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Journal articles on the topic 'LiGaS2'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2025

Last updated: 23 June 2025

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1

Reshak, Ali H., S. Auluck, I. V. Kityk, Y. Al-Douri, R. Khenata, and A. Bouhemadou. "Electronic properties of orthorhombic LiGaS2 and LiGaSe2." Applied Physics A 94, no. 2 (2008): 315–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00339-008-4794-6.

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2

Vasilyeva, Inga G., and Ruslan E. Nikolaev. "Non-stoichiometry and point native defects in non-oxide non-linear optical large single crystals: advantages and problems." CrystEngComm 24, no. 8 (2022): 1495–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ce01423d.

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Advances and limitations in the field of growing large, high optical quality single crystals of AgGaS2 (AGS), AgGaGeS4 (AGGS), ZnGeP2 (ZGP), LiInS2 (LIS), LiGaS2 (LGS), LiInSe2 (LISe), LiGaSe2 (LGSe) and LiGaTe2 (LGT) are considered in this article.

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3

Atuchin, V. V., L. I. Isaenko, V. G. Kesler, S. Lobanov, H. Huang, and Z. S. Lin. "Electronic structure of LiGaS2." Solid State Communications 149, no. 13-14 (2009): 572–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssc.2008.12.048.

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4

Jelínek, Michal, Milan Frank, Václav Kubeček, et al. "70 MW-Level Picosecond Mid-Infrared Radiation Generation by Difference Frequency Generation in AgGaS2, BaGa4Se7, LiGaSe2, and LiGaS2." IEEE Photonics Journal 17, no. 2 (2025): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3542540.

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Comparative study of nonlinear crystals for picosecond difference frequency generation in mid-IR is presented. Nonlinear crystals of AgGaS2, BaGa4 Se7, LiGaSe2, and LiGaS2 were studied. In order to investigate the dependence of efficiency on the crystal length, three sets of crystals with lengths of 2, 4, or 8 mm were tested. The developed tunable DFG system was driven by the 1.03 μm, 1.8 ps, Yb:YAG thin-disk laser system operated at the repetition rate of 10 or 100 Hz. As the best result, picosecond mid-IR pulses at a wavelength of &sim;7 μm with the energy up to 130 μJ corresponding to the peak power of &sim;72 MW were generated using the 8 mm long LiGaS2 crystal. Using the BaGa4 Se7 crystal, DFG tunability in the wavelength range from6 up to 13 μmwas achieved.

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5

Kumari, J., C. Singh, B. L. Choudhary, and A. S. Verma. "First-principles study for physical properties and stability of Li based chalcopyrite semiconductors: Reliable for green energy sources." Physics and Chemistry of Solid State 23, no. 4 (2022): 728–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/pcss.23.4.728-740.

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In this research study, we have been performed the first principles calculation for physical properties likewise structural, electronic, optical and mechanical properties of the lithium gallium chalcopyrites LiGaX2 (X= S, Se). We have used two exchange correlation potentials one is full potential augmented plane wave method (FP-LAPW) and second is pseudo-potential method. The reported lattice parameters in this work ranging from a = b = 5.28 Å to 5.82 Å and c = 10.11 Å to 11.25 Å and found that these materials have direct band-gap 4.41 eV for LiGaS2 and 2.90 eV for LiGaSe2. Refractive indexes n(ω) is 2.1 and 2.3 respectively for these compounds. The study of optical and elastic properties for these materials ensures that these show the anisotropic behaviour and ductile in nature.

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6

Leal-Gonzalez, J., S. A. Melibary, and A. J. Smith. "Structure of lithium gallium sulfide, LiGaS2." Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications 46, no. 11 (1990): 2017–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108270190002165.

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7

Kato, Kiyoshi, Nobuhiro Umemura, Ludmila Isaenko, et al. "Thermo-optic dispersion formula for LiGaS2." Applied Optics 58, no. 6 (2019): 1519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.58.001519.

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8

Kurus, Alexey, Alexander Yelisseyev, Sergei Lobanov, et al. "Thermophysical properties of lithium thiogallate that are important for optical applications." RSC Advances 11, no. 62 (2021): 39177–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ra05698k.

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LiGaS2 crystals are grown, and the high thermal conductivity is established. Analysis of temperature dependences of various properties reveals side phases, and isotropic points in birefringence, photo-, thermo-, and pyroluminescence.

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9

Chen, Bo-Han, Tamas Nagy, and Peter Baum. "Efficient generation of broadband MIR radiation by difference–frequency generation in LiGaS2." EPJ Web of Conferences 205 (2019): 01019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201920501019.

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We report a surprisingly infrared (MIR) pulse generation in simultaneous interplay of intra-pulse self-phase-modulation and dispersion. broadband and efficient middle-LiGaS2 (LGS) by invoking a difference frequency generation,

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10

Dong, Yue Qiu, Yi Yin, Jin Jer Huang, et al. "Optimization on the frequency conversion of LiGaS2 crystal." Laser Physics 29, no. 9 (2019): 095403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1555-6611/ab3847.

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11

LEAL-GONZALEZ, J., S. S. MELIBARY, and A. J. SMITH. "ChemInform Abstract: Structure of Lithium Gallium Sulfide, LiGaS2." ChemInform 22, no. 5 (2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199105008.

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12

Drebushchak, V. A., L. I. Isaenko, S. I. Lobanov, P. G. Krinitsin, and S. A. Grazhdannikov. "Experimental heat capacity of LiInS2, LiInSe2, LiGaS2, LiGaSe2, and LiGaTe2 from 180 to 460 K." Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 129, no. 1 (2017): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10973-017-6176-9.

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13

Ma, Tian-hui, Chun-hui Yang, Ying Xie, et al. "First-principles calculations of the structural, elastic, electronic and optical properties of orthorhombic LiGaS2 and LiGaSe2." Physica B: Condensed Matter 405, no. 1 (2010): 363–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2009.08.091.

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14

Hu, Zhixuan, and Jingui Ma. "Simultaneously Wavelength- and Temperature-Insensitive Mid-Infrared Optical Parametric Amplification with LiGaS2 Crystal." Applied Sciences 12, no. 6 (2022): 2886. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12062886.

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Ultrafast mid-infrared (mid-IR) lasers with a high pulse repetition rate are in great demand in various fields, including attosecond science and strong-field physics. Due to the lack of suitable mid-IR laser gain medium, optical parametric amplifiers (OPAs) are used to generate an ultrafast mid-IR laser. However, the efficiency of OPA is sensitive to phase mismatches induced by wavelength and temperature deviations from the preset points, which thus limits the pulse duration and the average power of the mid-IR laser. Here, we exploited a noncollinear phase-matching configuration to achieve simultaneously wavelength- and temperature-insensitive mid-IR OPA with a LiGaS2 crystal. The noncollinearity can cancel the first-order dependence of phase matching on both wavelength and temperature. Benefitting from the thermal property of the LiGaS2 crystal, some collinear phase-matching solutions derived from the first-order and even third-order wavelength insensitivity have comparatively large temperature bandwidths and can be regarded as approximate solutions with simultaneous wavelength and temperature insensitivity. These simultaneously wavelength- and temperature-insensitive phase-matching designs are verified through numerical simulations in order to generate few-cycle, high-power mid-IR pulses.

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15

Atuchin, V. V., Z. S. Lin, L. I. Isaenko, V. G. Kesler, V. N. Kruchinin, and S. I. Lobanov. "Optical properties of LiGaS2: anab initiostudy and spectroscopic ellipsometry measurement." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 21, no. 45 (2009): 455502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/21/45/455502.

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16

Vu, Tuan V., A. A. Lavrentyev, B. V. Gabrelian, et al. "Optical and electronic properties of lithium thiogallate (LiGaS2): experiment and theory." RSC Advances 10, no. 45 (2020): 26843–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra03280h.

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17

Yelisseyev, A., Z. S. Lin, M. Starikova, L. Isaenko, and S. Lobanov. "Optical transitions due to native defects in nonlinear optical crystals LiGaS2." Journal of Applied Physics 111, no. 11 (2012): 113507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4723645.

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18

Kumar, V., S. Chandra, and R. Santosh. "First-Principles Calculations of the Structural, Electronic, Elastic and Optical Properties of LiGaS2 and LiGaSe2 Semiconductors Under Different Pressures." Journal of Electronic Materials 47, no. 2 (2017): 1223–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11664-017-5894-x.

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19

Qu, Shizhen, Houkun Liang, Kun Liu та ін. "9 μm few-cycle optical parametric chirped-pulse amplifier based on LiGaS2". Optics Letters 44, № 10 (2019): 2422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.44.002422.

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20

Chen, Bo-Han, Emanuel Wittmann, Yuya Morimoto, Peter Baum, and Eberhard Riedle. "Octave-spanning single-cycle middle-infrared generation through optical parametric amplification in LiGaS2." Optics Express 27, no. 15 (2019): 21306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.27.021306.

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21

Kurus, Aleksey, Sergey Lobanov, Sergey Grazhdannikov, Vladimir Shlegel, and Ludmila Isaenko. "LiGaS2 crystal growth under low temperature gradient conditions by the modified Bridgman method." Materials Science and Engineering: B 262 (December 2020): 114715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2020.114715.

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22

Atuchin, V. V., L. I. Isaenko, V. G. Kesler, and S. I. Lobanov. "Core level photoelectron spectroscopy of LiGaS2 and Ga–S bonding in complex sulfides." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 497, no. 1-2 (2010): 244–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2010.03.020.

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23

Chen, B. H., T. Nagy, and P. Baum. "Efficient middle-infrared generation in LiGaS2 by simultaneous spectral broadening and difference-frequency generation." Optics Letters 43, no. 8 (2018): 1742. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.43.001742.

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24

Eifler, Andreas, Volker Riede, Jaqueline Brückner, et al. "Band Gap Energies and Lattice Vibrations of the Lithium Ternary Compounds LiInSe2, LiInS2, LiGaSe2and LiGaS2." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 39, S1 (2000): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/jjaps.39s1.279.

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25

Kinyaevskiy, I. O., A. V. Koribut, Ya V. Grudtsyn, et al. "Frequency down-conversion of a chirped Ti:sapphire laser pulse with BaWO₄ Raman shifter and second-order nonlinear crystal." Laser Physics Letters 19, no. 9 (2022): 095403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1612-202x/ac7f36.

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Abstract We experimentally carried out frequency conversion of a chirped and stretched up to 200 ps near-IR 90 fs Ti:Sapphire laser pulse into the mid-IR through difference frequency generation in either GaSe or LiGaS2 crystal. The crystal was pumped by laser radiation that passed through a BaWO4 crystal, where Stokes frequency-shifted radiation (signal wave) was generated through SRS. The generated ∼60 nJ mid-IR pulse had a central wavelength of 11.1 μm and FWHM spectral width of about 0.2 μm, which made it possible to achieve a pulse duration of ∼0.9 ps after its compression. The mid-IR pulse generation efficiency was ∼10−3% at SRS efficiency of 3%. To the best of our knowledge, this all solid-state scheme combining Raman shifting and second-order nonlinear crystals achieves the frequency down-conversion of femtosecond near-IR laser pulses to ∼11 μm radiation for the first time.

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26

Tyazhev, Aleksey, Vitaly Vedenyapin, Georgi Marchev, et al. "Singly-resonant optical parametric oscillation based on the wide band-gap mid-IR nonlinear optical crystal LiGaS2." Optical Materials 35, no. 8 (2013): 1612–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2013.03.016.

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27

Liu, Keyang, Xin Liu, Jinhui Li, et al. "kHz, 10s TW, Femtosecond Source Based on Yb:YAG Thin Disk Laser Pumped OPCPA of Low Quantum Defect." Crystals 13, no. 3 (2023): 481. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst13030481.

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We propose to obtain kHz, 10s TW, femtosecond sources through optical parametric chirped pulse amplification (OPCPA) pumped by Yb:YAG thin disk lasers. The final amplifiers of the OPCPA are based on LGS (LiGaS2) crystals with wide transparent range. To suppress the quantum defect for high efficiency, the final amplifiers are designed such that the wavelength of the signal is set very close to 1.03 μm, while the idler spectra span from 4–8 μm. Multiple crystals with different phase-matching configuration can be employed for the amplification of different spectral regions to support broadband pulse amplification. According to the numerical simulations, the pulse duration from Yb:YAG lasers can be shortened to 20–30 fs pulse with efficiency beyond 60%. This technique is energy scalable with the size of the LGS crystal size and can support a 26 TW pulse with current available LGS. The output pulses are ideal drivers for secondary light and particle source generation.

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28

Kinyaevskiy, I. O., A. V. Koribut, L. V. Seleznev, Yu M. Klimachev, E. E. Dunaeva та A. A. Ionin. "Frequency conversion of a chirped Ti:sapphire laser pulse to 11.4 μm wavelength with SrMoO4 Raman shifter and LiGaS2 DFG crystal". Optics & Laser Technology 169 (лютий 2024): 110035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2023.110035.

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29

Smetanin, S. N., M. Jelínek, V. Kubeček, et al. "50-µJ level, 20-picosecond, narrowband difference-frequency generation at 46, 54, 75, 92, and 108 µm in LiGaS2 and LiGaSe2 at Nd:YAG laser pumping and various crystalline Raman laser seedings." Optical Materials Express 10, no. 8 (2020): 1881. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ome.395370.

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30

Wei, Lei, Yangbin Fu, Jueru Li, et al. "Theoretical Study on the Intrinsic Source of the Large Thermal Conductivity of Li-Based Chalcogenide Nonlinear Optical Crystals: From AgGaS2 to LiGaS2." Crystal Growth & Design 20, no. 6 (2020): 4150–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.cgd.0c00415.

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31

Heiner, Zsuzsanna, Li Wang, Valentin Petrov, and Mark Mero. "Broadband vibrational sum-frequency generation spectrometer at 100 kHz in the 950-1750 cm−1 spectral range utilizing a LiGaS2 optical parametric amplifier." Optics Express 27, no. 11 (2019): 15289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.27.015289.

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32

Tian, Kan, Linzhen He, Xuemei Yang, and Houkun Liang. "Mid-Infrared Few-Cycle Pulse Generation and Amplification." Photonics 8, no. 8 (2021): 290. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics8080290.

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In the past decade, mid-infrared (MIR) few-cycle lasers have attracted remarkable research efforts for their applications in strong-field physics, MIR spectroscopy, and bio-medical research. Here we present a review of MIR few-cycle pulse generation and amplification in the wavelength range spanning from 2 to ~20 μm. In the first section, a brief introduction on the importance of MIR ultrafast lasers and the corresponding methods of MIR few-cycle pulse generation is provided. In the second section, different nonlinear crystals including emerging non-oxide crystals, such as CdSiP2, ZnGeP2, GaSe, LiGaS2, and BaGa4Se7, as well as new periodically poled crystals such as OP-GaAs and OP-GaP are reviewed. Subsequently, in the third section, the various techniques for MIR few-cycle pulse generation and amplification including optical parametric amplification, optical parametric chirped-pulse amplification, and intra-pulse difference-frequency generation with all sorts of designs, pumped by miscellaneous lasers, and with various MIR output specifications in terms of pulse energy, average power, and pulse width are reviewed. In addition, high-energy MIR single-cycle pulses are ideal tools for isolated attosecond pulse generation, electron dynamic investigation, and tunneling ionization harness. Thus, in the fourth section, examples of state-of-the-art work in the field of MIR single-cycle pulse generation are reviewed and discussed. In the last section, prospects for MIR few-cycle lasers in strong-field physics, high-fidelity molecule detection, and cold tissue ablation applications are provided.

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33

Mero, Mark, Li Wang, Weidong Chen та ін. "Laser-induced damage of nonlinear crystals in ultrafast, high-repetitionrate, mid-infrared optical parametric amplifiers pumped at 1 μm". Proc. SPIE 11063 (8 липня 2019): 1106307. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2540125.

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The exceptional power scalability of Yb lasers has enabled the development of pulsed optical parametric amplifiers (OPA’s) operating at the short-wave edge of the mid-IR (MIR) with average powers beyond 10 W simultaneously providing peak powers in excess of 1 GW. Further wavelength extension into the longer-wave MIR is enabled by novel wide-bandgap non-oxide nonlinear crystals that can be pumped directly at 1 μm without detrimental one- and twophoton absorption of pump radiation. Eliminating the usual difference frequency generation step in producing MIR pulses above 5 μm could potentially increase the conversion efficiency of parametric down-conversion devices and enable a significant boost in the attainable average and peak power. Despite their utmost importance, material properties related to ultrafast laser-induced damage in nonlinear crystals are rarely investigated in the corresponding laser parameter range. In order to help unravel the complicated interplay of photorefractive effects, thermal lensing, and selffocusing/ defocusing affecting the beam quality and catastrophic breakdown threshold in MIR OPA’s, we present the nonlinear index of refraction at 1 μm of KTiOAsO4, LiGaS2, and BaGa4S7. The reported data provide crucial design parameters for the development of high-average-power MIR OPA’s. As examples, (i) a 100-kHz, 1.55/3.1 μm dual-beam OPA delivering multi-GW peak power in each beam and a total average power of 55 W and (ii) a 100-kHz, sub-100-fs, 1-μm-pumped OPA tunable in the 5.7-10.5-μm range are briefly presented.

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34

Lee, Jaeseok, Youngjun Lee, Young Mee Jung, Ju Hyun Park, Hyuk Sang Yoo, and Jongmin Park. "Discovery of E3 Ligase Ligands for Target Protein Degradation." Molecules 27, no. 19 (2022): 6515. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196515.

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Target protein degradation has emerged as a promising strategy for the discovery of novel therapeutics during the last decade. Proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) harnesses a cellular ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis system for the efficient degradation of a protein of interest. PROTAC consists of a target protein ligand and an E3 ligase ligand so that it enables the target protein degradation owing to the induced proximity with ubiquitin ligases. Although a great number of PROTACs has been developed so far using previously reported ligands of proteins for their degradation, E3 ligase ligands have been mostly limited to either CRBN or VHL ligands. Those PROTACs showed their limitation due to the cell type specific expression of E3 ligases and recently reported resistance toward PROTACs with CRBN ligands or VHL ligands. To overcome these hurdles, the discovery of various E3 ligase ligands has been spotlighted to improve the current PROTAC technology. This review focuses on currently reported E3 ligase ligands and their application in the development of PROTACs.

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35

Sharma, Chiranjeev, Myeong A. Choi, Yoojin Song, and Young Ho Seo. "Rational Design and Synthesis of HSF1-PROTACs for Anticancer Drug Development." Molecules 27, no. 5 (2022): 1655. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27051655.

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PROTACs employ the proteosome-mediated proteolysis via E3 ligase and recruit the natural protein degradation machinery to selectively degrade the cancerous proteins. Herein, we have designed and synthesized heterobifunctional small molecules that consist of different linkers tethering KRIBB11, a HSF1 inhibitor, with pomalidomide, a commonly used E3 ligase ligand for anticancer drug development.

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36

Kounde, Cyrille S., Maria M. Shchepinova, Charlie N. Saunders, et al. "A caged E3 ligase ligand for PROTAC-mediated protein degradation with light." Chemical Communications 56, no. 41 (2020): 5532–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cc00523a.

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37

Ohtake, Fumiaki, Atsushi Baba, Ichiro Takada, et al. "Dioxin receptor is a ligand-dependent E3 ubiquitin ligase." Nature 446, no. 7135 (2007): 562–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature05683.

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38

Yan, Yuqian, Jingwei Shao, Donglin Ding, et al. "3-Aminophthalic acid, a new cereblon ligand for targeted protein degradation by O’PROTAC." Chemical Communications 58, no. 14 (2022): 2383–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1cc06525d.

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In this study, we discovered 3-aminophthalic acid as a new ligand of cereblon (CRBN) E3 ubiquitin ligase and developed a phthalic acid-based O’PROTAC for ERG destruction, expanding the pool of ligands for development of PROTACs, especially O’PROTACs.

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39

Koo, Bon-Kyoung, Ki-Jun Yoon, Kyeong-Won Yoo, et al. "Mind Bomb-2 Is an E3 Ligase for Notch Ligand." Journal of Biological Chemistry 280, no. 23 (2005): 22335–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m501631200.

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The zebrafish gene, mind bomb (mib), encodes a protein that positively regulates of the Delta-mediated Notch signaling. It interacts with the intracellular domain of Delta to promote its ubiquitination and endocytosis. In our search for the mouse homologue of zebrafish mind bomb, we cloned two homologues in the mouse genome: a mouse orthologue (mouse mib1) and a paralogue, named mind bomb-2 (mib2), which is evolutionarily conserved from Drosophila to human. Both Mib1 and Mib2 have an E3 ubiquitin ligase activity in their C-terminal RING domain and interact with Xenopus Delta (XD) via their N-terminal region. Mib2 is also able to ligate ubiquitin to XD and shift the membrane localization of Delta to intracellular vesicles. Importantly, Mib2 rescues both the neuronal and vascular defects in the zebrafish mibta52b mutants. In contrast to the functional similarities between Mib1 and Mib2, mib2 is highly expressed in adult tissues, but almost not at all in embryos, whereas mib1 is abundantly expressed in both embryos and adult tissues. These data suggest that Mib2 has functional similarities to Mib1, but might have distinct roles in Notch signaling as an E3 ubiquitin ligase.

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40

Omari, Kamel El, Jingshan Ren, Louise E. Bird, et al. "Molecular Architecture and Ligand Recognition Determinants for T4 RNA Ligase." Journal of Biological Chemistry 281, no. 3 (2005): 1573–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m509658200.

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41

Reynders, Martin, Bryan S. Matsuura, Marleen Bérouti, et al. "PHOTACs enable optical control of protein degradation." Science Advances 6, no. 8 (2020): eaay5064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aay5064.

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PROTACs (PROteolysis TArgeting Chimeras) are bifunctional molecules that target proteins for ubiquitylation by an E3 ligase complex and subsequent degradation by the proteasome. They have emerged as powerful tools to control the levels of specific cellular proteins. We now introduce photoswitchable PROTACs that can be activated with the spatiotemporal precision that light provides. These trifunctional molecules, which we named PHOTACs (PHOtochemically TArgeting Chimeras), consist of a ligand for an E3 ligase, a photoswitch, and a ligand for a protein of interest. We demonstrate this concept by using PHOTACs that target either BET family proteins (BRD2,3,4) or FKBP12. Our lead compounds display little or no activity in the dark but can be reversibly activated with different wavelengths of light. Our modular approach provides a method for the optical control of protein levels with photopharmacology and could lead to new types of precision therapeutics that avoid undesired systemic toxicity.

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42

Koravovic, Mladen, Bojan Markovic, Milena Kovacevic, Milena Rmandic, and Gordana Tasic. "Protein degradation induced by PROTAC molecules as emerging drug discovery strategy." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society, no. 00 (2022): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc211209027k.

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The traditional concept of drug discovery is based on the occupancy-driven pharmacology model. It implies the development of inhibitors occupying binding sites that directly affect protein functions. Therefore, proteins that do not have such binding sites are generally considered as pharmacologically intractable. Furthermore, drugs that act in this way must be administered in dosage regimens that often result in high systemic drug exposures in order to maintain sufficient protein inhibition. Thus, there is a risk of off-target binding and side effects onset. The landscape of drug discovery has been markedly changed since PROTAC (PROteolysis TArgeting Chimera) molecules emerged twenty years ago as a part of event-driven pharmacology model. These are bifunctional molecules that harness the ubiquitin-proteasome system, and are composed of a ligand that binds protein of interest (POI), a ligand that recruits E3 ubiquitin ligase and a linker that connects these two parts. Pharmacologically, PROTAC s bring POI and E3 ubiquitin ligase into the close proximity, which triggers the formation of a functional ternary complex POI-PROTAC -E3 ubiquitin ligase. This event drives POI polyubiquitination and subsequent degradation by the 26S proteasome. The development and exceptional properties of PROTAC molecules that brought them to clinical studies will be discussed in this paper.

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43

Kim, Kang Ho, Jeong Min Yoon, A. Hyun Choi, Woo Sik Kim, Gha Young Lee та Jae Bum Kim. "Liver X Receptor Ligands Suppress Ubiquitination and Degradation of LXRα by Displacing BARD1/BRCA1". Molecular Endocrinology 23, № 4 (2009): 466–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/me.2008-0295.

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Abstract Liver X receptor (LXR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that plays important roles in cholesterol and lipid homeostasis. However, ligand-induced posttranslational modification of LXR is largely unknown. Here, we show that ligand-free LXRα is rapidly degraded by ubiquitination. Without ligand, LXRα interacts with an ubiquitin E3-ligase protein complex containing breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility 1 (BRCA1)-associated RING domain 1 (BARD1). Interestingly, LXR ligand represses ubiquitination and degradation of LXRα, and the interaction between LXRα and BARD1 is inhibited by LXR ligand. Consistently, T0901317, a synthetic LXR ligand, increased the level of LXRα protein in liver. Moreover, overexpression of BARD1/BRCA1 promoted the ubiquitination of LXRα and reduced the recruitment of LXRα to the target gene promoters, whereas BARD1 knockdown reversed such effects. Taken together, these data suggest that LXR ligand prevents LXRα from ubiquitination and degradation by detaching BARD1/BRCA1, which might be critical for the early step of transcriptional activation of ligand-stimulated LXRα through a stable binding of LXRα to the promoters of target genes.

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Tateishi, Yukiyo, Raku Sonoo, Yu-ichi Sekiya та ін. "Turning Off Estrogen Receptor β-Mediated Transcription Requires Estrogen-Dependent Receptor Proteolysis". Molecular and Cellular Biology 26, № 21 (2006): 7966–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.00713-06.

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ABSTRACT Recent studies have shed light on the ligand-dependent transactivation mechanisms of nuclear receptors (NRs). When the ligand dose is reduced, the transcriptional activity of NRs should be downregulated. Here we show that a ubiquitin-proteasome pathway plays a key role in turning off transcription mediated by estrogen receptor β (ERβ). ERβ shows estrogen-dependent proteolysis, and its degradation is regulated by two regions in the receptor. The N-terminal 37-amino acid-region is necessary for the recruitment of the ubiquitin ligase, i.e., the carboxyl terminus of HSC70-interacting protein (CHIP), to degrade ERβ. In contrast, the C-terminal F domain protects ligand-unbound ERβ from proteolysis to abrogate proteasome association. Suppression of CHIP by interfering RNA inhibited this switching off of receptor-mediated transcription when the ligand dose was reduced. Our results suggest that after ligand withdrawal, the active form of the NR is selectively eliminated via ligand-dependent proteolysis to downregulate receptor-mediated transcription.

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Kitamura, Y., A. Ebihara, A. Shinkai, K. Hirotsu, and S. Kuramitsu. "Ligand-induced conformational change of D-alanine:D-alanine ligase fromThermus thermophilusHB8." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography 64, a1 (2008): C272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108767308091307.

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Peng, Zhi, Taiping Shi, and Dalong Ma. "RNF122: A novel ubiquitin ligase associated with calcium-modulating cyclophilin ligand." BMC Cell Biology 11, no. 1 (2010): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2121-11-41.

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Purushothaman, Sudha, Garima Gupta, Richa Srivastava, Vasanthakumar Ganga Ramu, and Avadhesha Surolia. "Ligand Specificity of Group I Biotin Protein Ligase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis." PLoS ONE 3, no. 5 (2008): e2320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0002320.

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Warr, Matthew R., Stephane Acoca, Zhiqian Liu, et al. "BH3-ligand regulates access of MCL-1 to its E3 ligase." FEBS Letters 579, no. 25 (2005): 5603–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2005.09.028.

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Ciulli, Alessio. "Targeted Protein Degradation with Small Molecules: How PROTACs Work." Proceedings 22, no. 1 (2019): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019022115.

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Bivalent degrader molecules (also termed PROTACs) target proteins for degradation through recruitment to E3 ligases. PROTACs are a revolutionary new modality class with therapeutic potential. Formation of a ternary complex between the degrader, the ligase, and the target leads to tagging by ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of the target protein. In 2015, we disclosed MZ1, a potent degrader made of a ligand we had previously discovered for the E3 ligase von Hippel–Lindau (VHL), and a pan-selective ligand for the BET proteins Brd2, Brd3, and Brd4. We made the unexpected but fascinating observation that MZ1 induces preferential degradation of Brd4 over Brd2 and Brd3—despite engaging BET proteins with the same binary affinity. This demonstrated a now well-established feature of PROTACs: They can achieve a narrower degradation profile in spite of broad target engagement. Our co-crystal structure of a PROTAC ternary complex (VHL:MZ1:Brd4) illuminated the role of cooperative molecular recognition inducing de novo contacts to form a stable ternary. Our work is revealing the structural basis and guiding principles of PROTAC degradation selectivity and mode of action.

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Miao, Yinglong, Apurba Bhattarai, and Jinan Wang. "Ligand Gaussian Accelerated Molecular Dynamics (LiGaMD): Characterization of Ligand Binding Thermodynamics and Kinetics." Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation 16, no. 9 (2020): 5526–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jctc.0c00395.

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