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Journal articles on the topic 'Lifetime cancer risk'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Pathirana, Thanya, Andrew Hayen, Jenny Doust, Paul Glasziou, and Katy Bell. "Lifetime risk of prostate cancer overdiagnosis in Australia: quantifying the risk of overdiagnosis associated with prostate cancer screening in Australia using a novel lifetime risk approach." BMJ Open 9, no. 3 (2019): e022457. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022457.

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ObjectivesTo quantify the risk of overdiagnosis associated with prostate cancer screening in Australia using a novel lifetime risk approach.DesignModelling and validation of the lifetime risk method using publicly available population data.SettingOpportunistic screening for prostate cancer in the Australian population.ParticipantsAustralian male population (1982–2012).InterventionsProstate-specific antigen testing for prostate cancer screening.Primary and secondary outcome measuresPrimary: lifetime risk of overdiagnosis in 2012 (excess lifetime cancer risk adjusted for changing competing morta

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2

Prakash, Sreya, Karthiga Vijayakumar, and Kavita Vasudevan. "Unravelling Breast Cancer Risks and Early Detection Barriers in Above 30-Year-Old Women in Puducherry, India." National Journal of Community Medicine 16, no. 04 (2025): 395–99. https://doi.org/10.55489/njcm.160420254847.

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Background: Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among women all over the world and one of the most treatable cancers if detected early. The objective was to find out the lifetime risk of developing breast cancer and various factors associated with its development, and to identify various barriers to early detection of breast cancer among women in Puducherry. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 women who attended the outpatient department in the selected urban primary health centre. A proforma recorded information on sociodemographic characteristics, risk

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3

Gramling, C. "Lifetime risk of cancer goes up." Science 347, no. 6223 (2015): 733. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.347.6223.733-h.

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Lee, PeterN, and P. R. J. Burch. "LIFETIME PASSIVE SMOKING AND CANCER RISK." Lancet 325, no. 8443 (1985): 1444. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(85)91867-7.

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Burch, PhilipR J., Ian Higgins, D. P. Sandler, A. J. Wilcox, and R. B. Everson. "LIFETIME PASSIVE SMOKING AND CANCER RISK." Lancet 325, no. 8433 (1985): 866–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(85)92224-x.

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6

Wang, Shuting, Yanlai Ji, Mingxue Ren, Jun Li, and Zuyao Yang. "Estimating the Proportion of Overdiagnosis among Prostate, Breast, and Thyroid Cancers in China: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2019." Current Oncology 31, no. 9 (2024): 5643–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31090418.

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The incidence of prostate, breast, and thyroid cancers has increased in China over the past few decades. Whether and how much these increases can be attributed to overdiagnosis are less understood. This study aimed to estimate the proportion of overdiagnosis among these three cancers in China during 2004–2019. The age-specific cancer incidence, cancer mortality, and all-cause mortality in China were extracted from the Global Burden of Diseases 2019. The lifetime risk of developing and that of dying from each cancer were calculated using the life table method. The proportion of overdiagnosis of

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7

El-Halim, E. S. Abd, Nadia Walley El-Dine, Samia M. El-Bahi, Ibrahim E. El-Aassy, Enass M. El-Sheikh, and Asma Mohammed Al-Abrdi. "Excessive lifetime cancer risk and natural radioactivity measurements of granite and sedimentary rock samples." Nuclear Physics and Atomic Energy 18, no. 4 (2017): 371–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/jnpae2017.04.371.

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8

Hanoch, Yaniv, Talya Miron-Shatz, and Mary Himmelstein. "Genetic testing and risk interpretation: How do women understand lifetime risk results?" Judgment and Decision Making 5, no. 2 (2010): 116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1930297500000978.

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AbstractGenetic screening for BRCA1 and BRCA2 gives women the opportunity for early detection, surveillance, and intervention. One key feature of genetic testing and counseling is the provision of personal lifetime risk. However, little attention has been paid to how women interpret lifetime risk information, despite the fact that they base screening, treatment and family planning decisions on such information. To study this vital issue, we set out to test the ability of women to choose the most appropriate interpretation of National Cancer Institute’s (NCI) message about lifetime risk of deve

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9

Feuer, E. J., L. M. Wun, C. C. Boring, W. D. Flanders, M. J. Timmel, and T. Tong. "The Lifetime Risk of Developing Breast Cancer." JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 85, no. 11 (1993): 892–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/85.11.892.

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10

Farvid, Maryam S., Eunyoung Cho, A. Heather Eliassen, Wendy Y. Chen, and Walter C. Willett. "Lifetime grain consumption and breast cancer risk." Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 159, no. 2 (2016): 335–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10549-016-3910-0.

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11

TERRY, M., F. ZHANG, G. KABAT, et al. "Lifetime Alcohol Intake and Breast Cancer Risk." Annals of Epidemiology 16, no. 3 (2006): 230–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2005.06.048.

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12

Pierotti, Barbara, Andrea Altieri, Renato Talamini, et al. "Lifetime physical activity and prostate cancer risk." International Journal of Cancer 114, no. 4 (2005): 639–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.20783.

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13

Richiardi, Lorenzo, Loredana Vizzini, Guido Pastore, et al. "Lifetime growth and risk of testicular cancer." International Journal of Cancer 135, no. 3 (2014): 695–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.28688.

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14

Manchanda, Ranjit, and Usha Menon. "Setting the Threshold for Surgical Prevention in Women at Increased Risk of Ovarian Cancer." International Journal of Gynecologic Cancer 28, no. 1 (2018): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/igc.0000000000001147.

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AbstractThe number of ovarian cancer cases is predicted to rise by 14% in Europe and 55% worldwide over the next 2 decades. The current absence of a screening program, rising drug/treatment costs, and only marginal improvements in survival seen over the past 30 years suggest the need for maximizing primary surgical prevention to reduce the burden of ovarian cancer. Primary surgical prevention through risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy (RRSO) is well established as the most effective method for preventing ovarian cancer. In the UK, it has traditionally been offered to high-risk women (>10%

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15

Gawron, Andrew, Lifang Hou, Hongyan Ning, Jarett D. Berry, and Donald M. Lloyd-Jones. "Lifetime risk for cancer death by sex and smoking status: the lifetime risk pooling project." Cancer Causes & Control 23, no. 10 (2012): 1729–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10552-012-9959-0.

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16

Fuerst, Mark L. "Genetic Risk Score Identifies Lifetime Risks of Metastatic Prostate Cancer." Oncology Times 44, no. 7 (2022): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.cot.0000829132.09495.ed.

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17

Orrason, Andri Wilberg, Marcus Westerberg, Peter Albertsen, et al. "Diagnostic activity impacts lifetime risk of prostate cancer diagnosis more strongly than life expectancy." PLOS ONE 17, no. 11 (2022): e0277784. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277784.

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The main aim of the study was to determine the impact of diagnostic activity and life expectancy on the lifetime risk of a prostate cancer diagnosis. We used a state transition simulation model based on Swedish population-based data to simulate life trajectories for 2,000,000 men from age 40 to 100 in order to estimate the lifetime risk of a prostate cancer diagnosis. Risk estimates were determined by the level of diagnostic activity and estimated life expectancy. Higher exposure to diagnostic activity resulted in more prostate cancer diagnoses. This was especially true for men diagnosed with

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18

Василенко, E. Vasilenko, Ефимов, et al. "Lifetime Risk of Lung Cancer Death for Inhalation 239Pu." Medical Radiology and radiation safety 62, no. 1 (2017): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/25046.

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Aim of the study: Assessment of reliability of radiation safety standards after inhalation intake of Pu-239. Material and methods: Using results of epidemiological study of lung cancer mortality in Mayak workers cohort and statistical data on all causes and lung cancer mortality in Russia the excess lifetime risk of lung cancer death was calculated. Results: Current radiation safety standards restrict annual intake of Pu-239 class “S” at 1300 Bq/year level. The annual limit of intake is calculated in a way that the level of committed effective dose in 50 years after intake should not exceed 20

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19

Mehta, Jaya, Kathy L. MacLaughlin, Denise M. Millstine, et al. "A Comparison of Perceived Lifetime Breast Cancer Risk to Calculated Lifetime Risk Using the Gail Risk Assessment Tool." Journal of Women's Health 31, no. 3 (2022): 356–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2019.8231.

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20

Yadav, Siddhartha, Sandhya Pruthi, Christine Klassen, et al. "Clinical impact of integrating polygenic risk scores with breast cancer risk assessment models: Results from the prospective multisite GENRE-2 clinical trial." Journal of Clinical Oncology 43, no. 16_suppl (2025): 10544. https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2025.43.16_suppl.10544.

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10544 Background: Incorporation of Polygenic Risk Scores (PRS) can refine traditional breast cancer risk assessment models to provide precise estimates of breast cancer risk. However, the impact of such an integrated model on clinical decision-making related to breast cancer surveillance and preventive strategies is not fully understood. Methods: The GENRE-2 is a prospective single-arm multisite clinical trial (NCT04474834) incorporating PRS into standard breast cancer risk assessment models to determine the impact of PRS on clinical decisions on breast cancer prevention and surveillance. Wome

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21

Otansev, Pelin, and Nesli Bingöldağ. "INDOOR RADON CONCENTRATION AND EXCESS LIFETIME CANCER RISK." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 198, no. 1-2 (2022): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncab191.

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Abstract In this study, the indoor radon ( 222Rn) levels in summer and winter seasons were measured by using a total of 537 CR-39 detectors. The arithmetic mean values (ranges) of radon activity concentrations (RACs) in summer and winter seasons were found to be 71 Bq m −3 (27–313 Bq m−3) and 241 (89–1047 Bq m−3), respectively. In 20 houses, the RAC was higher than 400-Bq m−3 critical value declared by the Turkish Atomic Energy Authority (TAEK). The mean radon concentrations in summer and winter seasons were below the critical value declared by TAEK. According to normality test, the radon dist

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22

Lee, I.-M., N. R. Cook, K. M. Rexrode, and J. E. Buring. "Lifetime physical activity and risk of breast cancer." British Journal of Cancer 85, no. 7 (2001): 962–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1054/bjoc.2001.2003.

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23

John, Esther M., Jocelyn Koo, and Pamela L. Horn-Ross. "Lifetime Physical Activity and Risk of Endometrial Cancer." Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention 19, no. 5 (2010): 1276–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.epi-09-1316.

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24

Sprague, B. L., A. Trentham-Dietz, K. M. Egan, J. M. Hampton, L. Titus-Ernstoff, and P. A. Newcomb. "Lifetime Recreational Physical activity and Breast Cancer Risk." American Journal of Epidemiology 163, suppl_11 (2006): S95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/163.suppl_11.s95-c.

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25

Lee, I.-M., N. R. Cook, K. M. Rexrode, and J. E. Buring. "LIFETIME PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND RISK OF BREAST CANCER." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 33, no. 5 (2001): S292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200105001-01647.

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26

Freudenheim, Jo L., James R. Marshall, Saxon Graham, et al. "Lifetime alcohol consumption and risk of breast cancer." Nutrition and Cancer 23, no. 1 (1995): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01635589509514356.

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27

Shephard, R. J. "Lifetime Physical Activity and Risk of Endometrial Cancer." Yearbook of Sports Medicine 2011 (January 2011): 284–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0162-0908(10)79748-8.

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28

JANCIN, BRUCE. "Lifetime Cancer Risk High in Postmenopausal BRCA Carriers." Internal Medicine News 41, no. 7 (2008): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1097-8690(08)70396-2.

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29

Rautalahti, M., D. Albanes, J. Virtamo, J. Palmgren, J. Haukka, and O. P. Heinonen. "Lifetime menstrual activity ? Indicator of breast cancer risk." European Journal of Epidemiology 9, no. 1 (1993): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00463085.

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30

Le Marchand, Loic, Laurence N. Kolonel, and Carl N. Yoshizawa. "Lifetime Occupational Physical Activity and Prostate Cancer Risk." American Journal of Epidemiology 133, no. 2 (1991): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115849.

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31

Coughlin, Steven S. "RE: “LIFETIME OCCUPATIONAL PHYSICAL ACTIVITYAND PROSTATE CANCER RISK”." American Journal of Epidemiology 134, no. 6 (1991): 672. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116139.

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32

Ziebarth, Nicolas R. "Biased Lung Cancer Risk Perceptions: Smokers are Misinformed." Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik 238, no. 5 (2018): 395–421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbnst-2018-0017.

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Abstract This paper empirically investigates biased beliefs about the risks of smoking. First, it confirms the established tendency of people to overestimate the lifetime risk of a smoker to contract lung cancer. In this paper’s survey, almost half of all respondents overestimate this risk. However, 80% underestimate lung cancer deadliness. In reality, less than one in five patients survive five years after a lung cancer diagnosis. Due to the broad underestimation of the lung cancer deadliness, the lifetime risk of a smoker to die of lung cancer is underestimated by almost half of all responde

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33

Gallagher, Ailish, Jo Waller, Ranjit Manchanda, Ian Jacobs, and Saskia Sanderson. "Women’s Intentions to Engage in Risk-Reducing Behaviours after Receiving Personal Ovarian Cancer Risk Information: An Experimental Survey Study." Cancers 12, no. 12 (2020): 3543. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers12123543.

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Risk stratification using genetic and/or other types of information could identify women at increased ovarian cancer risk. The aim of this study was to examine women’s potential reactions to ovarian cancer risk stratification. A total of 1017 women aged 45–75 years took part in an online experimental survey. Women were randomly assigned to one of three experimental conditions describing hypothetical personal results from ovarian cancer risk stratification, and asked to imagine they had received one of three results: (a) 5% lifetime risk due to single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and lifesty

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34

Gafni, Aviv, Gillian S. Dite, Erika Spaeth Tuff, Richard Allman, and John L. Hopper. "Ability of known colorectal cancer susceptibility SNPs to predict colorectal cancer risk: A cohort study within the UK Biobank." PLOS ONE 16, no. 9 (2021): e0251469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251469.

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Colorectal cancer risk stratification is crucial to improve screening and risk-reducing recommendations, and consequently do better than a one-size-fits-all screening regimen. Current screening guidelines in the UK, USA and Australia focus solely on family history and age for risk prediction, even though the vast majority of the population do not have any family history. We investigated adding a polygenic risk score based on 45 single-nucleotide polymorphisms to a family history model (combined model) to quantify how it improves the stratification and discriminatory performance of 10-year risk

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35

de Gonzalez, Amy Berrington, A. Iulian Apostoaei, Lene H. S. Veiga, et al. "RadRAT: a radiation risk assessment tool for lifetime cancer risk projection." Journal of Radiological Protection 32, no. 3 (2012): 205–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0952-4746/32/3/205.

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36

Fraser, Gary E., and David Shavlik. "Risk factors, lifetime risk, and age at onset of breast cancer." Annals of Epidemiology 7, no. 6 (1997): 375–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1047-2797(97)00042-2.

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37

Chaosuwannakit, Narumol, Phatraporn Aupongkaroon, and Pattarapong Makarawate. "Determine Cumulative Radiation Dose and Lifetime Cancer Risk in Marfan Syndrome Patients Who Underwent Computed Tomography Angiography of the Aorta in Northeast Thailand: A 5-Year Retrospective Cohort Study." Tomography 8, no. 1 (2022): 120–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tomography8010010.

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Objective: To evaluate computed tomography angiography (CTA) data focusing on radiation dose parameters in Thais with Marfan syndrome (MFS) and estimate the distribution of cumulative radiation exposure from CTA surveillance and the risk of cancers. Methods: Between 1st January 2015 and 31st December 2020, we retrospectively evaluated the cumulative CTA radiation doses of MFS patients who underwent CTA at Khon Kaen University Hospital, a leading teaching hospital and advanced tertiary care institution in northeastern Thailand. We utilized the Radiation Risk Assessment Tool (RadRAT) established

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38

Garg, Mandeep, Vahid Karami, Javad Moazen, et al. "Radiation Exposure and Lifetime Attributable Risk of Cancer Incidence and Mortality from Low- and Standard-Dose CT Chest: Implications for COVID-19 Pneumonia Subjects." Diagnostics 12, no. 12 (2022): 3043. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12123043.

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Since the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak, there has been an unprecedented increase in the acquisition of chest computed tomography (CT) scans. Nearly 616 million people have been infected by COVID-19 worldwide to date, of whom many were subjected to CT scanning. CT exposes the patients to hazardous ionizing radiation, which can damage the genetic material in the cells, leading to stochastic health effects in the form of heritable genetic mutations and increased cancer risk. These probabilistic, long-term carcinogenic effects of radiation can be seen over a lifetime and may

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39

Palmstedt, Emmeli, Marianne Månsson, Karin Stinesen Kollberg, et al. "How a population-based cohort of men estimate lifetime risk of prostate cancer in a survey before entering a prostate cancer screening trial in Sweden?" BMJ Open 14, no. 8 (2024): e083562. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2023-083562.

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ObjectivesInvestigating men’s perceived lifetime risk of prostate cancer.DesignSurvey-based study to men invited for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening in the GÖTEBORG-2 trial between September 2015 and June 2020.Setting38 775 men in the Gothenburg area, Sweden, were invited for PSA-testing and participated in a survey.Participants17 980 men participated in PSA-testing, of whom 13 189 completed the survey. In addition, 1264 men answered the survey only.InterventionsBefore having the PSA-test, men answered an electronic survey and estimated their lifetime risk of receiving a prostate can

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40

Gao, Chi, Eric C. Polley, Steven N. Hart, et al. "Risk of Breast Cancer Among Carriers of Pathogenic Variants in Breast Cancer Predisposition Genes Varies by Polygenic Risk Score." Journal of Clinical Oncology 39, no. 23 (2021): 2564–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.20.01992.

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PURPOSE This study assessed the joint association of pathogenic variants (PVs) in breast cancer (BC) predisposition genes and polygenic risk scores (PRS) with BC in the general population. METHODS A total of 26,798 non-Hispanic white BC cases and 26,127 controls from predominately population-based studies in the Cancer Risk Estimates Related to Susceptibility consortium were evaluated for PVs in BRCA1, BRCA2, ATM, CHEK2, PALB2, BARD1, BRIP1, CDH1, and NF1. PRS based on 105 common variants were created using effect estimates from BC genome-wide association studies; the performance of an overall

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41

Hidayat, Khemayanto, Hui-Juan Zhou, and Bi-Min Shi. "Influence of physical activity at a young age and lifetime physical activity on the risks of 3 obesity-related cancers: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies." Nutrition Reviews 78, no. 1 (2019): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuz024.

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Abstract Context Excess weight has been linked to increased risks of 13 types of cancers. Physical activity is a non-nutritional modifiable lifestyle factor that is not only crucial for weight control but is also known to regulate hormones and metabolic pathways that may contribute to carcinogenesis. There is solid evidence that being physically active during middle and late adulthood lowers the risks of 3 obesity-related cancers, namely breast cancer, colon cancer, and endometrial cancer. However, the associations between physical activity at a young age (childhood, adolescence, and young adu

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42

Kamen, Charles, Arianna Aldridge Gerry, Michael A. Andrykowski, and Oxana Palesh. "Immune compromization and disparities in cancer type among sexual minority men." Journal of Clinical Oncology 30, no. 15_suppl (2012): e16564-e16564. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2012.30.15_suppl.e16564.

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e16564 Background: Self-identified gay men are at higher risk for contracting HIV and other sexually transmitted infections than their heterosexual counterparts. Gay men are also at higher risk for reporting a lifetime history of cancer diagnoses. While certain types of cancers, specifically Kaposi sarcoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, are more common among gay and sexual minority men, it is yet unclear to what extent this disparity is due to immune compromization or comorbid infection with HIV. Methods: The current study utilized data from 173 gay and 5544 heterosexual men collected as part of th

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43

Kramer, Ivan. "Evidence that Natural Immunity to Breast Cancer and Prostate Cancer Exists in the Majority of Their Risk Populations Is Predicted by a Novel, Inherently Saturated, Ordered Mutation Model." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 9, no. 1 (2008): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17486700701776447.

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The series oforderedmutations that cause a specific cell to become cancerous is modeled so that the fraction of a risk population (e.g.White men) that has developed a specific cancer (e.g.melanoma) at any age can be calculated. Thesaturatedmodel constructed and solved here is isomorphic to the physical model describing an ordered chain of radioactive nuclei decays with the exception that it allows for the possibility that a fraction of a risk population may beimmuneto developing a specific cancer.The simplest model developed here depends on only three independent parameters: the number of orde

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44

Ganesan, Rekha, Muhammad Ikhmal Naim Mohd Hilal, Iza Nurzawani Che Isa, et al. "Estimated Effective Lifetime Risks of Radiation-Induced Thyroid Cancer in Computed Tomography (CT) Brain Examination." Sains Malaysiana 50, no. 11 (2021): 3365–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2021-5011-20.

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Thyroid is one of the most radiosensitive organs in the human body. Although the scanning range of brain computed tomography (CT) does not include lower neck region, there is possibility for thyroid to be irradiated due to scattered radiation because of its location near to the external beam collimation. The objective of this study was to evaluate effective lifetime risk of radiation-induced thyroid cancer in young adults following brain CT examination. A total of 306 patient data within the age range between 18 and 39 years old were retrospectively analysed. Absorbed dose of the thyroid organ

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45

Rukundo, Faith, and Juyoul Kim. "Assessment of Lifetime Attributable Risk for Public Health Sustainability from the Fukushima Accident." Science and Technology of Nuclear Installations 2020 (November 4, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8873031.

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The study aimed at reassessing the radiological risk from exposure to ionizing radiation from Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident. The estimated risks from the study were compared with World Health Organization (WHO) risk assessment estimates for validity and verification. A Radiation Risk Assessment Tool (RadRAT) was used to estimate Lifetime Attributable Risks (LAR) of cancer upon exposure. All solid cancers, leukemia, and thyroid cancer risks for ages of 1, 10, and 20 years (infants, children, and adults) in 100,000 persons at exposure were estimated. For solid cancers, LAR (10−2

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46

Naghi, Leah A., Julie O. Culver, Charité Ricker, et al. "Breast Cancer MRI Screening of Patients After Multiplex Gene Panel Testing." JAMA Network Open 8, no. 1 (2025): e2454447. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.54447.

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ImportanceEnhanced breast cancer screening with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is recommended to women with elevated risk of breast cancer, yet uptake of screening remains unclear after genetic testing.ObjectiveTo evaluate uptake of MRI after genetic results disclosure and counseling.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis multicenter cohort study was conducted at the University of Southern California Norris Cancer Hospital, the Los Angeles General Medical Center, and the Stanford University Cancer Institute. Patients were recruited from July 1, 2014, through November 30, 2016. Following multi

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47

Shousha, Hany A., and Fawzia Ahmad. "Lifetime Cancer Risk of Gamma Radioactivity Results from Smoking." Cancers Review 3, no. 1 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/journal.95/2016.3.1/95.1.1.9.

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48

JANCIN, BRUCE. "Lifetime Cancer Risk Is High In Unaffected BRCA Carriers." Family Practice News 38, no. 2 (2008): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0300-7073(08)70081-1.

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49

Bruder, Christina, Jean-Luc Bulliard, Simon Germann, et al. "Estimating lifetime and 10-year risk of lung cancer." Preventive Medicine Reports 11 (September 2018): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2018.06.010.

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50

Sandler, DaleP, AllenJ Wilcox, and RichardB Everson. "CUMULATIVE EFFECTS OF LIFETIME PASSIVE SMOKING ON CANCER RISK." Lancet 325, no. 8424 (1985): 312–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(85)91084-0.

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