most disturbing aspects of examining the extensive capital punishment debate, with its clear indications of discriminatory practices, ambiguous judicial directives, undeniable miscarriages of justice, controversial statistical data, and inept, inconsistent and/or unjust implementation, is the constantly gnawing thought that if this is the situation vis-à-vis what is considered the most extreme penalty with its special super due process, then what is happening in the cases of lesser penalties. These latter cases of petty thieves sentenced to years of incarceration for relatively mino

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Cobb, Sara. "Stabilizing violence." Narrative Inquiry 20, no. 2 (2010): 296–324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ni.20.2.04cob.

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Narratives matter. They shape the social world in which they circulate, reflecting and refracting the cultural limits of what narratives can be told, in what setting, to whom. From this perspective, they structure how we make sense of ourselves, as members of a community, but they also structure how we understand right and wrong, good and evil. Nowhere is this more apparent than in capital murder trials in which the narratives that are constructed are literally life and death matters. The research on narrative processes in capital trials documents how the courtroom is a place for “story-battle

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33

Douglas, Delia. "Un/Covering White Lies: Exposing Racism in the Era of Racelessness." Journal of Critical Race Inquiry 7, no. 2 (2020): 22–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/jcri.v7i2.13536.

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This project examines a Canadian court case that involves the largest arson homicide in the history of Vancouver, British Columbia. In May 2006 a fire killed four members of a Congolese refugee family (Adela Etibako and three of her children, Benedicta, Edita, and Stephane) along with Ashley Singh, the South Asian girlfriend of the target and sole survivor of the fire, Bolingo Etibako. On October 5, 2008 the accused, Nathan Fry, a 20-year-old white male, was found guilty of five counts of first-degree murder and one count of attempted murder. Fry received an automatic life sentence without the

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34

Heide, Kathleen M. "Juvenile Homicide Offenders Look Back 35 Years Later: Reasons They Were Involved in Murder." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 11 (2020): 3932. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113932.

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Murders committed by juveniles have been a serious concern in the United States for more than 50 years. Decisions by the United States Supreme Court during the 21st century have reduced the likelihood that juvenile homicide offenders will be sentenced to life without parole (LWOP). As a result of these decisions, hundreds of prisoners who were sentenced as juveniles for murder to LWOP under mandatory sentencing statutes or its equivalent are now eligible for the reconsideration of their sentences. In light of these changes in sentencing policies and practices, follow-up research on juveniles c

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35

Griffin, D., and I. O'Donnell. "The Life Sentence and Parole." British Journal of Criminology 52, no. 3 (2012): 611–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azr097.

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Palasinski, Marek, and Neil Shortland. "Factors behind support for harsher punishments for common and uncommon offenders." Safer Communities 16, no. 2 (2017): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sc-12-2016-0022.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore individual factors predicting support for harsher punishments for relatively common and uncommon serious offenders. Design/methodology/approach In Study 1, 120 UK participants (60 males and 60 females; mean age =37.31 SD=16.74) completed a survey exploring the extent to which they supported harsher punishments (SHP) for first time and repeat fraud, sexual and violent offenders. In Study 2, 131 participants (70 Britons and 61 Singaporeans; 69 females and 62 males; mean age=31.57; SD=10.87) completed a similar survey exploring their support for lif

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Emmerson, Rod. "The New Zealand mosque massacre: 1. The heartache, turmoil and absolute dread of Port Arthur." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 25, no. 1&2 (2019): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v25i1and2.495.

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Commentary: The Port Arthur massacre of 28-29 April 1996 was a mass shooting in which 35 people were killed and 23 wounded in Port Arthur, Tasmania, Australia. The gunman pleaded guilty and was given 35 life sentences without possibility of parole. Fundamental gun control laws within Australia followed. The Christchurch mosque massacre of 15 March 2019 involved two inner city mosques in the South Island city when 50 people were killed (another victim died six weeks later taking the death toll to 51) were killed. The accused gunman, a white supremacist, has been charged with 51 murder and 40 at

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Delibašić, Veljko. "KAZNA DOŽIVOTNOG ZATVORA BEZ PRAVA NA USLOVNI OTPUST." Journal of Criminology and Criminal Law 59, no. 1 (2021): 131–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.47152/rkkp.59.1.4.

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The introductory part of the paper indicates dilemmas regarding life imprisonment punishment. Further it defines the concept of punishment and determines the purpose of punishment, stating the essential characteristics of life imprisonment punishment. The life imprisonment punishment for criminal offenses in which conditional release is not possible has been taken under special consideration, indicating the legislator’s omissions, and offering suggestion, so that the observed omissions could be corrected. The legal institute of conditional release, the European Convention for the Protection of

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PADFIELD, NICOLA M. "Parole and the Life Sentence Prisoner." Howard Journal of Criminal Justice 32, no. 2 (1993): 87–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2311.1993.tb00765.x.

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Jouet, Mugambi. "Juveniles Are Not So Different." Federal Sentencing Reporter 33, no. 4 (2021): 278–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/fsr.2021.33.4.278.

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The “juveniles are different” doctrine is gaining ground in the United States. It holds that children, unlike adults, should not receive merciless punishments like life without parole, given their immaturity, impulsivity, and limited brain development. The doctrine’s impact has been both significant and modest because it operates in an exceptionally repressive context considering the advent of mass incarceration. Unless construed more broadly, it may help rationalize draconian sentences for adults and cement the status quo. This Article offers a wider historical and comparative perspective. Ov

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Griffin, Diarmuid, and Deirdre Healy. "The pains of parole for life sentence prisoners in Ireland: Risk, rehabilitation and re-entry." European Journal of Probation 11, no. 3 (2019): 124–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2066220319891522.

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The number of people serving life sentences in Irish prisons has increased substantially in recent years, such that one in nine sentenced prisoners is now serving a life sentence. Critical attention on the release of life sentence prisoners in Ireland has tended to focus on the political and informal nature of parole decision-making. Yet little is known about the experiences of those navigating the release process. This article begins to address the gap by offering a critical reflection on the parole process, focusing on the potential ‘pains’ experienced by life sentence prisoners when seeking

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Johnson, Robert, and Sandra McGunigall-Smith. "Life Without Parole, America's Other Death Penalty." Prison Journal 88, no. 2 (2008): 328–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032885508319256.

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Whiteman, S. A., B. I. P. Barratt, and G. S. Ridley. "A life sentence or parole conditional release approval of biological control agents." New Zealand Plant Protection 59 (August 1, 2006): 281–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2006.59.4468.

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Changes made in 2003 to the Hazardous Substances and New Organisms (HSNO) Act 1996 introduced a new approval type called conditional release Previously the only option was for full release approval under which the organism was no longer subject to HSNO Act regulation Applicants seeking approval for conditional release of a biological control agent have expressed concern that a resulting approval may have onerous and costly controls required for risk mitigation In 2005 Microctonus aethiopoides a biological control agent of Sitona lepidus (clover root weevil) became the first organism to be gran

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Shabal, Vladimir. "Prospects of life prisoning as a kind of punishment." International penitentiary journal 2, no. 2 (2020): 90–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.33463/2712-7737.2020.02(1-3).2.090-097.

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The organization of a sentence execution of life imprisonment in the Republic of Belarus and life imprisonment in the Russian Federation are examined in the article. The legislation was analyzed, and the international experience of execution of these types of punishments was studied. The statistical data necessary for the analysis are provided. Proposals are made to improve the execution of a life sentence. Based on the research, the author comes to the conclusion that the sentence of life imprisonment has a large number of shortcomings that need to be solved. This makes it necessary to improv

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Dagan, Netanel, and Julian V. Roberts. "Retributivism, Penal Censure, and Life Imprisonment without Parole." Criminal Justice Ethics 38, no. 1 (2019): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0731129x.2019.1600289.

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46

Butler, Frank. "Extinguishing All Hope: Life-Without-Parole for Juveniles." Journal of Offender Rehabilitation 49, no. 4 (2010): 273–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10509671003716035.

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Gongola, Jennifer, Daniel A. Krauss, and Nicholas Scurich. "Life without parole for juvenile offenders: Public sentiments." Psychology, Public Policy, and Law 23, no. 1 (2017): 96–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/law0000111.

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Kennedy, Megan. "The End of Mandatory Juvenile Life Without Parole." Criminal Justice Policy Review 25, no. 5 (2013): 553–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0887403413478159.

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Appleton, C., and B. Grover. "The Pros and Cons of Life Without Parole." British Journal of Criminology 47, no. 4 (2006): 597–615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azm001.

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Paccione‐Dyszlewski, Margaret. "Sentencing juveniles to life without parole ignores science." Brown University Child and Adolescent Behavior Letter 37, no. 8 (2021): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cbl.30565.

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