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Journal articles on the topic 'Lift cage'
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1
Salokhe, V. M., S. Manzoor, and D. Gee-Clough. "Pull and lift forces acting on single cage wheel lugs." Journal of Terramechanics 27, no. 1 (January 1990): 25–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-4898(90)90021-d.
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Miková, Lubica. "DIDACTIC MODEL OF LIFT." TECHNICAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOG IES, no. 3(13) (2018): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.25140/2411-5363-2018-3(13)-219-224.
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Urgency of the research. Mechatronics products become more sophisticated and complicated. Mechatronic engineers should be prepared for this complex design process. Practical experimental model helps improve educational process as preparing for practice. Target setting. Miniaturized model of the lift suitable for practical training on subjects focused to microcontrollers, sen-sors, actuators etc. Students have possibility to make practice on laboratory exercises, where they can verify theoretical knowledge obtained on lectures. The arrangement of the model has modular character, because of possibility to rearrange or adding of new function into model. The aim was to create minimized model of real lift with all functions and systems. Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. Many universities are oriented only to finished robotic kits and do not support creativity of students. Open access and open structure model missing in this field. There is a need for fast prototyping model, which allows the creation of new design of product. Uninvestigated parts of general matters defining. The question of the design of printed circuit board are uninvestigated, because they need more time than allows normal exercises. The research objective. The main aim of educational process is to educate engineers with basic knowledge, skills and handicraft. Practical models help as support devices for fulfil of this aim. All mechatronic students can practice a training on these practical models. They become as more skilled and well-oriented engineers.. The statement of basic materials. Construction consist of upper and lower base plate connected with four pillars used as linear guide for moving of lift cage. Lower base plate includes base microcontrollers boards, resistor network, power transis-tor array board, power supply terminals, relay modules, PWM module and signals terminals. Upper base plate consist of DC motor with gearing and screw mechanism for moving the lift cage. Conclusions. The model enables supports the creativity of the students. The starting point of the using of the model can be without any wired connections. Students should connect every part and try functionality of every function. The students receive the defined several problems and they have to analyze it and make any proposal for solution of defined problems.
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Zitti, Gianluca, Nico Novelli, and Maurizio Brocchini. "Preliminary Results on the Dynamics of a Pile-Moored Fish Cage with Elastic Net in Currents and Waves." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 1 (December 24, 2020): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9010014.
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Over the last decades, the aquaculture sector increased significantly and constantly, moving fish-farm plants further from the coast, and exposing them to increasingly high forces due to currents and waves. The performances of cages in currents and waves have been widely studied in literature, by means of laboratory experiments and numerical models, but virtually all the research is focused on the global performances of the system, i.e., on the maximum displacement, the volume reduction or the mooring tension. In this work we propose a numerical model, derived from the net-truss model of Kristiansen and Faltinsen (2012), to study the dynamics of fish farm cages in current and waves. In this model the net is modeled with straight trusses connecting nodes, where the mass of the net is concentrated at the nodes. The deformation of the net is evaluated solving the equation of motion of the nodes, subjected to gravity, buoyancy, lift, and drag forces. With respect to the original model, the elasticity of the net is included. In this work the real size of the net is used for the computation mesh grid, this allowing the numerical model to reproduce the exact dynamics of the cage. The numerical model is used to simulate a cage with fixed rings, based on the concept of mooring the cage to the foundation of no longer functioning offshore structures. The deformations of the system subjected to currents and waves are studied.
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Martinez-Roman, J., and L. Serrano-Iribarnegaray. "Determining torque–speed curve of two-speed deep cage lift asynchronous machines." IEE Proceedings - Electric Power Applications 152, no. 3 (2005): 455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-epa:20040988.
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Watyotha, C., and V. M. Salokhe. "Pull, lift and side force characteristics of cage wheels with opposing circumferential lugs." Soil and Tillage Research 60, no. 3-4 (July 2001): 123–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-1987(01)00175-1.
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Manser, C. E., D. M. Broom, P. Overend, and T. H. Morris. "Operant studies to determine the strength of preference in laboratory rats for nest-boxes and nesting materials." Laboratory Animals 32, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/002367798780559473.
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Previous work has shown that laboratory rats preferred to use nest-boxes and nesting materials rather than empty parts of the cage. In preference tests, they chose opaque or semi-opaque nest-boxes and long strips of soft paper nesting material. Choice tests to demonstrate a preference between nest-boxes and nesting material were not possible because nesting materials were carried into the nest-boxes. Furthermore, preference tests did not show how important these items were to the animals. Accordingly, operant tests were conducted, in which the rats had to lift a weighted door in order to gain access to an empty cage, or one containing a nest-box, nesting material or both items. By progressively increasing the weight of the door in subsequent trials, it was shown that the rats would carry out more work to reach a nest-box, with or without nesting material, than to reach an empty cage.
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Manser, C. E., H. Elliott, T. H. Morris, and D. M. Broom. "The use of a novel operant test to determine the strength of preference for flooring in laboratory rats." Laboratory Animals 30, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/002367796780744974.
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A previous study showed that laboratory rats preferred to dwell on a solid floor rather than a grid one, particularly when resting (Manser et al. 1995). The strength of this preference was investigated in an operant trial using a novel test apparatus, which consisted of a grid-floored cage and a solid-floored cage, joined via a central box containing a barrier whose weight was adjustable. Trials in which rats had to lift the barrier in order to explore the whole apparatus were alternated with those in which the rats were confined on the grid floor and then had to lift the barrier in order to reach the solid floor. The latter trials were carried out at the beginning of the light period when the rats were seeking a resting place. In both trials, the weight of the barrier was progressively increased for each rat, until a maximum weight was found which it would lift either to explore its environment (weight A) or to reach the solid floor (weight B). No significant differences were found between weights A and B, showing that rats would work as hard to reach a solid floor to rest on as they would to explore a novel environment. The apparatus used could, with some modifications, be appropriate for use in other operant studies in laboratory rats.
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Salokhe, V. M., D. Gee-Clough, and Harjono. "Pull and lift forces on multiple cage wheel lugs when operating in wet clay soil." Soil and Tillage Research 17, no. 1-2 (August 1990): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-1987(90)90002-u.
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Chen, Biao, He Chun Chen, and Tao Yan. "Pondering over Water Conservancy Measurement Combined with Schistosomiasis Control." Advanced Materials Research 255-260 (May 2011): 3047–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.255-260.3047.
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In recent year,the epidemic situation of schistosomiasis has been recurring, the spreading of oncomelania is obvious, and the schistosomiasis problem is quite serious in Yangtze river basin. In such case, kinds of water conservancy measurement combined with schistosomiasis control are introduced. Considering that various measures of oncomelania interception are mainly suitable for low-head project, the reliability is poor and the management operation is with high difficulty at present, the technology of interception of oncomelania snail with hydraulic separation which is suitable for high-lift and medium-head (3meters) projects and the technology of interception of oncomelania snail with net cage that can be applied to low-head projects are proposed. According to the research, we can discover the interception of oncomelania snail with hydraulic separation oncomelania snail and the interception of oncomelania snail with net cage is efficient in intercepting oncomelania snail, and can be applied to practical projects.
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Nye, Leanne C., Jakob F. Hitzenberger, Manolis M. Roubelakis, Michael Orfanopoulos, and Thomas Drewello. "Chemistry at the rim: Differentiation of isomeric open-cage fullerenes by MALDI-LIFT and ESI-MS/MS." International Journal of Mass Spectrometry 436 (February 2019): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijms.2018.11.006.
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Wang, Si-Jing, Jian-Jiang Zhong, Yin-Liang Chen, and Jun-Tang Yu. "Characterization and modeling of oxygen transfer in a 20-l modified cell-lift bioreactor with a double-screen cage." Journal of Fermentation and Bioengineering 80, no. 1 (January 1995): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0922-338x(95)98179-o.
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Yu, Hu, Wang Geng Qi, Zhang Hai Lang, Fu Xu Yang, and Farhat Hussain. "The effects of advance ratio and blade number on the forward flight characteristics of cycloidal rotor." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 233, no. 2 (October 9, 2017): 573–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954410017733290.
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Cycloidal rotor is a rotor whose blades pitch around the pitching axis and revolve around the rotor shaft that is parallel to blade. It can generate omni-directional thrust with high efficiency. In this paper, the numerical simulation models were validated by the wind tunnel experiments. Then physics of the cycloidal rotor in forward flight was studied. The effects of blade number and advance ratio were qualitatively discussed based on the numerical simulation results. Results of the analysis indicate that the rotor with more blades will result in smoother force curve, so that there will be lower vibration. However, the rotor with three or four blades will be the most efficient. The maximum forward flight efficiency is obtained from medium-to-high advance ratio. The efficiency is comparable with that of a screw propeller at the same Reynolds number. At low advance ratio, the peak lift on the blade can be observed when the blade is located at the lower left part of its trajectory. This is caused by positive blade pitch angle and relatively large inflow speed, which is similar to the downwash in the rotor cage under hovering status. From medium-to-high advance ratio, the thrust and lift primarily originated from the plunging motion of the blade. If the advance ratio is high enough, there will be negative horizontal force and positive torque, which means that the blade is taking energy from the inflow. Resultant force of the horizontal and vertical force does not vary too much with the advance ratio. But with the advance ratio approaching 1.0, the direction of the resultant force will point upwards and no horizontal force can be observed.
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Cressoni, Massimo, Davide Chiumello, Eleonora Carlesso, Chiara Chiurazzi, Martina Amini, Matteo Brioni, Paolo Cadringher, Michael Quintel, and Luciano Gattinoni. "Compressive Forces and Computed Tomography–derived Positive End-expiratory Pressure in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome." Anesthesiology 121, no. 3 (September 1, 2014): 572–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0000000000000373.
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Abstract Background: It has been suggested that higher positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) should be used only in patients with higher lung recruitability. In this study, the authors investigated the relationship between the recruitability and the PEEP necessary to counteract the compressive forces leading to lung collapse. Methods: Fifty-one patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (7 mild, 33 moderate, and 11 severe) were enrolled. Patients underwent whole-lung computed tomography (CT) scan at 5 and 45 cm H2O. Recruitability was measured as the amount of nonaerated tissue regaining inflation from 5 to 45 cm H2O. The compressive forces (superimposed pressure) were computed as the density times the sternum-vertebral height of the lung. CT-derived PEEP was computed as the sum of the transpulmonary pressure needed to overcome the maximal superimposed pressure and the pleural pressure needed to lift up the chest wall. Results: Maximal superimposed pressure ranged from 6 to 18 cm H2O, whereas CT-derived PEEP ranged from 7 to 28 cm H2O. Median recruitability was 15% of lung parenchyma (interquartile range, 7 to 21%). Maximal superimposed pressure was weakly related with lung recruitability (r 2 = 0.11, P = 0.02), whereas CT-derived PEEP was unrelated with lung recruitability (r 2 = 0.0003, P = 0.91). The maximal superimposed pressure was 12 ± 3, 12 ± 2, and 13 ± 1 cm H2O in mild, moderate, and severe acute respiratory distress syndrome, respectively, (P = 0.0533) with a corresponding CT-derived PEEP of 16 ± 5, 16 ± 5, and 18 ± 5 cm H2O (P = 0.48). Conclusions: Lung recruitability and CT scan–derived PEEP are unrelated. To overcome the compressive forces and to lift up the thoracic cage, a similar PEEP level is required in higher and lower recruiters (16.8 ± 4 vs. 16.6 ± 5.6, P = 1).
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Zhu, Jun Jie, Lin Ma, Cheng Chen, and Xu Feng. "The Design of Automatic Smooth Layer System for the Construction Elevator Based on Fuzzy Control." Applied Mechanics and Materials 103 (September 2011): 417–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.103.417.
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This In the construction elevator with high-speed inverter based on the single-chip microcomputer and single speed sensor, the response of the automatic smooth layer system is often too slow to guarantee the accurate leveling lift, so the system needs frequent calibration. This paper presents a fuzzy algorithm based elevator automatic leveling system using STC controller. Test results show that, under the condition that the load vary frequently and hoist cage fall inertia, the system can predict elevator weight-bearing state or delay in advance to control the inverter.template explains and demonstrates how to prepare your camera-ready paper forTrans Tech Publications. The best is to read these instructions and follow the outline of this text. Please make the page settings of your word processor to A4 format (21 x 29,7 cm or 8 x 11 inches); with the margins: bottom 1.5 cm (0.59 in) and top 2.5 cm (0.98 in), right/left margins must be 2 cm (0.78 in). We shall be able to publish your paper in electronic form on our web page http://www.scientific.net, if the paper format and the margins are correct. Your manuscript will be reduced by approximately 20% by the publisher. Please keep this in mind when designing your figures and tables etc.
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Campbell, Christopher D., and William D. Hutchison. "REARING METHODS AND DEMOGRAPHIC STATISTICS FOR A SUBTERRANEAN MORPH OF THE SUGARBEET ROOT APHID (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)." Canadian Entomologist 127, no. 1 (February 1995): 65–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent12765-1.
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AbstractA reliable method for rearing the subterranean summer morph of the sugarbeet root aphid, Pemphigus betae Doane, is described. Field-collected aphids were reared using hydroponic growth pouches that allowed exposed root tissue to be fed on by P. betae. The aphid has been maintained in continuous culture for over 3 years. Open pouches were subsequently modified with cages to provide more successful mass rearing. Cages placed on the pouch were devised to provide an arena that concentrated aphids on one area of the pouch, minimized wandering behavior, and ensured a more vigorous colony. During a 10-week mass rearing experiment, caged pouches consistently averaged 120.8 ± 9.6(se) aphids per cage (fourth instars and adults) following 2-week incubation periods. Caged pouches also were used to isolate individual aphids for development and fecundity studies. Age-specific life tables were developed for P. betae using both open pouches at 20°C, and caged pouches at 24°C. Although the intrinsic rate of increase (rm) was lower at 20°C on a daily time scale (rm = 0.2314 versus 0.2591), rm was significantly greater at 20°C on a degree-day (DD > 7.6°C) time scale (rm = 0.0187 versus 0.0158). The difference on a DD basis resulted primarily from a longer time interval from birth to first reproduction (TFR) at 24°C(TFR = 158.5 versus 147.1 DD at 20°C). These results corroborate previous experience with P. betae, indicating that 20°C appeared to be an optimum temperature for mass rearing. Stable age distributions for P. betae cohorts were only slightly affected by temperature; on average approximately 55, 22, 11, 7, and 5% of the aphids were first, second, third, and fourth instars, and adults, respectively. Though similar studies have not been reported for other Pemphigus spp., all demographic statistics were characteristic of many foliar-feeding aphids held under similar constant temperature conditions.
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Kolesov, S. V., A. I. Kazmin, I. V. Skorina, V. V. Shvets, M. L. Sazhnev, A. A. Panteleev, V. S. Pereverzev, and D. A. Kolbovski. "Cage Subsidence after Surgery on the Anterior Part of the Subaxial Cervical Spine: a Monocentric Prospective Clinical Study with a 3-Year Follow-Up." Traumatology and Orthopedics of Russia 26, no. 2 (July 9, 2020): 139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21823/2311-2905-2020-26-2-139-147.
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The choice of an implant for vertebra body defect replacement in corpectomy for traumatic lesions remains a point of discussion among spinal surgeons. Nanostructured carbon cages are promising for use in spinal surgery.The purpose of this study was to determine the rate and degree of cage subsidence in the patients with traumatic lesions of the cervical spine undergone a single-level anterior corpectomy in the subaxial part of the cervical spine with reconstruction using a carbon or titanium cage. Materials and Methods. A prospective study included 47 patients undergone a single-level corpectomy of the cervical spine due to traumatic injury. Two groups were formed by adaptive randomization: group I with the patients with carbon cages (n = 23), and group II with the patients with titanium cages (n = 24). The evaluation of cages subsidence and stability was carried by X-rays and CT before and after surgery. The quality of life before and after the surgery was evaluated using NDI and VAS questionnaires.Results. According to the questionnaires, the absolute majority of the patients in both groups showed a statistically significant improvement of quality of life in the postoperative period (p<0.01). The first signs of implant subsidence were noted 3 months after surgery in group II. There were none of such cases in group I. The final result of the subsidence at the end of the follow-up comprised: for group I 0.6±0.4 mm, for group II 3.1±1.4 mm (p = 0.023). In group II, the bone block between bone tissue and the cage was recorded in 30% of patients (p = 0.037), in group I, the bone block was not formed. At the same time, according to the functional X-ray data, there were no signs of carbon cages instability in group I. None of the patients in groups I and II required revision surgery due to complications associated with cages placement.Conclusion. The outcomes of carbon nanostructure cages placement as bodyreplacing implants in the cervical spine were not inferior to the outcomes of titanium mesh cages using. In group I, the carbon cages subsidence was significantly lower than in group II with titanium cages. The bone block was not formed in the case of carbon cages. It is worth noting that the carbon structure of the cages allowed the radiological diagnostics of the operated segment without artifacts formation.
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Raybaud, Antoine. "Cage & Co : poétiques de la métamorphose." Littérature 99, no. 3 (1995): 88–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/litt.1995.2377.
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Zernicke, R. F., A. C. Vailas, R. E. Grindeland, A. Kaplansky, G. J. Salem, and D. A. Martinez. "Spaceflight effects on biomechanical and biochemical properties of rat vertebrae." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 258, no. 6 (June 1, 1990): R1327—R1332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1990.258.6.r1327.
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The biomechanical and biochemical responses of lumbar vertebral bodies during a 12.5-day spaceflight (Cosmos 1887 biosatellite) were determined for rapidly growing rats (90-day-old, Czechoslovakian-Wistar). By use of age-matched vivarium controls (normal cage environment) and synchronous controls (simulated flight conditions), as well as a basal control group (killed before lift-off on the 1st day of flight), the combined influences of growth and space-flight could be examined. Centra of the sixth lumbar vertebrae (L6) were compressed to 50% strain at a fast strain rate while immersed in physiological buffer (37 degrees C). The body masses of vivarium and synchronous controls were significantly heavier than either the flight or basal controls. The flight group had an L6 vertebral body compressional stiffness that was 39% less than the vivarium controls, 47% less than the synchronous control, and 16% less than the basal controls. In addition, the average initial maximum load of the flight L6 was 22% less than vivarium controls and 18% less than the synchronous controls, whereas the linear compressional load of the flight group averaged 34% less than the vivarium and 25% less than the synchronous groups. The structural properties of the vertebrae from the 12.5-day-younger basal group closely resembled the flight vertebrae. Calcium, phosphorous, and hydroxyproline concentrations were not significantly different among the groups. Nevertheless, the lack of strength and stiffness development in spaceflight, coupled with a smaller proportion of mature hydroxypyridinoline cross-links, suggested that the 12.5 days of spaceflight slowed the maturation of trabecular bone in the vertebral bodies of rapidly growing rats.
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Kitsopoulos, Kyriakos, Bernd Wiedenhoefer, Stefan Hemmer, Christoph Fleege, Mohammad Arabmotlagh, Michael Rauschmann, and Marcus Rickert. "Preliminary Results of Expandable Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion Cages." Open Orthopaedics Journal 15, no. 1 (June 10, 2021): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874325002115010035.
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Background: Compared with static cages, expandable cages for Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion (TLIF), are thought to require less posterior bony removal and nerve root retraction. They may allow the creation of a greater lordotic angle and lordosis restoration. Objective: This study investigated whether TLIF using an expandable lordotic interbody cage facilitates an improvement in both segmental lordosis and the restoration of intradiscal height. Methods: A total of 32 patients with 40 operated segments underwent TLIF surgery for lumbar degenerative disc disease and were consecutively included in this prospective observational study. Of those patients, 25 received monosegmental treatment, six were treated bisegmentally, and one was treated trisegmentally. All patients were assessed clinically and radiographically preoperatively, as well as one week, six months, and two years postoperatively. Results: Two patients required revision for screw loosening and pseudarthrosis. In four patients, the endplate was violated intraoperatively due to cage placement. Postoperatively, cage subsidence was observed in four patients. Significant improvement in the mean degree of spondylolisthesis was noted at the two-year mark. Mean segmental lordosis improved postoperatively. A significant increase in mean disc height of the treated segment was also found. Overall, with the exception of pain, no significant clinical or radiographic changes were reported between the first postoperative week and the two-year year follow-up mark. The mean pain, functional, and quality of life outcomes improved significantly from the preoperative to postoperative period, with no deterioration between six months and two years. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that favorable outcomes can be achieved by using an expandable titanium cage in TLIF procedures.
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Kanto, Jantanee. "A Moment of Self-Reflection: From Trauma to Self-Healing." Asian Social Science 17, no. 9 (August 31, 2021): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v17n9p49.
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This article aimed to investigate how “selves” were created from the process of creating subjectivity. The research methodology is a qualitative research using autoethnography and life story telling. The self-reflection could bring back to the specific moments in the past, and analyze actions and thoughts. From the self-reflection, there are two conflicted selves; ‘liberated or independent’ self (from gender norms), and ‘self-in-cage’ or ‘self-in-society’ (which suppressed under “unseen cages” or social norms and religious belief unconsciously). This subjectivity can be considered as “an unfinished project” because the processes of creating liberated self and a self-in-cage are happening all the time. They were pushed and pulled again and again by society and even by own self. It cannot be seen as totally liberated or trapped in the unseen cages. They win and lose at the same time.
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Ramos, I. P., L. Franceschini, É. O. P. Zica, E. D. Carvalho, and R. J. Silva. "The influence of cage farming on infection of the corvine fish Plagioscion squamosissimus (Perciformes: Sciaenidae) with metacercariae of Austrodiplostomum compactum (Digenea: Diplostomidae) from the Chavantes reservoir, São Paulo State, Brazil." Journal of Helminthology 88, no. 3 (April 30, 2013): 342–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x13000229.
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AbstractThe development of cage fish farms has been associated with an increase in parasitic diseases. Organic matter resulting from feed waste and faeces attracts animals such as birds and invertebrates that can act as hosts for parasites. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of cage farming on Austrodiplostomum compactum metacercariae infections of Plagioscion squamosissimus collected close to a cage farm in the Chavantes reservoir (Paranapanema River). Thirty-seven fish were collected in an area close to cages (CF), and 28 in an area not influenced by cages (CT). All specimens were weighed, measured and the eyes removed for morphological analyses of metacercariae. The prevalence, mean intensity of infection, mean abundance and condition factor were calculated. The prevalence (CF = 86.4%, CT = 57.1%), mean infection intensity (CF = 20.31 ± 1.13, CT = 4.29 ± 7.14) and mean abundance (CF = 17.70 ± 6.27, CT = 2.35 ± 0.77) were higher in the CF (P< 0.05) group. There were no significant correlations (P> 0.05) between the mean abundance and standard length or the total weight and condition factor in either group (P> 0.05). Fish farms may interfere with the life cycle of A. compactum, leading to more infections with P. squamosissimus. This could be due to an increase in the number of host animals that are attracted by the availability of food resources derived from fish farms.
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Tihonov, Еvgenii, Valentin Bazykin, and Nikolay Mukhanov. "Improving the reliability and service life of the pneumatic distributor for distributing feed to cages." E3S Web of Conferences 175 (2020): 03017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017503017.
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In this paper, we consider effective delivery of feed to fish cages. The rotary feeders design analysis is performed. Their disadvantages are analyzed. Possible ways to improve reliability are identified: rotor balancing, elimination of moving parts in design. The design of the feeder without moving parts is proposed, which provides the required parameters of feed distribution in cages and at the same time has high reliability and almost unlimited service life. To justify the design parameters of the feeder, we developed design factors that affect the feed distribution process (height of the pipe cut, height of the cone position, radius of curvature of the generatrix), and an integral criterion for evaluating the quality of feed distribution. The integral criterion includes an assessment of the effective area of feed distribution in the cage and its uniformity. A numerical multifactor study was performed and the optimal values of design factors were determined with the maximum value of the integral criterion that determines the efficiency of the feed distribution process. Based on the results of processing the obtained data, the high quality of feed distribution in cages and the prospects of the proposed design of the feeder as a whole were determined.
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Marai, I. F. M., and A. A. Rashwan. "Rabbits behavioural response to climatic and managerial conditions – a review." Archives Animal Breeding 47, no. 5 (October 10, 2004): 469–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-47-469-2004.
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Abstract. The domestic rabbit is deprived of the protection of burrows and of a social hierarchy and live in a limited space which is a fraction of a metre of a hard sanitized space, removed from odours, markers and social interaction. Hot climate was the main cause for abnormal maternal and sexual behaviour. Exposure to high ambient temperature induces rabbits to try to balance their excessive heat load by using different means. The doe that was capable to produce 10 litters a year may give only 4 to 5 litters in hot climate Noise in rabitries causes adverse effects including nervous and behavioural abnormalities and can cause a startled response and traumatic injuries to limbs and back. Particularly, most concern about noise effects has traditionally focused on impairment of reproductive and maternal behaviours, although few controlled studies have been done to support the observations of animal caretakers that noise inhibits production. Moon phases are one of the main causes of abnormal sexual behaviour in females. Crowdness causes that rabbits become aggressive and bite one another during the first few days of nest sharing, while successive litters live together. Keeping rabbits singly in cages is not compatible with the demand of housing with respect to animal welfare, since the singly caged rabbit is exposed to natural external stimulus, has no social contact and has no conditions for suitable locomotion. This may be the reason in that caged rabbits show nervous behaviour and altered forms of movement and low relaxed resting-behaviour, that may be due to the narrowness of the cage and the wire floor. Social deprivation in rabbits interferes with the development of normal adult behaviours. However, among group-housed rabbits, survival at weaning was estimated to be 39% instead of 87% in individual cages. The behaviour and welfare of caged rabbit can be positively affected with repeated handling by familiar people. Minimal handling reduces timidity, particularly when performed during the first week of post-natal life. Higher growth rate and higher activity levels were recorded in rabbits handled daily for 10 minutes from 10 days to 10 weeks of age. Abuse and pushing the animals hard because of the method of production are cases in which the animals do not get optimal facilities necessary to fulfill their behavioural (ethological) needs.
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Andrews, Kristin. "Life in a Cage." Philosophers' Magazine, no. 76 (2017): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/tpm20177622.
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Voloshin, A. I., A. A. Rubel, B. I. Boyko, V. A. Rubel, and O. V. Kuraeva. "Research and development of schemes of the discrete step of reinforcement in the shaft with rope profile conductors." Geo-Technical mechanics, no. 152 (2020): 32–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/geotm2020.152.032.
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In order to ensure the cage directed motion, vertical shafts are reinforced with the shaft equipment of various designs: rigid, flexible, with no buntons, rope-profile. In this research, different existing design schemes of the shaft equipment, their advantages and disadvantages, design solutions with the rope-profile guides and discrete step of the shaft equipment installation between the tiers in the point of the cages meeting are considered and studied. Designing, research and installation of discrete reinforcing equipment with the rope-profile guides in the shafts in the point of the cages meeting can significantly diminish disadvantages of the existing (rigid and flexible) reinforcing equipment and can facilitate: to reduce the number of tiers arranged along the full depth of the shaft; to prolong trouble-free life; to cut capital construction costs due to less diameter of the shaft (for flexible shaft equipment); to make maintenance and repair essentially simpler; to reduce significantly metal content of the shaft equipment as compared to rigid shaft equipment; to reduce dynamic vibrations of the “cage-shaft equipment” system; to improve damping properties of the shaft equipment; to reduce the shaft aerodynamic resistance to the level of flexible shaft equipment; to improve reliability and safety of the shaft equipment operation; to eliminate the need to use balance ropes; to prolong life of the rope-profile guides to the level of rigid guides. The research and development of these structures and schemes are resulted in: improved reliability and durability of vertical shaft equipment and increased profitability of minerals extraction from deeper horizons. Introduction of the schemes with discrete step of reinforcing equipment installation in the point of cages meeting (in the middle of the shaft) for different locations of the tiers will significantly improve safety of vertical shaft equipment operation and the hoisting complex as a whole.
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Carvalho, Marcelo Henrique de, and Claudio José Von Zuben. "Demographic aspects of Chrysomya megacephala (Diptera, Calliphoridae) adults maintained under experimental conditions: reproductive rate estimates." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 49, no. 3 (May 2006): 457–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132006000400014.
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The objective of this work was to evaluate some aspects of the populational ecology of Chrysomya megacephala, analyzing demographic aspects of adults kept under experimental conditions. Cages of C. megacephala adults were prepared with four different larval densities (100, 200, 400 and 800). For each cage, two tables were made: one with demographic parameters for the life expectancy estimate at the initial age (e0), and another with the reproductive rate and average reproduction age estimates. Populational parameters such as the intrinsic growth rate (r) and the finite growth rate (lambda) were calculated as well.
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Aryan, Henry E., Daniel C. Lu, Frank L. Acosta, and Christopher P. Ames. "Corpectomy followed by the placement of instrumentation with titanium cages and recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein–2 for vertebral osteomyelitis." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 6, no. 1 (January 2007): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/spi.2007.6.1.23.
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Object The treatment of vertebral osteomyelitis includes antibiotics with or without surgical intervention. The decision to place instrumentation into an infected spinal column remains controversial. The use of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein–2 (rhBMP-2) in patients with osteomyelitis is also extremely controversial. The authors review their experience in performing corpectomy and fusion with titanium cages and rhBMP-2 in patients with vertebral instability and/or neurological compromise due to vertebral osteomyelitis. Methods Data obtained in 15 patients treated between 2001 and 2005 were included in this analysis. Nine patients presented primarily with axial pain and six with radiculopathy or myelopathy. Seven patients had an associated epidural abscess. The cervical spine was affected in six patients, the thoracic spine in five, and the lumbar spine in four. All patients underwent corpectomy of the involved vertebral bodies; the authors then performed spinal reconstruction, placing a titanium cage–plate system with morcellized allograft/autograft and rhBMP-2. In 10 patients, supplemental posterolateral screw–rod fixation was conducted. A one-level corpectomy was performed in one patient, a two-level corpectomy in 13, and a six-level corpectomy in one. A morcellized allograft and rhBMP-2–filled titanium cage was used in 10 patients, and an autograft and rhBMP-2–filled cage in five patients. The most common pathogen was Staphylococcus aureus. All patients received intravenous antibiotics for at least 6 weeks postoperatively, and life-long antibiotic therapy was required in three patients with coccidiomycoses, candida, and tuberculosis osteomyelitis, respectively. There were no recurrent infections. Radiography demonstrated evidence of fusion in all patients at the last follow-up examination. The mean follow-up period was 20 months. Conclusions Corpectomy followed by titanium cage–plate reconstruction and the placement of rhBMP-2 may be a safe and effective treatment for selected patients with vertebral osteomyelitis. This surgical therapy does not appear, at least based on preliminary results, to lead to recurrent hardware infections. Based on the results obtained in this limited series, the authors found that rhBMP-2 can be used in the setting of active infection with excellent fusion rates and without complication. The morbidity associated with the autograft donor site is avoided when using cages. Antibiotic therapy tailored to the specific organism should be continued for at least 6 weeks after surgery, and life-long therapy is required in cases of fungal or tuberculosis infections.
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Pryor, W. A., and G. L. Squadrito. "The chemistry of peroxynitrite: a product from the reaction of nitric oxide with superoxide." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 268, no. 5 (May 1, 1995): L699—L722. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.1995.268.5.l699.
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Nitric oxide and superoxide, which are produced by several cell types, rapidly combine to form peroxynitrite. This reaction can result in nitric oxide scavenging, and thus mitigation of the biological effects of superoxide. Also, superoxide can trap and hence modulate the effects of nitric oxide; superoxide dismutase, by controlling superoxide levels, therefore can influence the reaction pathways open to nitric oxide. The production of peroxynitrite, however, causes its own sequelae of events: Although neither .NO nor superoxide is a strong oxidant, peroxynitrite is a potent and versatile oxidant that can attack a wide range of biological targets. The peroxynitrite anion is relatively stable, but its acid, peroxynitrous acid (HOONO), rearranges to form nitrate with a half-life of approximately 1 s at pH 7, 37 degrees C. HOONO exists as a Boltzmann distribution of rotamers; at 5-37 degrees C HOONO has an apparent acidity constant, pKa,app, of 6.8. Oxidation reactions of HOONO can involve two-electron processes (such as an SN2 displacement) or a one-electron transfer (ET) reaction in which the substrate is oxidized by one electron and peroxynitrite is reduced. These oxidation reactions could involve one of two mechanisms. The first mechanism is homolysis of HOONO to give HO. and .NO2, which initially are held together in a solvent cage. This caged pair of radicals (the "geminate" pair) can either diffuse apart, giving free radicals that can perform oxidations, or react together either to form nitrate or to reform HOONO (a process called cage return). A large amount of cage return can explain the small entropy of activation (Arrhenius A-factor) observed for the decomposition of HOONO. A cage mechanism also can explain the residual yield of nitrate that appears to be formed even in the presence of high concentrations of all of the scavengers studied to date, since scavengers capture only free HO. and .NO2 and not caged radicals. If the cage mechanism is correct, the rate of disappearance of peroxynitrite be slower in solvents of higher viscosity, and we do not find this to be the case. The second mechanism is that an activated isomer of peroxynitrous acid, HOONO*, can be formed in a steady state. The HOONO* mechanism can explain the inability of hydroxyl radical scavengers to completely block either nitrate formation or the oxidation of substrates such as methionine, since HOONO* would be less reactive, and therefore more selective, than the hydroxyl radical itself.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Karaağaç, F., M. Özcan, and T. Savaş. "Verlauf von aggressivem Picken und einigen Verhaltensmerkmalen in rangordnungsinstabilen Käfiggruppen bei Legehennen (Kurzmitteilung)." Archives Animal Breeding 46, no. 4 (October 10, 2003): 391–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-46-391-2003.
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Abstract. Title of the paper: Progress of aggressive pecks and several behavioral traits in rank-order-instable cage groups in laying hens (short communication) Higher animals establish a rank-order, which provides advantages to the social life of these animals. The rank-order moderates aggression and decreases stress-based frustration. Laying hens kept in cages are normally replaced with new ones after they die. This results in conflict in the rank-order of the animals, particularly in adult hens depending on breed and line and, as a result, causes violation among animals. This is a stress situation, which can negatively affect welfare of the animals. In this study, the effect of instable rank-order on aggressive pecking and some behavioral traits was investigated in laying hens. Fourty eight white Lohmann LSL laying hens were used as animal material. The stocking rate was 4 laying hens in all cages, except for six cages in which a stable rank-order was formed with animals who came from different cages. The behavioral traits of aggressive pecking, feeding, drinking, feather pecking, cage pecking, standing and recumbency were monitored. A significant difference in aggressive pecking was found between stable rank-order and instable rank-order groups. The laying hens in instable-rank-order group showed more frequently aggressive pecking than those in rank-order-stable group. However, the progress of aggressive pecking during the experimental period indicated an elevation of aggressive pecking in both of the groups. The reason for increased aggressive pecking in the rank-order-stable group was thought to be due to the threatening with noise of the animals in the rank-order-instable group. Feather pecking was significantly higher in the instable rank-order group than in the stable rank-order group, indicating the frustration of the hens in the former group. Feather pecking is normally defined as a comfort behavior, but is not observed in every situation. This behavior could be classified as a "sparking over activity".
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Zhao, Kao Zhong, and Jian Jiang Liu. "Multiple Cross-Laminated Container Floor Temperature Field Based on ANSYS." Applied Mechanics and Materials 578-579 (July 2014): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.578-579.83.
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Concrete composite beam floor cage floor as a new form , with a saving of steel and concrete , lighter weight, the advantages of high capacity , and has been more widely used in engineering. Therefore , to carry out the new concrete composite beam floor cages fire behavior for large spaces , large span areas is necessary. This article is the use of finite element software ANSYS multi-span composite floor beams cages fire tests to simulate life and death through SOLID70 unit features analog composite bottom plate before and after bursting floor temperature field and gives composite floor box overall temperature distribution along the rib cloud cover and the temperature of the beam cross-section of different heights - time curve , finally, the simulation results and experimental conditions were compared and analyzed , the main draw the following conclusions : the use of ANSYS thermal unit SOLID70 cell function and death can be simulated temperature distribution in case of fire concrete composite floor beam floor cages before and after bursting through the ribbed section of different heights temperature - time curve can be seen, the test results agree well with the simulation results ; testing process with increasing temperature , floor surface inlets, stacked boxes floor temperature contours directly reflects the law during the test floor surface appears inlets .
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Du, Xiu Ju, Chang Zhi Jia, and Jing Wu. "Research on Fatigue Life Prediction of Planetary Cage in Caterpillar Base on Running Simulation Test." Applied Mechanics and Materials 226-228 (November 2012): 862–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.226-228.862.
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Planetary cage in caterpillar is designed with the static strength theory. While the dynamic characteristics of planetary parts in different working condition is difficult to obtain with the limit of traditional method, so research on reliability and fatigue life prediction of planetary cage is very difficulty which result that designed life is much longer than practical life. The reliability of caterpillar is affected deeply. The dynamic loads suffered by planetary cage in different working condition is obtained based on running simulation with MSC.ATV, and then the fatigue life of planetary frame is calculated with fatigue life prediction system of planetary cage. The study case proves the new method is feasible. Research on planetary cage in caterpillar based on running simulation test resolve not only the technical problem of loads in different work condition but also close connection with engineer, so the research have very important utility significance.
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Rice, Courtney J., Curt A. Sandman, Mohammed R. Lenjavi, and Tallie Z. Baram. "A Novel Mouse Model for Acute and Long-Lasting Consequences of Early Life Stress." Endocrinology 149, no. 10 (June 19, 2008): 4892–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2008-0633.
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Chronic early-life stress (ES) exerts profound acute and long-lasting effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system, with relevance to cognitive function and affective disorders. Our ability to determine the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects should benefit greatly from appropriate mouse models because these would enable use of powerful transgenic methods. Therefore, we have characterized a mouse model of chronic ES, which was provoked in mouse pups by abnormal, fragmented interactions with the dam. Dam-pup interaction was disrupted by limiting the nesting and bedding material in the cages, a manipulation that affected this parameter in a dose-dependent manner. At the end of their week-long rearing in the limited-nesting cages, mouse pups were stressed, as apparent from elevated basal plasma corticosterone levels. In addition, steady-state mRNA levels of CRH in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of ES-experiencing pups were reduced, without significant change in mRNA levels of arginine vasopressin. Rearing mouse pups in this stress-provoking cage environment resulted in enduring effects: basal plasma corticosterone levels were still increased, and CRH mRNA levels in paraventricular nucleus remained reduced in adult ES mice, compared with those of controls. In addition, hippocampus-dependent learning and memory functions were impaired in 4- to 8-month-old ES mice. In summary, this novel, robust model of chronic early life stress in the mouse results in acute and enduring neuroendocrine and cognitive abnormalities. This model should facilitate the examination of the specific genes and molecules involved in the generation of this stress as well as in its consequences.
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Pavlovski, Z., Z. Skrbic, M. Lukic, S. Lilic, V. Krnjaja, N. Stanisic, and V. Petricevic. "Comparative analysis of fatty acid profile and cholestrol content in table eggs from different genotype hens." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 27, no. 3 (2011): 669–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah1103669p.
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Alternative (non-conventional) poultry housing systems are introduced into production, on the one hand for the benefit of poultry welfare and, on the other hand because of the quality of eggs, i.e. the association/correlation between quality of life of hens and quality of product is established. Data obtained in the comparative analysis for proximate composition, fatty acid profile and cholesterol content of whole egg of genotype (Hy line and Naked N) housed in different systems (cage and free range) are presented in this study. Eggs from Naked Neck hens reared in free range system had statistically significantly higher content of dry matter, fat, protein and ash compared to genotype Hy line housed in both systems. Eggs obtained from genotype Hy line hens reared in free range system, in comparison to cage system, had higher content of dry matter, fat and ash, although the differences were not statistically significant, whereas the difference in the protein/albumen content in Hy line hens housed in cages compared to free range was statistically significant. Significantly lower content of n-6 fatty acids was established in eggs from Naked Neck hens (13.32) compared to eggs obtained from Hy-line hens housed on free range (17.46) and Hy-line hens housed in cage system (18.02). Content of toxic elements (Cd < 0.001 mg/kg; Pb < 0.05 mg/kg; As < 0.01 mg/kg; Hg < 0.005 mg/kg) in all three groups of eggs was in compliance with standards stipulated in the Article 9a, Annex 5, Rulebook on maximum residue limits for plant protective compounds in food and feed for which maximum reside limits are established.
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Turner, Steve Sweeney, and David Revill. "The Roaring Silence -- John Cage: A Life." Musical Times 134, no. 1802 (April 1993): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1002485.
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Kostelanetz, Richard, and David Revill. "The Roaring Silence: John Cage, A Life." Notes 49, no. 4 (June 1993): 1492. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/899410.
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Macropodi, M. V. "Duration of life-cycle of three parasitic hymenoptera on Saissetia oleαe (Bernard) growing on two different host plants." ENTOMOLOGIA HELLENICA 3 (May 29, 2017): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/eh.13923.
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In this work the duration of the life-cycle of Metaphycus helvolus (Comp.) (parasite mainly on the third stage), Μetaphycus affinis stanley (Comp.) (parasite mainly on the third stage) and Μetaphycus lounsburyi (How.) (parasite mainly on the fourth stage) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) on S. οleae, developed on different substrates, i.e. potato sprouts and plants of Nerium oleander, under laboratory conditions was determined. Among the Hymenoptera parasitizing S. oleae on Corfu, M, helvolus and M. lounsburyi, are of particular importance M. affinis stanley was introduced in Corfu in 1976 and despite the fact that the population of S. οleae in the release area was practically eliminated from other factors shortly after the release of the parasite, there is evidence that the parasite was finally established. The above parasites can be successfully reared on S. οleae developed both on potato sprouts and Nerium oleander. The study was carried out at 23±1°C, 65-70% R.H. and 12 hours of artificial light per day. For each species, 3 potato sprouts and three plants of Nerium oleander in pots infested with S. οleae were placed in each 60X30X40 cm cage. The host insects were oviposited in by adult parasites introduced into the cages and left there for two days. The number of emerging adult parasites in each cage was recorded daily (a total number of adults emerged per cage varied from 23 to 195) and the time taken for 50% emergence was calculated from the correlation equation by plotting the cumulative percentage of adults emerged against time. For M. helvolus the mean duration time of the life cycle was estimated to be 19.4 days on scales developed on potato sprouts and 15.1 days on scales developed on N. oleander. For M. affinis stanley the relevant estimates were 18.8 days and 23.4 days, respectively, while for M. lounsburvi the estimates were 21.3 and 18.6 days, respectively. For M. helvolus and M. lounsburyi the duration of the life cycle was shorter when the host insect developed on Nerium plants than on potato sprouts. For M. affinis stanley the reverse was true. These differences show the effect of the host of S. oleae on the time of development of the parasites, possibly reflecting the differences of the scale insect developed on different hosts as food quality for the parasites.
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Sri Subekti, Rahayu Kusdarwati, Ferlyn Hendra Wiyatno,. "Identifikasi Dan Prevalensi Ektoparasit Pada Ikan Kerapu Tikus (Cromileptes altivelis) Di Karamba Jaring Apung Unit Pengelola Budidaya Laut Situbondo [ Identification And Prevalence Of Ectoparasites In Grouper (Cromileptes altivelis) At Floating Net Cage Of Marineculture Management Unit Situbondo]." Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan 4, no. 1 (January 24, 2019): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jipk.v4i1.11592.
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Abstract Grouper is a fish that lives in coral reefs, which is the internationally known as groupers or coral reef fishes. These fish have high economic value and potential to be developed in Indonesia. Grouper traded alive, the price is relatively high. The price of grouper at the level fishermen to reach US$ 20 (Rp 200,000, -) for each kilogram.These fish are exported mainly to Hong Kong with high price. Development of grouper aquaculture in floating net a viable alternative to overcome the increasing production of marine fisheries. The problem that often inhibiting fish culture is the diseases emergence, among others, caused by the parasites. The emergence of the disease is the result of interaction between environmental conditions that dont support the cultivation of their life inside, fish (host) that are sensitive and the presence of parasites. Uncontrolled environmental conditions there for the fish become stressed with poor immune systems, and facilitate pathogenic substance attacked hosts. This study aimed to the identify ectoparasites that attacked the grouper (Cromileptes altivelis) in floating net cages and to determine the prevalence rate of ectoparasites that attacked the grouper (Cromileptes altivelis) in floating net cages. The method of this study was descriptive method. Samples were taken with body length between 15-20 cm and four months old from the floating net. The main parameters observed in this study was identification of ectoparasites that attacked the grouper (Cromileptes altivelis) in floating net cages and prevalence rates for each of ectoparasites. While the supporting parameters were that water quality value in floating net cages as follow temperature, pH and salinity were measured during sampling activities. The results showed that of 60 samples were taken from four plots of floating net cages, 21 fish infected with ectoparasites positive. 17 positive fishes infected Pseudorhabdosynochus sp., one sample positive infected Benedenia sp. 3samples positive infected fish Neobenedenia sp. The ectoparasites prevalence of from cages 1, 2, 3 and 4 of 26.66%, 33.33% , 53.33% and 26.66% The suggestion of this study is cleanness improvement of floating net cage management to reduce ectoparasites infectation.
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Roudi, Negar Etehad, Neda Saraygord-Afshari, and Maryam Hemmaty. "Protein nano-cages: Novel carriers for optimized targeted remedy." F1000Research 6 (August 22, 2017): 1541. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.11909.1.
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Since 1980, when the idea of drug-delivery was proposed, various drug-carriers have been developed, including DNA, proteins, liposomes and several other polymer cages, consisting of many well established natural and synthetic nano-particles. All these drug-carriers can self-assemble in the body and can be manipulated for safer delivery into target tissues. By definition, nano-scale drug delivery systems encompass any structure (either cage or particle) in the form of solid colloids, which range in size from 10 nm to 100 nm. Today, optimization of these nano drug-vehicles is a topic in many research centers. Researchers are trying to improve the carrier’s solubility and their loading capacity and also wish to increase the half-life of drug delivery cargos in target tissues. Efforts in recent years have led to the introduction of novel protein nano-cages composed of multiple protein subunits, which self-assemble within a superfine and precise format. Science their introduction these promising structure have shown many unique characteristics, including low toxicity, bio-system compatibility, minor immunogenicity, high solubility, and a relatively easy production in large scale. Herein, we review and discuss the recently developed protein nano-carriers that are used as drug cargos for targeted delivery and/or diagnostic tools.
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Wen, Baogang, Hongjun Ren, Hao Zhang, and Qingkai Han. "Experimental investigation of cage motions in an angular contact ball bearing." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 231, no. 8 (January 16, 2017): 1041–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350650116689457.
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The commonly known effects of both the rotating speeds and external loads on the bearing dynamics or life behaviors are mostly caused by its cage dynamics, because of the complicated contact and collision interactions between the cage and other parts such as the inner or outer rings and balls. In this paper, experimental investigation of dynamic motions of a cage is carried out under various rotating speeds and external loads in a ball bearing. On a bearing test rig, the cage motions in axial and radial directions are measured by use of eddy transducers installed inside the bearing house and the subpanel. Then the measured results are analyzed by fast Fourier transform and compared at different operating conditions including rotating speeds, axial and radial forces, or moments. The three-dimensional space motions of the cage are also constructed to illustrate its different modes. Results reveal that the cage motions are typically periodic in the three directions. The motion frequencies consist of the cage rotating frequency and its multi-frequency, the inner ring rotating frequency, and also some combination frequencies of the cage and inner ring. The obtained characteristic frequencies of the cage motion in axial are similar to that in radial, but different in the variety of amplitudes under the same operating conditions. The increment of rotating speeds and axial loads of the bearing gradually make the whirl trajectories of the cage mass center regular, and enlarge its whirl radii. Instead, the whirl trajectories change from well-defined patterns to complicated ones, and its whirl radii decrease on increasing the radial loads and moments of the bearing. All the obtained experimental results are useful references for dynamic design and life prediction of high-speed and low-load bearings commonly used in many machines.
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Thomson, Sarah. "A well-equipped hamster cage: The rationalisation of primary school playtime." Education 3-13 31, no. 2 (June 2003): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03004270385200231.
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Meeks, Crawford R., and Long Tran. "Ball Bearing Dynamic Analysis Using Computer Methods—Part I: Analysis." Journal of Tribology 118, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 52–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2837092.
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An analytical ball bearing dynamics model was developed that rigorously models all of the significant kinematic, structural, and dynamic effects. The model can analyze bearings of any material combination for the races, balls and ball cage. This model analyzes the stresses and deflections of the loaded elements due to (1) preload, (2) external axial, radial and moment loads, (3) centrifugal and gyroscopic ball loads. A rigorous six-degree-of-freedom model of ball cage motions was developed to analyze ball and cage dynamics. The ball cage equations of motion were written in a rotating coordinate system, which greatly simplifies the equations, resulting in a highly efficient, but rigorous, model of bearing dynamics. A computer program was developed, incorporating the algorithms, to solve the multiple simultaneous quasi-static ball-to-race load equations using modified Newton-Raphson methods. The Lawrence Livermore Ode package (LSODA) is employed for numerical integration of the dynamic equations of motion. This method assures convergence, while controlling the accuracy of the calculations as a function of computer run time and automatically selects the appropriate integration method for stiff and non-stiff system of ODE. The program analyzes ball and cage motions in time domain, wear life, fatigue life, lubricant film effects, ball-to-cage forces, torque noise and many other bearing parameters.
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Simonato, Juliana, Harley N. de Oliveira, José F. J. Grigolli, Mirian M. Kubota Grigolli, and Ivana F. da Silva. "Potential of the Parasitoid Tetrastichus howardi (Olliff, 1893) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) on the Control of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner, 1805) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)." Journal of Agricultural Science 12, no. 7 (June 15, 2020): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v12n7p146.
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Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner, 1805) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is an insect pest that attacks several cultures and has been a cause of concern in Brazil. The objective of this study was to evaluate parasitism in pupae and caterpillars of H. armigera by Tetrastichus howardi (Olliff, 1893) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), in laboratory, as well as checking if T. howardi parasitoid has the ability to locate and infect H. armigera. In the laboratory, pupae of H. armigera and Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius, 1794) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) were exposed to 15 T. howardi females for 24 hours. Third, fourth and fifth instars of H. armigera were exposed to three T. howardi females for 24 hours. In the field experiment, cages were installed. Ten caterpillars of the fifth instar of H. armigera were released in each cage and waited for the necessary period for them to soak in the soil. After this period, 150 T. howardi females were released in each of four cages and in one cage there was no release of parasitoids. In the laboratory, the percentage of parasitized and emergent pupae was 100% in both hosts. The life cycle of T. howardi in H. armigera pupae was 15 days, and for D. saccharalis it was 16 days. The progeny was significantly larger for the host H. armigera (689.00) compared to D. saccharalis (358.27). The sex ratio was 0.91 and 0.87 for H. armigera and D. saccharalis, respectively. The longevity of males (25.60 days) and females (26.95 days) in the treatment with H. armigera differed from the treatment with D. saccharalis, which was 21.70 days for males and 22.95 days for females. For the experiment with H. armigera caterpillars, it was found that only two caterpillars from the fifth instar were parasitized with emergence of parasitoids in the pupal phase, with a progeny of 81 individuals; egg-adult cycle was 19.5 days; sex ratio of 0.88; male longevity was 19.6 days and for females 20.3 days. Despite the high rate of parasitism of T. howardi in H. armigera pupae in the laboratory, the same did not occur for caterpillars. In the field evaluation, of the total of 50 caterpillars released in the cages, 34 pupae were collected. Of these, 31 pupae had emergence of the H. armigera moth. No parasitism by T. howardi was found in H. armigera pupae. Further studies should be conducted to evaluate T. howardi parasitism in H. armigera pupae under field conditions.
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Cassoret, Bertrand, Jean‐Paul Manata, Vincent Mallard, and Daniel Roger. "Comparative life cycle assessment of induction machines made with copper‐cage or aluminium‐cage rotors." IET Electric Power Applications 13, no. 6 (February 27, 2019): 712–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-epa.2018.5401.
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Li, Qingqing, Xiaoyang Chen, Tao Zhang, Shijin Chen, and Jiaming Gu. "Experimental research on cage dynamic characteristics of angular contact ball bearing." Mechanics & Industry 20, no. 2 (2019): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/meca/2019007.
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The dynamic performance and life of the precise bearing, even abnormal operation and early failure are affected directly by the complex and unstable motion of the cage. Based on the cage dynamic performance test device with controllable motion of inner and outer rings, respectively, the dynamic characteristics of the cage were studied under different rotating speeds and loads, while inner ring rotated with outer ring fixed and inner–outer rings rotated reversely. Then the trajectory of the cage mass center was drawn through experimental study. The three-dimensional space motions of cage reveal that, when only inner ring rotates, the trajectories of cage mass center are approximately circular under axial load, and the amplitude of the axial displacement raises with the increase of the rotation speeds. With the increase of radial loads, the cage mass center trajectories are shaking from a circle to a small area on the side of the bearing center. When the inner–outer rings rotate in the opposite direction, the rotation speed of the cage is greatly reduced, and the mass center trajectories of the cage oscillate irregularly on side of the bearing center. As the relative rotation speed of rings increases, the axial displacement fluctuation enlarges. With the increase of the radial loads, the axial fluctuation decreases.
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Bell, Francesca. "This Life, Its Cage of Longing, and: Economies." Prairie Schooner 88, no. 2 (2014): 152–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/psg.2014.0055.
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Kuchmistov, V. A. "Hens productivity when keeping in cage batteries traditional constructions." Sučasne ptahìvnictvo, no. 11-12 (December 23, 2020): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31548/poultry2020.11-12.010.
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The productivity of chickens an industrial herd of egg cross “Hy-Line W-36” was investigated when kept for 44 weeks (from 18 to 62 weeks of age) in cage batteries of traditional designs, namely, in 6-tier domestic production (PA “TECHNA”) and 5-tiered from German manufacturers (“Big Dutchman” and “Salmet”). The experiment was conducted in an industrial complex for the production of eggs for laying hens of three groups, each of which was kept in a separate poultry house. In the poultry house for keeping chickens of the 1st group (area 2880.0 m2) the batteries of PA “TECHNA” consisted of 18,360 cages with an area of 0.385 m2. The area of poultry houses for keeping laying hens of the 2nd and 3rd groups was 2202.5 m2. In one of them (2 gr.) “Big Dutchman” batteries contained 9600 cells with an area of 0.372 m2, and in the other (3 gr.) – “Salmet” batteries consisted of 9406 cages with an area of 0.392 m2. When planting 10 laying hens in each cage, the initial density of their content in the 1st group was 26 birds/m2, in the 2nd – 26.9 birds/m2, in the 3rd – 25.5 birds/m2. At the beginning of the experiment, the number of layers in the 1st group (PA “TECHNA”) was 183600 birds, in the 2nd (“Big Dutchman”) – 96000 birds, in the 3rd (“Salmet”) – 94,080 birds. The highest safety at 62 weeks of life and egg production for the initial laying hen were in group 3 (94.9% and 251.4 eggs/birds), less – in group 2 (92.4% and 232.6 eggs/birds, P<0.001), and the smallest – in the 1st (91.8% and 226.3 eggs/birds, P<0.001). From 1 m2 of poultry house area, 14.4 thousand eggs were obtained in group 1, in the second – 10.1 thousand eggs, in the third – 10.7 thousand eggs. Egg mass was obtained, respectively, 940.6; 629.6 and 707.7 kg from 1m2 of poultry house area and 14.8; 14.4 and 16.6 kg per laying hen. Taking into account the costs and volumes of the obtained egg mass, the European index of egg production efficiency in the 1st group was 19.9 units, in the 2nd – 19.4 units, in the 3rd – 22.5 units. The necessity of carrying out one more additional experiment to clarify the efficiency of egg production when keeping layers in cage batteries with the same number of tiers of two manufacturers: the software PA “TEXHA” and “Big Dutchman” has been substantiated.
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Miles, Lizzy, and Charles A. Corr. "Death Cafe." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 75, no. 2 (October 29, 2015): 151–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0030222815612602.
Full textAbstract:
This article explains the meaning of the phrase Death Cafe and describes what typically occurs at a Death Cafe gathering. The article traces the history of the Death Cafe movement, explores some reasons why people take part in a Death Cafe gathering, and gives examples of what individuals think they might derive from their participation. In addition, this article notes similarities between the Death Cafe movement and three other developments in the field of death, dying, and bereavement. Finally, this article identifies two provisional lessons that can be drawn from Death Cafe gatherings and the Death Cafe movement itself.
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Kukal, Olga. "Winter mortality and the function of larval hibernacula during the 14-year life cycle of an arctic moth, Gynaephora groenlandica." Canadian Journal of Zoology 73, no. 4 (April 1, 1995): 657–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z95-077.
Full textAbstract:
Larvae of the arctic moth Gynaephora groenlandica stop feeding and spin silk hibernacula before the peak of summer season in the Canadian High Arctic Archipelago. This study examines the function of these hibernacula in relation to the biotic and abiotic mortality factors of parasitism and temperature. Winter mortality of 10% among larvae in cages on the tundra was compared with previous results on parasitism (56% mortality). Prior to winter, the cages were used to record larval behaviour and the location of hibernacula. The majority of the larvae (81%) spun hibernacula, most of which were concealed between the stems of arctic heather, Cassiope tetragona. Fewer hibernacula were found on the primary host plant, arctic willow, Salix arctica, than on C. tetragona or Dryas integrifolia, which formed the dominant plant cover. Nearly one-half of all the larvae that spun hibernacula made joint hibernacula with other larvae. Frequency of larvae sharing hibernacula declined with increasing numbers of larvae per cage. At low population density about half of the larvae occupied communal hibernacula, whereas only one-quarter of the larvae at high density shared hibernacula. In most cases only 2 larvae spun a common hibernaculum, 3 larvae shared hibernacula less frequently, and greater numbers of larvae were rarely found in a single hibernaculum. Unlike the high excess body temperatures usually achieved through thermoregulation by feeding larvae and pupae, temperatures within hibernacula were nearly identical with those of the surrounding substrate over 18 h and rose < 5 °C during the afternoon. This study suggests that larval hibernacula lower summer and winter mortality of G. groenlandica larvae. Hibernacula are an effective barrier to parasitism, which is the primary mortality factor. Furthermore, the behavioural shift from feeding to spinning hibernacula may prevent energy depletion by inducing metabolic depression during mid to late summer, which may be essential for winter survival.
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Liu, Sida. "Cage for the Birds: On the Social Transformation of Chinese Law, 1999–2019." China Law and Society Review 5, no. 2 (April 19, 2021): 66–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25427466-00502002.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract In his book on legal reform in China after Mao, Stanley B. Lubman adopted the metaphor “bird in a cage” to describe the status of Chinese law at the turn of the twenty-first century. This article offers some general reflections on the social transformation of Chinese law since 1999, with the objective of explaining (1) how the legal bird has become a cage, and (2) how this new legal cage has been used to trap birds in Chinese society. It first traces the transformation of the legal bird into a cage in China’s reform era and then tells the stories of four species of birds currently confined in the legal cage, namely, hawks (state officials), crows (rights activists), sparrows (netizens), and ostriches (ordinary citizens). Laws related to the four species are concerned with combating corruption, political stability, internet control, and everyday life, respectively. By focusing on the four species of birds in the legal cage, this article offers a fresh understanding of how law interacts with various individuals and social groups in Chinese society and a sociolegal explanation of the social transformation of China’s legal system from 1999 to 2019.
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OGAWA, K. "Diseases of cultured marine fishes caused by Platyhelminthes (Monogenea, Digenea, Cestoda)." Parasitology 142, no. 1 (July 7, 2014): 178–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182014000808.
Full textAbstract:
SUMMARYMariculture is a rapidly developing industrial sector. Generally, fish are maintained in net cages with high density. Cage culture systems allow uncontrolled flow of sea water containing potentially infectious stages of fish parasites. In such culture conditions, prevention of such parasitic infections is difficult for parasites with life cycles that complete within culture sites, among which monogeneans and blood flukes are the most important platyhelminthes. Intense monogenean infections induce respiratory and osmo-regulatory dysfunctions. A variety of control measures have been developed, including freshwater bath treatment and chemotherapy. The potential to control monogenean infections through selective breeding, modified culture techniques to avoid infection, and general fish health management are discussed. It should be noted that mariculture conditions have provided some host-specific monogeneans with a chance to expand their host ranges. Blood flukes sometimes induce mass mortality among farmed fish. In-feed administration of praziquantel is the best solution to treat infected fish. Some cases are described that show how international trade in marine fish has resulted in the spread of hitherto unknown parasites into indigenous farmed and wild fish.