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Reindahl, Rasmussen Susanne. "The lifetime costs of smoking and smoking cessation." København : DSI - Institut for Sundhedsvæsen, 2006. http://www.dsi.dk/Publikationer/DSI-rapporter/2006.01/Lifetime%20costs%20of%20smoking.pdf.
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Inocentes, Núria Tatiana Caeiro Lopes dos. "Lifetime fitness costs of combined effects of fluoxetine and increased unpredictability in temperature." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/17100.
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Mestrado em Biologia Marinha<br>A temperatura é uma variável importante no controlo e modelação de todos os processos celulares, biológicos e fisiológicos de todos os organismos do Reino Animal. Por conseguinte, espera-se que alterações na temperatura ótima tenham um efeito significativo na reprodução, crescimento e desenvolvimento e, como tal, sobre o fitness do indivíduo. Há cada vez mais provas de que o stress causado por mudanças na temperatura impõe custos de carry-over, o que dificulta a capacidade dos organismos de lidar com outros stressores ambientais. É amplamente aceite que o ambiente está a mudar a um ritmo sem precedentes, com modelos de alterações globais antecipando um aumento na temperatura média. Mais preocupante, há fortes evidências de que a temperatura também se está a tornar imprevisível. A poluição antropogénica é um vetor de stress comum em sistemas aquáticos com um impacto direto sobre o fitness individual. A fluoxetina é um poluente vulgarmente encontrado em estações de tratamento de águas residuais. Inúmeros estudos reportaram custos de fitness relacionados com altas concentrações de fluoxetina. No entanto, e apesar da urgência do conhecimento da adaptação das espécies à mudança global, os efeitos combinados de múltiplos stressores ambientais permanecem pouco explorados. Além disso, até à data o conhecimento dos efeitos combinados de múltiplos stressores estão limitados a estudos de apenas uma geração, negligenciando os efeitos cruciais a longo prazo de fitness, falhando, portanto, em potencialmente detetar respostas adaptativas. Aqui, utilizando uma nova abordagem, os efeitos no fitness da exposição à fluoxetina ao longo de três gerações completas foram examinados, bem como os efeitos combinados do aumento da exposição e da imprevisibilidade da temperatura após a terceira geração. A pulga de água Daphnia magna foi exposta a três concentrações ambientalmente relevantes de fluoxetina: 0.000 μg/L (controlo), 0.012 μg/L (baixo) e 0.540 μg/L (alto). Na quarta geração, utilizando um design de factorização materna, cada linha maternal em fluoxetina foi exposta a três tratamentos de temperatura: uma média (20ºC), uma alta (25ºC) e uma imprevisível (15-25ºC). Como previsto, houve um custo adaptativo associado com a exposição crónica à fluoxetina, com menos neonatos produzidos durante a vida em baixa e alta concentração de fluoxetina do que nas produzidas na ausência (controlo). Inesperadamente, não houve um efeito na probabilidade de sobrevivência entre as três concentrações de fluoxetina. Após a introdução da temperatura, os indivíduos produzidos através da concentração alta e expostos à temperatura imprevisível tinham uma redução no número de neonatos produzidos, em comparação com as posicionadas numa temperatura média e elevada. Nomeadamente, houve uma redução do número total de neonatos de 65 % e 75%, respetivamente. Novamente, não houve efeitos combinados sobre a sobrevivência. Modelos de eficiência alimentar e de alocação de energia podem fornecer explicações plausíveis para a falha na deteção de um efeito da fluoxetina por si só e combinados com a temperatura na sobrevivência. Em espécies ectotérmicas, o aumento do stresse reduz a eficiência alimentar, e menos energia obtida através da alimentação é priorizada a manutenção do corpo e crescimento, e só então para a reprodução. Este estudo fornece informação importante sobre uma nova abordagem para testes ecotoxicológicos, e uma nova compreensão sobre como os efeitos combinados das alterações globais e da poluição em sistemas aquáticos podem afetar organismos não-alvo.<br>Temperature is a vital variable in controlling and shaping all cellular, biological and physiological processes of every organism of the animal kingdom. Consequently, changes in optimal temperature are expected to have a significant effect in reproduction, growth and development, hence on individual fitness. There is increasing evidence that stress caused by changes in temperature impose carry-over costs, which hinder the ability of organisms to deal with other environmental stressors. It is widely accepted that the environment is changing at an unprecedented pace, with global change models forecasting an increase in mean temperature. More worryingly, there is strong evidence that the temperature is also becoming unpredictable. Anthropogenic driven pollution is a vector of common stress in aquatic systems with a direct impact on individual fitness. Fluoxetine is a pollutant commonly found in wastewater treatment plants. Numerous studies have reported fitness costs related to high concentrations of fluoxetine. Yet, in spite of the recognized urgency of the understanding of species adaptation to global change, the combined effects of multiple environmental stressors remain little explored. Furthermore, to date our understanding of the combined effects of multiple stressors are limited to one-generation studies, neglecting crucial long-term effects of fitness, hence failing to potentially detect adaptive responses. Here, using a novel approach, the fitness effects of exposure to fluoxetine over three full generations were examined, as well as the combined effects with the exposure to increased unpredictability in temperature after the third generation. Namely, the water flea Dapnia magna was exposed to three environmentally relevant concentrations of fluoxetine: 0.000 μg/L (control), 0.012 μg/L (low) and 0.540 μg/L (high). In the fourth generation, using a maternal factorial design, each maternal fluoxetine line was exposed to three temperature treatments: an average (20ºC), a high (25ºC) and an unpredictable (15-25ºC). As predicted, there was a fitness cost associated with chronic exposure to fluoxetine, with less neonates produced during lifetime in low and high concentration of fluoxetine than those produced in absence (control). Unexpectedly, there was no effect in the probability of survival between the three fluoxetine concentrations. After the introduction of temperature, individuals produced via high concentration and exposed to unpredictable temperature had a reduction in the number of neonates produced in comparison with those allocated to an average and high temperature. Namely, there was a reduction of total number of neonates of 65% and 75%, respectively. Again, there were no combined effects on survival. Feeding efficiency and energy allocation models may provide with plausible explanations for the failure in detecting an effect of fluoxetine alone and combined with temperature in survival. In ectotherm species, increased stress reduces feeding efficiency, and the less energy obtained through feeding is prioritized to body maintenance and growth, and only then to reproduction. This study provides important information regarding a novel approach for ecotoxicological tests, and new insights in how the combined effects of global change and pollution in aquatic systems can affect non-target organisms.
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Rahman, Anisur. "Modelling and analysis of reliability and costs for lifetime warranty and service contract policies." Queensland University of Technology, 2007. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16460/.
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Reliability of products is becoming increasingly important due to rapid technological development and tough competition in the product market. One effective way to ensure reliability of sold product/asset is to consider after sales services linked to warranty and service contract. One of the major decision variables in designing a warranty is the warranty period. A longer warranty term signals better reliability and provides higher customer/user peace of mind. The warranty period offered by the manufacturer/dealer has been progressively increasing since the beginning of the 20th Century. Currently, a large number of products are being sold with long term warranties in the form of extended warranty, warranty for used product, long term service contracts, and lifetime warranty. Lifetime warranties and service contracts are becoming more and more popular as these types of warranties provide assurance to consumer for a long reliable service and protecting consumers against poor quality and the potential high cost of failure occurring during the long uncertain life of product. The study of lifetime warranty and service contracts is important to both manufacturers and the consumers. Offering a lifetime warranty and long term service contracts incur costs to the manufacturers/service provider over the useful life of the product/contract period. This cost needs to be factored into the price/premium. Otherwise the manufacturer/ dealer will incur loss instead of profit. On the other hand, buyer/user needs to model the cost of maintaining it over the useful life and needs to decide whether these policies/service contracts are worth purchasing or not. The analysis of warranty policies and costs models associated with short-term or fixed term policies have received a lot of attention. A significant amount of academic research has been conducted in modelling policies and costs for extended warranties and warranty for used products. In contrast, lifetime warranty policies and longer term service contracts have not been studied as extensively. There are complexities in developing failure and cost models for these policies due to the uncertainties of useful life, usage pattern, maintenance actions and cost of rectifications over longer period. This thesis defines product's lifetime based on current practices. Since there is no acceptable definition of lifetime or the useful life of product in existing academic literatures, different manufacturer/dealers are using different conditions of life measures of period of coverage and it is often difficult to tell whose life measures are applicable to the period of coverage (The Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act, 1975). Lifetime or the useful life is defined in this thesis provides a transparency for the useful life of products to both manufacturers/service provider and the customers. Followed by the formulation of an acceptable definition of lifetime, a taxonomy of lifetime warranty policies is developed which includes eight different one dimensional and two dimensional lifetime warranty policies and are grouped into three major categories, A. Free rectification lifetime warranty policies (FRLTW), B. Cost Sharing Lifetime Warranty policies (CSLTW), and C. Trade in policies (TLTW). Mathematical models for predicting failures and expected costs for different one dimensional lifetime warranty policies are developed at system level and analysed by capturing the uncertainties of lifetime coverage period and the uncertainties of rectification costs over the lifetime. Failures and costs are modelled using stochastic techniques. These are illustrated by numerical examples for estimating costs to manufacturer and buyers. Various rectification policies were proposed and analysed over the lifetime. Manufacturer's and buyer's risk attitude towards a lifetime warranty price are modelled based on the assumption of time dependent failure intensity, constant repair costs and concave utility function through the use of the manufacturer's utility function for profit and the buyer's utility function for cost. Sensitivity of the optimal warranty prices are analysed with numerical examples with respect to the factors such as the buyer's and the manufacturer/dealer's risk preferences, buyer's anticipated and manufacturer's estimated product failure intensity, the buyer's loyalty to the original manufacturer/dealer in repairing failed product and the buyer's repair costs for unwarranted products. Three new service contract policies and cost models for those policies are developed considering both corrective maintenance and planned preventive maintenance as the servicing strategies during the contract period. Finally, a case study is presented for estimating the costs of outsourcing maintenance of rails through service contracts. Rail failure/break data were collected from the Swedish rail and analysed for predicting failures. Models developed in this research can be used for managerial decisions in purchasing life time warranty policies and long term service contracts or outsourcing maintenance. This thesis concludes with a brief summary of the contributions that it makes to this field and suggestions and recommendations for future research for lifetime warranties and service contracts.
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Petersen, Hans-Georg. "Mobilisierung alternativer Finanzressourcen : Erfahrungen mit der Einführung von Studiengebühren." Universität Potsdam, 2008. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2008/2737/.
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Der vorgestellte Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über die gegenwärtige Hochschulfinanzierung in Deutschland; kürzlich haben einige Bundesländer Studiengebühren eingeführt, die zu einer teilweisen Finanzierung der Studienkosten beitragen sollen. Im II. Kapitel werden außerdem kurz die finanziellen Strukturen der tertiären Ausbildung in den OECD-Ländern beschrieben. Dabei geht es vor allem um die Kostenaufteilung zwischen öffentlichem und privatem Sektor. Im III. Kapitel werden dann die Verteilungswirkungen des gegenwärtigen Finanzierungssystems kritisch hinterfragt. Dabei wird auch auf den Lebenseinkommensvorteil einer Hochschulausbildung im Detail eingegangen, bevor dann mögliche Auswirkungen einer Gebührenfinanzierung diskutiert werden. Es wird deutlich hervor gehoben, dass die Einführung von Studiengebühren in eine umfassende hochschul- und bildungspolitische Strategie eingebettet sein muss, damit eine negative Selektionswirkung auf die Jugendlichen aus Haushalten mit prekären Einkommen vermieden wird.<br>The paper sheds some light on the financial structures of higher education in Germany. Recently in several member states of Germany tuition fees have been introduced. Chapter II describes the current situation in Germany, the financial structures in the OECD countries and sheds some light on the higher education costs as well as parts to be borne by the public and private sector. Chapter III discussed the distributional impacts of the current German system and adds some information on the education returns in Germany in the post war period. The analysis over the whole lifecycle renders results which proof that the higher education advantages are quite remarkable and might be a justification for more intensified financing by tuition fees. But all this has to be embedded into an encompassing strategy of tax and social policy, especially to prevent a strengthened process of social selection, which would be counterproductive for an increased and highly qualified human capital in Germany.
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Heidrich, Stefanie. "Essays on intergenerational income mobility, geographical mobility, and education." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-120718.
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This thesis consists of an introductory part and the following four self-contained papers: In Paper [I] we analyze the implications of social identity and self-categorization for optimal redistributive income taxation. A two-type model is supplemented by an assumption that individuals select themselves into social categories, in which norms are formed and education effort choices partly depend on these norms. The results show, among other things, that externality correction by a welfarist government leads to an element of tax progression that serves to reduce the discrepancy between the effort norm and the actual effort chosen by low-productivity individuals in the high-effort group. Furthermore, if the preference for social identity is sufficiently strong, increased wage-inequality leads to higher social welfare through a relaxation of the selection constraint. It may thus be desirable to use publicly provided education to induce more wage-inequality, even if higher wage-inequality increases the intrinsic utility of a potential mimicker. In Paper [II] I employ high quality register data to present new facts about income mobility in Sweden. The focus of the paper is regional differences in mobility, using a novel approach based on a multilevel model. This method is well-suited when regions differ greatly in population size as is the case in Sweden. The maximum likelihood estimates are substantially more precise than those obtained by running separate OLS regressions. I find small regional differences in income mobility when measured in relative terms. Regional differences are large when adopting an absolute measure and focusing on children with below-median parent income. On the national level I find that the association between parent and child income ranks has decreased over time, implying increased mobility. In Paper [III] I study the long term effects of inter-municipal moving during childhood on income using Swedish register data. Due to the richness of the data I am able to control for important sources of selection into moving, such as parent separation, parents' unemployment, education, long run income, and immigration background. I find that children's long run incomes are significantly negatively affected by moving during childhood, and the effect is larger for those who move more often. For children who move once, I also estimate the effect of the timing and the quality of the move. I measure the quality of each neighborhood based on the adult outcomes for individuals who never move. The quality of a move is defined as the difference in quality between the origin and the destination. Given that a family moves, I find that the negative effect of childhood moving on adult income is increasing in age at move. Children benefit economically from the quality of the region they move to only if they move before age 12 (sons) and age 16 (daughters). In Paper [IV] I study the bias of IGE estimates for different missing-data scenarios based on simulated income processes. Using an income process from the income dynamics and risks literature to generate two linked generations’ complete income histories, I use Monte Carlo methods to study the relationship between available data patterns and the bias of the IGE. I find that the traditional approach using the average of the typically available log income observations leads to IGE estimates that are around 40 percent too small. Moreover, I show that the attenuation bias is not reduced by averaging over many father income observations. Using just one income observation for each generation at the optimal age (as discussed in the paper) or using weighted instead of unweighted averages can reduce the bias. In addition, the rank-rank slope is found to be clearly less sensitive to missing data.
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Foitlová, Lucie. "Hodnocení stavebního projektu z hlediska celoživotních nákladů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-371824.
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The theoretical part deals at the beginning with evaluation of effectiveness of the project, as well as with the information about individual stages of the life cycle of the building, wear and tear of the buildings, lifetime of the elements and whole life costs of the building that are of particular interest to the investor. In conclusion, there are mentioned wastes and emissions. The thesis is completed by a case study of the family house where the whole life costs of the building life cycle are solved.
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Hasan, MD Nazmul. "Distributed power electronics for extended efficiency and lifetime of utility-scale photovoltaic systems." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667562.
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Aquesta tesi es centra en la mitigació dels desequilibris deguts a l'envelliment dels sistemes fotovoltaics. La degradació de la corrent de curtcircuit s'ha considerat com el principal factor que afecta la producció d'energia de sistemes fotovoltaics a causa de l'envelliment. Encara que, en el passat, s'ha detectat la dispersió en corrent de curtcircuit actual i màxima, es va subestimar la pèrdua d'energia deguda a la dispersió. A més, la dispersió dels paràmetres de voltatge-corrent a nivell de mòdul s'ha considerat per a la mitigació dels desequilibris a nivell de submòdul, mentre que la potència recuperable a nivell de submòdul pot ser superior a la que s'ha estimat. Per tal de verificar el compliment de les dades del nivell del submòdul a les dades del nivell del mòdul, en aquesta investigació, s'han realitzat mesures a nivell de submòdul. Es mostra que l'estimació de pèrdua d'energia a causa de l'envelliment basat en dades de dispersió a nivell de mòdul, s'ha infravalorat i considerant que la millora de l'energia en temps de vida a nivell de submòdul és possible fins a un 4-6%. Per tal de mitigar el desequilibri per envelliment en el sistema fotovoltaic, es proposa un convertidor de guany d'unitat, bidireccional i aïllat de baixa potència. Es presenta el procediment de disseny i realització experimental del convertidor i del seu esquema de control. El transformador d'alta freqüència proporciona l'aïllament galvànic entre primària i secundària. A més, els inductors ressonants s'han integrat en el transformador, cosa que redueix la mida i el cost del convertidor. Els resultats experimentals mostren que les eficiències de transferència de potència superen el 90% per a càrregues entre 1 W i 8 W. Es verifica el rendiment del convertidor per a la mitigació de desajustos. Al laboratori, tres prototips s'han provat en un mòdul fotovoltaic seguint l'enfocament d'arquitectura DPP PV-IP. S'observa que aquests tres convertidors mitiguen les dispersions dels submoduls i proporcionen la màxima potència possible. També es discuteix l'impacte de la mitigació dels desequilibris per envelliment en el cost d'energia (LCOE).<br>Esta tesis se centra en la mitigación del desajuste debido al envejecimiento en los sistemas fotovoltaicos. La degradación de la corriente de cortocircuito se ha considerado el principal factor que afecta la producción de energía de los sistemas fotovoltaicos debido al envejecimiento. Aunque en el pasado se ha informado la dispersión en la corriente de cortocircuito y la corriente de potencia máxima, se ha subestimado la pérdida de energía debida a la dispersión. Además, se ha considerado la dispersión de los parámetros de voltaje-corriente a nivel de módulo para la mitigación de desajustes a nivel de submódulo, mientras que la potencia recuperable a nivel de submódulo puede ser mayor que la estimada. Para verificar la conformidad de los datos de nivel de submódulo a los datos de nivel de módulo, en esta investigación, las mediciones se han realizado a nivel de submódulo. Se muestra que la estimación de la pérdida de energía debido al envejecimiento basado en el nivel de módulo, los datos de dispersión han sido subestimados y, considerando los datos de desajuste de nivel de submódulos, la mejora de la vida útil de la energía puede ser de hasta 4-6%. Con el fin de mitigar los desequilibrios por envejecimiento en el sistema fotovoltaico, se propone un convertidor de ganancia unitaria,de baja potencia, aislado y bidireccional dc-dc. Se presenta el procedimiento de diseño y realización experimental del convertidor y su esquema de control. El transformador de alta frecuencia proporciona el aislamiento galvánico entre primario y secundario. Además, se han integrado inductores resonantes en el transformador, lo que reduce el tamaño y el coste del convertidor. Los resultados experimentales muestran una eficiencia de transferencia de potencia superior al 90% para cargas entre 1 W y 8 W. Se verifica el rendimiento del convertidor para la mitigación de desajustes. En el laboratorio, se han comprobado tres prototipos conectados con un módulo fotovoltaico siguiendo el enfoque de la arquitectura DPP PV-IP. Se observa que estos tres convertidores mitigan totalmente los desajustes entre los tres submódulos y proporcionan la máxima potencia posible. También se discute el impacto de la mitigación del desajuste por envejecimiento en el coste de la energia.<br>This thesis focused on mitigation of mismatch due to ageing in PV systems. Degradation of short circuit current has been considered the principle factor that affects the energy production of PV systems due to ageing. Although, dispersion in short circuit current and maximum power current has been reported in the past, the energy loss due to dispersion has been underestimated. Moreover, dispersion of voltage-current parameters at module level have been considered for mismatch mitigation at submodule level whereas the recoverable power at submodule level may higher than that has been estimated. In order verify the accordance of submodule level data to module level data, in this research, measurements have been done at submodule level. It is shown that estimation of energy loss due to ageing based on module level dispersion data has been underrated and considering submodule level mismatch data life time energy improvement an be possible up to 4-6 %. In order to mitigate the ageing mismatch in PV system, a dc-dc bidirectional isolated low power unity gain converter is proposed. Design procedure and experimental realization of the converter is presented. A control scheme that allows bidirectional power flow is also presented. High frequency ferrite ore transformer provides the galvanic isolation between primary and secondary. In addition, resonant inductors have been integrated in the transformer, which reduces the size and cost of the converter. Experimental results show power transfer efficiencies more than 90 % for loads between 1 W to 8 W. The performance of the converter for mismatch mitigation is verified. In the laboratory, three prototype converters are attached with a PV module following the DPP PV-IP architecture approach. It is observed that these three converters an fully mitigate mismatch among three submodules and provide maximum possible power. The impact of mitigation of ageing mismatch on levelized cost of energy (LCOE) is also discussed.
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Smith, Lori A. "The Effect of Inbreeding on Lifetime Performance of Dairy Cattle." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36526.
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Data for this study were age-adjusted linear scores on all cows scored between 1980 and 1993. Lifetime production information on these cows and their herdmates was used to calculate Relative Net Income adjusted for opportunity cost (RNIOC) for the 2,249,835 cows with an 84 month herdlife opportunity. The effect of inbreeding was analyzed using both a fixed and animal model, with little difference in results. Inbreeding depressed RNIOC by $12.69 in a fluid market and $11.53 in a manufacturing market per 1% increase in inbreeding. Addition of somatic cell information in the profit function had little effect. Heritabilities of profit functions were .16 and .14 for a fluid and manufacturing market, respectively. Animal model estimates of inbreeding depression were +.16 days, -6.7 days and -5.1 days for age at first freshening (AFF), days of productive life (DPL) and days in milk (TDIM), respectively. Inbreeding decreased first lactation mature equivalent milk, fat, and protein by 23.7 kg, .85 kg, and .76 kg, respectively and lifetime milk, fat, and protein production by 176.9 kg, 6.4 kg, 5.6 kg, respectively per 1% increase in inbreeding. Inbreeding had little effect on conformation traits. Effects of inbreeding were cumulative, exacting a larger effect on lifetime profit functions than on individual traits, when expressed as a percent of additive standard deviation. This study gives evidence that though not alarming, inbreeding has a deleterious effect on the lifetime performance of dairy cattle.<br>Master of Science
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Lu, Min. "A Study of the Calibration Regression Model with Censored Lifetime Medical Cost." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2006. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/math_theses/14.
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Medical cost has received increasing interest recently in Biostatistics and public health. Statistical analysis and inference of life time medical cost have been challenging by the fact that the survival times are censored on some study subjects and their subsequent cost are unknown. Huang (2002) proposed the calibration regression model which is a semiparametric regression tool to study the medical cost associated with covariates. In this thesis, an inference procedure is investigated using empirical likelihood ratio method. The unadjusted and adjusted empirical likelihood confidence regions are constructed for the regression parameters. We compare the proposed empirical likelihood methods with normal approximation based method. Simulation results show that the proposed empirical likelihood ratio method outperforms the normal approximation based method in terms of coverage probability. In particular, the adjusted empirical likelihood is the best one which overcomes the under coverage problem.
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Arens, Kevin C. "Remediation Methods for Subgrade Settlements of Existing Roadways: Lifetime Cost-Benefit Analysis." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1575537943683836.
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Billman, Eric J. "Changes in Life History within an Individual's Lifetime." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2011. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2667.
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A central goal of life history theory is to understand the selective factors that generate the diversity of reproductive patterns observed in nature. Within lifetime changes in reproductive investment will determine an organism's fitness; however, this area of life history theory has received less attention than comparisons among population that characterize life history traits as a single population mean. Reproductive allocation can be affected by multiple cues; the integration of these cues across an organism's lifetime generates the diversity in life history strategies observed in nature. Life history studies should examine the interacting effects of multiple cues on life history strategies to generate better predictions and generalizations of age-related changes in reproductive investment. An individual's life history strategy is inherently multivariate consisting of a coordinated suite of life history traits that, when combined across the organism's lifetime, determines its fitness. Life history strategies can therefore be described as a trajectory through multivariate space defined by life history traits. Here I describe life history trajectory analysis, a multivariate analytical approach for quantifying and comparing phenotypic change in life history strategies; this methodology is adapted from an analytical framework originally described for studies of morphological evolution. Life history trajectories have attributes (magnitude, direction, and shape) that can be quantified and statistically compared among taxa to determine if life history patterns are predictable. Using the life history trajectory analysis, I demonstrate the effect of prior experience on reproductive allocation in the burying beetle Nicrophorus orbicollis. The effect of prior experience resulted in a terminal investment or accentuated response to age-based cues, or resulted in a conservative investment strategy or reproductive restraint. In the livebearing fish Gambusia affinis, females adjust the level of reproductive investment to current reproduction based on age- or environment-based cues. Age-0 females decreased the level of reproductive investment to current reproduction in late summer prior to the onset of fall and winter months. Old females, on the other hand, increased the level of reproductive investment as the summer progressed. The reproductive restraint and terminal investment patterns exhibited by age-0 and age-1 females, respectively, were consistent with the predictions from the cost of reproduction hypothesis. These studies demonstrate how the life history trajectory analysis provides an analytical tool to test predictions of life history theory. Additionally, I provide evidence that organisms use multiple cues to determine the level of reproductive investment and that the strength of the effect of each cue will depend on the age of an individual.
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Laidlaw, Clinton T. "Latitudinal Variation in Lifetime Survival and Reproduction in a Burying Beetle." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2015. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5733.
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Temperature variation experienced across a latitudinal range is tied to changes in lifespan and life history across multiple taxa. Two patterns of adaptation to latitudinal temperature variation have been documented – counter-gradient (or co-gradient) variation, and local adaptation. To determine how natural selection has shaped life history variation in a burying beetle, Nicrophorus orbicollis, we quantified lifetime patterns of reproduction in two populations that represent the geographic and temperature extremes occupied by the species. Lifetime reproduction was quantified at two temperatures that represented conditions typical for each population. Burying beetles from different extremes of their geographic range show considerable variation in lifetime survival and reproduction at different temperatures. Patterns are generally consistent with the local adaptation hypothesis. However, at the higher temperature both populations have lower and equal numbers of offspring over a lifetime. High temperatures may create a constraint on offspring production because of the increased cost of maintaining the food source against bacterial decomposition. This temperature constraint on reproductive success may partially explain the absence of burying beetles from tropical environments, and may predict reductions in latitudinal range as global climate change proceeds.
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Holmberg, Wilhelm. "Cost-efficient method forlifetime extension ofinterconnectedcomputer-based systems." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-303014.
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Lifetime and obsolescence of components for computer-based systems poses issues for continued usage and maintenance of the systems. This thesis investigates possible alternatives for lifetime extension of a train identification system used in Stockholm Metro. Research of other train identification systems available on the market were made to enable a cost comparison between lifetime extension and system replacement. Methods for extending lifetime of computer-based system, where components are obsolete, were investigated. Since most system documentation was inaccessible a reverse- engineering approach was chosen. Through usage of electrical schematics acquired and open-source hardware descriptions a hardware emulator was developed, which is directly compatible with the existing hardware. The total amount of resources used indicates it is possible to extend the systems lifetime at a low cost, as compared to the cost of system replacement.<br>Livslängd och åldrande av komponenter för datorbaserade system utgör problem för fortsatt användande och underhåll av systemen. Den här avhandlingen undersöker möjliga alternativ för livstidsförlängning av ett tågidentifieringssystem som används i Stockholms tunnelbana. Efterforskningar av andra tågidentifieringssystem tillgängliga på marknaden genomfördes för att möjliggöra en kostnadsjämförelse mellan livstidsförlängning och systemutbyte. Metoder för förlängning av livslängd av datorbaserade system, där komponenter är föråldrade, undersöktes. Då stora delar av systemdokumentationen inte var tillgänglig valdes baklängesutveckling som strategi. Genom användande av förvärvade elscheman och öppen-källkod hårdvarubeskrivningar kunde en hårdvaruemulator utvecklas, vilken är direkt kompatibel med befintlig hårdvara. Den totala resursanvändningen indikerar att det är möjligt att förlänga systemets livslängd till en låg kostnad, jämfört med kostnaden för ett systembyte.
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Piscopo, Maria G. "Effect of Relationship Quality and Cost to Serve on Customer Value in Business Market." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2013. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/marketing_diss/25.
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Traditionally, marketers have assumed that investing in the quality of relationships with customers would generate superior profitability to the selling firm. The assumption is that coordination and collaboration between buyer and seller create value for both firms by reducing costs and expanding revenue opportunities. However, such value creation mechanism does not work every time. Closer relationships require customer specific investments and a higher level of service that may create more cost to the seller than the potential gain in revenue, negatively impacting profitability of the selling firm. This research explores the effect of buyer-seller relationship quality on value creation for the selling firm, emphasizing the understanding of costs associated with serving the relationship. Two studies were conducted: Study 1 qualitatively examines the cost associated with serving customers and estimates actual cost-to-serve for individual customers. Study 2 measures the quality of customer relationships, past customer profitability and customer lifetime value for each customer relationship in the proposed sample. Finally, the effect of RQ on customer lifetime value is evaluated. Results suggest that investing in customer relationships have an effect on the drivers of customer cost and profitability. However, the net effect on customer value is not as clear as it depends on the trade offs of the different drivers of cost and profit.
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Murphy, Doug Wilson Chris. "Analysis of implementing lifetime energy cost, including fully burdened cost of fuel and energy footprints of contractors, as mandatory decision factors in navy acquisition." Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 2010. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/MBAPR/2010/Jun/10Jun%5FMurphy%5FMBA.pdf.
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"Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Business Administration from the Naval Postgraduate School, June 2010."<br>Advisor(s): Kidalov, Max ; Yoder, E. Cory. "June 2010." "MBA Professional report"--Cover. Description based on title screen as viewed on July 14, 2010. Author(s) subject terms: Total Ownership Cost, Lifetime Energy Cost, Lifecycle Energy Cost, Lifecycle Cost, Fully Burdened Cost of Fuel, Fully Burdened Cost Of Energy, Energy fficiency, Energy Footprint, Mandatory Evaluation Factors, Navy Acquisition, Energy Management Systems, Corporate Social Responsibility Includes bibliographical references (p. 73-77). Also available in print.
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Murphy, Doug, and Chris Wilson. "Analysis of implementing lifetime energy cost, including fully burdened cost of fuel and energy footprints of contractors, as mandatory decision factors in navy acquisition." Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/10531.
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MBA Professional Report<br>The Secretary of the Navy (SECNAV), the Honorable Ray Mabus, in an address to the Navy Energy Forum, announced as a new acquisition policy that the "lifetime energy cost of a building or a system, and the fully burdened cost of fuel in powering those, will be a mandatory evaluation factor used when awarding contracts." Secretary Mabus went on to say, "we will also use the overall energy efficiency and the energy footprint of a competing company as an additional factor in acquisition decisions" (Mabus, 2009). Secretary Mabus made this announcement and shared three other green and efficiency goals for the Department of the Navy. His address now puts the onus on the Navy acquisition community to implement the broad policy goals that he outlined. A challenge to the community will be how to implement these goals with a uniform, objective, and definable standard that is able to withstand the scrutiny of congress, which requires full and open competition, the business models of the defense industry, and the legal challenges that are sure to follow as a result of competition. This project analyzes the challenges of implementing Secretary Mabus's announcement. Our analysis further defines the problem, offers recommendations for proceeding, and suggests areas for further study. Specifically, in this project we first conduct a literature review in the areas of total ownership cost, including the fully burdened cost of fuel, and of measuring energy efficiency. We then lay out a methodology for examining the issues associated with the implementation of the SECNAV's announcement. Next, we survey and analyze available private-industry practices in the areas of green procurement or managing energy efficiencies, looking for possible implications for the Department of the Navy. We then explore the issues involved with the implementation of the SECNAV's policy by defining the elements of total ownership cost, delving deeper into the fully burdened cost of fuel, and examining the difficulties with quantifying the energy efficiencies of competing companies. Finally, we conclude the project with detailed recommendations for proceeding and suggestions for further study
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Boström, Fanny. "Experimental testing of adsorbents for H2S removal in industrial applications : A comparative study on lifetime and cost effectiveness of different materials." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemi, bioteknologi och hälsa (CBH), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-261195.
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Harmful emissions are a global issue and cause trouble for human health and for the environment. There is a wide variety of pollutants and one pollutant is hydrogen sulfide, H2S, that is a member of the group Volatile Sulfur Compounds. H2S is a compound that is known for its smell of rotten eggs and is detectable by the human nose at very low concentrations. At higher concentrations, H2S is highly toxic and even deadly for humans. It is also a corrosive gas, and can, therefore, cause problems for materials that are being exposed to it. This can be an issue when H2S is present in biogas since it can damage engines or pipes. It can also poison catalysts that are used for methane upgrading. There are different methods of removing H2S from air and common ones are to use adsorption media or catalytic oxidation for gas-solid reactions. The catalytic oxidation is oxidizing the H2S and converts it into elemental sulfur. A problem with these techniques is that they need replacement after some time when they have been saturated. The aim and objectives for this project are to find appropriate materials to test in a test rig that was finalized at the beginning of the project, to compare their lifetime. This was done to find the most cost effective material for H2S removal. The effect of humidity in the air was also examined. Eight different samples were tested. Two of these were activated carbonwithout impregnations and the other six were partial catalytic materials (impregnated carbons or metal oxide based materials). The partial catalytic materials were significantly better than the activated carbons. The lifetimes varied among the partial catalytic materials as well, andare believed to be due to different active compounds on the surfacesand the structure. When running the experiments with 70 % relative humidity, the lifetimes were significantly longer than when the same materials were run for 30 %. A lower concentration of H2S in low relative humidity showed lower or the same loading capacity than higher concentrations. Regeneration was tested for one of the metal based materials with a satisfactory result.<br>Skadliga utsläpp i luften är en global diskussion och orsakar problem för människors hälsa och för miljön. Det finns en mängd olika föroreningar och en av dessa är vätesulfid, H2S, som är en flyktig svavelförening. H2S är en förorening som är känd för att lukta ruttna ägg och detekteras av en människas luktsinne redan vid mycket låga koncentrationer. Vid högre koncentrationer är H2S mycket giftig och till och med dödligt. Det är också en frätande gas och kan därför orsaka problem för material. Detta kan vara ett problem med H2S i biogas eftersom det kan skada motorer eller röranslutningar. Ett annat problem är att föreningen kan förgifta katalysatorer som används för uppgradering av metan vid biogasproduktion. Det finns olika metoder för att avlägsna H2S från luft och några avde vanligaste är att använda adsorptionsmedia eller katalytisk oxidation. Den katalytiska oxidationen oxiderar H2S och omvandlar det till elementärt svavel. Ett problem med dessa tekniker är att materialet behöver bytas ut efter en tid då de mättas. Syftet och målen för detta projekt är att hitta lämpliga material att testa i en provrigg som byggdes färdigt i början av projektet, för att jämföra deras livstid och hur livslängden kan relateras till deras kostnad. Detta gjordes för att hitta det mest kostnadseffektiva materialet för borttagning av H2S från luft. Effekten av luftfuktighet undersöktes också. Åtta olika material testades. Två av dessa var aktivt kol utan impregneringar och de andra sex var impregnerade kol och metalloxidbaserade material. De impregnerade aktiva kolen och de metallbaserade materialen var signifikant bättre än de aktiva kolmaterialen. Livslängden var även olika för de impregnerade aktiva kolmaterialen, och antas bero på hur impregneringarna genomfördes och materialens struktur. När experimenten kördes med 70% relativ luftfuktighet var livstiden signifikant längre än när samma material kördes med 30% relativ luftfuktighet. En lägre koncentration av H2S i låg relativ fuktighet resulterade i lägre eller samma kapacitet att ta upp än H2S vid högre koncentrationer av H2S. Renegenerering testades för ett av de metallbaserade materialenmed tillfredsställande resultat.
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Bergvall, Daniel. "Cost Comparison of Repowering Alternatives for Offshore Wind Farms." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-395298.
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The aim of this thesis is to evaluate different repowering alternatives from the viewpoint of increasing power production from existing offshore wind farms (OWF), as some of the first commissioned OWFs are approaching the end of their expected lifetime. The thesis presents a literature review of components and financial aspects that are of importance for repowering of OWFs. In the literature review, risks and uncertainties regarding repowering are also lifted and analysed. The thesis contains a case study on Horns Rev 1 OWF, where three different repowering scenarios are evaluated by technical and financial performance, aiming to compare the cost of repowering alternatives. The design of the case study is based around previous studies of offshore repowering having focused mainly on achieving the lowest possible levelized cost of energy (LCoE) and highest possible capacity factor, often resulting in suggested repowering utilizing smaller wind turbines than the existing ones. In order to evaluate the financial viability of repowering alternatives, the software RETScreen Expert was used to estimate the annual energy production (AEP) after losses and calculate the net present value (NPV) and LCoE for lifetime extension and full repowering utilizing different capacity wind turbines. Input values from the literature as well as real wind resource measurements from the site was utilized to achieve as accurate results as possible. The result of the case study shows that repowering of OWFs have the possibility of providing a very strong business case with all scenarios resulting in a positive NPV as well as lower LCoE than the benchmarked electricity production price. Although the initial investment cost of the different repowering alternatives presented in this thesis still are uncertain to some extent, due to the lack of reliable costs for repowering alternatives, this thesis provides a base for further research regarding the repowering of OWFs.
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Říha, Milan. "Porovnání cen venkovních úprav na pozemku ve funkčním celku s rodinným domem stanovených nákladovým a zjednodušeným způsobem ve vybrané lokalitě v Brně." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232679.
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The aim of the thesis is to assess the influence of the exterior finish works on the total price of a house. The total price of the house consists of the interior price valuated by the cost method and the price of the exterior finishes which were valuated with the help of two methods: the cost method and the simplified method based on the Property Valuation Act. The valuation also covers several periods of time: a new building and 11-, 25-, 50-, 75- and 100-years-old buildings. The thesis focuses on the lifetime of individual parts of the exterior finishes—especially the time after which it is necessary to replace or reconstruct a part. A significant focus was placed on the percents listed in the Act and their correspondence to the actual state. The thesis also deals with the various methods of valuation and their appropriateness in each case. It also mentions the influence of other factors on the price of an estate (the use of different exterior finishes, or a selection of a building location) but these factors were not examined in detail.
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Baydogan, Mustafa Gokce. "Energy Efficient Coverage And Connectivity Problem In Wireless Sensor Networks." Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12609688/index.pdf.
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In this thesis, we study the energy efficient coverage and connectivity problem in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). We try to locate heterogeneous sensors and route data generated to a base station under two conflicting objectives: minimization of network cost and maximization of network lifetime. We aim at satisfying connectivity and coverage requirements as well as sensor node and link capacity constraints. We propose mathematical formulations and use an exact solution approach to find Pareto optimal solutions for the problem. We also develop a multiobjective genetic algorithm to approximate the efficient frontier, as the exact solution approach requires long computation times. We experiment with our genetic algorithm on randomly generated problems to test how well the heuristic procedure approximates the efficient frontier. Our results show that our genetic algorithm approximates the efficient frontier well in reasonable computation times.
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Stem, Nair. "Células solares de silício de alto rendimento: otimizações teóricas e implementações experimentais utilizando processos de baixo custo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3140/tde-02042008-113959/.
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O trabalho realizado nesta tese esteve apoiado em dois objetivos principais. O primeiro centrado na otimização das etapas e processos de fabricação de células solares de silício de alto rendimento envolvendo redução de custos. O segundo objetivo foi direcionado na implementação de células solares eficientes e não dependentes do armadilhamento de impurezas através da difusão de alumínio. Para levar a cabo estes objetivos de forma planejada, o trabalho dividiu-se em otimizações teóricas e implementações experimentais. As otimizações teóricas foram realizadas utilizando dois programas: um programa desenvolvido (simulacell.pas) e implementado no próprio LME (versão 2), e o outro adquirido comercialmente, PC1D. De acordo com os resultados obtidos em estruturas completas n+p e n++n+p foi possível concluir que tanto as estruturas formadas através de emissores homogêneos como as obtidas utilizando emissores duplamente difundidos permitem alcançar eficiências elevadas, 25,5% a 26,0%, respectivamente, em um amplo intervalo de espessuras e concentrações superficiais de dopantes. No que tange aos desenvolvimentos experimentais, este trabalho se inicia com o desenvolvimento de um processo simplificado de baixo custo, em células solares de silício Cz de baixa resistividade com estrutura n+pp+, tipo \"mesa\". Este processo simplificado também está baseado na difusão de fósforo e alumínio (P/Al), utilizando gases industriais e reagentes químicos de grau \"para análise\", como uma transposição do processo de fabricação anteriormente desenvolvido no LME-EPUSP em substratos de silício FZ utilizando tecnologia planar. A célula solar mais representativa do processo implementado, A-16-1, permitiu atingir eficiências no entorno de 17%. As implementações experimentais visaram inicialmente o desenvolvimento de um procedimento visando à qualificação de materiais de partida (silício), utilizando a técnica de decaimento fotocondutivo (PCD) através de dois procedimentos de passivação de superfícies; oxidações térmicas e difusões suaves de fósforo. Posteriormente, utilizando o sistema PCD, novas otimizações dos emissores de tipo n+ homogêneos e regiões de tipo p foram realizadas, seguidos por oxidações térmicas passivadoras hidrogenadas, preservando-se o tempo de vida do volume em valores elevados (aproximadamente 1ms, após a realização de todas as etapas térmicas). Estes resultados qualificam o silício e os materiais de consumo utilizados, assim como, o novo processo de fabricação desenvolvido. Esta técnica também permitiu qualificar os emissores com perfil Gaussianos processados, atingindo valores da ordem de 45fA/cm2 para densidades de recombinação em estruturas n+pn+. Desenvolveram-se também estruturas n+p em materiais Cz de baixa resistividade 2-3W.cm de dois diferentes fabricantes, e silício FZ com 0,5W.cm. Pôde ser comprovada a qualidade das etapas que compõem o processo completo otimizado tendo-se obtido tensões de circuito aberto-implícitas de 652,4mV (Si-Cz fabricante 1) e 662,6mV (Si-Cz fabricante 2), e 670,8mV (FZ). De acordo com simulações realizadas utilizando parâmetros habituais de dispositivos do próprio LME, estas tensões, quando associadas a um conjunto óptico frontal típico das células solares de alto rendimento do LME (texturização química aleatória e filme de SiO2), permitirão atingir valores entre 19% - 20%. Entretanto, utilizando texturização e camada dupla torna-se plausível atingir o marco de 21% de rendimento, ultrapassando assim a barreira dos 17% (recorde nacional), e comprovando a potencialidade da infra-estrutura deste laboratório para o desenvolvimento de células solares não dependentes do efeito do armadilhamento de impurezas através da difusão de alumínio.<br>The work developed at this thesis has been based on two main objectives. First, it was focused on the optimization of the steps and processes for the fabrication of high efficiency solar cells, reducing production costs. The latter objective was directed to develop solar cells that were efficient and non-dependent on impurities gettering performed through the aluminum diffusion. In order to attend the planned objectives the work was divided into the theoretical objectives and experimental developments. The theoretical optimizations were performed using two different program codes: one was developed at LME (simulacell.pas), being upgraded afterwards (version 2); and the other was acquired commercially, the PC1D. According to the obtained results in complete structures n+p and n++n+p, it was possible to conclude that the homogeneous and double diffused emitter structures can provide high efficiencies, from 25,5% to 26,0%, respectively, for a wide range of thicknesses and surface doping levels. Concerning the experimental developments, this work starts with a low cost simplified process, using Cz silicon solar cells with low base resistivity and the structure n+pp+, \"mesa\" type. This simplified process was also based on the phosphorus/ aluminum diffusion (P/Al), using industrial gases and for analysis grade chemical reagents, as a fabrication process transposition of the process previously developed at LME-EPUSP using silicon substrates with planar technology. The most representative solar cells of the implemented process, A-16-1, provided about a 17% efficiency. The experimental implementations aimed the development of procedure for starting material (silicon) qualification, by using the photoconductive decay technique (PCD) with two surface passivation procedures: thermal oxidation and light phosphorus diffusion. Later, using PCD system, new optimizations of n+ homogeneous emitters and p-type region were performed, followed by passivating thermal oxidations with hydrogenation, maintaining the volume lifetime at high values (approximately 1ms, after each thermal step). These results qualified the used silicon and the consumer materials, as well the new fabrication process developed. This technique has also allowed qualifying the processed Gaussian profile emitters, providing values about 45fA/cm2 for the recombination current density in n+pp+ structures. N+p structures were also developed using Cz silicon with low resistivity 2- 3W.cm of two different manufacturers and FZ with 0.5W.cm. It could be proved the quality of the steps of a complete optimized process resulting implicit open circuit voltages of 652.4mV (Cz silicon - manufacturer type 1), 662.6mV (Cz silicon - manufacturer type 2), and 670.8mV (FZ silicon). According to the theoretical simulations performed using the usual parameters of devices processed at LME (random chemical texturization and SiO2 film), efficiencies between 19%-20% can be reached. However, using a random texturization and a double layer anti-reflection system, a 21% efficiency becomes possible, surpassing the 17% barrier (national record), and proving the potentiality of this laboratory facility for the development of solar cells non-dependent on impurity gettering through the aluminum diffusion.
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Sublaban, Cleusa Satico Yamamoto. "Retorno do investimento em marketing por empresas de telefonia móvel: uma avaliação das operadoras do estado de São Paulo." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/2572.
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Previous issue date: 2006-03-06T00:00:00Z<br>Este estudo no setor de telefonia celular adapta o modelo de investimento de marketing de Rust, Lemon & Zeithaml (2004) fornecendo um método de avaliação de investimento em áreas estratégicas de marketing (value, brand e relationship equity). Aplicado às operadoras de telefonia celular do estado de São Paulo (Vivo, Claro e TIM), o modelo permite calcular a probabilidade de um cliente mudar da operadora atual para uma concorrente, e verificar se a contribuição marginal advinda de uma ação mercadológica ultrapassa ou não seu custo de capital. Finalmente, através da aplicação do modelo obtém-se uma estimativa do customer equity atual das três operadoras de telefonia celular estudadas.<br>This study proposes an adaptation to the mobile telephone sector of the Rust Lemon & Zeithaml (2004) model of marketing investment. The model provides a method for the evaluation of investments in strategic marketing areas (value, brand and relationship equity). Applied to São Paulo State cellular telephone companies (Vivo, Claro and TIM), the model allows the estimation of a customer probability of change from the present operator to a competitor; and the assessment of a marketing initiative contribution, verifying if it exceeds its cost of capital. Finally, through the application of model, an estimate of customer equity is calculated for the three studied cellular telephone operators.
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Uxa, Jan. "Srovnání jednotlivých způsobů ocenění pro nemovitost typu byt v lokalitě Plzeň - Bolevec." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232585.
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This dissertation analyse selected used methods of appraising of flats and their reciprocal comparing. Then the dissertation defines basic concepts and percepts, with them the matters of appraising of flats hang together. Priceds flats thein are in Pilsen in the in area Bolevec. There were selected flats with differeent layout.
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Alemayehu, Berhanu. "The lifetime distribution of health care costs." 2001. http://books.google.com/books?id=sCxYAAAAMAAJ.
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LIN, Wen-Yuan, and 林文遠. "The Influence of Switching Costs on Customer Loyalty and Customer Lifetime Value –An Empirical Study of Mobile Telecommunication Industry." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/79442258448321902215.
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碩士<br>佛光人文社會學院<br>管理學研究所<br>94<br>Nowadays as the mobile telecommunication market is being saturated, the competition is getting furious in the mobile phone service market. Moreover, as the government applies mobile number portability policy in 2005, the operators are face a more serious competition. Because many countries have applied the policy which makes subscribers have apparent volition to switch the original operator. The operators will try every effort to prevent customer switching from happening and focus their marketing strategies to cope with it.
This research applies linear structural equation models to study the relationship between switching cost, customer loyalty and customer lifetime value. The findings of this research indicate that the level of customers’ satisfaction and perceptions of customers’ switching cost affecting customers’ loyalty, and the level of customers’ loyalty has a strong positive effect on customers’ lifetime value. In addition, we also find that customers’ lifetime value of those operators are different due to customer average monthly fares.
All of these information will help us better understand the characteristics of mobile users. The operators may take advantages of these findings to enhance the customers’ relationship.
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Cavender, Brittainy Anne. "A review of the methods of economic analysis of nuclear power plants." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2011-05-3183.
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Nuclear power plants across the United States are reaching the end of their current operating licenses, forcing decision makers to think about the way forward. As they consider the best alternatives for dealing with aging nuclear plants, it is becoming increasingly important to have an accurate method for calculating the long-term costs of nuclear power plants. This report begins by investigating the methodologies currently used in these calculations. They focus on the uncertainty associated with deregulated electricity markets and can be broken down into two main categories: discounted cash flow and real options analysis. Next the report discusses the limitations of the current methodologies, focusing specifically on those aspects of evaluation that are currently eclipsed by electricity market uncertainty. Finally the report offers recommendations for addressing these limitations and creating a stronger analytical framework for calculating the lifetime cost of nuclear power plants.<br>text
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Wun, Shu-Min, and 溫舒閔. "Lifetime cost of the cervical cancer and associated factors of cases." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/98520357468462010113.
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碩士<br>臺北醫學大學<br>醫務管理學系<br>93<br>The cervical cancer is one of women most common cancers, and the cervical cancer also is one of Taiwan female most important cancers.The cervical cancer was a high morbidity and high medical resources used disease, so the financial burden for treat cervical cancer patients and the productive loss from patients, both caused the very big burden to the society.
Therefore this study objects to estimate lifetime cost of cervical cancer disease, the study method referenced Brown’s research and defined the treatment phases as initial care, terminal care, and continuing care. To estimate the cost of illness and compare the difference between the three treatment phases. The cost includes direct cost and indirect cost, and direct cost includes medical costs besides indirect cost includes morbidity cost and mortality cost. Cost data were obtained from National Health insurance Research database, questionnaire survey, and references.
The lifetime cost of cervical cancer was NT$ 141,271. Hope the estimated lifetime cost of cervical cancer can provide policymakers to justify budgets, to set priorities for funding in biomedical research, and to develop intervention programmes to prevent a disease.
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Wu, Po-Heng, and 吳柏衡. "Lifetime-Cost Analysis for Stroke－Comparisons of People with and without Hyperglycemia, Hyperlipidemia and Hypertension." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/en5x44.
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碩士<br>中原大學<br>工業與系統工程研究所<br>103<br>This study aims to model the lifetime cost of stroke for people with and without 3H (hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and hypertension). The medical cost due to stroke causes great burden for patients and National Health Insurance Bureau. Existing literature shows that people having 3H is more likely to have stroke than people without 3H. In 1996, Taylor et al. used US data to estimate the stroke lifetime cost from age of onset for stroke to 99 years old. For this study, we use NHIRD data from 1999 to 2008. The first 3 years are set as the observation period to exclude patients with 3H or stroke and delete missing data. The population size is 745,006 people. In this study, we first select 3H sample data as case data. For comparison, we then adopt the matched- pair method to selected non-3H sample data as control data.
In this study, we estimate the stroke incidence rate by dividing the number of stroke cases by the person-years of all cases. To calculate the stroke lifetime costs, we modify the method by Taylor et al. The stroke lifetime cost include direct medical costs and indirect costs. Direct medical costs include the ward fees, physician medical fees, drug costs, rehabilitation costs, imaging inspection fees, laboratory fees, registration fees, and other costs. Indirect costs include the patients’ lost productivity during outpatient and inpatient medication period. Only the outpatient and inpatient medical costs for stroke are considered.
Our results show that the overall stroke incidence rate are 3.27% and 0.628% for the 3H group and non-3H group, respectively. For all age categories, the stroke incidence rate is higher for the 3H group than for the non-3H group.
Considering all cases, the average stroke lifetime costs per person are NTD$12,781 and NTD$3,030 for 3H and non-3H groups, respectively. The average direct and indirect costs the 3H group are NTD$12,189 and NTD$592. Direct and indirect costs the non-3H group are NTD$2,952 and NTD$78.
If we only consider cases having stroke during the study period, the average stroke lifetime costs per person are NTD$161,587 and NTD$70,420 for the 3H and non-3H groups, respectively. The average direct cost, indirect cost, number of ambulatory-care days and number of hospital days for the 3H group are NTD$154,100, NTD$7,488, 10 days and 7 days. The average direct cost, indirect cost, number of ambulatory care days and number of hospital days for the non-3H group are NTD$68,613, NTD$1,806, 2 days and 6 days.
Finally we conduct sensitivity analysis for the present-value discount rate and stroke survival rate. When the present-value discount rate increases, the lifetime cost decreases. When the survival rate increases, the lifetime cost also increases.
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Chang, Po-Yin, and 張伯印. "Analysis of Lifetime Medical Cost and Estabishment of Chemotherapy Cost Model in Patients with Stage IV Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/74340253338277646943.
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Chen, Yi-Jhen, and 陳怡珍. "Comparisons and Analysis of Coronary-Heart-Disease Lifetime Cost for People with and without Hyperglycemia, Hyperlipidemia and Hypertension." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/63684868887195980677.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>中原大學<br>工業與系統工程研究所<br>104<br>This research aims to model the lifetime cost of coronary heart disease (CHD) for people with 3H (hypertension, hyperglycemia, and hyperlipemia). The purpose of this study is to study the burden on CHD patients and National Health Insurance Bureau the national insurance medical cost caused by 3H.
We use the NHIRD (National Health Insurance Research Database) data from years 1999 to 2008 for model fitting and cost analysis. The International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) codes used are: 250.xx for hyperglycemia, 401.xx-405.xx for hypertension, 272.xx for hyperlipemia and 410.xx-414.xx for CHD. The first 3 years (1999 – 2001) are set as the observation period. We select the patient data recoded in these 3 years but without 3H or CHD symptoms record, and delete data without complete information. The total population is 609,944. The next 7 years (2002 – 2008) are set as the experimental period. The patients with 3H symptoms in the experimental period are set as the case group. We then use matched-pair method to select patients without 3H, called the control group, by matching the gender exactly, birth date closely, and first-visit date closely of the patients in the case group.
The methodology of this study consists of two parts: estimate the CHD incidence rate and calculate the CHD lifetime cost. We estimate the CHD incidence rate by dividing the number of CHD cases by the person-years of all cases. To calculate the CHD lifetime costs, we modify the method by Taylor et al. (1996) and use the CHD survival rate by Proudfit et al. (1983). The CHD lifetime cost includes the direct medical cost and indirect cost. The direct medical cost includes the ward fees, physician medical fees, drug costs, rehabilitation costs, imaging inspection fees, laboratory fees, registration fees and others. The indirect cost includes the loss due to patients’ lost productivity during outpatient and inpatient medication period. Only the outpatient and inpatient medical costs for CHD are considered in this research.
The results show that the overall CHD incidence rates for 3H and non-3H groups are 3.5% and 0.98%, respectively. The average number of ambulatory-care days and hospital days for the 3H group per person are 73.52 days and 13.2 days, respectively, and those for the non-3H groups per person are 76.93 days and 12.22 days, respectively.
If we consider only cases having CHD during the experimental period, the average CHD lifetime costs per person for the 3H and non-3H groups are 102,831 and 96,918 dollars, respectively. Since the mediccation costs for the two groups do not differ much, the CHD lifetime costs for the two groups are similar.
If we consider all cases in the two groups, the average CHD lifetime costs per person for the 3H and non-3H groups are 12,333 and 5,480 dollars, respectively. This result shows that the 3H group with a higher CHD incidence rate causes a larger burden on the society medical cost.
Finally, we conduct a sensitivity analysis for the present-value discount rate and coronary heart disease survival rate. When the present-value discount rate increases from 2% to 3%, the CHD lifetime cost decreases 0.015% and 0.019% approximately for the 3H and non-3H groups, respectively. When the survival rate decreases 30%, the CHD lifetime cost also decreases approximately 30% from its original value for both groups.
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Huang, Chen-Fong, and 黃晨峰. "Fast Integer Linear Programming Formulations for Minimum-Cost Sensor Arrangement for Achieving Wanted Coverage Lifetime in Wireless Sensor Networks." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/81061338269211472659.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立雲林科技大學<br>電機工程系碩士班<br>97<br>In general, different types of sensors have different sensing capacity, cost, or lifetime. Given a set of sensors of different types, a set of targets, and a set of positions, the minimum-cost wireless sensor network lifetime problem (MCL problem) is to find a mapping between the sensors and the positions which covers all the targets such that the network lifetime requirement is met and the total cost of sensors is minimized. This problem has been proven to be NP-hard. An optimal integer linear programming formulation (ILPF) has been proposed which leads to the optimal solutions to the MCL problem. We call it optimal ILPF-for-MCL (ILPF-for-MCL, for short). Unfortunately, when the number of targets increases, the execution time of ILPF-for-MCL becomes very long. In this thesis, we design two new inequalities to speed up the execution of ILPF-for-MCL. Computer simulations show that compared with the original ILPF-for-MCL, our inequalities can reduce the execution time significantly in most cases. In fact, the execution time of ILPF-for-MCL could be reduced by at most 74.3% with our first inequality and by at most 74.7% with the second one. The execution time can even be reduced by 76.7% if these two inequalities work together.
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Tzu-TingHu and 胡姿婷. "Long-term exposure, health risk, expected year of life loss and lifetime cost assessments for vinyl chloride monomer workers in PVC manufacturing industries." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/7m76ae.
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Deng-ChiYang and 楊登棋. "Incidence, life expectancy, expected years of life lost, and lifetime cost in the elderly under maintenance hemodialysis-A comparison between the diabetics and the non-diabetics." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/00555017586236830038.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立成功大學<br>老年學研究所<br>100<br>BACKGROUND: The objective of this study is to quantify the incidence rate, life expectancy (LE), expected years of life lost (EYLL), cost per year and lifetime cost in the elderly with ESRD under maintenance hemodialysis after stratification by age, sex and the presence of diabetes.
METHODS: We conducted a population-based study by using National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD). We identified all incident ESRD cases aged over 65 and under maintenance hemodialysis from registry files of catastrophic illnesses in Taiwan from July 1, 1997 to December 31, 2005. There were 24,243 cases; the age- and sex-specific incidence rates and cumulative incidence rates of ESRD between age 65 and 84 years (CIR65-84) were calculated. After excluding 3,423 cases with malignancy, their survivals were followed through the end of 2006. The survival function for an age- and sex-matched reference population was generated by using the Monte Carlo method from the life table of the general population; survival ratio between ESRD cohorts and referents was used for lifetime extrapolation after stratification by age, sex, and the presence of diabetes. Cost per year and lifetime cost (including healthcare expenditures of ambulatory care and inpatient care) were further analyzed after stratification by age, sex, and the presence of diabetes.
RESULTS: The elderly with diabetes and ESRD seem to have a shorter LE than those without diabetes. The estimated average EYLL were 10.6-5.8, and 12.3-7.3 years for males and females with diabetes aged between 65 and 79. The CIR65-84 of requiring hemodialysis in the elderly with diabetes were 0.078 and 0.099 for males and females, but those without diabetes were 0.017 and 0.020 for males and females. The life years potentially saved by successful prevention of ESRD could be 5,430.1 and 10,177 life years in males and females, respectively. The cost per year was higher in those with diabetes than those without diabetes, and the trend persisted as the age advanced, although the differences between those with and without diabetes narrowed in the oldest old group.
CONCLUSION: The likelihood of developing ESRD for the elderly with diabetes in the coming 20 years was nearly 5 times of the risk in the elderly without diabetes. Prevention of ESRD among the elderly is of great importance, especially among the elderly with diabetes.
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Brígido, Tiago Miguel Cordeiro. "The value of a user for codacy." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/35669.
Full textAbstract:
This research was developed in straight collaboration with the Portuguese startup
Codacy with the purpose of valuing the different types of users by defining metrics for each
segment created. The users were segmented according to their subscription plan — Cloud and
Enterprise, Monthly Recurring Revenue (MRR) - Small, Medium and Big Accounts and
subscription length - Monthly and Yearly. The main conclusion is that medium and big
accounts are the main growth drivers. Furthermore, those metrics also provide powerful
insights by enabling Codacy to be more data-driven across departments especially
approaching Product Market Fit.
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NOVÁK, Rudolf. "Analýza spolehlivosti v oblasti IT." Master's thesis, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-51196.
Full textAbstract:
The main goal of this diploma thesis "IT systems reliability analysis" is to analyse and suggest the best PC component seller according to criterion of minimum costs for guarantee services. Theoretical part deals with general importance of technical systems reliability and brings methodological basis for reliability analysis and describes methods and ways how to increase reliability in practise. Following part is focused on identification computer most critical component through Failure Tree Analysis method and modelling its failure-free time by using Weibull analysis. On the base of maintenance costs analysis was chosen the most appropriate distributor.
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Pedrosa, Nuno Filipe da Silva. "The impact of unit economics on the Saas business model." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/111608.
Full textAbstract:
The following paper addresses how to assess the profitability of a single user to a SaaS company, by taking into account the future value of a user and the costs incurred to acquire, retain and expand them. This research was conducted using manipulated data from a Portuguese startup, Codacy, and aims to help the company understand how unit economics intrinsic to the SaaS business model define user profitability, as well as their impact on it through the creation of single-variable scenarios and multi-variable scenarios.