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1
Larsson, Malin. "Night, light and flight : Light attraction in Trichoptera." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för fysik, kemi och biologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-139865.
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Artificial light is an important and necessary part of our urban environment, but has become a threat to biodiversity. It can have substantial direct and indirect effects on populations of all kinds of organisms. While light attraction in bats and moths has been well studied other organisms such as Trichoptera have been largely neglected, despite Trichoptera being one of the most abundant insect orders in freshwater systems. The light attraction of Trichoptera was studied through seasonal data from three different locations in Sweden. The data was examined through meta- and regression analyses to compare catches in light traps and passive traps. The use of relative abundances excluded bias from the species with large populations, and the difference in individuals caught between passive traps and light traps. The results indicated that artificial light could affect Trichoptera populations. Unlike moths, female Trichoptera were more attracted to light than males and attraction to light varied between species. In both cases, size dimorphism could explain the variation. Day-, evening- and night-active species were all attracted to light, but the latter more so. Research has shown that a false flight activity can occur in day-active Trichoptera when a lamp is lit during night, which could explain the capture of day- and evening-active species in a light trap. In all, artificial light could alter Trichoptera populations, changing sex ratios and species composition. This impact should be considered when erecting light sources near waterways.
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Wintner, Birgit. ""Night, night, sleep tight" : Effects of exercise and light on sleep physiology." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för biovetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-15510.
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So, Chu-wing. "Observational studies of the night sky in Hong Kong." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2010. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B43758150.
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Bedrosian, Tracy A. "Circadian Disruption by Light at Night: Implications for Mood." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1363097253.
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Shotbolt, Timothy. "Unwanted lighting effects at night in Australia." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2016. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/94241/1/Timothy_Shotbolt_Thesis.pdf.
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This thesis brings together different scientific and engineering disciplines, as well as current legislation, on the subject of unwanted night-time lighting effects on humans and the biosphere. The assessment criteria of Australian Standard AS4282-1997 Control of the obtrusive effects of outdoor lighting are reviewed and criteria incorporating the quantity, quality, spectral composition of light, and exposure time, are proposed to improve light engineering practice. The immediate direct concerns of humans are considered as well as the effects on biota generally in the environment, particularly as outdoor artificial lighting proliferation has the potential to change the environment for human habitation in the longer term.
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So, Chu-wing, and 蘇柱榮. "Observational studies of the night sky in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B43758150.
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Sjöling, Jakob. "Ljusföroreningar i stadsmiljö : Hur kan ljusföroreningar förebyggas vid nybyggnation?" Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-104332.
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Light pollution in urban areas - How to prevent light pollution at construction Jakob Sjöling Light pollution is a relatively new but rapidly growing form of pollution. Society's increasing demand for light coupled with the pace at which lighting technology evolves is accelerating that growth. The purpose of this study was to analyse how the construction industry plan and design outdoor lighting when erecting new buildings, specifically with regards to the issue of light pollution. It also investigated how local authorities work with these issues during urban planning. In both cases special interest was placed in ways to improve the planning and use of outdoor lighting in order to minimize light pollution. To this end a series of interviews were held with people in the construction industry who are involved in the planning of lighting. Interviews were also held with local officials who manages issues of lighting and the environment within the municipality of Kungsbacka, Sweden. The interviews showed that people who work with these issues were well aware that poorly planned lighting can cause glare and disturbances. They were, however, almost totally unaware of the severe danger that light at night poses to both human health and environmental stability. To remedy this, information about the risks posed by night-time lighting must be spread from the scientific community to entrepreneurs and local officials who work with lighting. There are also several areas where changes in routines can help to avoid many of the potential pitfalls threatening to cause an, otherwise good, lighting plan to fail in regards to light pollution.
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Vlasova, K. V. "Supraoptic nuclei receptors denseness at night period under light exposure." Thesis, БДМУ, 2022. http://dspace.bsmu.edu.ua:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/19378.
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Strong, Meghan. "Illuminating the path of darkness : social and sacred power of artificial light in Pharaonic Period Egypt." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/276912.
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Light is seldom addressed in archaeological research, despite the fact that, at least in ancient Egypt, it would have impacted upon all aspects of life. When discussing light in Egyptology, the vast majority of scholarly attention is placed on the sun, the primary source of illumination. In comparison, artificial light receives very little attention, primarily due to a lack of archaeological evidence for lighting equipment prior to the 7th century BC. However, 19th and 20th century lychnological studies have exaggerated this point by placing an overwhelming emphasis on decorated lamps from the Greco-Roman Period. In an attempt to move beyond these antiquarian roots, recent scholarship has turned towards examining the role that light, both natural and artificial, played in aspects of ancient societies’ architecture, ideology and religion. The extensive body of archaeological, textual and iconographic evidence that remains from ancient Egypt is well suited to this type of study and forms three core data sets in this thesis. Combining a materials-based examination of artificial light with a contextualized, theoretical analysis contributes to a richer understanding of ancient Egyptian culture from the 3rd to 1st millennium BC. The first three chapters of this study establish a typology of known artificial lighting equipment, as well as a lexicon of lighting terminology. A comparison of the archaeological and textual evidence allows for a discussion on the consumption of lighting in ancient Egypt and its impact on social and economic spheres. From this material it becomes apparent that artificial light was a luxury and this corresponds to its inclusion in religious texts and iconography, as well as the presence of lighting implements in tombs of the wealthy elite. The second half of the thesis examines the ritual application of artificial light, incorporating iconographic and textual evidence, consideration of ritual space and timing, and experimental archaeology. This interdisciplinary approach allows for a discussion of the sensory experience of artificial lighting and its perceived potency in ancient Egypt. It also demonstrates the contribution that Egyptology can make to lychnological and sensory studies of the ancient Near East and Mediterranean by examining the impact of light on phenomenology and aesthetics.
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Smith, Brandi L. "Grassroots policy prescription a case study in light pollution and night sky preservation and natural resource policy making /." Birmingham, Ala. : University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2007. http://www.mhsl.uab.edu/dt/2007m/smith.pdf.
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Robinson, David. "Low-level night-time light therapy for age-related macular degeneration." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2017. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/108368/.
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Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of visual impairment in the developed world (Wong et al., 2014). The exact causes of AMD are unclear but hypoxia has been implicated (Stefánsson et al., 2011). If hypoxia has a role in the pathogenesis of AMD treatments that mitigate the effect of retinal hypoxia may slow disease progression. This thesis aimed to establish the impact of light therapy, as delivered using a light emitting mask, on the progression of AMD. A phase I/IIa randomised controlled trial was implemented in which 60 participants with early and intermediate AMD were allocated to the intervention or the untreated control group in a 1:1 ratio and monitored over 12 months. The ability of secondary outcome measures (including: rate of cone dark adaptation, 14Hz flicker threshold and chromatic thresholds) to identify the likely risk of progression from early and intermediate AMD to advanced AMD was also assessed in a cross-sectional study evaluating the relationship between each baseline outcome measure and the severity of fundus changes. Sixty participants were recruited of which 47 (20 intervention, 27 control) completed the 12 month follow-up period. No significant difference was found in the change of any parameter between groups apart from the time constant of cone-photoreceptor recovery (cone τ), which was increased to a greater extent in the treated group. An additional 40 participants were recruited to the cross-sectional study (n=100). Measurement of cone τ was identified as the best independent predictor of increased AMD severity based on the AREDS Simplified Severity Scale (Ferris et al., 2005). Although a greater proportion of controls (48%) than mask wearers (38%) showed disease progression over the duration of the trial this difference did not reach statistical significance.
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Cissé, Yasmine-marie Nirina Cisse. "Multigenerational effects of pre-conception circadian disruption by light at night." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1512163356982794.
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Cravens, Zachary. "ILLUMINATING DIETARY AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGE IN AN INSECTIVOROUS BAT COMMUNITY EXPOSED TO ARTIFICIAL LIGHT AT NIGHT." OpenSIUC, 2018. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2347.
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Global light pollution is increasing worldwide, nearly doubling over the past 25 years, and the encroachment of artificial light into remaining dark areas threatens to disturb natural rhythms of wildlife species, such as bats. Artificial light impacts the behaviour of insectivorous bats in numerous ways, including changing foraging behaviour and altering prey selection. I conducted two manipulative field experiments to investigate effects of light pollution on prey selection in an insectivorous bat community. In the first experiment, I collected fecal samples from 6 species of insectivorous bats in naturally dark and artificially lit conditions and identified prey items using molecular methods. Proportional differences of identified prey were not consistent and appear to be species specific. Red bats, little brown bats, and gray bats exhibited expected increases in moths at lit sites. Beetle-specialist big brown bats had a sizeable increase in beetle consumption around lights, while tri-colored bats and evening bats showed little change in moth consumption between experimental conditions. Dietary overlap was high between experimental conditions within each species, and dietary breadth only changed significantly between experimental conditions in one species, the little brown bat. Our results, building on others, demonstrate that bat-insect interactions may be more nuanced than the common assertion that moth consumption increases around lights. Thus, no single policy is likely to be universally effective in minimizing effects of light pollution on foraging bats because of differences in bat and insect communities, and their interactions. Our work highlights the need for greater mechanistic understanding of bat-light interactions to predict which species will be most affected by light pollution, and to more effectively craft management strategies to minimize unnatural shifts in prey selection caused by artificial lights. In the second experiment, I again focused on changes in foraging due to light pollution by investigating expected knock-on physiological effects, which have not been studied. I measured plasma ß-hydroxybutyrate concentrations from six species of insectivorous bats in naturally dark and artificially lit conditions to investigate effects of light pollution on energy metabolism. We also recorded bat calls acoustically to measure differences in activity levels between experimental conditions. Blood metabolite level and acoustic activity data suggest species-specific changes in foraging around lights. In red bats (Lasiurus borealis), ß-hydroxybutyrate levels at lit sites were highest early in the night followed by a decrease. Acoustic data suggest pronounced peaks in activity at lit sites early in the night. In red bats on dark nights and in the other species in this community, which seem to avoid lights, ß-hydroxybutyrate remained constant, or possibly increased slightly throughout the night. Taken together, our results suggest red bats actively forage around lights and may gain some energetic benefit, while other species in the community avoid lit areas and thus gain no such benefit. Our results demonstrate that artificial light may have a bifurcating effect on bat communities, whereby a few species benefit through concentrated prey resources, yet most do not. Further, this may concentrate light-intolerant species into limited dark refugia, thereby increasing competition for depauperate insect communities, as insects are drawn to artificially lit spaces. It appears then that artificial lights change the environment in such a way as to benefit some species in insectivorous bat communities.
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Brüning, Anika [Verfasser]. "Spotlight on fish: The biological impacts of artificial light at night / Anika Brüning." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1117028313/34.
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Perkin, Elizabeth Katharine [Verfasser]. "The effects of artificial light at night on stream ecosystems / Elizabeth Katharine Perkin." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1034073923/34.
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James, Francine O. "Circadian adaptation to full-time night shift work with bright light intervention regimen." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=31243.
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The primary consequence of night shift work is a misalignment of the endogenous circadian pacemaker with the inverted sleep-wake cycle. This study evaluated the efficacy of a judicious schedule of light exposure on circadian adaptation to night work. Fifteen night shift workers (mean age +/-S.E.M.: 41.8 +/- 1.8 years) were studied for 3 weeks in their work environments under one of two experimental conditions. Treatment group participants underwent an intervention including bright light in the workplace, while control group participants were studied in their habitual light environments. The efficacy of the intervention was evaluated in the laboratory via constant routines. Following the intervention, treatment group subjects displayed a mean phase delay of (+/-S.E.M.) -9.32 +/- 1.06 hours and full entrainment to the night-oriented schedule while control group subjects displayed a phase delay -4.09 +/- 1.94 hours and a partial entrainment (F(1,30) = 11.33, p = 0.002). The results of this study suggest a means of alleviating the difficulties associated with night shift work with control of the overall pattern of light exposure.
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Nagashima, Shunsuke. "Bright-light exposure during daytime sleeping affects nocturnal melatonin secretion after simulated night work." Kyoto University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/232313.
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Grubišić, Maja [Verfasser]. "Effects of artificial light at night on benthic primary producers in freshwaters / Maja Grubisic." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1136903593/34.
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Simpson, Stephanie N. "Willingness to pay for a clear night sky : use of the contingent valuation method /." Online version of thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/5872.
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Larsson, Pia L. M. "Foraging efficiencies on drifting and benthic prey in juvenile salmonids - effect of light." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för miljö- och livsvetenskaper, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-41939.
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Stream living salmonids are generally regarded as drift feeders that rely upon their vision when foraging. It has been shown that salmonids become nocturnal at low water temperatures, but have a low foraging efficiency as light intensity is low, due to their dependence upon vision. Shifting from drift feeding to benthic feeding, has been suggested, and analyses of gut contents during winter have shown that the diet of salmonids mainly consists of benthic invertebrates. Most experimental studies of salmonid foraging have only offered the fish drifting prey or only given the fish access to benthic prey in total darkness. Such conditions rarely occur in nature and the importance of benthic foraging to salmonids may therefore have been underestimated. In this study I conducted a stream laboratory experiment to test if low light intensity caused juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) (age 0+) to forage more on benthic than drifting prey. The salmon foraged on both drifting and benthic prey during high light but consumed only benthic prey during low light (by one of six fish). Trout foraged on both drifting and benthic prey during both high and low light, but foraging efficiency was lower during low than high light and foraging efficiency was lower for benthic prey than for drifting prey. These results indicate that both species forage more opportunistically than previously thought.Strömlevande laxfiskar anses generellt vara driftätare som förlitar sig på synen när de födosöker. Det har visats att laxfiskar blir nattaktiva vid låga vattentemperaturer, men har en låg födosökseffektivitet då ljusintensiteten är låg, på grund av sitt beroende av synen. Skifte från driftätande till att äta bentiska byten, har föreslagits, och analyser av maginnehåll under vintern har visat att laxfiskars diet huvudsakligen består av bentiska evertebrater. De flesta experimentella studier av laxfiskars födosök har endast erbjudit fisken driftande byten eller endast gett fisken tillgång till bentiska byten vid totalt mörker. Sådana förhållanden förekommer sällan i naturen och betydelsen av bentiskt födosök för laxfiskar kan därför ha underskattats. I den här studien utförde jag ett experiment i en laboratorieström för att testa om låg ljusintensitet fick juvenil Atlantlax (Salmo salar) och öring (Salmo trutta) (ålder 0+) att födosöka mer på bentiska än driftande byten. Laxen födosökte på både driftande och bentiska byten vid högt ljus men bara bentiska byten åts vid lågt ljus (av en av sex fiskar). Öringen födosökte på både driftande och bentiska byten vid både hög och låg ljusintensitet, men födosökseffektiviteten var lägre vid låg än hög ljusintensitet och födosökseffektiviteten var lägre för bentiska än förbiflytande byten. Dessa resultat indikerar att båda arterna födosöker mer opportunistiskt än vad man tidigare ansett.
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Giordano, Emanuele. "Paysage-lumière : constructions et perceptions. Pour une analyse multi-échelle des géographies lumineuses de la ville." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MON30045.
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Aujourd'hui, la nuit urbaine est un thème émergent de la géographie francophone et anglophone, ce qu’illustre une série de travaux qui ont ouvert de nouveaux fronts de recherche comme l’urbanisme temporel (Mallet, 2009) ou le processus de gentrification de certains quartiers concernés par la vie nocturne (Comelli, 2015). Parmi les nouveaux fronts de recherche qui se sont développés ces dernières années, un des plus dynamiques parait être celui des études sur l’illumination urbaine. Cependant cette littérature reste plutôt fragmentée en termes d’approches, de méthodologies et d’intérêts de recherche.Les sciences sociales francophones se sont concentrées principalement sur l’évolution des politiques d’éclairage, en particulier en relation à l’évolution des outils et concepts associés à l’urbanisme-lumière. Cette littérature s’est surtout focalisée sur les pratiques de mise en lumière architecturale (Mallet, 2009 ; Hernandez, 2010). D’autre part, les chercheurs de tradition anglophone ont développé un intérêt croissant pour les effets que la lumière a sur l’expérience nocturne. En particulier, cet intérêt s’est articulé autour des deux grandes lignes de recherche : la relation entre éclairage public et peur de la criminalité et, plus récemment, les expériences produites par les installations lumineuses événementielles.A travers le croisement d’observations menées autour de différents paysages lumières : l’illumination de l’espace public, la mise en lumière patrimoniale et l’illumination dans le cadre de Fêtes de lumières cette thèse propose une approche qui combine les perspectives théoriques et méthodologiques développées par ces deux littératures.L’intérêt scientifique et pratique de ce choix répond à plusieurs critères. D’un côté, il permet de prendre en considération les trois principaux contextes empiriques qui intéressent la littérature sur la lumière. En même temps, l’étude conjointe de ces trois types de paysages-lumière offre l’opportunité d’analyser un même objet à différentes échelles et dans des contextes spatiaux-temporels différents. Plus généralement, l’ensemble de la thèse vise à produire un croisement de regards à différents niveaux. D'un côté, on souhaite produire un dialogue horizontal entre l’étude de la construction d’un paysage-lumière et l’expérience qu’il produit au quotidien. D’un autre côté, on souhaite favoriser une comparaison transversale entre les différents types de politiques lumières et entre les différentes expériences produites par la lumière en ville.Cette thèse contribue ainsi d’un côté à l’étude des évolutions plus récentes des politiques d’éclairage urbain et de l’autre à l’analyse de l’influence de la lumière urbaine sur les pratiques spatiales et sociales qui caractérisent l’espace public. Elle montre comme la convergence de logiques techniques et conceptuelles a pour résultat de produire des types de paysages-lumières qui participent d’une évolution des politiques d’aménagement urbain vers une esthétisation croissante et la prise en compte de l’expérience des habitants et usagers de la ville. Plus généralement, ce travail contribue à l’étude des dimensions politiques de l’aménagement urbain, a celle des processus de construction des politiques urbaines et à celle des relations entre savoir-expert et intégration de l’expérience vécue et sensible des usagers dans la construction de l’espace public urbainThe urban night is an emerging theme in both Francophone and Anglophone geography, as illustrated by a series of works that have opened up research areas including temporal urbanism (Mallet, 2009) or the gentrification process of certain neighbourhoods affected by nightlife (Comelli, 2015). One of the most dynamic of these new research areas is the study of urban illumination. However, this literature remains rather fragmented in terms of approaches, methodologies and research interests.Francophone social sciences have concentrated mainly on the evolution of lighting policies, in particular in relation to the evolution of tools and concepts associated with the so called “urbanisme-lumière”. This literature has focused mainly on practices of architectural lighting (Mallet, 2009; Hernandez, 2010). On the other hand, researchers of the English-speaking tradition have developed a growing interest in the effects that light has on the nocturnal experience. In particular, this interest has centered around two lines of research: the relationship between street lighting and fear of crime and, more recently, the experiences produced by temporary lighting installations.Through the crossing of observations on different lightscapes: the illumination of the public space, the illumination of heritage building and temporary forms of illumination within the framework of light festivals this thesis proposes an approach that combines the theoretical and methodological perspectives developed by these two literatures.The scientific and practical interest of this choice meets several criteria. On the one hand, it allows an account of the three main empirical contexts that have been explored in the existing literature on light. At the same time, the joint study of these three types of lightscapes offers the opportunity to analyse the same object at different scales and in different spatial-temporal contexts. More generally, the entire thesis aims to produce a crossing of looks at different levels. On the one hand, we wish to produce a horizontal dialogue between the study of the construction of a lightscape and the experience it produces on a daily basis. On the other hand, we wish to encourage a cross-sectional comparison between the different types of light policies and between the different experiences produced by light in the contemporary city.As such, this thesis contributes to the study of the more recent evolutions of urban lighting policies as well as providing as analysis of the influence that urban illumination has on the spatial and social practices that characterize public space. It shows that the convergence of technical and conceptual logics has resulted in the production of different types of lightscapes that take part in an evolution of urban planning policies towards a growing aestheticization of the contemporary city. More generally, this work contributes to the study of the political dimensions of urban planning, the processes of urban policy construction and the relationship between expert knowledge and the integration of the lived and sensory experience of city users in the construction of public space
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Grundy, Anne Louise. "Determinants and methods of assessment of melatonin levels among rotating shift nurses." Thesis, Kingston, Ont. : [s.n.], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/1264.
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Bell, Michelle A. "Photopic & scotopic light perception." Kansas State University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/6842.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Architectural Engineering and Construction Science
Fred L. Hasler
This paper discusses photopic and scotopic vision of the human eye and the implications that could result in the design process of the lighting industry. The incorporation of scotopic vision in lighting effects the perceived illumination in all settings; but these affects and benefits are seen more prevalently at night, as this is when scotopic vision is utilized by the eye the most. The paper will begin with an overview of the eye including discussions of exactly what photopic and scotopic vision are, as well as how the eye works. This will lay a foundation for the paper to help the reader better comprehend and understand the remainder of the content. After the groundwork has been laid, the factors that affect how the eye perceives light will be discussed. These factors include pupil size and color of the light. A discussion of the basis for current lighting industry design and how light levels are measured will follow. Once these topics have been fully explored, there will be a discussion of the changes that could occur in the lighting industry if scotopic vision is taken into account. Increased energy efficiency would result if the scotopic vision is incorporated, resulting from the decrease in needed total lumen output. There have been a few applications that have utilized the effects of the scotopic vision in their design, these cases will be presented. Following the case study discussions, will be a discussion of a survey conducted by myself on the change-out of high pressure sodium (HPS) fixtures to LED fixtures in the downtown Poyntz Avenue area of Manhattan, KS. After all studies have been reviewed, conclusions and correlations among them will be explored. Following this analysis, suggestions will be given to improve the way lighting is designed in the industry.
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Lice, Liga. "Spelling differences between British and American English : Through-thru Night-nite Light-lite High-hi." Thesis, Växjö University, School of Humanities, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vxu:diva-1395.
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Although the British and the Americans use the same language, i.e. English, the differences in vocabulary, pronunciation, and spelling between these two varieties doubtlessly exist. However, this paper deals particularly with the spelling differences between British English and American English since spelling seems to cause confusion and problems to the learners of English the most. The American spelling is considered to be informal; therefore, the essay focuses on the standard British English spelling of words through, night, light, and high and their equivalents in American English, i.e. thru, nite, lite, and hi. This study investigates how extensively the British and the Americans use the standard and the informal spelling of these words in different written sources such as newspapers, magazines, leaflets and advertisements, and books. In addition, the collocations of these particular words are investigated. In order to do this quantitative research, the Collins Cobuild corpus material was searched and analyzed. The results of this study reveal that the informal American spelling of these four words appears in British texts more often than in American texts. However, the informal spelling tends to appear in non-American sources when speaking about America or American cultural phenomena.
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Hogan, Matthew K. "Effect of Exposure to Dim Light at Night and Particulate Matter on C3H/HeNHsd Mice." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1429439861.
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Edenborg, Fanny. "Artificial light at night causes advanced initiation of dawn song in songbirds in Linköping, Sweden." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Biologi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-148342.
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It is known that artificial light at night has a role in disrupting many birds’ routines when it comes to timing of dawn song. However, studies show various results on which species that are affected, how much and on what latitude. Birds at northern latitudes is experiencing longer and brighter natural nights during the breeding season as the spring is progressing, compared to birds living in areas more south. The bright nights might affect how the birds respond to the artificial light at night. This study's aim was to investigate how different species of songbirds in Linköping (58°N), Sweden, time their dawn song during breeding season, depending on presence or absence of artificial light at night coming from street lamps. The results show that early singing species are more affected than late singing species. The common blackbird for example, advanced its song because of artificial light, up to over an hour on average. Late singing birds was also affected by the urban lights, though not as strongly as the early singing species. Also shown was that the temperature and the amount of cloudiness, did not affect the difference in timing of dawn song between the locations. Future studies should focus on collecting data from more northern latitudes. The effect the advanced timing of dawn song, both regarding the birds on an individual scale and also regarding the ecosystems in total,should also be investigated further.
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Manfrin, Alessandro [Verfasser]. "Effects of artificial light at night (ALAN) on interactions between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems / Alessandro Manfrin." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1135608075/34.
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Zhou, Yanhe. "Impact of different light sources on the responses of moth." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-44759.
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In recent decades, the negative effects of artificial light at night on natural ecosystems have attracted the attention of ecologists. Studies have shown that artificial light at night leads to a considerable reduction in insects and has a worrying impact on terrestrial ecosystems, including nocturnal insects (e.g. Lepidoptera) such as moths. Warm white light is generally expected to have a lower ecological impact compared with cold white light which has a higher proportion of blue light (< 500 nm). The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of three light emitting diode (LED) light sources with different spectral power distributions on the responses of the greater wax moth (Galleria mellonella) under controlled experimental settings. In this experiment, three light sources with different spectral power distribution and dark condition were used and the start response time, time active, time flap wings, time flap wings / time active, main activity area and stop area of the greater wax moth were investigated. The light treatment used were: (1) darkness (n = 13); (2) warm-white light (correlated color temperature of 2675 K, n = 12); (3) white light (4070 K, n = 4); (4) cold white light (6200 K, n = 8). The experiment was performed in a rectangular light-tight box under controlled conditions. Main activity area showed significant difference between warm-white light and cold white light. With cold white light, a larger proportion of the moths were active in the area with the highest light levels, while the main activity area in the warm white light was in the zone with the lowest light levels. Other variables, however, did not show significant differences. The conclusion is that warm white light had a lower ecological impact than cold white light due to a larger proportion of moth is attracted to areas with stronger light. The results support the notion that in outdoor environments, warm white LEDs (maximum 3000 K) should be preferred compared to cold white light LEDs (over 3000 K), to reduce the impact on insects such as moths. The low correlated color temperature light sources used outdoors deserves more in-depth development and research.
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Willems, Joshua. "Artificial night lighting and anthropogenic noise alter animal activity, body condition, species richness, and community structure." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2020. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/2187.
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Sensory pollution from artificial night-lighting and anthropogenic noise have increased at a dramatic rate over the last several decades. Alterations to the sensory environment have been found to affect wildlife in a wide variety of ways including behavioral changes, physiological responses, changes in species interactions, and altered community structure. Increased levels of light and noise pollution can originate from many sources including roads, energy development and infrastructure, and urbanization. Even remote or protected areas are not immune to the effects of increased sensory disturbances with 63 percent of protected areas within the United States found to have been exposed to a doubling of background noise levels due to anthropogenic activity and skyglow, the scattering of artificial light by the atmosphere, extending hundreds of kilometers from the source. Despite a large body of work investigating the effects of light or noise pollution acting alone, relatively few studies have examined the effects of both stimuli acting together even though they frequently co-occur. Better understanding how these stressors, especially when present simultaneously, are affecting ecosystems is critical to ongoing mitigation and conservation efforts.
In Chapter 1, we investigated the effects of increased levels of light and noise pollution, both singularly and in tandem, on pinyon mouse (Peromyscus truei) activity and body condition. Using a full factorial study design allowed us to isolate the effects of both stimuli when acting alone as well as any potential interactions between the two when both were present. We used standard trapping methods across a gradient of light, noise, and both combined while also accounting for variations in moonlight, vegetative structure, and weather. We found that an increased level of artificial night-lighting resulted in lower trap success of pinyon mice while there was no effect of noise on trap success. There was no effect of elevated light levels on body condition but there was a negative effect of noise on body condition early in the season. Later in the season, neither light nor noise influenced body condition. No interactive effects between light and noise were found.
In Chapter 2, we studied the effects of anthropogenic light and noise, singularly and in tandem, on species richness and community structure using camera traps in a manipulative field experiment. We investigated these effects at both the species level and the taxonomic level (nocturnal mammals, diurnal mammals, lagomorphs, birds, mesocarnivores, and ungulates). We showed that both light and noise pollution did alter species richness and that these effects can differ depending on the scale of observation. Increased levels of night-lighting had a scale-dependent effect on species richness such that increases in light levels had a negative effect on richness at the camera level, but light-treated sites had the highest estimated cumulative richness. In contrast, noise was found to have a negative effect on richness for birds. When both stimuli were present, the addition of night-lighting mitigated the effects of noise for birds. For community structure, noise-treated sites were the most dissimilar from other treatments, indicating that increased levels of anthropogenic noise likely have the largest effect on community structure in this study. We also found evidence of a possible rescue effect of light that counteracts the negative effect of noise. That is, combined treatment sites were significantly dissimilar from both light and noise sites but not from the control sites.
Together, our results provide evidence that alterations to the sensory environment from anthropogenic activity can affect wild animal populations in multiple ways. As human development increases to meet the demands of growing human populations, more ecosystems will be exposed to increased levels of sensory disturbance, making the understanding of how these changes affect wildlife critical to ongoing conservation efforts.
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So, Chu-wing, and 蘇桂榮. "Observational studies of contributions of artificial and natural light factors to the night sky brightness measured through a monitoring network in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/206449.
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Light pollution is a form of rapidly-growing and global-scale environmental degradation in which excessive outdoor lighting affects the natural environment, the ecosystem, and possibly even human health. Poorly designed outdoor lighting wastes energy and money, and robs the beautiful night sky. Effects of light pollution on the night sky can be evaluated by the skyglow caused by artificial lighting sources, through measurements of the night sky brightness (NSB). The Hong Kong Night Sky Brightness Monitoring Network (NSN) was established to monitor in detail the light pollution conditions in Hong Kong. Monitoring stations were set up throughout the city covering a wide range of urban and rural settings to continuously measure the variations of the NSB. Over 4.6 million zenith NSB measurements were collected from 18 distinct locations between May 2010 and March 2013. This huge dataset forms the backbone for studies of the temporal and geographical variations of this environmental parameter and its correlation with various natural and artificial factors.
The average NSB in Hong Kong, excluding data affected by the Moon, was 16.8 mag 〖arcsec〗^(-2), or about 80 times brighter than the dark site standard established by the International Astronomical Union. The urban night sky was on average 15 times brighter than that in a rural location. NSB is not only highly depended on locality-specific distribution of outdoor artificial lighting sources, but is also associated with the amount of lighting switched on at particular times of night. The switch-off of lighting near midnight led to over twofold reduction in the observed skyglow flux in urban areas.
The Moon was the major natural factor and could brighten a rural night sky as much as 6 mag 〖arcsec〗^(-2) at the zenith. On the other hand, in urban locations impacts of moonlight on NSB were barely detectable because it was overwhelmed by the artificial skyglow. The moonlight model of Krisciunas & Schaefer (1991) was tested against the observed night sky luminosity and was found to be about 30% accurate under cloudless and low luminosity conditions. Through comparing the NSB data with infrared sky measurements and visual cloud observations, it was concluded that the variation of cloud amount played a key role in determining the short-term and long-term observed fluctuations of NSB due to cloud’s back-scattering of upwelling city light to the ground, and clouds amplified light pollution more in urban than rural settings. Finally, the comparison between a night-time image taken from the International Space Station and ground-based NSB measurements reveals a strong correlation between the results taken from the two methods, suggesting good potential for the application of remote-sensing techniques on studying light pollution.
This thesis shows the importance of continuing monitoring of light pollution, both by extending the operation of NSN, and complemented by examining high spatial resolution nocturnal remote-sensing data in the future. The above findings established the effects of artificial lighting on the night sky, and motivated the ways for light pollution reduction and developing dark sky protection policies in Hong Kong and beyond.published_or_final_version
Physics
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
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Somers-Yeates, Robin Huw. "Impacts of artificial nighttime light on moths and their food plants." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/32119.
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Over the last 150 years the natural nighttime environment has been drastically altered by the proliferation of artificial light. The amount of artificial light at night is on the increase, and there is a current trend to replace older lighting with more energy efficient types such as light emitting diodes (LEDs) or ceramic metal halide; in Cornwall, UK, there has been a relatively recent replacement of the street lighting, from low pressure sodium to ceramic metal halide. Alongside the increasing amount of artificial nighttime light, recent research has highlighted declines in macro moth numbers. Given the well-known ‘flight-to-light’ behaviour of moths, and the negative effects this behaviour can have, alongside other known and potential ways in which nighttime light can affect moths, the increasing amount of artificial light in the environment is a suspected contributor to the declines. It is particularly important to understand how modern lighting technologies will impact upon moths, as different spectra of light are known to vary in terms of how attractive they are. As a means to determine the potential impact of different street lighting types on moths, particularly the ceramic metal halide lighting rolled out in Cornwall, UK, we compared the attractiveness to macro moths, of a number of increasingly used, energy efficient, street lighting types. We found that shorter wavelength metal halide lighting attracted significantly more individuals and species of moth than longer wavelength high pressure sodium lighting. In a second experiment, we also found ceramic metal halide lighting to be more attractive to macro moths than LED lighting. Reduced emissions of short wavelength UV light was deemed the likely reason behind the fewer macro moths attracted to the high pressure sodium and LED lighting. Interestingly, we also found striking differences in the relative attractiveness of the different lighting types to different moth groups. The metal halide lighting attracted significantly more Noctuidae than high pressure sodium lighting, whereas both high pressure sodium and metal halide lighting were equally attractive to Geometridae. Understanding accurately the extent to which different groups of moth are attracted to different wavelengths of light could be useful in determining the impact of artificial light on moth populations. In addition to impacting moths through attraction, artificial light has the potential to alter the day length as perceived by organisms, which at mid- to high latitudes is utilised by certain species as an abiotic cue to ensure the coincidence of development with favourable environmental conditions. Due to a paucity of knowledge on how raised ambient nighttime light levels affect moths and the trophic levels with which they interact, we carried out analyses into the impact of nighttime light on the winter moth and its host plant oak; a well-studied model system, where synchrony between moth egg hatch and oak budburst is important for the moth’s survival. Firstly we carried out an analysis looking at the relationship between the amount of nighttime light and the date of oak budburst. Spatially referenced budburst dates were matched with satellite imagery of nighttime lighting and average spring temperature data, and the relationship between the variables was analysed. Model predictions suggested that oak budburst occurs earlier in brighter areas. In addition, the predicted advance of budburst in brighter areas was still apparent when analysing only the data points that fell outside of large urban areas, where the urban heat island effect is likely reduced. The findings suggested that artificial nighttime light may be causing an advance in oak budburst. To follow up the spatial analysis we carried out a field experiment. We used light cages that simulated various nighttime lighting scenarios to test whether oak budburst and winter moth egg hatch were affected by low intensity light at night. In contrast to the spatial analysis, there was no significant relationship found between light treatment and the phenology of either oak budburst or winter moth egg hatch. However, there was a suggestion in the data that the higher buds of the oak saplings emerged earlier in the yellow light treatment, highlighting the need for further research into the potential impact of artificial nighttime light on phenology and species interactions. In conclusion, the findings of this research project provide information useful to those seeking ecologically sensitive lighting solutions, and also highlight a potential tool to assist in determining whether light at night is a causative factor behind apparent moth declines. In addition, they suggest that artificial light at night may be affecting the phenology of an ecological system at a national scale. Finally, this research project has highlighted the complexity of the ecological impacts of artificial light at night, and also a need for further research.
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Angeli, Anastasia. "Public tendencies and perception of brightness and light in Odenplan." Thesis, KTH, Ljusdesign, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-297649.
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This research paper is discussing light, and brightness in particular, in terms of perception, taking Odenplan as a case study.Some links between light characteristics and behaviour patterns, such as lingering, have been made, raising the discussion about the qualities of the artificial lighting that would add to convivial urban spaces at nighttime, attempting at differentiating between how people think they would behave and how they actually behave in a public square, and the impact of artificial lighting on public tendencies, suggesting if people feel comfortable and safe in the space, then they tend to perceive the space brighter. The research has shown that it is hard to draw conclusions when it comes to perceived qualities of light. Different research methods have been used with the intention of suggesting a methodology to be explored by others, including literature review, empirical study, informal interviews and word association survey.
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Stephan, Eugène Antoine Maurice [Verfasser]. "Measurement of the light flux of stars and the night-sky with silicon photomultipliers / Eugène Antoine Maurice Stephan." Aachen : Hochschulbibliothek der Rheinisch-Westfälischen Technischen Hochschule Aachen, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1076767265/34.
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Stephan, Eugène [Verfasser]. "Measurement of the light flux of stars and the night-sky with silicon photomultipliers / Eugène Antoine Maurice Stephan." Aachen : Hochschulbibliothek der Rheinisch-Westfälischen Technischen Hochschule Aachen, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1076767265/34.
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Newman, Rhian. "Artificial light at night and the predator-prey dynamics of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in freshwater." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2015. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/79119/.
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Artificial Light at Night (ALAN) is among the fastest growing anthropogenic influences on the natural environment. ALAN has been suggested to affect the behaviour and physiology of nearly all vertebrates and invertebrates by reducing the distinction between day and night, and by altering the cues that activate nocturnal behaviours. Information is particularly scarce for freshwater ecosystems, many of which are close to sources of ALAN. This thesis examines the behavioural and physiological impact of broad spectrum ALAN on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) and their invertebrate prey. After reviewing available literature of the effects of ALAN on freshwaters (Chapter 1), a series of empirical field and laboratory experiments examined the impact of ALAN on i) invertebrate drift in an experimentally artificially lit stream (Chapter 2) to determine the influence of ALAN on the primary food source of Atlantic salmon; ii) the dispersal behaviour (Chapter 3) and cortisol stress response in dispersing Atlantic salmon fry (Chapter 4); and iii) the diel pattern of foraging and refuging in Atlantic salmon parr (Chapter 5). ALAN impacted the drifting behaviour of invertebrates from contrasting taxa with a divergent effect of ALAN between taxa and functional feeding groups (FFGs), with some increasing and others decreasing under part-lighting. In dispersing Atlantic salmon fry, ALAN disrupted the timing and periodicity of nocturnal dispersal behaviour, at all experimental light intensities (1 – 8 lux). However, this behavioural change was not the result of a cortisol stress response. Finally, ALAN affected activity levels of Atlantic salmon parr through disrupting the amount and timing of refuging behaviour, with fish housed under high intensity ALAN found to refuge 28 % more than those in the control treatment. These results highlight the complex nature of the response of both Atlantic salmon and their invertebrate prey to ALAN, whereby the influence of ALAN can be difficult to generalise between taxa and species’ life stages. Moreover, this thesis provides evidence to inform proposed mitigation strategies and advocates an increase in natural unlit areas.
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Dominoni, Davide Michelangelo [Verfasser]. "Effects of artificial light at night on daily and seasonal organization of European blackbirds (Turdus merula) / Davide Michelangelo Dominoni." Konstanz : Bibliothek der Universität Konstanz, 2015. http://d-nb.info/110992304X/34.
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Albreiki, Mohammed S. "The effects of light at night and/or melatonin on hormones, metabolites, appetite control, vascular function, and behavioural responses." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2017. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/841721/.
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Light at night (LAN) is a major factor in disruption of SCN function, including melatonin suppression. Melatonin has been linked to a variety of biological processes such as lipid and glucose metabolism, vascular parameters, appetite, and behaviour. However, few human studies have investigated the effect of LAN and suppressed melatonin prior to and after an evening meal. The current thesis aims to investigate the impact of light at night and/or mela- tonin on hormones, metabolites, appetite, vascular function, and behaviour prior to and after an evening test meal in healthy participants. The first study investigated the effect of dim or bright light conditions on hor- mones, metabolites, appetite, vascular function and behavioural responses. Glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity were reduced, lipid profiles altered and salivary melatonin suppressed under bright light compared to dim light conditions. Subjec- tive mood was improved and appetite scores increased in bright light. No differences were seen in vascular parameters. Although clear differences were apparent it could not be determined whether the effects were due to the light at night, the absence of melatonin or a combination of the two. The second study involved three conditions with the administration of exogenous melatonin 90 mins before the evening test meal under bright and dim light conditions compared to bright light alone with the consequent melatonin suppression. Glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity were reduced and lipid profile altered in bright light when melatonin was suppressed compared to the two conditions with exogenous melatonin. Mood was improved and appetite increased with lower leptin levels and elevated wrist temperature with bright light and suppressed melatonin. Statistical analysis showed that the major effects were due to melatonin. These studies demonstrate a possible role for melatonin in glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism when eating late at night which may have implications for shift-workers.
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Pérez, García Pablo. "Functional characterization of REVEILLE 8 and NIGHT LIGHT-INDUCIBLE AND CLOCK-REGULATED interaction in the diurnal regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/308334.
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El reloj circadiano es un mecanismo celular endógeno presente en prácticamente todos los organismos. Una función clave del reloj es la sincronización del metabolismo, fisiología y desarrollo con los cambios medioambientales diurnos y estacionales generados por la rotación de la tierra sobre su propio eje. Se ha propuesto que las oscilaciones circadianas proporcionan una ventaja adaptativa al permitir que los organismos anticipen las transiciones durante el ciclo diurno/nocturno y coordinen procesos simultáneos, secuenciales o temporalmente incompatibles. En los últimos años, numerosos estudios bioquímicos, moleculares y genéticos han proporcionado una visión cada vez más completa de la función y organización circadiana en plantas. Los ritmos circadianos se generan en primera instancia mediante las regulaciones recíprocas entre componentes centrales del reloj que producen una ritmicidad en expresión génica, procesamiento de mRNA, abundancia de proteína y actividad. A pesar de estos avances, aún se dispone de muy poca información sobre los componentes y mecanismos que conectan las señales medioambientales con las rutas de salida del reloj, y en concreto, con los ritmos del metabolismo celular en plantas. El trabajo realizado durante esta Tesis Doctoral se ha centrado en el estudio del papel de los componentes circadianos REVEILLE 8 (RVE8) y NIGHT LIGHT-INDUCIBLE AND CLOCK-REGULATED (LNKs) en la regulación de la oscilación rítmica de la biosíntesis de antocianinas a lo largo del día. Al amanecer, RVE8 activa la expresión de genes de la ruta de síntesis de antocianinas mediante la unión directa a los promotores de algunos de los genes de esta ruta metabólica. La regulación positiva de RVE8 es antagonizada hacia la mitad del día por la acción represora de las proteínas LNK, tal y como se deduce del dramático incremento en la expresión de genes de antocianinas en plantas dobles mutantes lnk1/lnk2. Mediante técnicas de inmunoprecipitación de cromatina usando plantas con la expresión de RVE8 y LNKs alterada, se observa que la unión de RVE8 a los promotores disminuye en presencia de los LNK y aumenta en su ausencia, lo que pone de manifiesto un mecanismo mediante el cual las proteínas LNK antagonizan la función activadora de RVE8 sobre los genes implicados en la biosíntesis de antocianinas. Dado que RVE8 y LNKs han sido descritos como co-activadores transcripcionales de genes del reloj, nuestro estudio define un cambio en la actividad reguladora de la interacción RVE8-LNK, desde una función sinérgica activadora de genes de reloj que se expresan por la tarde, a una función represora que modula la expresión de genes implicados en la biosíntesis de antocianinas a mitad del día.Circadian clocks sustain 24-h rhythms in physiology and metabolism that are synchronized with the day/night cycle. In plants, the regulatory network responsible for the generation of rhythms has been broadly investigated over the past years. However, little is known about the intersecting pathways that link the environmental signals with rhythms in cellular metabolism. Here, we examine the role of the circadian components REVEILLE8/LHY-CCA1-LIKE5 (RVE8/LCL5) and NIGHT LIGHT–INDUCIBLE AND CLOCK-REGULATED genes (LNK) shaping the diurnal oscillation of the anthocyanin metabolic pathway. Around dawn, RVE8 up-regulates anthocyanin gene expression by directly associating to the promoters of a subset of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes. The upregulation is overcome at midday by the repressing activity of LNK proteins, as inferred by the increased anthocyanin gene expression in lnk1/lnk2 double mutant plants. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays using LNK and RVE8 misexpressing plants show that RVE8 binding to target promoters is precluded in LNK overexpressing plants and conversely, binding is enhanced in the absence of functional LNKs, which provides a mechanism by which LNKs antagonize RVE8 function in the regulation of anthocyanin accumulation. Based on their previously described transcriptional coactivating function, our study defines a switch in the regulatory activity of RVE8–LNK interaction, from a synergic coactivating role of eveningexpressed clock genes to a repressive antagonistic function modulating anthocyanin biosynthesis around midday.
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Hendrikse, Egbert Johannes. "Influence of blue/green versus red and white light sources on human dark adaptation and other selected visual functions." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1009497.
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Red interior lighting used to preserve dark-adaptation needs to be replaced in military applications by blue/green lighting which is not detectable by 3rd-generation image intensifiers. This study investigated the influence of blue/green as compared to red and white light of equal photopic intensity on subsequent visual acuity , contrast sensitivity and dark-adaptation. Male subjects (n = 90) were assigned to one of 15 treatment conditions (n = 6) as determined by the colour (blue/green, red or white) and intensity (0.1; 0.4; 1.6; 6.4 and 25.6 cd/m²) of the pre-adaptation stimuli. A modified Goldmann/Weekers adaptometer was used to present the preadaptation stimuli, test stimuli and record visual (luminance) thresholds of each subject. Blue/green lighting had the same affect on visual (photopic) acuity and contrast sensitivity as white and red lighting. Blue/green affected visual (absolute) threshold at the start and during the process of dark-adaptation in the same manner as white but not the same as red lighting. White and red lighting did not differ significantly (p < 0.01) at low intensities (mesopic range) but did at the higher intensities (photopic range). After exposure to blue/green and white light, it will take longer to reach the same level of dark-adaptation than after exposure to red. These time differences increase with" increased intensities. The brightness ratio between red and white lights to produce the same dark-adaptation increases with an increase in intensity. At the upper mesopic region the differences between the effects of white and red lighting on subsequent dark-adaptation become irregular due to the inability to accurately equate non-monochromatic lights in the mesopic range.
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Correa, Cano María Eugenia. "Macroecological patterns of plant species and anthropogenic activities." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/22975.
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The study of macroecology not only identifies patterns in the distribution and abundance of species at large spatial and temporal scales, it also gives insight into the processes underlying those patterns. The contribution of this work is not limited to helping develop the field of ecology per se, but also provides important insights into the understanding of large scale processes like climate change, the spread of introduced species, pest control and how increasing pressure from anthropogenic activities threatens biodiversity and ecosystem services. During the first decade following its formal inception, most of the progress in macroecology was made through studies of animal species, and research into plant species continues to lag far behind. This thesis contributes to the study of the macroecology of plant species by examining some selected macroecological patterns that have been studied only for animal species and by including an important issue that might have significant effects on diverse macroecological patterns, namely anthropogenic activities. The second and third chapters of the thesis address the generalised individuals-area relationship (GIAR) and the patch individuals-area relationship (PIAR), two macroecological relationships not previously explored for plant species. I show for the first time the existence of negative GIARs at the intraspecific and interspecific levels in plant species, similar to those documented for animal species. Unlike animal species, I did not find a broadly consistent intraspecific PIAR in plant species; more than half of the tested species showed negative PIARs. The resource concentration hypothesis may help explain those positive PIARs that were observed. The fourth chapter considers the effect of past human activities on current patterns of plant species richness at a landscape scale. Using a detailed database on the historical anthropogenic activities for Cornwall, U.K., I examine the relationship between species richness and the area covered by each historical land-use at two different spatial resolutions (10km x 10km and 2km x 2km). I find that at the 10km x10km scale human activities carried out since the 17th and 19th centuries explain an important proportion of the variation in current plant species richness. In contrast, a model at 2km x 2km scale with upland woods and the total land area of a grid cell explain only 5% of the variation. The fifth and sixth chapters focus on how artificial light at night (ALAN), which has increasingly come to attention as a significant anthropogenic pressure on species, is interacting with the distributions of plant species. In the fourth chapter, I consider the plant family Cactaceae to determine the proportion of the global distribution ranges of species that is being influenced by ALAN, and how this changes with the size of these distribution ranges and over a 21-year period (1992 to 2012). I found that >80% of cacti species are experiencing ALAN somewhere in their distribution range, and that there is a significant upward trend in ALAN in the ranges of the vast majority of species. For the sixth chapter, I consider similar issues for the threatened plant species of Britain, exploiting new remote sensing imagery of nighttime lighting at a very fine spatial resolution (c.340x340m2). Only 8% of Britain is free of artificial light at night and in consequence a high number of threatened plant species have a high proportion of their range under some influence of ALAN.
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Tong, Kai Pong [Verfasser], Georg [Akademischer Betreuer] Heygster, Justus [Gutachter] Notholt, and Ilja [Gutachter] Rückmann. "On observations of artificial light at night from ground and space / Kai Pong Tong ; Gutachter: Justus Notholt, Ilja Rückmann ; Betreuer: Georg Heygster." Bremen : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Bremen, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1133240712/34.
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Roger, Mathias. "De l’imaginaire nocturne aux musiques de la nuit. L’exemple de la France autour de 1900." Thesis, Paris 4, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA040272/document.
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La nuit n’est pas seulement un phénomène astronomique mais elle nourrit aussi son imaginaire de nombreux fantasmes et inquiétudes. Pour cette raison, elle reste une source d’inspiration féconde pour les artistes, particulièrement en France autour de 1900. Cette thèse se propose donc de retrouver les traces du phénomène nocturne dans les musiques de la nuit de cette période et au-delà. Que retiennent les musiques nocturnes de cette expérience singulière de la nuit ? À partir d’une méthodologie inspirée des sciences de l’imaginaire et d’une analyse musicale approfondie d’une dizaine de pièces de cette époque, ce travail interroge les notions d’ombre et de lumière, de la nuit comme masque de la mort ou encore de la temporalité et de la spatialité nocturnes. Il aboutit ainsi à la compréhension de certaines formes d’analogies entre la nuit et ses représentations musicalesFor human being, night is not only an astronomic phenomenon but it also nourishes its imagination of many fantasies and fears. For this reason, it remains a great source of inspiration for the artists, particularly in France around 1900, and the purpose of this thesis is then to find the traces of nocturnal phenomenon is night’s music of this period and beyond. What do night’s music keep of this peculiar night experience ? From a methodology inspired by the sciences of imaginary and a musical analysis of a dozen score of this period, this work examine notions such as shade and light, night in his relation to death or to the dimensions of time and space. It leads so to the understanding of certain analogies between night and his musical forms
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Ljungentorp, Robin. "Artificiellt ljus på natten : – en fenomenografisk studie om Sveriges kunskapsläge gällande ljusförorening som miljöproblem." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Institutionen för Urbana Studier (US), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-45973.
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Ljusförorening är ett miljöproblem vilket inbegripes som ett nytt och globalt framväxande fenomen i samband med himlaglim. Miljöproblemet i Sverige erkänns i viss mån med det nuvarande kunskapsläge. Dock saknas det en del kunskap för att komplettera ontologin för att bidra till ökad legitimitet för miljöproblemet bland allmänheten och Sveriges instanser. Studiens teoretiska analysramverket bestod av allmänningens tragedi, biogeoastronomiska natten och legitimitet, som användes till att analysera empirin härlett från studiens intervjumetod. Metoden hade en kvalitativ fenomenografisk ansats som innefattade ett strategiskt urval som var Sveriges instanser. Där uppdagades bristen på opinionsbildning i Riksdagen och Regeringen, trots att det finns motioner som har framlagts som vill att ljusförorening ska uppmärksammas, men att problemet hanteras snarare som en trafikfråga istället för miljöfråga. En del av förklaringen till varför det påverkar samverkan mellan Sveriges instanser för att motverka miljöproblemet. Ljusföroreningar påverkar ekologin och alla dess arter, varav krävs det tydligare riktlinjer för kommuner i deras belysningsplaner gällande att minska deras miljöpåverkan (särskilt för de nattaktiva arter som drabbas) för att nå målet till en mer hållbar belysning; varav ekologiska, ekonomiska och sociala aspekter vävs samman. Varav satsningar att bevara och etablera mörkerreservat är en pusselbit, vilket kan genomföras i samklang med Miljöbalkens författningar.Light pollution is an environmental problem which is part of a new and globally emerging phenomenon in connection with skyglow. The environmental problem in Sweden is recognized to some extent with the current state of knowledge. However, there is also a lack of knowledge to complete the ontology in order to contribute to increased legitimacy for the environmental problem among the public and within its instances. The study's theoretical analytical framework consisted of the tragedy of the commons, biogeoastronomical night and legitimacy, which were used to analyze the empirical data derived from the study's interview method. The method had a qualitative phenomenographic approach that included a strategic selection of Sweden's instances. Where the lack of opinion formation was discovered in the Parliament and the Government, despite the fact that there is a proposition that has been presented that wants to light pollution to be noticed, but the problem is handled rather as a traffic issue instead of an environmental issue. Part of the explanation for why it affects the collaboration between Sweden's instances to counteract the environmental problem. Light pollution affects the ecology and all its species, which requires clearer guidelines for municipalities in their lighting plans regarding reducing their environmental impact (especially for the nocturnal species affected) in order to achieve the goal of more sustainable lighting; whereof which ecological, economic, and social aspects are woven together. In which investments to preserve and establish the dark sanctuary is a piece of the puzzle, which can be carried out in accordance with the Swedish Environmental Code constitutions.
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Prior, Darran. "How can light prove to be the urban catalyst to meet targets set out in the Paris Climate Agreement?" Thesis, KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-280038.
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How can reimagining the way we light our cities prove to be the urban catalyst to meet targets set out in the Paris Climate Agreement? In this Master Thesis, I question how restructuring our urban lighting can provide enormous benefits for not only reducing our energy consumption and becoming more efficient societies, but also support social interaction in shaping our cities for the future. The aspects pertaining to urban lighting and its influence on our environment have been organised into economy, political and urban evolution (social) categories, as a way to dissect and appreciate lights associated role in shaping our societies. Seeking sustainable strategies to meet urgent energy targets and urban development initiatives, are no longer optional but necessary. However, even with this undisputed need for change, particularly within urban lighting, approaches taken are still very much sequestered from general understanding and lack cross-disciplinary cooperation. Extensive publications, works and teachings from lighting designers, as well as currently adopted policies from government bodies and international case studies have been considered, in order to understand current strategies adopted and their potential co-operation for a future holistic strategy in tackling climate change as well as apparent inequalities in our urban environments.
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López, Moreira Mazacotte Gregorio Alejandro. "Ecological Modelling of Lake Ecosystems: Integrating hydro-thermodynamics and biogeochemistry in a reduced complexity framework." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/252545.
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Freshwater lakes are among the most important ecosystems for both human and other biological communities. They account for about 87% of surface freshwater in the planet, thus constituting a major source of drinking water. They also provide a wide range of ecosystem services that go from the sustenance of a rich biodiversity to the regulation of hydrological extremes; from the provision of a means for recreation to the support of local economies, e.g., through tourism and fisheries, just to cite a few. Lakes are now also widely recognised as natural early warning systems, their responses potentially being effective indicators of local, regional and global scale phenomena such as acidification and climate change, respectively. This is because of their high sensitivity to environmental factors of the most diverse nature that can rapidly alter the course of their evolution. Examples of this are the observed abrupt shifts between alternative stable states in shallow lakes, which led them to become the archetype, go-to example in alternative stable state theory. Therefore, attaining a good scientific understanding of the many processes that take place within these ecosystems is fundamental for their adequate management. Among the tools that serve this purpose, ecological models are particularly powerful ones.
Since their introduction in the 1960s, the development of mechanistic ecological models has been driven by their wide spectrum of potential applications. Nevertheless, these models often fall into one of the two following categories: overly simplistic representations of isolated processes, with limited potential to explain real-world observations as they fail to see the bigger picture; or overly complex and over-parameterised models that can hardly improve scientific understanding, their results being too difficult to analyse in terms of fundamental processes and controls. Moreover, it is now well known that an increased complexity in the mechanistic description of ecological processes, does not necessarily improve model accuracy, predictive capability or overall simulation results. To the contrary, a simpler representation allows for the inclusion of more links between model components, feedbacks which are usually overlooked in highly-complex models that partially couple a hydro-thermodynamic module to a biogeochemical one.
However, ecological processes are now known to have the potential to significantly alter the physical response of aquatic ecosystems to environmental forcing. For example, steadily increasing concentrations of coloured dissolved organic carbon, a process known as brownification (also browning), as well as the intense phytoplankton blooms that characterise lakes undergoing severe nutrient enrichment, a process known as eutrophication, have been shown to have the potential to alter the duration of the stratified period, thermal structure and mixing regime of some lakes.
In this thesis, with the aim of addressing the limitation of partially-coupled models to account for such feedbacks, we further develop a process-based model previously reported in scientific literature. Subsequent studies have already built upon this model in the last few years. In Chapter 2, we do so too by integrating hydro-thermodynamics and biogeochemistry in a reduced complexity framework, i.e., customising the model so that each version only includes the fundamental processes that, brought together, sufficiently describe the studied phenomena.
Two case studies served the purpose of testing the adaptability and applicability of the developed model under different configurations and requirements. Limnological data for these two studies were measured at high spatial and temporal resolutions by means of an automated profiling system and recorded as part of two large-scale mesocosm experiments conducted in 2015 and 2016 at the IGB LakeLab in Lake Stechlin, Brandenburg, Germany. Meteorological datasets were also made available to us for both periods by the German Federal Environment Agency.
The scope of the first experiment, which we describe in Chapter 3, was that of detecting any changes attributable to eutrophication and browning, in the competition for nutrients and light between four different groups of lake primary producers. These four groups are phytoplankton, periphyton, epiphyton and macrophytes. The model version for this study, therefore, includes equations for all four groups. By tailoring the model to these very specific needs with relative ease, we demonstrate its versatility and hint at its potential.
The second experiment, described in Chapter 4, sought to shed light on the largely unknown effects of an increase in the diffuse luminance of the night sky that is due to artificial light at night (artificial skyglow) on lake metabolic rates, i.e., gross primary productivity, ecosystem respiration and net ecosystem productivity (the difference between the first two). For this purpose, an empirical equation for dissolved oxygen concentration was included, the parameters of which were estimated by means of a Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling method within a Bayesian statistical framework, showing the compatibility, with these statistical methods, of our otherwise fully deterministic model.
In Chapter 5, we present a theoretical study on the ecological controls of light and thermal patterns in lake ecosystems. A series of simulations were performed to determine in which cases ecological processes such as eutrophication and brownification may have an observable effect on the physical response of lakes to environmental forcing, which we assessed along a latitudinal gradient. Results show that, in general, across all examined latitudes, and consistent with previous studies, accounting for phytoplankton biomass results in higher surface temperatures during the warm-up phase, slightly lower water temperatures during the cool-down phase, and a shallower thermocline throughout the entire stratified period. This effect is relatively more important in eutrophic lakes where intense blooms are likely. This importance, however, decreases as lakes get browner.
Finally, in line with the overall scope of the SMART EMJD, in Chapter 6 we illustrate the case of Ypacaraí Lake, the most important lake in landlocked Paraguay, hoping to provide an example of how interdisciplinary research and international intersectoral collaboration can help bridge the gap between science and management of freshwater ecosystems. This lake presents very special hydro-ecological conditions, such as very high turbidity that can impair phytoplankton growth despite its nutrient-based trophic state indices having consistently fallen within the hyper-eutrophic range in recent years. A strong interest in its complex functioning, through modelling, was taken early on. This led to a collaborative research line being established among several public and private institutions in Italy, Germany and Paraguay. Results so far include:
• three concluded UniTN Master theses in Environmental Engineering, partly developed in Paraguay, the first two in collaboration with the “Nuestra Señora de la Asunción” Catholic University (UCNSA) and the third one with the National University of Asunción (UNA);
• a collaborative UCNSA-UniTN research proposal submitted for consideration to receive funding through the PROCIENCIA Programme of the National Council of Science and Technology of Paraguay (CONACYT); and
• the first multidisciplinary review that has ever been published about the case of Ypacaraí Lake, which highlights the importance of such a collaborative and integrative approach to further advance scientific knowledge and effectively manage this ecosystem.
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Patel, Dhara Yogendra. "Reflection." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32832.
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â Reflectionâ is an experiment with what I call â symbolic architectureâ i.e. design where the features of the building have a profound meaning or a strong recall to some familiar aspect in our lives.
It is a meditation center designed to rejuvenate visitors by providing an ideal environment to practice and teach meditation.
The design is inspired by concepts of Hindu philosophy and each element of the building, the light, the materials, the water and the structure is likened to an element of the spiritual being that helps a meditator achieve a connection between the body and the soul.Master of Architecture
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Houel, Nicolas. "Pédagogie de la sobriété lumineuse : étude des enjeux et méthodes de la requalification du parc d'éclairage public de la métropole nantaise au travers de la récolte d'indicateurs qualitatifs et quantitatifs des ambiances nocturnes en ville." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020ECDN0032.
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Dans le cadre d’un financement CIFRE accompagnant la définition du Schéma de Cohérence d’Aménagement Lumière (SCAL) de la Métropole de Nantes, la thèse de Nicolas Houel contribue à identifier les enjeux de la sobriété énergétique et lumineuse dans la gestion du parc d’éclairage public. La recherche porte sur la méthodologie d’élaboration du SCAL et se focalise sur l’identification des controverses actuelles dans la pratique de l’éclairage artificiel, en vue d’une sensibilisation et d’une implication de l’usager de l’espace public dans l’évaluation et la production des ambiances urbaines nocturnes. Le travail comprend une série d’enquêtes de terrain dédiées à l’évaluation et à l’itération d’une méthode de récolte d’indicateurs sensibles. En plus de sa partie analytique, la recherche propose un outil cartographique numérique inédit pour l’aide au suivi des installations et permettant en temps réel la collecte d’indicateurs physiques et sensibles directement identifiés par l’usager. La posture de recherche aborde la notion d’expertise d’usage, potentiellement complémentaire des expertises politiques, artistiques et techniques qui gouvernent actuellement l’éclairage public. Ils soulignent la place prépondérante de l’éclairage artificiel dans la culture collective et la très faible représentativité de la notion d’obscurité. La pédagogie de la sobriété lumineuse, en réponse à l’enjeu de sobriété énergétique et lumineuse initialement poursuivi au travers de la démarche de sensibilisation des usagers à l’éclairage public, s’oriente finalement vers celui d’une forme de pédagogie à l’obscurité, dans laquelle la sobriété lumineuse pourra durablement s’installerAs part of a CIFRE contract associated with the definition of the Lighting Development Coherence Scheme (SCAL) of the city of Nantes, Nicolas Houel’s thesis contributes to identifying the stakes of better energy and light sobriety in the management of its public lighting park. The research deals with the development methodology of the SCAL and focuses on the identification of current controversies in the artificial lighting practice, to raise awareness and involve the users of public spaces in the evaluation and production of nocturnal urban ambiances. It includes a series of field surveys dedicated to the evaluation and iteration of a method for the collection of sensitive indicators. Beyond its analytical part, the thesis proposes an unprecedented digital mapping tool to monitor the installations and to in real time the collection of physical and sensitive indicators identified by the users. The research addresses the concept of expertise of use, potentially complementary of political, artistic and technical ones that currently govern public lighting. They highlight the prominent place of artificial lighting in collective culture and the very low representativity of the concept of darkness. The pedagogy of light sobriety, regarding the challenge of energy and light sobriety originally pursued through an approach of awareness to public lighting for users, is ultimately oriented towards a form of pedagogy of darkness, in which light sobriety could settle lastingly
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Giusto, Daniele <1990>. "From the Realms of Light to the Eternal Night: Refashioning, Defending and Demolishing the Essence of the Christian Myths in the Works of John Milton, J. R. R. Tolkien and Philip Pullman." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/6733.
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The Purpose of this thesis is to understand the way in which the religious and in particular the traditional biblical myths are reinterpreted into such a peculiar literary genre like fantasy fiction. Fantasy, indeed, is a genre which has conventionally been related with surreal representation like myths, legends, folk and fairy tales. However, even though this particular genre has always been considered as literature of entertainment, this thesis discusses the way fantasy itself is capable of dealing with important issues like the traditional biblical myths of Creation, War in Heaven and Fall, and their moral values. These dominant myths are the sacred truths upon which the Christian faith is patterned and represent the essence of the Christian message.
In particular, the thesis illustrates how these myths are reimagined and rewritten by some relevant authors of fantasy fiction, through the use of archetypes, recurrent themes and structures. On first examination, the thesis analyses John Milton’s classic Paradise Lost, since in a way Milton can be considered as a great inspirer of this literary genre, which will be later called Christian Fantasy.
More importantly, the thesis explains how Christian myths are reinterpreted in fiction from two antithetical perspectives. By looking at the works of J. R. R. Tolkien, we can see how he refashions Christian myths from his own Christian perspective, in order to celebrate and defend the essence of Christianity. On the other hand, the thesis takes into account Philip Pullman, a contemporary author that breathes new life into Christian fantasy fiction. What Pullman does is to offer a completely different version of the Christian story, in order to attack and destroy the essence of its meaning. Pullman’s perspective is then anti-Christian. Overall, this thesis illustrates how these authors commonly follow the pathway of biblical myths, reinterpreting them from these two antithetical perspectives.
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Mortoja, MD Golam. "Investigating the implications of peri-urbanisation on climate change risk: The cases of Brisbane and Dhaka." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2022. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/228181/1/MD%20Golam_Mortoja_Thesis.pdf.
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This thesis is a comparative study that investigates the implications of peri-urbanisation on climate change risk between developed and developing countries’ contexts by using a case study approach. The study first develops a modus operandi for demarcating peri-urban areas through unveiling the ambiguous characteristics of peri-urban areas. Afterwards, it identifies the implications of unidentified peri-urbanisation on climate change risk for developed and developing countries’ contexts. The overall findings of this doctoral study implicate that peri-urban areas have a strong significance in ensuring sustainable development and climate risk governance of metropolitan cities and regions.
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García, Gil Manuel. "Predicción del impacto ambiental de la contaminación lumínica : propuesta de una metodología para proyectos luminotécnicos de ingeniería." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/325422.
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The research has as main goal to develop a structured methodology to be able to predict the environmental impact of artificial night lighting. For this reason, I have divided the process into different stages:
In the beginning it was conducted exhaustive compilation of investigations related to quantification of the effects of light on living organisms and sky. These quantifications, have been associated with the technologies of existing lighting systems, in order to have a strong core relationship between research process and actual implementation of engineering projects. It has been necessary to develop methods of quantifying the pollution source, which has been able to determine the magnitude unique project level, and full population core. Data extracted to determine the contaminant magnitude, have been traditional photometrics: luminous flux and spectrum of the light sources.
In order to corroborate that the research methods and measurement of light pollution can be implemented in a regular process, I have made measurements and fieldwork in what refers to: Measures obtrusive light to private homes, direct and indirect intrusion natural ecosystems, and measures brightness of the sky with different devices and methodology (Sky Quality Meter, AllSky camera, luminance meter ...). Through these measurements, it was determined that processes can be more interesting, and what are strengths and weaknesses to be used by technical personnel, although not expert.
The result of this work has been represented in a methodology to apply in lighting projects, which aims to predict the effect on light pollution, as well as serve as a tool to evaluate different alternatives and to promote protection of the night environment. The process is organized into separate phases, so that it is easily upgradeable and scalable depending on the subsequent development of science.Esta investigación tiene como principal objetivo desarrollar una metodología estructurada que permita poder predecir el impacto ambiental del alumbrado artificial nocturno. Para ello se ha dividido el proceso en diferentes etapas: Inicialmente se ha realizado una recopilación exhaustiva de las investigaciones relacionadas sobre la cuantificación de las repercusiones de la luz en los seres vivos y el cielo. Estas cuantificaciones, se han vinculado con las tecnologías de los sistemas de alumbrado, con el objetivo de tener un núcleo fuerte de relación entre proceso investigador e implantación real de los proyectos de ingeniería. Ha sido necesario desarrollar métodos de cuantificación de la fuente contaminante, en las que se ha determinado la magnitud a nivel de proyecto singular, y de núcleo de población completo. Los datos extraídos para determinar esta magnitud contaminante, han sido luminotécnicas tradicionales: flujo lumínico contaminante y espectro de emisión de las fuentes de luz. Para poder corroborar que los métodos de investigación y medida de la contaminación lumínica se pueden implantar en un proceso habitual, se han realizado mediciones y trabajo de campo en lo que hace referencia a: Medidas de luz intrusa en viviendas particulares, intrusión directa e indirecta en ecosistemas naturales, y medidas de brillo de cielo con diferentes dispositivos de medida y metodología (Sky Quality Meter, cámara AllSky, luminancímetro...). A través de estas mediciones se ha podido determinar que procesos pueden ser más aplicables, y cuáles son los puntos débiles y fuertes para su uso por personal técnico, pero no científico. El resultado final de este trabajo se ha materializado en una metodología a poder aplicar en proyectos de alumbrado, que tiene como objetivo predecir la afectación de la contaminación lumínica, a la vez que sirva de herramienta para poder valorar diferentes alternativas, y poder promover en la protección del medio natural nocturno. El procedimiento está organizado en diferentes fases independientes entre sí, de forma que es fácilmente actualizable y escalable en función del desarrollo posterior de la ciencia.