Books: 'Lifestyle modification'

1

Lifestyle modification to control heart disease: Evidence and policy. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2010.

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2

Thew, Miranda. Lifestyle management in health and social care. Oxford: Blackwell Pub., 2008.

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3

Nancy, Kushner, Blatner Dawn Jackson, and American Dietetic Association, eds. Counseling overweight adults: The lifestyle patterns approach and toolkit. Chicago: American Dietetic Association, 2009.

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4

Westermeyer, Robert E. Lasting change: A new nonthreatening and practical approach to habit change and total lifestyle enhancement. New York: Kroshka Books, 1996.

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5

Lenz, Tom. Lifestyle modifications in pharmacotherapy. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2008.

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6

America, Wellness Council of, ed. The culprit and the cure: Why lifesyle is the culprit behind America's poor health and how transforming that lifestyle can be the cure. Mapleton, UT: Maple Mountain Press, 2005.

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7

Rand, Ya'acov. Signonot ḳiyum: Hebeṭim ʻiyuniyim, madaʻiyim ṿe-yiśumiyim. [Tel Aviv]: Mekhon Mofet, 2009.

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8

Penny, Callmeyer, ed. Beauty without the scalpel: Medical face and body modifications without surgery. San Diego, Calif: Villa of Youth Publications, 2012.

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9

United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies. Improving nutrition and health through lifestyle modifications: Hearing before a subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, United States Senate, One Hundred Eighth Congress, first session, special hearing, February 17, 2003, San Francisco, CA. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2004.

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10

Ellen, Wierenga Mary, ed. Lifestyle modification. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Co., 2002.

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11

Aditya, Dr Bhandari Sumer, Professor John PH Wilding, Dr Burhan Khan, and Dr Richard Leach. Lifestyle modification. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199565979.003.0003.

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12

Mary, Wierenga, ed. Lifestyle modification. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2002.

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13

1946-, Whelton Paul K., He Jiang Ph D, and Louis Gail T, eds. Lifestyle modification for the prevention and treatment of hypertension. New York: Marcel Dekker, 2003.

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14

S, Shepard Donald, ed. Lifestyle modification to control heart disease: Evidence and policy. Sudbury, Mass: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2010.

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15

Rapid Reference to Lifestyle & Behavior Change: Rapid Reference Series (Rapid Reference). Mosby, 2003.

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16

Miranda, Thew, ed. Lifestyle management in health and social care. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Pub., 2008.

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17

Thew, Miranda, and Jim McKenna. Lifestyle Management in Health and Social Care. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2009.

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18

Lifestyle management in health and social care. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Pub., 2008.

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19

The Culprit and the Cure: Why Lifestyle Is the Culprit Behind America's Poor Health and How Transforming That Lifestyle Can Be the Cure. Maple Mountain Press, 2005.

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20

The relationship between health locus of control and self-directed behavior change and the impact of a lifestyle management course. 1991.

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21

Chong, Ji Y., and Michael P. Lerario. Unidentified Bright Objects. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190495541.003.0008.

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There are many modifiable risk factors for stroke. Screening for risk factors in the primary care setting and instituting early lifestyle modification or medical treatment of risk factors will lower the risk of incident stroke.

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22

Lenz, Thomas L. Lifestyle Modifications in Pharmacotherapy. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007.

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23

Rosenfeld, Victor, and John Stern. Neurobiology of Migraine. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0048.

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Migraine is a common and intermittently disabling condition with a myriad of clinical presentations. A detailed understanding of the neurovascular pathology of migraine has translated into effective strategies for both prevention as well as acute treatment; however, knowledge of the varied presentations is necessary for accurate diagnosis and optimal use of treatment. Treatment may include both acute and preventative interventions and options that span lifestyle modification, nonprescriptive supplements, prescription medications, and other interventions.

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24

Pasinski, Marie. Memory Concerns in Middle Age. Edited by Angela O’Neal. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190609917.003.0034.

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This chapter on cognitive concerns in middle age reviews the modifiable risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease and recommends seven lifestyle changes to improve cognitive function and decrease the risk of Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of dementia. Memory concerns and word-finding difficulties in middle age are extremely common, typically benign, and can be improved by lifestyle modification. One-third of Alzheimer’s cases are estimated to be attributable to seven modifiable risk factors, including: diabetes, hypertension, obesity, smoking, depression, cognitive inactivity, and physical inactivity. In addition, sleep disorders are now a recognized risk factor for dementia. Rather than recommending simply performing a workup and reassuring patients that they are fine, this chapter provides guidelines to identify dementia risk factors and empower patients with the knowledge they need to maximize their brain health.

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25

Crous-Bou, Marta, Immaculata de Vivo, and Pagona Lagiou. Endometrial Cancer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190676827.003.0018.

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Lifestyle factors contribute appreciably to endometrial cancer risk, with obesity accounting for over one-third of incident cases in high-income societies. Unlike cervical cancer, which is a model of viral carcinogenesis, endometrial cancer is considered a model of hormonal carcinogenesis, as use of unopposed estrogens postmenopausally and obesity are the best-established risk factors. Endometrial cancer is also the only known malignancy for which cigarette smoking has been shown to confer protection. Risk reduction conferred by current smoking, past oral contraceptive use, childbearing, and physical activity is believed to be mediated by hormones. This may also apply to the increase in risk associated with obesity, which increases peripheral production of estrogens, and with diabetes mellitus. Hence, it should be possible to prevent a substantial fraction of endometrial cancers through lifestyle modification. Pathological classification of endometrial cancer is currently evolving and studies are revealing different molecular subtypes within the same histological groups.

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26

Dodds, Jodi, Aaron I. Loochtan, and Cheryl D. Bushnell. Ischemic Stroke Management in Pregnancy. Edited by Emma Ciafaloni, Cheryl Bushnell, and Loralei L. Thornburg. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190667351.003.0014.

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Ischemic stroke during pregnancy is relatively rare, but when it occurs, the risk is highest in the postpartum period. This is a condition that requires immediate recognition and evaluation for acute management to potentially prevent devastating neurological consequences. Determining an etiology while considering physiological changes during and after pregnancy is also important. Post-stroke care including implementing secondary stroke prevention via pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods is regular practice. Consideration of physical, occupational, and speech therapy strategies as well as lifestyle modification and evaluation and treatment of co-morbid psychiatric conditions is also paramount. Postpartum care and consideration of future pregnancies and hormonal changes that may occur is also important.

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27

Albaugh, Jeffrey A. Male Sexual Function and Dysfunction (DRAFT). Edited by Madeleine M. Castellanos. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190225889.003.0004.

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Sexual dysfunction is a common and frustrating problem in men that is often under reported and under treated. Sexual dysfunction issues identified by men may include hypoactive sexual desire disorder/lack of libido, premature ejaculation, delayed ejaculation, erectile dysfunction and/or Peyronie’s disease. This chapter covers information on how normal sexual function occurs and some of the etiologic factors leading to sexual dysfunction. Understanding each individual patient and their goals for sexual health can lead to identifying and addressing sexual issues effectively. Information is provided about some of the traditional medical treatment options typically used to treat men with common sexual problems. In addition, some lifestyle modification and psychological approaches to treating sexual dysfunction are discussed.

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28

Williams, Andrew D., Robert G. Fassett, Erin J. Howden, and Jeff S. Coombes. Effect of lifestyle modifications on patients with chronic kidney disease. Edited by David J. Goldsmith. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0105_update_001.

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While treatment with pharmacological agents is commonplace, lifestyle management in delaying chronic kidney disease progression should also be provided. These include dietary and exercise interventions, and bariatric surgery for obesity – though this last may have effects in both directions. This chapter describes the effects of lifestyle on chronic kidney disease progression and the research evidence for the use of lifestyle interventions.

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29

Afrand, Mohammadhosain, Mohammad Afkhami-Ardekani, Ahmad Shojaoddiny-Ardekani, and Azita Ariaeinejad. Metabolic Syndrome and Ethnic Groups Second edition. Knowledge Kingdom Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26415/978-9931-9446-4-5.

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Metabolic syndrome is defined as the co-occurrence of metabolic risk factors for both type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (i.e. abdominal obesity, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and hypertension). Indeed, metabolic syndrome is an important risk factor for subsequent development of type 2 diabetes and/or CVD. Thus, the key clinical implication of a diagnosis of metabolic syndrome is the identification of a patient who needs aggressive lifestyle modification focused on weight reduction and increased physical activity. Multiple different phenotypes and ethnic-specific values for waist circumference are included within metabolic syndrome, with indications for differing treatment strategies. This book covers several aspects of metabolic syndrome, including its definition, diagnostic criteria, preventive measures, and treatment, as well as the possible association between ethnicity and the occurrence of metabolic syndrome.

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30

Meditation as health promotion: a lifestyle modification approach: Proceedings of the 6th Conference, July 20th and 21st, 2000, organized by the Transnational Network for the Study of Physical, Psychological & Spiritual Wellbeing [...], Noordwijkerhout, The Netherlands. Delft: Eburon, 2000.

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31

Sahota, Pradeep, and Niranjan N. Singh. Sleep in other neurological disorders—headache. Edited by Sudhansu Chokroverty, Luigi Ferini-Strambi, and Christopher Kennard. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682003.003.0031.

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Headache and sleep disorder are among the most commonly reported problems in clinical practice and often coexist in the same patient. The two are related in several ways, though the relationship is very complex and is still not very well understood. The brainstem and hypothalamic nuclei are hypothesized to regulate both sleep and headache. Differential diagnosis of headache during sleep includes cluster headache, hypnic headache, migraine, sleep apnea headache, exploding head syndrome, tension-type headache, and paroxysmal hemicrania. Management of these headaches depends upon the diagnosis as a primary headache like migraine and cluster headaches versus secondary headaches during sleep seen in the patient with brain tumors, stroke, or meningitis. Management of primary headaches can be divided into nonpharmacological approaches, which predominantly include lifestyle modification, diet and exercise, avoidance of triggers, and sleep hygiene, and pharmacological approaches, including preventive and abortive treatments.

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32

Paykel, Jacquelyn M. Integrative Treatment of Female Sexual Dysfunction (DRAFT). Edited by Madeleine M. Castellanos. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190225889.003.0003.

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Sexual satisfaction in women is associated with general well-being. Meanwhile, female sexual dysfunction (FSD) is strongly associated with feelings of physical and emotional dissatisfaction, decreased happiness, reduced quality of life, and impaired interpersonal relationships. While each woman has her own definition of “normal sexual function,” research demonstrates that approximately 40% of US women have experienced sexual difficulties at least once in their life, the most distressing of which across all age groups is decreased sexual desire. The author reviews the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (fifth edition) classification of FSD, differing models of female sexual response, the multifactorial potential of the pathophysiology of FSD, and the standard clinical evaluation of a woman who presents with sexual dysfunction. Treatment modalities are reviewed for various forms of FSD including education, lifestyle modification, psychological therapies, supplements, botanicals, mind-body medicine, manual medicine, conventional medications (hormonal and nonhormonal), and surgical interventions.

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33

Wintering, Nancy, and Andrew B. Newberg. Integrative Approaches to Depression. Edited by Anthony J. Bazzan and Daniel A. Monti. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190690557.003.0018.

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This chapter reviews the potential uses of integrative psychiatry and complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) approaches for the management of patients with mood disorders. Mood disorders are among the most prevalent mental health issues affecting people today. A variety of pharmacological and psychological interventions are available currently for patients with mood disorders, however, many seek CAM for treatment. CAM interventions can include vitamins and supplements, herbal and botanical remedies, meditation and spiritual practices, acupuncture, and dietary and healthy living lifestyle modification. There is increased public interest in the use of integrative therapies in mood disorders. An increasing number of randomized clinical trials have been conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of integrative interventions both as monotherapy and as adjunct therapeutic approaches to treat mood disorders. This chapter presents an overview of research regarding integrative treatment approaches for mood and affective disorders to provide clinical direction regarding the use of such interventions.

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34

Hobbs, Richard. Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199544769.003.0002.

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• Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of death and disability in the world• The evidence base for the causes of CHD and for the interventions which reduce CHD risk is huge• Since CHD is multi-factorial, risk factors tend to co-exist in many patients, and are multiplicative in their influence on overall risk, making identifying people at highest risk clinically difficult• CHD risk scores have been developed, based on observed CHD rates amongst well-phenotyped patient cohorts followed up over years. These express absolute risk over a defined period and are the most practical method for determining which people have the most to gain from treatment interventions• Evidence-based interventions include smoking cessation, lifestyle modification in terms of diet and exercise, anti-hypertensives for elevated blood pressure, and ‘statins’ for hyperlipidaemia• Clinical guidelines for CHD prevention provide recommendations on specific targets for blood pressure and lipid-lowering therapy.

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35

Elliott, Perry, and Alexandros Protonotarios. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: management of symptoms and prevention of sudden cardiac death. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0361.

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Patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) have arrhythmia-related symptoms or are identified during screening of an affected family. Heart failure symptoms occur late in the disease’s natural history. As strenuous exercise has been associated with disease acceleration and worsening of ventricular arrhythmias, lifestyle modification with restricted athletic activities is recommended upon disease diagnosis or even identification of mutation carrier status. An episode of an haemodynamically unstable, sustained ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation as well as severe systolic ventricular dysfunction constitute definitive indications for implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) implantation, which should also be considered following tolerated sustained or non-sustained ventricular tachycardia episodes, syncope, or in the presence of moderate ventricular dysfunction. Antiarrhythmic medications are used as an adjunct to device therapy. Catheter ablation is recommended for incessant ventricular tachycardia or frequent appropriate ICD interventions despite maximal pharmacological therapy. Amiodarone alone or in combination with beta blockers is most effective for symptomatic ventricular arrhythmias. Beta blockers are considered for use in all patients with a definite diagnosis but evidence for their prognostic benefit is sparse. Heart failure symptoms are managed using standard protocols and heart transplantation is considered for severe ventricular dysfunction or much less commonly uncontrollable ventricular arrhythmias.

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36

Healthy Living for Your Blood Type: Lifestyle Modifications for Healthy Living Based on Blood Types and Human Evolution. HealthyLiving Publication, 1999.

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37

Lipman, Meegan, Jacqueline Calderone, Joel Yager, and Maryann Waugh. Wellness. Edited by Robert E. Feinstein, Joseph V. Connelly, and Marilyn S. Feinstein. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190276201.003.0022.

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Lifestyle behaviors that contribute to wellness, specifically those involving physical exercise, healthy nutrition and weight management, healthy sleep patterns, and stress reduction, are of significant concern to clinicians and patients. Attending to these areas is critical, not only to prevent illness but also to reduce the deleterious impacts of existing chronic diseases on morbidity and mortality. Integrated primary care practices can readily establish and employ protocols for systematically addressing these important areas of overall physical and emotional functioning. This chapter discusses ways that primary care practices and team members can emphasize wellness in their integrated care services. The discussion covers assessing patients’ lifestyle choices, providing advice for improving health behaviors, developing agreed-upon interventions, assisting patients with related health behavior modifications and alterations, and arranging for improved patient access to and engagement with resources and programs that promote overall wellness.

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38

Khouri, George, Shelly Ozark, and Bruce Ovbiagele. Common Risk factors for Stroke and Medical Prevention Therapies. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0103.

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Stroke from thrombosis or emboli in cerebral vessels or hemorrhage is one of the most commonly encountered and most devastating neurological diseases. Rapid loss of function occurs due to an interruption of blood supply to the brain, leading to tissue ischemia and cell death. The risk of both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke doubles for each successive decade after age 55, which is likely independent of other risk factors such as diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. Lifestyle modifications, antiplatelet therapy and control of hyperlipidemia and hypertension are the mainstays of prevention.

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39

US GOVERNMENT. Improving Nutrition and Health Through Lifestyle Modifications: Hearing Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, United States Senate. Government Printing Office, 2004.

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40

Riccardi, Gabriele, and Maria Masulli. Overweight, obesity, and abdominal adiposity. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656653.003.0013.

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Obesity is a serious chronic disease of epidemic and global proportions. The incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is increased in obese people. Since overweight and obesity are associated with decreased lifespan, weight loss might be expected to improve long-term survival and to have beneficial effects on CVD risk. The therapeutic approaches for obesity are lifestyle changes, drugs, and bariatric surgery. Lifestyle modifications include modest weight loss and moderate-intensity physical activity. A low-fat (low saturated fat), low-sugar diet rich in fruit and vegetables, as well as legumes and whole grains, should be advised for its beneficial impact on weight and cardiovascular risk. Bariatric surgery represents an effective treatment in cases of severe obesity. Prevention of overweight and obesity at the population level will probably play a major role in combating the present obesity epidemic. Combining different intervention strategies is probably the best choice for maximizing the effects and minimizing the costs.

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41

Mullin, Gerard E., Marvin Singh, Alyssa Parian, and Andrew T. Weil, eds. Integrative Gastroenterology. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190933043.001.0001.

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Digestive diseases encompass numerous acute and chronic conditions of the gastrointestinal tract, ranging from common digestive disorders to serious, life-threatening diseases. Over 60 million Americans are afflicted with known digestive diseases with the association of many other adverse health conditions and disability. The annual economic impact on the US economy is more than $141 billion. The Western diet and lifestyle contribute to this high prevalence of digestive disease in America and worldwide. The most common digestive conditions in the United States, Canada, and Europe were uncommon in Asia and Africa until recently with the expansion of fast-food franchises and heightened availability of processed foods worldwide. Digestive diseases have a complex underlying pathogenesis that involves a number of influences, including environmental factors, genetics, inflammation, and the gut microbiome. The risk of developing digestive disease is adjustable by making key dietary and lifestyle modifications. Adopting a personalized approach to digestive illness can achieve improved patient satisfaction and quality of life for patients.

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42

Hwang, Young-Hwan, and York Pei. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease management. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0309_update_001.

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Management of patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) currently comprises non-specific measures including promotion of healthy lifestyle, optimization of blood pressure control, and modification of cardiovascular risk factors. A high water intake of 3–4 L per day in patients with glomerular filtration rate greater than 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 may decrease the risk of kidney stones, but its potential benefit in reducing renal cyst growth is presently unproven. Maintenance of a target blood pressure of 130/80 mmHg is recommended by expert clinical guidelines though this is unlikely to slow cyst growth. It is unclear whether pharmacological blockade of the renin–angiotensin axis confers an extrarenal protective effect. Recognition of the variable clinical presentations of cyst infection, cyst haemorrhage, or nephrolithiasis is important for early diagnosis and optimal management of these complications. Most patients with ADPKD do well on dialysis and after transplantation. Nephrectomy may be needed to make space for a donor kidney, or if kidney size or infection is an issue after end-stage renal failure is reached. Recent advances in ADPKD have led to the identification of multiple potential therapeutic targets with more than 10 clinical trials completed or currently in progress. Given the promising results of the TEMPO trial, tolvaptan may well be the first disease-modifying drug to be approved for clinical use. Several other classes of drugs (e.g. somatostatin analogues, triptolide, metformin, and glucosylceramide synthase inhibitors) with good long-term safety profiles are promising candidates which may be repurposed for this disease. In the future, identifying patients with different risks of renal disease progression by their genotype and/or kidney volume will likely assume an important role for the clinical management of ADPKD.

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43

Fogelman, Patricia Maani, and Janine A. Gerringer. Withdrawal of Cardiology Technology. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190204709.003.0011.

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The care of the cardiac patient requires exquisite assessment including history, physical examinations, and diagnostic data in order to make differential diagnoses and formulate individualized treatment plans. Interventions include education about lifestyle modifications, the introduction and titration of cardiac medications, and referral for more advanced treatments such as vasoactive or inotropic medications, cardiovascular implantable electronic devices, and ventricular assist devices. Often, patients decide to discontinue these therapies. Standardized protocols for withdrawal of life-sustaining respiratory therapies provide structured guidance, reduce variation in practice, and improve satisfaction of families and healthcare providers. This chapter reviews such therapies and the process for cessation while simultaneously attending to symptom management.

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44

Muñoz, George E., and Isabella Leoni Garcia. Functional Medicine Approach to Addiction. Edited by Shahla J. Modir and George E. Muñoz. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190275334.003.0018.

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The functional medicine protocol complements and enhances the traditional approach to recovery. Seen from a functional medicine perspective, the path to substance/and or food addiction recovery involves a multimodal approach. It shifts the focus from the imbalances in the brain and neurotransmitters to treat the whole person. It does so by considering the metabolic, hormonal, psychologic, immunologic, and neurologic functions that have been disturbed by addiction and that further perpetuate the inflammatory state of active addiction and during recovery phases. The gut-brain axis is reviewed from all aspects. Specific microbiome interventions, micronutrient, and vitamin deficiency support is reviewed. These interventions can be addressed through lifestyle modifications (including stress-reduction techniques), nutrition, supplementation, and in-depth case protocols, which will be further reviewed in the chapter.

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45

Espinosa, Geovanni, and Ralph Esposito. Midlife and Beyond (DRAFT). Edited by Madeleine M. Castellanos. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190225889.003.0005.

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Androgen deficiency, low testosterone, or, its newest name, andropause, is becoming a common issue among men, with estimates suggesting 6% to 12% of men experiencing this syndrome. Aside from low androgen levels, men may present with significant symptoms including sexual dysfunction, low libido, infertility, muscle loss, and overall malaise. The causes of andropause are multifactorial, ranging from physiological dysfunction to lifestyle, nutritional, environmental, and emotional influences. Given that the conventional treatment for andropause is exogenous testosterone replacement, the underlying causes may not fully be addressed. This chapter exposes the underlying causes of andropause, identifying not only the biochemical and biophysiological aspects but also the various insufficiencies and functional imbalances that may contribute. Further, precise therapeutic botanicals, nutrients, exercise, and dietary modifications are discussed specific to improving male hormone status and its effect on sexual health.

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46

Schimpfössl, Elisabeth. Becoming Bourgeois. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190677763.003.0003.

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Social distinction forms part of the package of how to be rich, together with the gravitas of family history, merit-based achievements, exclusivity in lifestyles and possessions, art philanthropy, and care for the less fortunate. This chapter highlights how Russia’s new bourgeoisie have learned not to show off their money but to embrace more cautious tastes, which are a mark of discerning, bourgeois distinction. It begins with a review of the recent trend toward “new modesty” on the evidence of sartorial signs and female companions. It then moves on to the modification of attitudes toward vehicles and modes of transport, using the example of the Moscow Metro, and the role of the intelligentsia in creating narratives of distinction. Overall, the chapter argues that Pierre Bourdieu’s concept of social distinction works for contemporary Russia.

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47

Fagard, Robert, Giuseppe Mancia, and Renata Cifkova. Blood pressure. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656653.003.0014.

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Prevention of hypertension can help prevent cardiovascular disease and renal complications. Obesity, a high sodium and low potassium intake, physical inactivity, and high alcohol consumption all contribute to the development of hypertension, and randomized controlled trials have shown that appropriate lifestyle modifications are able to reduce blood pressure and/or prevent the development of hypertension. The major complications of hypertension are stroke, coronary heart disease, heart failure, peripheral artery disease, and chronic kidney disease. Multiple randomized controlled trials and their meta-analyses have shown that treatment with antihypertensive drugs reduces the incidence of fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events. In addition, meta-analyses have shown that there are no clinically relevant differences in the effects of the five major drug classes on outcome, so all of them are considered suitable for the initiation and maintenance of antihypertensive therapy. Nevertheless, the therapeutic approach in the elderly, women, and patients with diabetes, cerebrovascular, cardiac, or renal disease deserves special attention.

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48

Meditation as health promotion: A lifestile modification approach : proceedings of the 6th conference, July 20th and 21st, 2000, held in the Golden Tulip Conference Hotel, Noordwijkerhout, The Netherlands. Delft: Eburon, 2000.

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49

Perez-Ruiz, Fernando, Irati Urionagüena, and Sandra P. Chinchilla. Long-term management of gout. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199668847.003.0046.

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Long-term management of gout comprises several aspects. Although in the short term, prophylaxis and treatment of acute episodes of inflammation are of great importance, the milestone for the long-term management of gout is targeted, sustained, and long-term control of hyperuricaemia. Treating to target subsaturating serum urate (SUA) levels, which may be initially dependent on the severity of the disease in the individual patient, is associated with a progressive reduction to no episodes of acute inflammation, regression and disappearance of subcutaneous and articular monosodium urate deposits and associated chronic inflammation, and improvement in patient-reported, health-related quality of life. Early and effective urate-lowering treatment to target levels will also prevent the development of structural damage. Urate-lowering treatment includes any measure intending to reduce SUA levels to target: lifestyle changes, modifications of concomitant medications favouring hyperuricaemia, and urate-lowering medications (ULMs). Availability of ULMs is variable worldwide, and prescription should be judicious, according to approved labels, and always considering associated health conditions and concomitant medications. Effectiveness and safety should be periodically monitored. Long-term treatment of gout still remains suboptimal in the twenty-first century. As practising clinicians, we cannot afford to neglect a ‘curable disease’.

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Bafadhel, Mona. Prevention of respiratory disease. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0344.

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The prevention of disease at a population health level rather than an individual health level is aimed at reducing causes of ‘preventable’ death and, under the auspices of public health and epidemiology, is an integral part of primary, secondary, and tertiary care. Classification of death is usually according to the type of primary disease or injury. However, there are a number of recognized risk factors for death, and modifications in behaviour or risk factors can substantially reduce preventable causes of death and the associated healthcare and economic burden of chronic disease management. According to the WHO, hundreds of millions of people from infancy to old age suffer from preventable chronic respiratory diseases, there are over four million deaths annually from preventable respiratory diseases, and common respiratory disorders (e.g. lower respiratory tract infections, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, and tuberculosis) account for approximately 20% of all deaths worldwide. This chapter discusses the prevention of respiratory disease, covering diseases associated with smoking (one of the biggest risk factors associated with preventable deaths), air pollution, and other lifestyle factors associated with respiratory disease; changes in legislation concerning smoking and work-related respiratory disease; and, finally, the prevention of respiratory diseases through the use of immunization and screening tools.

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Books on the topic 'Lifestyle modification'

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