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Journal articles on the topic 'Light chain IgG'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 2 August 2025

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1

Veber, Alexander, Dennis Lenau, Polyniki Gkragkopoulou, et al. "Impact of Light-Chain Variants on the Expression of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies in HEK293 and CHO Cells." Antibodies 14, no. 3 (2025): 53. https://doi.org/10.3390/antib14030053.

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Recombinantly produced monoclonal antibodies (mabs) belong to the fastest growing class of biotherapeutics. In humans, antibodies are classified into five different classes: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG and IgM. Most of the therapeutic mabs used in the clinic belong to the IgG class, albeit other antibody classes, e.g., IgM, have been evaluated in clinical stages. Antibodies are composed of heavy chains paired with a light chain. In IgM and IgA, an additional chain, the J-chain, is present. Two types of light chains exist in humans: the κ-light chain and the λ-light chain. The κ-light chain predominates

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Fasullo, F. J., H. A. Fritsche, F. J. Liu, and R. G. Hamilton. "IgG heavy-chain subclass typing of myeloma paraproteins by isoelectric focusing immunoblot analysis." Clinical Chemistry 35, no. 3 (1989): 364–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/35.3.364.

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Abstract The objective of this study was to develop a clinical laboratory method for subclass typing of human immunoglobulin G (IgG) paraproteins. Serum proteins were isoelectrically focused (IEF) in a mini-gel and passively blotted by capillary diffusion onto untreated nitrocellulose. Unreacted sites on the nitrocellulose were blocked with bovine serum albumin and the bound IgG was detected with peroxidase-conjugated anti-human IgG1-4 monoclonal antibodies from WHO/IUIS clones. The IEF immunoblot specificity was demonstrated by analysis of documented IgG, IgA, and IgM myeloma proteins of know

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Preston, Michael J., A. Alev Gerçeker, Mitchell E. Reff, and Gerald B. Pier. "Production and Characterization of a Set of Mouse-Human Chimeric Immunoglobulin G (IgG) Subclass and IgA Monoclonal Antibodies with Identical Variable Regions Specific forPseudomonas aeruginosa Serogroup O6 Lipopolysaccharide." Infection and Immunity 66, no. 9 (1998): 4137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.66.9.4137-4142.1998.

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ABSTRACT The heavy- and light-chain variable regions from a murine monoclonal antibody that recognize Pseudomonas aeruginosaserogroup O6 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were used to generate a series of chimeric mouse-human monoclonal antibodies with identical variable regions. The murine variable-region gene segments were cloned into an immunoglobulin (Ig) cDNA expression vector that contained the human kappa light-chain and IgG1 constant regions. The IgG1 heavy-chain constant region was then replaced with the human IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, or IgA1 heavy-chain constant region. The five different expression

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Biederman, Laura, Anjali A. Satoskar, Mohankumar Doraiswamy, et al. "Can Antinuclear Antibodies (ANA) be Monoclonal?" Case Reports in Nephrology 2021 (September 30, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/7006466.

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Background. Nuclear staining by immunofluorescence in a kidney biopsy is often seen in patients with positive antinuclear antibodies (ANA) in the serum. These ANA are usually polyclonal, but herein we report 9 cases with an unusual finding of monoclonal nuclear staining by immunofluorescence on kidney biopsy. Case Presentation. Nine cases with predominant stain for kappa or lambda light chain were identified by searching the renal pathology laboratory database for the past 10 years. All cases had positive stain for only kappa (six cases) or lambda (three cases) light chain in the nuclei. Eight

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Daley, L. P., M. A. Kutzler, B. W. Bennett, M. C. Smith, A. L. Glaser, and J. A. Appleton. "Effector Functions of Camelid Heavy-Chain Antibodies in Immunity to West Nile Virus." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 17, no. 2 (2009): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00421-09.

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ABSTRACT Three classes of IgG have been described for camelids. IgG1 has a conventional four-chain structure, while IgG2 and IgG3 do not incorporate light chains. The structures and antigen-binding affinities of the so-called heavy-chain classes have been studied in detail; however, their regulation and effector functions are largely undefined. The aim of this study was to examine the participation of conventional and heavy-chain IgG antibodies in the camelid immune defense directed against West Nile virus (WNV). We found that natural infection or vaccination with killed WNV induced IgG1 and I

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Daley, L. P., L. F. Gagliardo, M. S. Duffy, M. C. Smith, and J. A. Appleton. "Application of Monoclonal Antibodies in Functional and Comparative Investigations of Heavy-Chain Immunoglobulins in New World Camelids." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 12, no. 3 (2005): 380–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.12.3.380-386.2005.

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ABSTRACT Of the three immunoglobulin G (IgG) isotypes described to occur in camelids, IgG2 and IgG3 are distinct in that they do not incorporate light chains. These heavy-chain antibodies (HCAbs) constitute approximately 50% of the IgG in llama serum and as much as 75% of the IgG in camel serum. We have produced isotype-specific mouse monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) in order to investigate the roles of HCAbs in camelid immunity. Seventeen stable hybridomas were cloned, and three MAbs that were specific for epitopes on the γ chains of llama IgG1, IgG2, or IgG3 were characterized in detail. Affinit

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Flotte, T. J., and L. G. Baird. "Immunoglobulin light and heavy chain isotypes in skin diseases: restricted distribution in bullous pemphigoid and linear IgA bullous dermatosis." Journal of Immunology 136, no. 2 (1986): 491–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.136.2.491.

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Abstract To assess the heterogeneity of immunoglobulins involved in various skin diseases, direct and indirect immunofluorescence studies of skin biopsies and sera, respectively, for kappa and lambda light chains, were performed. The anti-basement membrane zone (anti-BMZ) antibodies of patients with bullous pemphigoid showed a predominance of kappa light chains, and patients with linear IgA bullous dermatosis showed a predominance of one light chain that was sometimes kappa and sometimes lambda. The bullous pemphigoid autoantibodies were then studied for IgG subclass distribution; a predominan

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Rizk, Dana V., Lea Novak, Stacy D. Hall, et al. "Colocalization of IgG and IgA Heavy Chains with Kappa and Lambda Light Chains in Glomerular Deposits of IgA Nephropathy Patients Using High-Resolution Confocal Microscopy and Correlation with Oxford MEST-C Scores." Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 23 (2023): 7361. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm12237361.

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Routine immunofluorescence microscopy of glomerular immunodeposits in IgA nephropathy shows IgA, C3, and lambda light chains, and sometimes IgG, IgM, and kappa light chains. However, a previous study using high-resolution confocal microscopy showed IgG in all IgA nephropathy cases, likely representing autoantibodies specific for galactose-deficient IgA1. Here, we used high-resolution confocal microscopy to examine the composition of glomerular immunodeposits and colocalization of kappa and lambda light chains with IgA or IgG heavy chains in kidney-biopsy samples from twenty patients with IgA n

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Herkner, K. R., H. Salzer, A. Böck, et al. "Pediatric and Perinatal Reference Intervals for Immunoglobulin Light Chains Kappa and Lambda." Clinical Chemistry 38, no. 4 (1992): 548–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/38.4.548.

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Abstract In routine analysis for immunoglobulin light chains in pediatric diagnostics, the age-related reference intervals for serum kappa (kappa) and lambda (lambda) light chains were evaluated in 1543 healthy subjects (newborns to age 16 years, including 168 premature infants). Light-chain analysis was performed by rate nephelometry. IgG, IgA, and IgM were measured simultaneously, and heavy- and light-chain differences were calculated for control purposes. Results for IgG, IgA, and IgM generally agreed with reference intervals reported in the literature. kappa showed age-related changes comp

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Rubin, R. L., F. L. Tang, A. H. Lucas, H. L. Spiegelberg, and E. M. Tan. "IgG subclasses of anti-tetanus toxoid antibodies in adult and newborn normal subjects and in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjogren's syndrome, and drug-induced autoimmunity." Journal of Immunology 137, no. 8 (1986): 2522–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.137.8.2522.

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Abstract The IgG subclasses of anti-tetanus toxoid (anti-TT) antibodies were quantitated in normal sera and sera from patients with rheumatic disease. Detection relied on a set of four mouse monoclonal antibodies, each of which showed specificity for the respective isotype, independent of gamma-chain allotype or light chain class of the human antibody. Approximately 90% of the total anti-TT activity in normal adults and patients with Sjogren's syndrome was IgG1. In addition, IgG4 antibodies were detected in one-half the samples, but IgG2 and IgG3 antibodies were observed in only two out of 36

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Chui, S. H., C. W. Lam, and K. N. Lai. "Light-chain ratios of immunoglobulins G, A, and M determined by enzyme immunoassay." Clinical Chemistry 36, no. 3 (1990): 501–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/36.3.501.

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Abstract We describe an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for determination of light-chain ratios for IgG, IgA, and IgM in serum. A commercial serum with known overall kappa and lambda concentrations was used as standard. To capture the respective immunoglobulins, we used antibodies to gamma, lambda and mu chains coated onto microtiter plates. Peroxidase-conjugated anti-kappa and anti-lambda chain antisera were reacted with light chains on the captured immunoglobulins, and the amount of enzyme bound was monitored with o-phenylenediamine and urea-hydrogen peroxide as substrates. Calculation of

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Shimizu, Yoshio, Keiichi Wakabayashi, Yoko Hayashi, et al. "MPGN Type 3 Associated with Pemphigus Herpetiformis Mimicking PGNMID and Dermatitis Herpetiformis." Case Reports in Nephrology and Dialysis 9, no. 1 (2019): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000498939.

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A 45-year-old man suffering from dermal blistering disease with proteinuria and hematuria underwent renal biopsy. The renal biopsy specimen suggested proliferative glomerulonephritis with monoclonal IgG deposits under routine light, immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. The staining for IgG subclasses (IgG1 and IgG2) and κ/λ light chain indicated secondary immune complex type MPGN type 3. The patient had been diagnosed as having dermatitis herpetiformis (DH), a phenotype of gluten hypersensitivity prior to the appearance of the renal abnormality. Although common autoantibodies might be r

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13

Kameyama, Mamoru, Yoshiharu Ishikawa, Tomoyuki Shibahara, and Koichi Kadota. "Plasma Cell Myeloma Producing IgG, IgM, and IgA Immunoglobulins in a Cow." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 15, no. 2 (2003): 166–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063870301500212.

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A diagnosis of plasma cell myeloma was made in a 6-year-old Holstein cow that showed continuous nosebleed, progressing emaciation, and hyperglobulinemia. Necropsy revealed enlargement of the caudal mesenteric lymph nodes. Lymph nodes and spleen were infiltrated by neoplastic plasma cells. Renal lymph nodes, bone marrow, and kidneys also were affected. Amyloid-like material that was negative for Congo red was present in most of the affected lymph nodes. Congo red–positive amyloid material was noted in spleen, kidneys, liver, and adrenal glands. Neoplastic plasma cells exhibited immunohistochemi

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Whicher, J. T., M. Wallage, and R. Fifield. "Use of immunoglobulin heavy- and light-chain measurements compared with existing techniques as a means of typing monoclonal immunoglobulins." Clinical Chemistry 33, no. 10 (1987): 1771–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/33.10.1771.

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Abstract Using automated measurements of kappa and lambda light chains and IgG, IgA, and IgM, we assessed the utility of the kappa/lambda ratio and the heavy chain/light chain ratio in characterizing monoclonal immunoglobulins previously identified by sensitive electrophoresis on agarose gel and typed by immunofixation or immunoelectrophoresis. We examined 348 selected samples, of which 165 contained monoclonal components, finding that 93.4% were detected and 89% correctly typed by this approach. Eight samples were shown to contain monoclonal light chains that were not visible as bands on elec

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Shah, Jatin, Joan Blade, Pieter Sonneveld, et al. "The Effect of Paraprotein Heavy Chain and Free Light Chain Types on the Efficacy of Pegylated Liposomal Doxorubicin + Bortezomib Versus Bortezomib Alone in Patients with Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma." Blood 112, no. 11 (2008): 5190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v112.11.5190.5190.

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Abstract Background: Many factors influence the choice of salvage therapy in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM), including various disease characteristics such as light chain and heavy chain subtypes. Patients with light chain only myeloma are a biologically and phenotypically distinct subset of patients from those with IgG, IgA, IgM, or IgD disease. Evidence exists that the presence of different paraprotein heavy and light chain subtypes may affect treatment outcomes. We investigated the effect of the presence of paraprotein heavy and light chain types on the efficacy and safety of p

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Abbi, Kamal Kant Singh, Guido J. Tricot, Margarida Silverman, Kalyan Nadiminti, and Matthew Krasowski. "Potential Pitfalls of Serum Free Light Chain Analysis to Assess Treatment Response for Multiple Myeloma." Blood 126, no. 23 (2015): 5308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v126.23.5308.5308.

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Abstract Background The serum free light chain (FLC test) allows measurement of low concentrations of FLC. Post-transplantation, especially after tandem autologous transplants and consolidation therapy, the immune system is often extremely suppressed and its recovery is disorganized. Patients and Methods This study was limited to patients with multiple myeloma, plasma cell leukemia and amyloidosis, who received autologous transplantation and consolidation therapy at the University of Iowa Hospitals and clinics. Most of these patients had already received some form of induction therapy with IMI

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Jeong, Yong Pil, Shin Kim, Ock Bae Ko, Ja Eun Koo, Danbi Lee, and Cheolwon Suh. "Poor Survival of IgD Multiple Myeloma Following High-Dose Melphalan and Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation." Blood 106, no. 11 (2005): 5161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v106.11.5161.5161.

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Abstract Background: IgD multiple myeloma(MM) accounts for 2% of MM subtypes in western countries and has been reported to have poorer prognosis than other subtypes. Aims: The purpose of this study was to compare the survival following high-dose melphalan and autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) between IgD MM and other subtypes. Methods: Between November 1996 and January 2005, a total of 77 patients with MM who were treated by ASCT at Asan Medical Center were available for analysis. Results: A total of 9 patients with IgD MM were identified, accounting for 11% of all MM patients. There

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Mehta, Jayesh, Regina Stein, Eric Vickrey, William Resseguie, and Seema Singhal. "Significance of Serum Free Light Chain Estimation with Detectable Serum Monoclonal Protein on Immunofixation Electrophoresis." Blood 108, no. 11 (2006): 5048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v108.11.5048.5048.

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Abstract The serum free light chain (SFLC) assay is useful in detecting monoclonal protein when there no detectable M protein on immunofixation electrophoresis (IFE). There are limited data on its value when IFE is positive. In a small series of 5 patients achieving CR, normalization of SFKLR was found to precede IFE negativity by a few weeks (Moesbauer et al. ASH 2005). Results on 231 serum samples from myeloma patients (most on therapy) where serum IFE showed IgA κ (n=33), IgA λ (n=13), IgG κ (n=153), or IgG λ (n=32), and where simultaneous SFLC and immunoglobulin (Ig) estimation had been pe

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Shlomchik, M. J., D. A. Nemazee, V. L. Sato, J. Van Snick, D. A. Carson, and M. G. Weigert. "Variable region sequences of murine IgM anti-IgG monoclonal autoantibodies (rheumatoid factors). A structural explanation for the high frequency of IgM anti-IgG B cells." Journal of Experimental Medicine 164, no. 2 (1986): 407–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.164.2.407.

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The nucleotide sequences of heavy and light chains from 10 monoclonal IgM anti-IgG1 (RF) antibodies were determined and reported here as translated amino acid sequences. Only three families of VK light chains were used in these antibodies: VK1 (two examples), VK8 (three examples), and VK19 (four examples). This represents a significant nonrandom selection of light chains. In contrast, all other variable region gene segments (i.e., VH, DH, JH, and JK) were used in a pattern consistent with random selection from the available pool of germline genes. In two cases, the same anti-IgG1 specificity w

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Khuraijam, Asha Devi, Jayshree Devi Rajkumari, Thiyam Urmila, Banashree Devi Rajkumari, Anil Singh Irom, and Achouba Singh Kshetrimayum. "Staging of Plasma Cell Myeloma and its Correlation with Clinico Pathological Profile in a Tertiary Hospital (JNIMS)- A 3 Year Study." International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 14, no. 1 (2022): 184–90. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13863440.

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<strong>Background:</strong> Plasma cell myeloma (PCM) is a neoplastic proliferation of plasma cells, confined in bone marrow usually associated with an M protein in serum and/or urine and evidence of organ damage related to the disease. Various staging systems and risk stratification are being proposed to prognosticate the cases. <strong>Aims and objectives: </strong>To categorize the newly diagnosed or treatment naïve PCM cases attending JNIMS into stages and to correlate the different stages with the clinicopathological features. <strong>Method:</strong> This i

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Dechant, Michael, Gestur Vidarsson, Bernhard Stockmeyer, et al. "Chimeric IgA antibodies against HLA class II effectively trigger lymphoma cell killing." Blood 100, no. 13 (2002): 4574–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2002-03-0687.

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Antibodies against human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II, such as 1D10 or Lym-1, are currently being evaluated for the treatment of B-cell lymphomas. Previous studies have demonstrated that, in addition to IgG Fc receptors, the human myeloid IgA receptor (FcαRI, CD89) also effectively triggered tumor cell killing. Therefore, we used the variable light and heavy chain sequences from another murine anti–HLA class II hybridoma, F3.3, to generate a panel of chimeric human/mouse antibodies, including human immunoglobulin A1 (IgA1), IgA2, IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4. Antibody production was accompli

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Pan, Pengji, and Junxia Liu. "Analysis of Coagulation Abnormality in Patients with Multiple Myeloma and Its Clinical Significance." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2022 (June 20, 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5120967.

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Objective. To analyze the abnormal changes of coagulation indexes in patients with multiple myeloma (MM) and their clinical significance on prognosis. Methods. Among 80 patients with MM, there were 24 patients of light chain type, 36 patients of IgG type, and 20 patients of IgA type. In the same period, 30 healthy people were in the control group. The laboratory indexes such as plasma prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), fibrinogen (FIB), thromboplastin time (TT), D-dimer (D-D), and platelet (PLT) were detected and compared. The prognosis of MM patients was foll

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Shimohata, Homare, Kentaro Ohgi, Hiroshi Maruyama, et al. "A Case of Proliferative Glomerulonephritis with Monoclonal IgG Deposits That Showed Predominantly Membranous Features." Case Reports in Nephrology 2017 (2017): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1027376.

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In 2004, the novel category of monoclonal IgG deposition disease has been proposed and termed “proliferative glomerulonephritis with monoclonal IgG deposits” (PGNMID). This disease is characterized by membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis and staining for a single light-chain isotype and gamma heavy-chain subclass. A 76-year-old male who had monoclonal gammopathy was referred to our hospital because of proteinuria. The renal biopsy showed diffuse thickening of the glomerular capillary walls with focal mesangial proliferation. On immunofluorescence study, only IgG1 among the four subclasses

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Lee, J. K., A. Flowers, J. Williams, S. Li, X. Yi, and R. Huang. "Immunoglobulin D Multiple Myeloma with a “Hidden” Lambda Light Chain." American Journal of Clinical Pathology 156, Supplement_1 (2021): S31—S32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/aqab191.061.

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Abstract Introduction/Objective In rare cases, the conventional immunofixation gel electrophoresis technique fails to detect the light chain of an M-protein. We report a case of immunoglobulin (Ig) D multiple myeloma with a hidden lambda (λ) light chain. Methods/Case Report Capillary electrophoresis (CE) (Sebia CAPILLARYS 2) was used to detect and quantify M- proteins in serum specimens. Immunosubtraction (IS) on the CAPILLARYS 2 systems was used to identify the classes of M-proteins. Conventional gel immunofixation electrophoresis (IFE) was performed, using monospecific antisera for IgD, IgE,

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Haraldsson, Á., C. M. R. Weemaes, M. J. H. Kock-Jansen, et al. "Immunoglobulin G, A and M Light Chain Ratio in Children." Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: International Journal of Laboratory Medicine 29, no. 3 (1992): 271–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000456329202900303.

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Values for the κ/λ light chain ratio in immunoglobulins G, A and M and the total κ/λ ratio, measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, were evaluated in serum samples from different age groups (114 children, aged from 1 month to 15 years, and 20 adults). The IgG κ/λ ratio decreased in the first 6 months and subsequently increased slowly during childhood towards the adult value of 2·0. The IgM κ/λ ratio increased at a greater rate than IgG κ/λ ratio in the first years of life and thereafter rose slightly throughout childhood to reach an adult value of 1·7. A decreasing IgA κ/λ ratio was fou

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Nordfang, O., M. Ezban, J. M. Favaloro, H. H. M. Dahl, and J. J. Hansen. "Specificity of Monoclonal Antibodies to Factor VIII: C." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 54, no. 03 (1985): 586–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1660075.

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SummaryThree monoclonal antibodies (42 IgG, 47 IgG, 56 IgG) towards factor-VIII: C (VIII :C) have been produced. In ELISA for VIII:C-antigen (VIII:CAg), 47 IgG showed higher affinity for VIII: CAg than 42 IgG and 56 IgG. In solid phase immunoiso-lation of iodinated VIII :C diluted in EDTA buffer, the three monoclonals, like human VIII: C inhibitors, bound the 77/80 kD-light chain of VIII: C. In the absence of EDTA, 56 IgG bound the heavy chain-light chain complex of VIII: C, while 47 IgG was only able to bind the light chain. When coupled on Sepharose, 56 IgG adsorbed coagulation active VIII :

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Abe, Yoshiaki, Yasuhito Suehara, Hiroyuki Takamatsu, et al. "Abnormal Heavy/Light Chain Ratio after Treatment Is a Robust Predictor of Shorter Survival in Patients with IgA Myeloma." Blood 128, no. 22 (2016): 3254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.3254.3254.

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Abstract Accurate quantification of monoclonal protein (M-protein) is essential for response assessment, management, and prediction of prognosis in patients with multiple myeloma (MM). Serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP) is commonly used to determine the degree of M-protein reduction in intact immunoglobulin (Ig) MM. However, SPEP has limitations when M-protein comigrates into the beta-fraction or M-protein fails to show a distinct sharp spike on densitometry. Ig heavy/light chain (HLC) assay enables separate quantification of the different light chain types of each Ig class. Although HLC ass

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Myara, I., G. Quenum, M. Storogenko, D. Tenenhaus, R. Guillemain, and N. Moatti. "Monoclonal and oligoclonal gammopathies in heart-transplant recipients." Clinical Chemistry 37, no. 8 (1991): 1334–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/37.8.1334.

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Abstract Immunoglobulin abnormalities in serum from 76 heart-transplant recipients were examined by cellulose acetate and agarose gel electrophoresis. Monoclonal components were typed by immunofixation. IgG, IgA, and IgM and total kappa and lambda light chains were quantified by immunonephelometry. We confirm that both monoclonal and oligoclonal immunoglobulin banding are common in serum from these patients. Of the 149 serum samples examined, 21 (15%) had one monoclonal component and 53 (35%) had two or more. These monoclonal immunoglobulins were generally present at a low concentration and we

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Stein, Regina, Jayesh Mehta, Eric Vickrey, William Resseguie, and Seema Singhal. "Correlation of Serum Free Light Chain Levels with Other Parameters in Myeloma." Blood 108, no. 11 (2006): 5019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v108.11.5019.5019.

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Abstract Estimation of serum free light chains (SFLC; SFKLC - kappa, SFLLC - lambda, SFKLR - kappa:lambda ratio; normal 0.26–1.65.) is useful in selected patients with non-secretory myeloma, and in light chain disease with anuric renal failure. Its utility in other clinical situations is unclear. 489 SFLC levels in 135 myeloma patients were analyzed to see if there was a significant correlation between them and other, more conventional immunologic parameters such as serum total light chain (STLC; STKLC - kappa, STLLC - lambda) levels and immunoglobulin (Ig) levels. The underlying premise was t

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Ford, R. P., P. E. Mitchell, and C. G. Fraser. "Desirable performance characteristics and clinical utility of immunoglobulin and light-chain assays derived from data on biological variation." Clinical Chemistry 34, no. 9 (1988): 1733–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/34.9.1726.

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Abstract Using automated assays of IgG, IgA, and IgM, and kappa (kappa) and lambda (lambda) light-chains, we assessed the analytical, intra-individual, and interindividual components of variation in a cohort of 12 apparently healthy subjects to examine the utility of the Kallestad Immunochemical Evaluation system. The immunoglobulins and light-chains had small intra-individual variation, and, in consequence, good analytical precisions (CV) of 2.3%, 2.5%, 3.0%, 2.4%, and 2.4% are required for IgG, IgA, IgM, kappa, and lambda assays, respectively. All of these analytes, and the derived kappa/lam

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Cotariu, D., S. Kaufman, A. Golik, S. Scharf, and J. L. Zaidman. "Heavy- and free light-chain myeloma associated with peripheral polyneuropathy." Clinical Chemistry 34, no. 12 (1988): 2594–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/34.12.2594.

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Abstract Peripheral polyneuropathy, a rare complication of multiple myeloma, is generally associated with heavy-chain M-proteins and, in very rare instances, with free light-chain myeloma proteins. Here we describe a case of multiple myeloma and polyneuropathy with both monoclonal IgG and free lambda light chains in the blood. The patient also had free lambda light chains in the cerebrospinal fluid and urine.

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Sasaki, Koji, Nina Shah, Qaiser Bashir, et al. "Outcome of Patients with Light Chain Multiple Myeloma Compared to IgG/IgA Myeloma after Autologous Stem Cell Transplant." Blood 126, no. 23 (2015): 3194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v126.23.3194.3194.

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Abstract Introduction: High-dose chemotherapy followed by autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (auto-HCT) is the standard of care for younger patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM). In approximately 15% of MM patients the monoclonal (M) spike consists of k or l light chains only as opposed to heavy + light chains. It remains unclear whether light chain (LC) MM has a different prognosis compared to other monoclonal protein subtypes after an auto-HCT. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 1067 patients with MM who underwent auto-HCT between January 1, 2004 and January 1

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Katzmann, Jerry, Raynell Clark, Angela Dispenzieri, et al. "Isotype-Specific Heavy/Light Chain (HLC) Suppression as a Predictor of Myeloma Development in Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance (MGUS)." Blood 114, no. 22 (2009): 1788. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v114.22.1788.1788.

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Abstract Abstract 1788 Poster Board I-814 Background Clinically available prognostic factors for progression of MGUS to myeloma include the size of the M-spike, heavy chain isotype, and free light chain (FLC) K/L ratio. The combined use of these variables provides approximately a 10-fold difference in risk for progression. The highest risk group, however, still has only a 27% twenty year risk of progression. Therefore, additional predictors of progression are needed. Suppression of uninvolved immunoglobulins has been an inconsistent predictor of progression. The novel Hevylite” assay measures

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Drayson, Mark, Gulnaz Begum, Supratik Basu, et al. "Effects of paraprotein heavy and light chain types and free light chain load on survival in myeloma: an analysis of patients receiving conventional-dose chemotherapy in Medical Research Council UK multiple myeloma trials." Blood 108, no. 6 (2006): 2013–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2006-03-008953.

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AbstractWhile investigating 2592 patients enrolled in multicenter myeloma trials, we found light chain–only (LCO) patients had worse median survival times (1.9 years) than patients with IgA and IgG paraproteins (2.3 and 2.5 years, respectively) (P < .001). However, IgA and IgG patients with levels of LC excretion similar to those of LCO patients also had poor survival times because of renal failure, resulting in worse survival during induction therapy and at relapse with no difference in progression-free survival between LCO and IgG patients. LC excretion was higher for λ than for κ types,

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Katzmann, Jerry A., Maria A. V. Willrich, Mindy C. Kohlhagen, et al. "Monitoring IgA Multiple Myeloma: Immunoglobulin Heavy/Light Chain Assays." Clinical Chemistry 61, no. 2 (2015): 360–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2014.231985.

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Abstract BACKGROUND The use of electrophoresis to monitor monoclonal immunoglobulins migrating in the β fraction may be difficult because of their comigration with transferrin and complement proteins. METHODS Immunoassays specific for IgGκ, IgGλ, IgAκ, IgAλ, IgMκ, and IgMλ heavy/light chain (HLC) were validated for use in the clinical laboratory. We assessed sample stability, inter- and intraassay variability, linearity, accuracy, and reference intervals for all 6 assays. We tested accuracy by verifying that the sum of the concentrations for the HLC-pairs accounted for the total immunoglobulin

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Sampson, Jordan M., and Robert D. Miller. "Evolution of the Structure and Organization of the Mammalian Immunoglobulin Loci." Journal of Immunology 210, no. 1_Supplement (2023): 224.01. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.210.supp.224.01.

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Abstract There are three extant lineages of mammals: placentals (e.g. humans and mice), marsupials (e.g. kangaroos and opossums), and monotremes (e.g. platypus). Of the three lineages, the marsupials are unusually and uniformly limited in their immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) isotype content. All marsupials studied have only one IgM, IgG, IgE, and IgA and lack IgD. Comparatively, there is a greater complexity of IgH isotypes and subclasses in both placentals and monotremes. Marsupials also have a greater complexity in their light (L) chain V genes than IgH chains. Transposable elements (TEs),

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Jenkins, Margaret A., Louisa Cheng, and Sujiva Ratnaike. "Multiple sclerosis: use of light-chain typing to assist diagnosis." Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: International Journal of Laboratory Medicine 38, no. 3 (2001): 235–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/0004563011900669.

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Although the presence of oligoclonal IgG with abnormal ratio in multiple sclerosis (MS) has been known for many years, this finding has not been put to diagnostic use in most routine clinical laboratories. In a retrospective study we report differences in the oligoclonal banding patterns between multiple sclerosis and non-MS patients. We had sufficient cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) on 36 from 71 patients with oligoclonal bands for immunofixation for κ and λ light chains, and for free κ and free λ. Thirteen out of 14 patients with clinically confirmed MS had predominantly IgG (κ) banding. In contra

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Costello, Rene, Karina Espana, Neha Korde, et al. "Hevylite™ Assays Detect a Hidden Immunoparesis Associated with Adverse Biology in Myeloma Precursor Disease: A Prospective Clinical Study." Blood 118, no. 21 (2011): 5065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v118.21.5065.5065.

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Abstract Abstract 5065 Recent studies have found immunoparesis (suppression of an uninvolved heavy-chain immunoglobulin (Ig) isotype; e.g. low quantitative IgA and/or IgM levels in a patient with an IgG M-spike) to be an independent risk factor for transformation from smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM) to multiple myeloma (MM). About 70–80% of SMM patients have evidence of immunoparesis. Among remaining 20–30% of SMM patients without immunoparesis, it is currently unknown whether there could be a hidden immunoparesis, reflected in suppression of the uninvolved light chain counter part of the sa

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Paul, Prem S., William L. Mengeling, Carolyn E. Malstrom, and Richard A. Van Deusen. "Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to porcine immunoglobulin gamma, alpha, and light chains." American Journal of Veterinary Research 50, no. 4 (1989): 471–79. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1989.50.04.471.

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SUMMARY Monoclonal antibodies (mab) to porcine immunoglobulins were produced by fusion of SP2/0 cells with splenic lymphocytes of mice that had been immunized with porcine IgG or IgA. Of 16 mab selected for detailed study, 13 reacted with heavy chains (7 anti-γ, 6 anti-α) and 3 reacted with light chains of native immunoglobulin. Several of the same mab (3 anti-γ chain, 1 anti-α chain, 3 anti-light chain) also reacted with denatured immunoglobulin by use of immunoblotting analysis. Collective results of competitive elisa, immunodiffusion, and immunoblotting analysis indicated that the 7 mab of

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Prelli, F., D. Tummolo, A. Solomon, and B. Frangione. "Novel human light chain V kappa segment: serologic and structural analyses of the kappa III-like Bence Jones protein and IgG kappa light chain REE." Journal of Immunology 136, no. 11 (1986): 4169–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.136.11.4169.

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Abstract Immunochemical and sequence analyses of kappa light chain REE (Bence Jones protein REE and the light chain isolated from IgG kappa myeloma protein REE) revealed antigenic and structural features not previously described for human kappa-chains. Although closely related to proteins of the V kappa III subgroup, light chain REE is readily distinguished from light chains classified serologically as members of the kappa IIIa or kappa IIIb sub-subgroups. Light chains REE (Bence Jones protein REE and light chain REE) are identical in sequence and differ from kappa III proteins by at least 10

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Maan, Dipesh, Barbara Clark, Mark Bunker, and Swati Arora. "Successful management of proliferative glomerulonephritis with monoclonal immune deposits with combined immunosuppressive therapy." BMJ Case Reports 11, no. 1 (2018): e225205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2018-225205.

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Proliferative glomerulonephritis with monoclonal immune deposits (PGNMID) is a newly described entity characterised by monoclonal IgG deposits consisting of single light chain isotype and single heavy chain subtype (IgG1-4) in the kidneys. We are presenting two cases of patients who presented with acute kidney injury and worsening proteinuria. Kidney biopsy showed membranoproliferative pattern. Special staining for subclass of IgG showed monoclonal IgG3-kappa (case 1) and IgG1-kappa deposits (case 2) suggestive of PGNMID. Workup for underlying infection, malignancy, monoclonal gammopathy was n

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Chen, P. P., F. Goñi, S. Fong, et al. "The majority of human monoclonal IgM rheumatoid factors express a "primary structure-dependent" cross-reactive idiotype." Journal of Immunology 134, no. 5 (1985): 3281–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.134.5.3281.

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Abstract Genetic studies of human immunoglobulin variable regions have been hampered by the lack of anti-idiotypic antibodies that recognize specific heavy and light chain variable region sequences. Sixty percent of human monoclonal IgM anti-IgG autoantibodies (rheumatoid factors [RF]) from unrelated individuals share a cross-reactive idiotype (CRI) termed Wa. In previous experiments in which we used an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, we reported that a synthetic peptide (PSL2), corresponding to the second hypervariable region in the kappa light chain of a monoclonal IgM-RF (Sie), induced r

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Suehara, Yasuhito, Keisuke Seike, Kouta Fukumoto, et al. "Immunoglobulin Heavy/Light Chain Immunoassays for Response Evaluation in Multiple Myeloma: Comparison with Immunofixation, Serum Free Light Chain, and Multicolor Flow- Cytometry." Blood 124, no. 21 (2014): 3366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v124.21.3366.3366.

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Abstract BACKGROUND: Monitoring of multiple myeloma (MM) patients is required to assess and determine the treatment response. The serum immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy/light chain immunoassays are a new method that enables separate quantification of the different light chain types of each Ig class, i.e., IgGk, IgGl, IgAk, and IgAl. Although the contribution of these tests to disease evaluation has been assessed, available data are still limited. Here, we compared the serum Ig heavy/light chain immunoassays with the conventional methods for disease evaluation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Three hundred and

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Ganta, Nagapratap, Varsha Gupta, Fnu Anamika, Akshit Chitkara, Sheilabi Seeburun, and Ruchi Bhatt. "Lymphoplasmacytic Lymphoma: An Atypical Presentation with IgG Monoclonal Gammopathy." Blood 142, Supplement 1 (2023): 4425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2023-191167.

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Introduction Lymphocytic lymphoma (LPL) is a rare type of low-grade mature B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma, characterized by a monoclonal population of B lymphocytes, lymphoplasmacytic cells, and plasma cells. In around 95% of LPL cases, the serum immunoglobulin M (IgM) paraprotein is increased, which is correlated to Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia (WM), a clinicopathological disease. Only around 5% of LPL cases are associated with the serum paraproteins immunoglobulin G (IgG) or immunoglobulin A (IgA), or light chains alone, or are not linked to a paraprotein. Non-IgM LPLs have a wide range of c

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Bradwell, Arthur R., Graham Mead, Mark T. Drayson, and Stephen Harding. "Immunoassays for IgG and IgA Light Chain Pairs Are More Sensitive Than Immunofixation Electrophoresis in Multiple Myeloma and Provide Quantitative Analysis." Blood 112, no. 11 (2008): 5109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v112.11.5109.5109.

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Abstract Introduction: Serum free light chain (sFLC) measurements are having a big impact in the diagnosis and monitoring of patients with monoclonal gammopathies. Utility is largely dependent upon assessing FLC kappa/lambda (κ/λ) ratios as the determinant of tumor clonality. To date, intact immunoglobulin measurements comprise total IgG, IgA and IgM, the measurement of bands on gels by serum protein electrophoresis (SPE) or immunofixation electrophoresis (IFE). We hypothesised that analysis of intact immunoglobulin molecules for their light chain content and light chain ratios might be clinic

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Ewaisha, Radwa, Angela Dispenzieri, Maria Willrich, Mindy Kohlhagen, and David Murray. "Heavy Chain Disease Reviewed on MALDI-TOF." American Journal of Clinical Pathology 156, Supplement_1 (2021): S11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/aqab189.018.

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Abstract Heavy Chain Disease (HCD) is a group of rare B-cell proliferative disorders. Diagnosis depends on the detection of a truncated heavy chain with no associated light chain, often done by serum or urine immunofixation. This approach has been reported to have low specificity, since associated light chain bands are sometimes not visible and heavy chain bands can be mistaken for polyclonal bands. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) offers improved sensitivity in detecting monoclonal immunoglobulins. Truncation is thought to happen in t

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Batty, George Nicolas, Jonathan Brower, Adel Aziz, et al. "Epidemiology and Clinical Outcomes of the M-Component Immunoglobulin Types of Multiple Myeloma in an Inner City Hispanic Population." Blood 110, no. 11 (2007): 4736. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v110.11.4736.4736.

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Abstract Introduction: Different types of myeloma are classified by the type of immunoglobulin. From prior analysis, we know that IgG is the commonest class of myeloma and that this type seems to be the most benign. While IgA myeloma appear to be of intermediate outcome, IgD myeloma and lambda light-chain disease are the most aggressive types. Breakdown by immunoglobulin type reveals higher prevalence of IgG myeloma among Whites, compared to Blacks. This study examines the type of immunoglobulin and clinical implication in Hispanics compared to other ethnic groups. Methods: In a single inner c

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Ichiyoshi, Y., and P. Casali. "Analysis of the structural correlates for antibody polyreactivity by multiple reassortments of chimeric human immunoglobulin heavy and light chain V segments." Journal of Experimental Medicine 180, no. 3 (1994): 885–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.180.3.885.

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Polyreactive antibodies (Abs) constitute a major proportion of the early Ab repertoire and are an important component of the natural defense mechanisms against infections. They are primarily immunoglobulin M (IgM) and bind a variety of structurally dissimilar self and exogenous antigens (Ags) with moderate affinity. We analyzed the contribution of Ig polyvalency and of heavy (H) and light (L) chain variable (V) regions to polyreactivity in recombinatorial experiments involving the VH-diversity(D)-JH and V kappa-J kappa gene segments of a human polyreactive IgM, monoclonal antibody 55 (mAb55),

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Hansra, Damien, Victoria Sujoy, Ikpatt Offiong, Chris Wunsch, and James E. Hoffman. "Patient With IgG Heavy Chain Disease Presents With Parathyroid Hormone-Related Peptide Mediated Hypercalcemia." Blood 122, no. 21 (2013): 5344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v122.21.5344.5344.

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Abstract Background Multiple myeloma is associated with excessive tumor-induced, osteoclast-mediated bone destruction. Hypercalcemia remains the most frequent metabolic complication of myeloma in patients, and excessive osteolysis plays a major contributory role in its pathogenesis. Hypercalcemia caused by increased blood levels of PTHrP have been found in patients with solid tumors and are uncommon in patients with hematologic malignancies including multiple myeloma. Here we present a unique case of a rare variant of multiple myeloma, IgG heavy chain disease, presenting with PTHrP associated

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Chow, Maria Bernadette Che-Ying, Lucas Bushrow, Irmeen Siddiqui, April Chiu, Mirza Hamirani, and Anjali A. Satoskar. "Congophilic fibrils in the glomeruli with polyclonal immunoglobulin gamma staining - another cause for diagnostic overlap: A case report." World Journal of Clinical Cases 12, no. 17 (2024): 3200–3205. http://dx.doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v12.i17.3200.

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BACKGROUND Glomerulopathy with fibrillary deposits is not uncommon in routine nephropathology practice, with amyloidosis and fibrillary glomerulonephritis being the two most frequently encountered entities. Renal amyloid heavy and light chain (AHL) is relatively uncommon and its biopsy diagnosis is usually limited to cases that show strong equivalent staining for a single immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chain and a single light chain, further supported by mass spectrometry (MS) and serum studies for monoclonal protein. But polyclonal light chain staining can pose a challenge. CASE SUMMARY Herein we

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