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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Ligand Recognition

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Academic literature on the topic 'Ligand Recognition'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Ligand Recognition"

1

Vijayrajratnam, Sukhithasri, Anju Choorakottayil Pushkaran, Aathira Balakrishnan, Anil Kumar Vasudevan, Raja Biswas, and Chethampadi Gopi Mohan. "Understanding the molecular differential recognition of muramyl peptide ligands by LRR domains of human NOD receptors." Biochemical Journal 474, no. 16 (2017): 2691–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bcj20170220.

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Human nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain proteins, hNOD1 and hNOD2, are host intracellular receptors with C-terminal leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domains, which recognize specific bacterial peptidoglycan (PG) fragments as their ligands. The specificity of this recognition is dependent on the third amino acid of the stem peptide of the PG ligand, which is usually meso-diaminopimelic acid (mesoDAP) or l-lysine (l-Lys). Since the LRR domains of hNOD receptors had been experimentally shown to confer the PG ligand-sensing specificity, we developed three-dimensional structures of hNOD1-LRR and t

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Smyth, Mark J., Jeremy Swann, Janice M. Kelly, et al. "NKG2D Recognition and Perforin Effector Function Mediate Effective Cytokine Immunotherapy of Cancer." Journal of Experimental Medicine 200, no. 10 (2004): 1325–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20041522.

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Single and combination cytokines offer promise in some patients with advanced cancer. Many spontaneous and experimental cancers naturally express ligands for the lectin-like type-2 transmembrane stimulatory NKG2D immunoreceptor; however, the role this tumor recognition pathway plays in immunotherapy has not been explored to date. Here, we show that natural expression of NKG2D ligands on tumors provides an effective target for some cytokine-stimulated NK cells to recognize and suppress tumor metastases. In particular, interleukin (IL)-2 or IL-12 suppressed tumor metastases largely via NKG2D lig

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Gasparri, Federica, Jesper Wengel, Thomas Grutter, and Stephan A. Pless. "Molecular determinants for agonist recognition and discrimination in P2X2 receptors." Journal of General Physiology 151, no. 7 (2019): 898–911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.201912347.

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P2X receptors (P2XRs) are trimeric ligand-gated ion channels that open a cation-selective pore in response to ATP binding. P2XRs contribute to synaptic transmission and are involved in pain and inflammation, thus representing valuable drug targets. Recent crystal structures have confirmed the findings of previous studies with regards to the amino acid chains involved in ligand recognition, but they have also suggested that backbone carbonyl atoms contribute to ATP recognition and discrimination. Here we use a combination of site-directed mutagenesis, amide-to-ester substitutions, and a range o

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Anand, Praveen, Deepesh Nagarajan, Sumanta Mukherjee, and Nagasuma Chandra. "ABS–Scan: In silico alanine scanning mutagenesis for binding site residues in protein–ligand complex." F1000Research 3 (September 9, 2014): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.5165.1.

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Most physiological processes in living systems are fundamentally regulated by protein–ligand interactions. Understanding the process of ligand recognition by proteins is a vital activity in molecular biology and biochemistry. It is well known that the residues present at the binding site of the protein form pockets that provide a conducive environment for recognition of specific ligands. In many cases, the boundaries of these sites are not well defined. Here, we provide a web-server to systematically evaluate important residues in the binding site of the protein that contribute towards the lig

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Anand, Praveen, Deepesh Nagarajan, Sumanta Mukherjee, and Nagasuma Chandra. "ABS–Scan: In silico alanine scanning mutagenesis for binding site residues in protein–ligand complex." F1000Research 3 (December 1, 2014): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.5165.2.

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Most physiological processes in living systems are fundamentally regulated by protein–ligand interactions. Understanding the process of ligand recognition by proteins is a vital activity in molecular biology and biochemistry. It is well known that the residues present at the binding site of the protein form pockets that provide a conducive environment for recognition of specific ligands. In many cases, the boundaries of these sites are not well defined. Here, we provide a web-server to systematically evaluate important residues in the binding site of the protein that contribute towards the lig

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6

Galano-Frutos, Juan J., M. Carmen Morón, and Javier Sancho. "The mechanism of water/ion exchange at a protein surface: a weakly bound chloride in Helicobacter pylori apoflavodoxin." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 17, no. 43 (2015): 28635–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cp04504e.

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Diamond, M. S., J. Garcia-Aguilar, J. K. Bickford, A. L. Corbi, and T. A. Springer. "The I domain is a major recognition site on the leukocyte integrin Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18) for four distinct adhesion ligands." Journal of Cell Biology 120, no. 4 (1993): 1031–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.120.4.1031.

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Despite the identification and characterization of several distinct ligands for the leukocyte integrin (CD11/CD18) family of adhesion receptors, little is known about the structural regions on these molecules that mediate ligand recognition. In this report, we use alpha subunit chimeras of Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18) and p150,95 (CD11c/CD18), and an extended panel of newly generated and previously characterized mAbs specific to the alpha chain of Mac-1 to map the binding sites for four distinct ligands for Mac-1: iC3b, fibrinogen, ICAM-1, and the as-yet uncharacterized counter-receptor responsible for

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Koehler, Melanie, Anny Fis, Hermann J. Gruber, and Peter Hinterdorfer. "AFM-Based Force Spectroscopy Guided by Recognition Imaging: A New Mode for Mapping and Studying Interaction Sites at Low Lateral Density." Methods and Protocols 2, no. 1 (2019): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mps2010006.

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Ligand binding to receptors is one of the most important regulatory elements in biology as it is the initiating step in signaling pathways and cascades. Thus, precisely localizing binding sites and measuring interaction forces between cognate receptor–ligand pairs leads to new insights into the molecular recognition involved in these processes. Here we present a detailed protocol about applying a technique, which combines atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based recognition imaging and force spectroscopy for studying the interaction between (membrane) receptors and ligands on the single molecule le

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Gil, Diana, Adam G. Schrum, Balbino Alarcón, and Ed Palmer. "T cell receptor engagement by peptide–MHC ligands induces a conformational change in the CD3 complex of thymocytes." Journal of Experimental Medicine 201, no. 4 (2005): 517–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20042036.

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The T cell receptor (TCR) can recognize a variety of cognate peptide/major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) ligands and translate their affinity into distinct cellular responses. To achieve this, the nonsignaling αβ heterodimer communicates ligand recognition to the CD3 signaling subunits by an unknown mechanism. In thymocytes, we found that both positive- and negative-selecting pMHC ligands expose a cryptic epitope in the CD3 complex upon TCR engagement. This conformational change is induced in vivo and requires the expression of cognate MHC. We conclude that TCR engagement with a cognate pM

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Baron, Riccardo, and J. Andrew McCammon. "Molecular Recognition and Ligand Association." Annual Review of Physical Chemistry 64, no. 1 (2013): 151–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-physchem-040412-110047.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Ligand Recognition"

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Baylies, Christian John. "Synthesis of multidentate pyridyl-thiazole ligands and ligand recognition studies." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.399824.

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Hughes, P. J. "Multivalent ligand recognition by pentraxins." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2016. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1473766/.

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The pentraxins, serum amyloid P component (SAP) and C-reactive protein (CRP) are target proteins for the development of treatments for amyloidosis and ischaemic injury, respectively, in humans. This study reports the first multivalent ligands capable of targeting all five SAP binding sites simultaneously. Ligands presenting five or ten D-proline headgroups and composed of five peptideglycol linkers emanating from ε-N-substituted lysine residues on a central cyclic peptide core were synthesised by solid phase peptide synthesis. The sub-nanomolar, ~250pM, binding affinity approximated by Isother

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McCleverty, Clare. "Structure-function studies of integrin-ligand recognition." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/29664.

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Integrins are a large family of αβ heterodimeric cell surface receptors that interact with the extracellular matrix and/or counter-receptors on other cells. These interactions control the adhesion and migration of cells as well as regulating numerous signal transduction pathways. Integrins exist in low and high affinity states, subject to allosteric regulation. Integrin-ligand recognition is divalent cation-dependent and mediated by the α subunit N-terminal repeats, the β subunit I domain and in certain integrins, the α subunit I domain. Two competing models based upon structure predictions, t

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Roy, Julie. "Ligand recognition by the major urinary protein." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2012. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/27908/.

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Molecular Dynamics (MD) and Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) techniques can provide unique insights into what drives protein-ligand association. The major urinary protein (MUP) binds small ligands in a deeply buried hydrophobic pocket. Detailed calorimetric studies have shown that ligand binding is driven by enthalpic effects, not entropic effects [1]. Previous studies have shown that this is due to 'dewetting' of the binding site cavity even in the absence of ligands, and have also characterised the complex changes in molecular flexibility that accompany ligand binding-features that may be c

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Croft, Edward. "Computational analyses of protein-ligand interactions." Thesis, University of York, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.265562.

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Lind, Ulrika. "Functional analysis of ligand recognition by the glucocorticoid receptor /." Stockholm, 2000. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2000/91-628-4116-5/.

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Hatherley, Deborah. "Structural basis of ligand recognition by Myeloid Paired Receptors." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.543484.

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Costanzi, Elisa. "Structural analysis of molecular recognition and ligand association processes." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3421838.

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Molecular recognition is a fundamental step in essentially any biochemical process. Detailed structural knowledge is crucial to have a better understanding of the processes in which the two interacting molecular partners are involved and can be exploited in several applied fields such as supramolecular design of new molecular assemblies, rational drug design, and enzyme engineering. In the context of molecular recognition, I have investigated (mainly by single crystal x-ray crystallography) some relevant protein-protein and protein-ligand systems in order to gain detailed structural insights

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Repicky, Sarah Elizabeth. "The Structural Basis for Ligand Recognition by Mouse Odorant Receptors." Scholarly Repository, 2008. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations/91.

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Mammalian odorant receptors (ORs) are Class I G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) located within the nasal epithelium. Odorant receptors interact with Galpha olfactory, a Galpha S type G-protein. Activated Galpha olfactory stimulates adenylate cyclase and the resulting increase in cAMP concentration opens cyclic nucleotide gated channels allowing Ca2+ to enter the cell. The increased Ca2+ then activates a Ca2+ activated Cl- channel which further depolarizes the cell. This depolarization initiates an action potential that reaches the axon of the olfactory sensory neuron located in the main

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Śledź, Paweł. "Novel biophysical approaches to the study of protein-ligand recognition." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610024.

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Books on the topic "Ligand Recognition"

1

Neidle, Stephen. DNA structure and recognition. IRL Press at Oxford University Press, 1994.

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2

Hans-Joachim, Böhm, and Schneider Gisbert 1965-, eds. Protein-ligand interactions from molecular recognition to drug design. Wiley-VCH, 2003.

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3

Nicolae, Voiculetz, Motoc Ioan 1950-, and Simon Zeno, eds. Specific interactions and biological recognition processes. CRC Press, 1993.

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4

Makarem, Rima. Regulation and molecular basis of ligand recognition by the integrin [alpha]4[beta]1. University of Manchester, 1993.

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5

William, Hutchens T., J.T. Baker Chemical Co., and University of California, Los Angeles., eds. Protein recognition of immobilized ligands: Proceedings of a J.T. Baker-UCLA Colloquium, held at Santa Fe, New Mexico, December 2-7, 1987. A.R. Liss, 1989.

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6

Schneider, Gisbert, Gerd Folkers, Raimund Mannhold, Hugo Kubinyi, and Hans-Joachim B�hm. Protein-Ligand Interactions: From Molecular Recognition to Drug Design. Wiley & Sons, Limited, John, 2005.

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7

Schneider, Gisbert, Gerd Folkers, Raimund Mannhold, Hugo Kubinyi, and Hans-Joachim B�hm. Protein-Ligand Interactions: From Molecular Recognition to Drug Design. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2006.

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8

Su, Ruey-Chyi. Major histocompatibility complex class I as a ligand for natural killer cell recognition. 2000.

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9

DNA Structure and Recognition (IN FOCUS). Oxford University Press, USA, 1994.

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10

Schafer, Jamie Lynn. Rhesus macaque KIR recognition of MHC class I molecules: Ligand identification and modulation of interaction by SIV peptides. 2014.

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Book chapters on the topic "Ligand Recognition"

1

Kühn, Klaus. "Conformation-Dependent Recognition Sites." In Integrin-Ligand Interaction. Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4064-6_6.

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Pfaff, Martin. "Recognition Sites of RGD-Dependent Integrins." In Integrin-Ligand Interaction. Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4064-6_4.

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3

Maass, Guenter. "Recognition of DNA Sequences by Restriction Endonucleases." In DNA—Ligand Interactions. Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5383-6_16.

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4

Sharp, Kim A. "Statistical Thermodynamics of Binding and Molecular Recognition Models." In Protein-Ligand Interactions. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527645947.ch1.

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Luchko, Tyler, and David A. Case. "Implicit Solvent Models and Electrostatics in Molecular Recognition." In Protein-Ligand Interactions. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527645947.ch9.

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6

Rosenberg, John M., Judith A. McClarin, Christin A. Frederick, et al. "Structure of the DNA-EcoRI Endonuclease Recognition Complex." In DNA—Ligand Interactions. Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5383-6_18.

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7

Lehming, Norbert, Juergen Sartorius, Brigitte von Wilcken-Bergmann, and Benno Mueller-Hill. "Searching for the Code of Ideal Protein-DNA-Recognition." In DNA—Ligand Interactions. Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5383-6_11.

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8

Eble, Johannes A. "The Ligand Recognition Motifs of α4-Integrins and Leukocyte Integrins." In Integrin-Ligand Interaction. Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4064-6_5.

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Meyerhof, Wolfgang, Alessandro Marchiori, Kristina Lossow, Masataka Narukawa, and Maik Behrens. "Ligand Recognition of Taste Receptors." In ACS Symposium Series. American Chemical Society, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2015-1212.ch013.

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10

Nolan, Tammy, Nidhi Singh, and Christopher R. McCurdy. "Ligand Macromolecule Interactions: Theoretical Principles of Molecular Recognition." In Ligand-Macromolecular Interactions in Drug Discovery. Humana Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-244-5_2.

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Conference papers on the topic "Ligand Recognition"

1

Sai Raviteja Chappa, Naga Venkata, and Khoa Luu. "LiGAR: LiDAR-Guided Hierarchical Transformer for Multi-Modal Group Activity Recognition." In 2025 IEEE/CVF Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV). IEEE, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1109/wacv61041.2025.00300.

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Haller, Andrea, Ulrike Rieder, Marie Souliere, Tobias Santner, Christoph Kreutz, and Ronald Micura. "Ligand recognition of riboswitches." In XVth Symposium on Chemistry of Nucleic Acid Components. Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/css201112230.

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Blackburn, G. Michael, Andrzej Guranowski, and Xiaohai Liu. "Ligand recognition in Fhit binding and cleavage of diadenosine polyphosphates." In XIth Symposium on Chemistry of Nucleic Acid Components. Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/css199902083.

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4

Nesamalar, E. Kiruba, and C. P. Chandran. "Genetic clustering with Bee Colony Optimization for flexible protein-ligand docking." In 2012 International Conference on Pattern Recognition, Informatics and Medical Engineering (PRIME). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icprime.2012.6208291.

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Xie, Hongzhi, Basil I. Swanson, Hiromi K. Kawaga, et al. "Intrinsic fluorescent recognition ligand scaffold based on chaperonins and water-soluble semiconductor quantum dots." In SPIE BiOS: Biomedical Optics, edited by Alexander N. Cartwright and Dan V. Nicolau. SPIE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.809576.

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Robles, Jose, Freedy Sotelo, Carlos Rojas, Jose Hurtado, and Jorge Lopez. "Performance Analysis of XGBoost Models with Ultrafast Shape Recognition Descriptors in Ligand-Based Virtual Screening." In ICBRA 2021: 2021 8th International Conference on Bioinformatics Research and Applications. ACM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3487027.3487029.

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Al-Lawatia, Najla, Thomas Steinbrecher, and Osama K. Abou-Zied. "Water participation in molecular recognition and protein-ligand association: Probing the drug binding site "Sudlow I" in human serum albumin." In SPIE BiOS, edited by Samuel Achilefu and Ramesh Raghavachari. SPIE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.905809.

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Hantgan, R. R. "LOCALIZATION OF THE DOMAINS OF FIBRIN INVOLVED IN BINDING TO PLATELETS." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643773.

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The molecular basis of platelet-fibrin interactions has been investigated by using synthetic peptides as potential inhibitors of binding fibrin protofibrils and fibrinogen to ADP-stimulated platelets, adhesion of fibrin fibers to the platelet surface, and platelet-mediated clot retraction. Synthetic peptides RGDS and HHLGGAKQAGDV, corresponding to regions of the fibrinogen α and γ chains previously identified as platelet recognition sites, inhibited the binding of radiolabelled soluble fibrin oligomers to ADP-stimulated platelets with IC50 values of 12 and 40 μM, respectively. The IC50 values

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Hawiger, J. "PLATELET RECEPTOR RECOGNITION DOMAINS AND THEIR SYNTHETIC PEPTIDE ANALOGS." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643726.

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Adhesive molecules and their receptorsplay an essential role in hemostasis and thrombosis. Platelet thrombi are formed through the interaction of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) with intercellular adhesion molecules (IAMs)and substrate adhesion molecules (SAMs). Platelet CAMs encompass membrane glycoproteins lb, lib, Ilia,and possibly la and IV, which constitutemembrane receptors for IAMs(e.g., fibrinogen) and for SAMs encompassingvon Willebrand Factor (vWF), fibronectin, vitronectin, collagen, and thrcmbospondin. Receptorfunction of platelet CAMs can be specific,i.e., only one adhesive protein

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Charon, M. H., L. Tranqui, A. Andrieux, G. Hudry-Clergeon, and G. Marguerie. "FIBRINOGEN BINDING TO ENDOTHELIAL CELLS AND INTERFERING PEPTIDES." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644735.

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Fibrinogen interacts with platelets and endothelial cells via specific binding sites. While the platelet fibrinogen receptor has been identified and was found to be associated with GPIIb-IIIa, the binding site on endothelial cells has not been characterized yet. The platelet GPIIb-IIIa belongs to the newly identified cytoadhesin family which includes immunologicaly related receptors interacting with RGD containing proteins. A cytoadhesin has recently been described on endothelial cells and the possibility that fibrinogen might interact with this glycoprotein was examined. Peptides correspondin

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Reports on the topic "Ligand Recognition"

1

บุญรัตนกรกิจ, วิโรจน์. ตัวจับของโปรเจสเตอโรนหยุดยั้งการเติบโตของเซลล์มะเร็งปอดโดยการรบกวนการส่งสัญญาณของ Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). จุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย, 2016. https://doi.org/10.58837/chula.res.2016.42.

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ในปัจจุบันเริ่มมีหลักฐานว่า progesterone receptor (PR) มีความเกี่ยวข้องกับมะเร็งปอดชนิด NSCLC อย่างไรก็ตามยังไม่มีการศึกษาเกี่ยวกับกลไกการส่งสัญญาณของ PR กับ NSCLC โดยจากการศึกษาที่ผ่านมาพบว่า PR มี Polyproline SH3 recognition motif (PXXPXR motif หรือ PPD) ที่สามารถจับกับ SH3 domain ของ signaling molecules ได้ ผู้วิจัยจึงตั้งสมมุติฐานว่า PXXPXR motif ของ PR สามารถขัดขวางการส่งสัญญาณของ EGFR ผ่าน MAPK และ/หรือ AKT pathway ในเซลล์มะเร็งปอดได้ ซึ่งจะส่งผลให้เซลล์มะเร็งปอดมีการเจริญเติบโตลดน้อยลง โดยทำการทดสอบบทบาทของ PXXPXR motif ในด้านการเจริญเติบโตและการส่งสัญญาณในเซลล์มะเร็งปอดที่มีการแสดงออกข

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Rafaeli, Ada, and Russell Jurenka. Molecular Characterization of PBAN G-protein Coupled Receptors in Moth Pest Species: Design of Antagonists. United States Department of Agriculture, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7593390.bard.

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The proposed research was directed at determining the activation/binding domains and gene regulation of the PBAN-R’s thereby providing information for the design and screening of potential PBAN-R-blockers and to indicate possible ways of preventing the process from proceeding to its completion. Our specific aims included: (1) The identification of the PBAN-R binding domain by a combination of: (a) in silico modeling studies for identifying specific amino-acid side chains that are likely to be involved in binding PBAN with the receptor and; (b) bioassays to verify the modeling studies using mut

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Rafaeli, Ada, Russell Jurenka, and Chris Sander. Molecular characterisation of PBAN-receptors: a basis for the development and screening of antagonists against Pheromone biosynthesis in moth pest species. United States Department of Agriculture, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7695862.bard.

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The original objectives of the approved proposal included: (a) The determination of species- and tissue-specificity of the PBAN-R; (b) the elucidation of the role of juvenile hormone in gene regulation of the PBAN-R; (c) the identificationof the ligand binding domains in the PBAN-R and (d) the development of efficient screening assays in order to screen potential antagonists that will block the PBAN-R. Background to the topic: Moths constitute one of the major groups of pest insects in agriculture and their reproductive behavior is dependent on chemical communication. Sex-pheromone blends are

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Chen, Yona, Jeffrey Buyer, and Yitzhak Hadar. Microbial Activity in the Rhizosphere in Relation to the Iron Nutrition of Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7613020.bard.

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Iron is the fourth most abundant element in the soil, but since it forms insoluble hydroxides at neutral and basic pH, it often falls short of meeting the basic requirements of plants and microorganisms. Most aerobic and facultative aerobic microorganisms possess a high-affinity Fe transport system in which siderophores are excreted and the consequent Fe complex is taken up via a cognate specific receptor and a transport pathway. The role of the siderophore in Fe uptake by plants and microorganisms was the focus of this study. In this research Rhizopus arrhizus was found to produce a novel sid

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Eyal, Yoram, and Sheila McCormick. Molecular Mechanisms of Pollen-Pistil Interactions in Interspecific Crossing Barriers in the Tomato Family. United States Department of Agriculture, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7573076.bard.

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During the evolutionary process of speciation in plants, naturally occurring barriers to reproduction have developed that affect the transfer of genes within and between related species. These barriers can occur at several different levels beginning with pollination-barriers and ending with hybrid-breakdown. The interaction between pollen and pistils presents one of the major barriers to intra- and inter-specific crosses and is the focus of this research project. Our long-term goal in this research proposal was defined to resolve questions on recognition and communication during pollen-pistil

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Bradshaw, J. S., F. Huszthy, C. W. McDaniel, M. Oue, and C. Y. Zhu. Enantiomeric Recognition of Organic Ammonium Salts by Chiral Pyridino- 18-Crown-6 Ligands: A Short Review. Defense Technical Information Center, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada228546.

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Huszthy, P., J. S. Bradshaw, C. Y. Zhu, T. Wang, and R. M. Izatt. Recognition of the Enantiomers of Chiral Organic Ammonium Salts by Chiral Dibenzyl- and Diphenyl-Substituted Diamido-or Dithionoamidopyridino-18- crown-6 Ligands. Defense Technical Information Center, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada248026.

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Gordon, Dalia, Ke Dong, and Michael Gurevitz. Unexpected Specificity of a Sea Anemone Small Toxin for Insect Na-channels and its Synergic Effects with Various Insecticidal Ligands: A New Model to Mimic. United States Department of Agriculture, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7697114.bard.

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Motivated by the high risks to the environment and human health imposed by the current overuse of chemical insecticides we offer an alternative approach for the design of highly active insect-selective compounds that will be based on the ability of natural toxins to differentiate between insect and mammalian targets. We wish to unravel the interacting surfaces of insect selective toxins with their receptor sites on voltage-gated sodium channels. In this proposal we put forward two recent observations that may expedite the development of a new generation of insect killers that mimic the highly

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