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Journal articles on the topic 'Light conducting'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 January 2023

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Ishiharada, Minoru, Kouichi Iwami, Itsuo Tanuma, Kazuo Naito, and Torao Hashimoto. "Developments of Light-conducting Tube." Seikei-Kakou 7, no. 8 (1995): 499–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.4325/seikeikakou.7.499.

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2

Miloh, Touvia. "Light-induced thermoosmosis about conducting ellipsoidal nanoparticles." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 475, no. 2223 (March 2019): 20180040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2018.0040.

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We consider the central problem of a non-spherical (ellipsoidal) polarizable (metallic) nanoparticle freely suspended in a conducting liquid phase which is irradiated (heated) by a laser under the Rayleigh (electrostatic) approximation. It is shown that, unlike the case of perfectly symmetric (spherical) particles, the surface temperature of general orthotropic particles exposed to continuous laser irradiation is not uniform! Thus, the induced surface slip (Soret type) velocity may lead to a self-induced thermoosmotic flow (sTOF) about the particle, in a similar manner to the electroosmotic flow driven by the Helmholtz—Smoluchowski slippage. Using the recent advancement in the theory of Lamé functions and ellipsoidal harmonics, we analytically present new solutions for two key physical problems. (i) Heat conduction and temperature distribution inside and outside a conducting laser-irradiated homogeneous tri-axial ellipsoid which is subjected to uniform Joule heating. (ii) Creeping (Stokes) sTOF around a fixed impermeable metallic ellipsoidal nanoparticle driven by a Soret-type surface slip velocity (i.e. proportional to the surface-temperature gradient).

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3

Figotin, Alexander. "Model of a nonhomogeneous medium conducting light." Journal of Statistical Physics 69, no. 5-6 (December 1992): 969–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01058758.

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4

Epstein, Arthur J. "Electrically Conducting Polymers: Science and Technology." MRS Bulletin 22, no. 6 (June 1997): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400033583.

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For the past 50 years, conventional insulating-polymer systems have increasingly been used as substitutes for structural materials such as wood, ceramics, and metals because of their high strength, light weight, ease of chemical modification/customization, and processability at low temperatures. In 1977 the first intrinsic electrically conducting organic polymer—doped polyacetylene—was reported, spurring interest in “conducting polymers.” Intrinsically conducting polymers are completely different from conducting polymers that are merely a physical mixture of a nonconductive polymer with a conducting material such as metal or carbon powder. Although initially these intrinsically conducting polymers were neither processable nor air-stable, new generations of these materials now are processable into powders, films, and fibers from a wide variety of solvents, and also are airstable. Some forms of these intrinsically conducting polymers can be blended into traditional polymers to form electrically conductive blends. The electrical conductivities of the intrinsically conductingpolymer systems now range from those typical of insulators (<10−10 S/cm (10−10 Ω−1 cm1)) to those typical of semiconductors such as silicon (~10 5 S/cm) to those greater than 10+4 S/cm (nearly that of a good metal such as copper, 5 × 105 S/cm). Applications of these polymers, especially polyanilines, have begun to emerge. These include coatings and blends for electrostatic dissipation and electromagnetic-interference (EMI) shielding, electromagnetic-radiation absorbers for welding (joining) of plastics, conductive layers for light-emitting polymer devices, and anticorrosion coatings for iron and steel.The common electronic feature of pris tine (undoped) conducting polymers is the π-conjugated system, which is formed by the overlap of carbon pz orbitals and alternating carbon-carbon bond lengths.

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5

Langer, Jerzy J., Ewelina Frąckowiak, and Sebastian Golczak. "Electrically induced light emission from proton-conducting materials. Protonic light-emitting diodes." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 8, no. 3 (2020): 943–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9tc05980f.

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Water doped with H⁺ and HO⁻ enables the formation of a protonic p–n junction, which works similarly to a typical, electron-based p–n junction, including light emission when electrically powered. Polymers provide mechanical stability.

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6

Pedrosa, I. A. "Quantum Light and Coherent States in Conducting Media." Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics 08, no. 11 (2020): 2475–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jamp.2020.811183.

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7

Baloshin, Yu A., and A. V. Kostin. "Light scattering on a slightly rough conducting surface." Journal of Optical Technology 67, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/jot.67.000028.

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8

Ghosh, Srabanti, Natalie A. Kouamé, Laurence Ramos, Samy Remita, Alexandre Dazzi, Ariane Deniset-Besseau, Patricia Beaunier, Fabrice Goubard, Pierre-Henri Aubert, and Hynd Remita. "Conducting polymer nanostructures for photocatalysis under visible light." Nature Materials 14, no. 5 (March 16, 2015): 505–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmat4220.

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9

Schiffer, Ralf. "Light scattering by perfectly conducting statistically irregular particles." Journal of the Optical Society of America A 6, no. 3 (March 1, 1989): 385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josaa.6.000385.

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10

Tong, S. W., C. S. Lee, Y. Lifshitz, D. Q. Gao, and S. T. Lee. "Conducting fluorocarbon coatings for organic light-emitting diodes." Applied Physics Letters 84, no. 20 (May 17, 2004): 4032–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1751220.

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11

DAGANI, RON. "Flexible light-Emitting Diode Developed from Conducting Polymers." Chemical & Engineering News 70, no. 26 (June 29, 1992): 27–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v070n026.p027.

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12

Onoda, M., and A. G. MacDiarmid. "Light-emitting diodes using n-type conducting polymer." Synthetic Metals 91, no. 1-3 (December 1997): 307–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0379-6779(98)80048-9.

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13

Yun, Ho Jun, Ju Hyun Hwang, Sun-Gyu Jung, Young Wook Park, and Byeong Kwon Ju. "P-160: Silver Nanowire-Transparent Conducting Oxide-Conducting Polymer Hybrids for Flexible and Transparent Conductive Electrodes for Organic Light Emitting Dodes." SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers 47, no. 1 (May 2016): 1725–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sdtp.11039.

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14

Kovtun, Pavel Vladimirovich, and Konstantin Sergeevich Razvodov. "LIGHTING CONCRETE PRODUCTION FEATURES AND PROSPECTS OF APPLICATION IN RAILWAY CONSTRUCTION." Collected scientific works of Ukrainian State University of Railway Transport, no. 195 (September 29, 2021): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.18664/1994-7852.195.2021.241073.

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The prospect of light-conducting concrete in railway construction is associated with an increase in recent years in interest in creating a barrier-free environment, including at railway stations, platforms, pedestrian crossings, in pedestrian tunnels, and so on. The material makes it possible to duplicate marking elements in hazardous areas of passenger movement at night without breaking the material environment, which will facilitate care for it in the winter. When creating innovative pedestrian crossings (equipped with interactive lanes that duplicate the traffic light for pedestrians), the use of light-conducting concrete will increase the antivandistance of the engineering arrangement. Unlike polymeric materials, the litracon material considered in the article does not change its properties under the influence of high temperatures, is not susceptible to instantaneous violation of the integrity and loss of surface properties under mechanical stresses. The high cost of the material does not yet allow its widespread use in the construction of railway infrastructure facilities on an industrial scale, however, with an increase in the production of optical fiber (the most expensive component of light-conducting concrete) and the search for new technologies that reduce the cost of its production, a drop in prices for this type of raw material is naturally expected. One of the areas of application of light-conducting concrete can be transport construction and landscaping of on-site territories (sidewalks, stairs, platforms) in terms of increasing their interactivity in the dark. The article proposes a composition (No. 1) corresponding to the compressive strength and tensile strength when bending, the requirements for products used in railway construction, for which light-conductive concrete can be used. The problem of light-transmitting concrete in the maintenance of railway infrastructure in the Republic of Belarus is being raised for the first time

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15

Berndt, Andre, Soo Yeun Lee, Jonas Wietek, Charu Ramakrishnan, Elizabeth E. Steinberg, Asim J. Rashid, Hoseok Kim, et al. "Structural foundations of optogenetics: Determinants of channelrhodopsin ion selectivity." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 4 (December 22, 2015): 822–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1523341113.

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The structure-guided design of chloride-conducting channelrhodopsins has illuminated mechanisms underlying ion selectivity of this remarkable family of light-activated ion channels. The first generation of chloride-conducting channelrhodopsins, guided in part by development of a structure-informed electrostatic model for pore selectivity, included both the introduction of amino acids with positively charged side chains into the ion conduction pathway and the removal of residues hypothesized to support negatively charged binding sites for cations. Engineered channels indeed became chloride selective, reversing near −65 mV and enabling a new kind of optogenetic inhibition; however, these first-generation chloride-conducting channels displayed small photocurrents and were not tested for optogenetic inhibition of behavior. Here we report the validation and further development of the channelrhodopsin pore model via crystal structure-guided engineering of next-generation light-activated chloride channels (iC++) and a bistable variant (SwiChR++) with net photocurrents increased more than 15-fold under physiological conditions, reversal potential further decreased by another ∼15 mV, inhibition of spiking faithfully tracking chloride gradients and intrinsic cell properties, strong expression in vivo, and the initial microbial opsin channel-inhibitor–based control of freely moving behavior. We further show that inhibition by light-gated chloride channels is mediated mainly by shunting effects, which exert optogenetic control much more efficiently than the hyperpolarization induced by light-activated chloride pumps. The design and functional features of these next-generation chloride-conducting channelrhodopsins provide both chronic and acute timescale tools for reversible optogenetic inhibition, confirm fundamental predictions of the ion selectivity model, and further elucidate electrostatic and steric structure–function relationships of the light-gated pore.

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16

Yang, Zhenzhen, and Tao Xu. "Three-Dimensional Nanoarchitectured Transparent Conducting Oxides: Synthesis, Characterization and Photovoltaic Applications." MRS Proceedings 1552 (2013): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2013.612.

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AbstractThe photovoltaic materials in solar cells take multiple tasks including absorbing lights, separating the light-induced electron-hole pairs, and consequently transport charges to the corresponding metallic electrodes. These tasks, however, are often mutually conflicting. In particular, a thick PV layer is desired to absorb enough light for creating sufficient light-induced charges, while a thin PV layer is also desired to shorten the charge transport path length insider the PV layer in order to suppress recombination. Using dye-sensitized solar cells as an exploratory platform, this dilemma is mitigated using a non-traditional 3-dimensional (3-D) highly doped fluorinated SnO2 (FTO, core)-TiO2(shell) nanostructured photoanodes. The FTO core serves as conductive core for low-resistance and drift-assisted electron extraction. The thin, conformal and low-doped TiO2 shell layer is coated by atomic layer deposition, which provides a large area for anchoring dyes and maintains a large resistance against recombination.

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17

Song, Tze-Bin, and Ning Li. "Emerging Transparent Conducting Electrodes for Organic Light Emitting Diodes." Electronics 3, no. 1 (March 21, 2014): 190–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics3010190.

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18

Seidler, Bianca, Ruri Agung Wahyuono, Pascal Wintergerst, Johannes Ahner, Martin D. Hager, Sven Rau, Ulrich S. Schubert, and Benjamin Dietzek. "Red-light sensitized hole-conducting polymer for energy conversion." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 23, no. 33 (2021): 18026–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1cp03114g.

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19

Gustafsson, G., Y. Cao, G. M. Treacy, F. Klavetter, N. Colaneri, and A. J. Heeger. "Flexible light-emitting diodes made from soluble conducting polymers." Nature 357, no. 6378 (June 1992): 477–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/357477a0.

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20

Frolov, S. V., A. Fujii, D. Chinn, Z. V. Vardeny, K. Yoshino, and R. V. Gregory. "Cylindrical microlasers and light emitting devices from conducting polymers." Applied Physics Letters 72, no. 22 (June 1998): 2811–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.121466.

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21

Tada, Kazuya, Maki Hamaguchi, Akihiko Hosono, Shinsuke Yura, Hiroshi Harada, and Katsumi Yoshino. "Light Emitting Diode with Porous Silicon/Conducting Polymer Heterojunction." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 36, Part 2, No. 4A (April 1, 1997): L418—L420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.36.l418.

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22

Simonsen, Ingve, Jacob B. Kryvi, Alexei A. Maradudin, and Tamara A. Leskova. "Light scattering from anisotropic, randomly rough, perfectly conducting surfaces." Computer Physics Communications 182, no. 9 (September 2011): 1904–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2011.01.010.

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23

Videen, Gorden, Dat Ngo, and Matthew B. Hart. "Light scattering from a pair of conducting, osculating spheres." Optics Communications 125, no. 4-6 (April 1996): 275–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0030-4018(95)00738-5.

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24

Braun, D., and A. J. Heeger. "Electroluminescence from light-emitting diodes fabricated from conducting polymers." Thin Solid Films 216, no. 1 (August 1992): 96–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-6090(92)90876-d.

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25

Seok, Hae‐Jun, Jae‐Hoon Lee, Jin‐Hyeok Park, Sang‐Hwi Lim, and Han‐Ki Kim. "Transparent Conducting Electrodes for Quantum Dots Light Emitting Diodes." Israel Journal of Chemistry 59, no. 8 (May 14, 2019): 729–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijch.201900045.

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26

Gupta, Bhavana, Mariana C. Afonso, Lin Zhang, Cedric Ayela, Patrick Garrigue, Bertrand Goudeau, and Alexander Kuhn. "Wireless Coupling of Conducting Polymer Actuators with Light Emission." ChemPhysChem 20, no. 7 (March 21, 2019): 941–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cphc.201900116.

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27

Kwon, Min Hee, Dong Kyu Han, Si Joong Kwon, and Jin Yeol Kim. "Fabrication and Micropatterning of Conducting Polymer Nano-Films for Electronic Displays." Solid State Phenomena 124-126 (June 2007): 591–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.124-126.591.

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We investigate the electrical conductive poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) nanofilms and micropatterning prepared by vapor-phase polymerization method using self-assembling teacnique. The thin conductive films were uniformly fabricated between 20 and 100 nm, there surface resistance wasenhanced until to 102 /square, and the light-transmittance were also increased as up to 95 %. We report a fabrication of electrically conducting PEDOT pattern on a electrically insulating substrate using a microcontact printing method. Then, patterns are successfully obtained with line widths down to 3 .

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28

Li, Yueshan, Yulin Zhang, Ji Lan, Bin Yan, Junying Qiu, Qingdang Meng, Yinjie Peng, Lingying Shi, and Rong Ran. "Ion-conducting gel with light-controlled variable conductivity: From cyclodextrin to messenger of light." Polymer 203 (August 2020): 122798. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122798.

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29

Suparerk, Aukkaravittayapun, Wai Tat Kerk, Hu Wu, and Hai Jing Lu. "Flexible Transparent Conducting Film by Hot Embossing." Key Engineering Materials 447-448 (September 2010): 710–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.447-448.710.

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Flexible transparent conducting (TC) film is a key element as the transparent electrode of the flexible electronics such as touch screen, solar cell, display or lighting. Current commercial flexible sputtered ITO films have shown some limitations; high sheet resistance (> 10 ohm/sq), deterioration of ITO film during repeatedly bending, indium scarce, and expensive fabrication process (sputtering). In this report, a new simple and cheap process to make such flexible TC film by using hot embossing and forming micro metal mesh underneath transparent conducting layer is proposed. This simple process has yielded a promising result with sheet resistance as low as 4 ohm/sq and the light transmission of 68% (@550nm). Future improvement on light transmission is discussed.

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30

Zakaria, Mohd Yusuf, Hendra Suherman, Jaafar Sahari, and Abu Bakar Sulong. "Effect of Mixing Parameter on Electrical Conductivity of Carbon Black/Graphite/Epoxy Nanocomposite Using Taguchi Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 393 (September 2013): 68–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.393.68.

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Polymer composite has attracted many researchers from various field of application due to its unique features and properties including light weight, low cost, ease to process and shaping and corrosion resistant [1-3]. Fillers is typically added to enhance the chemical and physical properties of polymers [4, 5]. One of the properties is the electrical conductivity. Carbon based filler such as graphite (G), carbon black (CB), carbon fibers (CF) and carbon nanotubes (CNT) has been extensively used to improve electrical properties of polymer composite [6-8]. Electrical properties of the composite can be explained from percolation theory which means electrical percolation in mixtures of electrically conducting and non-conducting materials [9]. The concentration of conducting phase must above the critical value called percolation threshold, in order for the material become electrically conductive [10].

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31

Cholula-Díaz, Jorge L., José Barzola-Quiquia, Christian Kranert, Tom Michalsky, Pablo Esquinazi, Marius Grundmann, and Harald Krautscheid. "Conducting behavior of chalcopyrite-type CuGaS2 crystals under visible light." Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 16, no. 39 (2014): 21860–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cp03103b.

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The dynamic electrical properties of chalcopyrite-type CuGaS₂ crystals investigated by transient alternating current photoresistance measurements reveal a negative or positive photoresistance effect depending on the a.c. frequency.

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32

Huang, J., X. Wang, A. J. deMello, J. C. deMello, and D. D. C. Bradley. "Efficient flexible polymer light emitting diodes with conducting polymer anodes." Journal of Materials Chemistry 17, no. 33 (2007): 3551. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b705918n.

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33

Yan, Meng, Qiaoxia Zhang, Yanghua Zhao, Jianping Yang, Tao Yang, Jian Zhang, and Xing’ao Li. "Applications of Transparent Conducting Oxides in Organic Light Emitting Devices." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 15, no. 9 (September 1, 2015): 6279–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2015.10732.

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34

Ngo, Dat, Gorden Videen, and Robert Dalling. "Chaotic light scattering from a system of osculating, conducting spheres." Physics Letters A 227, no. 3-4 (March 1997): 197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0375-9601(97)00036-4.

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35

Choi, Won-Sik, Wan Jae Kim, Si-Hyun Park, Sung Oh Cho, June Key Lee, Jun Beom Park, Jun-Seok Ha, Tae Hoon Chung, and Tak Jeong. "Light-emitting diodes fabricated on an electrical conducting flexible substrate." Solid-State Electronics 127 (January 2017): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sse.2016.10.040.

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36

Bertini, Graziano, and Paolo Carosi. "Light baton system: A system for conducting computer music performance." Interface 22, no. 3 (August 1993): 243–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09298219308570635.

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37

Sam, F. Laurent M., M. Anas Razali, K. D. G. Imalka Jayawardena, Christopher A. Mills, Lynn J. Rozanski, Michail J. Beliatis, and S. Ravi P. Silva. "Silver grid transparent conducting electrodes for organic light emitting diodes." Organic Electronics 15, no. 12 (December 2014): 3492–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orgel.2014.09.036.

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38

Padmabandu, G. G., D. Abromson, and William S. Bickel. "Light scattering by micron-sized conducting fibers: an experimental determination." Applied Optics 30, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.30.000139.

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39

Zhou, Y., K. S. Yew, D. S. Ang, T. Kawashima, M. K. Bera, H. Z. Zhang, and G. Bersuker. "White-light-induced disruption of nanoscale conducting filament in hafnia." Applied Physics Letters 107, no. 7 (August 17, 2015): 072107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4929324.

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40

Khorasani, Sina, and Bizhan Rashidian. "Guided light propagation in dielectric slab waveguide with conducting interfaces." Journal of Optics A: Pure and Applied Optics 3, no. 5 (August 1, 2001): 380–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1464-4258/3/5/311.

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41

Han, Hoseong, and Sunghun Cho. "Fabrication of Conducting Polyacrylate Resin Solution with Polyaniline Nanofiber and Graphene for Conductive 3D Printing Application." Polymers 10, no. 9 (September 8, 2018): 1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10091003.

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Three-dimensional printing based on the digital light processing (DLP) method offers solution processability, fast printing time, and high-quality printing through selective light curing of photopolymers. This research relates to a method of dispersing polyaniline nanofibers (PANI NFs) and graphene sheets in a polyacrylate resin solution for optimizing the conductive solution suitable for DLP-type 3D printing. Dispersion and morphology of the samples with different filler contents were investigated by field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) and optical microscope (OM) analyses. The polyacrylate composite solution employing the PANI NFs and graphene was printed well with various shapes and sizes through the 3D printing of DLP technology. In addition, the electrical properties of the printed sculptures have been investigated using a 4-point probe measurement system. The printed sculpture containing the PANI NFs and graphene sheets exhibited electrical conductivity (4.00 × 10−9 S/cm) up to 107 times higher than the pure polyacrylate (1.1 × 10−16 S/cm). This work suggests potential application of the PANI NF/graphene cofiller system for DLP-type 3D printing.

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42

Johansen, Ola Buan Øien. "The philosophical fiber: Rethinking ensemble conducting in light of a record producer’s practice." Nordic Research in Music Education 1, no. 1 (November 17, 2020): 167–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.23865/nrme.v1.2639.

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The overall aim of this single case study is to find aspects of musical leadership relevant to ensemble conducting, using the theory of practice architectures to analyze a record producer’s practice. Data generation is performed mainly through transcripts and reflection logs based on YouTube interviews and videos. Insights into ensemble conducting are offered by exploring the following question: “What aspects of musical leadership relevant to conducting can be identified by applying the theory of practice architectures to an analysis of record producer Daniel Lanois’s practice?” The materials are analyzed based on three contexts of interpretation of meaning in hermeneutics. The theory of practice architectures serves as the analytical lens for the third context of interpretation. Main findings from this study are extracted into nine concepts that may serve as aspects of musical leadership relevant to conducting: a fast communication system, a self-adjusting act, black dubs, locations, operating by limitation, master station, the philosophical fiber, preparing, and sonic ambience. These and similar concepts may offer new insights into ensemble conducting in contexts similar to recording situations.

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43

Han, Joo Won, Jin Hee Kim, Yong Hyun Kim, and Changhun Yun. "Internal light extraction structures based on SiO2 nanoparticles-conducting polymers for organic light-emitting diodes." Journal of Korean Society for Imaging Science and Technology 23, no. 4 (December 31, 2017): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.14226/ksist.2017.23.04.3.

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44

WU, CHUN-GUEY, PI-YU CHEN, and SU-SAN CHANG. "THE CONDUCTING HOMOGENEITY OF ITO ELECTRODE AND WATER-SOLUBLE CONDUCTING POLYANILINE FILMS." International Journal of Nanoscience 03, no. 06 (December 2004): 859–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x04002760.

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The morphology and conductivity of indium/tin oxide (ITO) film have a large impact on the performance of light emitting diode (LED) devices using ITO as an anode. Atomic Force Microscope and current image tunneling spectroscopy (CITS) were used to probe the surface morphology and scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) of ITO surface. The morphology of all ITO films studied revealed a spherical aggregation with various grain sizes of 20~50 nm, depends on clean methods. It was also found that the conductivity of ITO films is related to film thickness. In general, thicker film shows higher conductivity. Nevertheless, the conductivity within a single grain is very homogeneous. On the other hand, the topographies of poly(N-(4-sulfophenyl)aniline (PSA) films revealed a rod-shaped aggregation with a diameter of 50 nm. The corresponding CITS images revealed conducting islands with irregular shape and size. The conductivity within a single polymer rod is not homogeneous.

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45

Ziegenbalg, Dirk, Günter Kreisel, Dieter Weiß, and Dana Kralisch. "OLEDs as prospective light sources for microstructured photoreactors." Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 13, no. 7 (2014): 1005–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3pp50302j.

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46

Hannemann, Mandy, Gino Wegner, and Carsten Henkel. "No-Slip Boundary Conditions for Electron Hydrodynamics and the Thermal Casimir Pressure." Universe 7, no. 4 (April 20, 2021): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe7040108.

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We derive modified reflection coefficients for electromagnetic waves in the THz and far infrared range. The idea is based on hydrodynamic boundary conditions for metallic conduction electrons. The temperature-dependent part of the Casimir pressure between metal plates is evaluated. The results should shed light on the “thermal anomaly,” where measurements deviate from the standard fluctuation electrodynamics for conducting metals.

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47

He, Shuzhong, Masakazu Mukaida, Kazuhiro Kirihara, Lingyun Lyu, and Qingshuo Wei. "Reversible Protonic Doping in Poly(3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene)." Polymers 10, no. 10 (September 25, 2018): 1065. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10101065.

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In this study, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), a benchmark-conducting polymer, was doped by protons. The doping and de-doping processes, using protonic acid and a base, were fully reversible. We predicted possible doping sites along the polymer chain using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. This study sheds potential light and understanding on the molecular design of highly conductive organic materials.

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Alsultan, Mohammed, Khalid Zainulabdeen, Pawel Wagner, Gerhard F. Swiegers, and Holly Warren. "Designed Conducting Polymer Composites That Facilitate Long-Lived, Light-Driven Oxygen and Hydrogen Evolution from Water in a Photoelectrochemical Concentration Cell (PECC)." Journal of Composites Science 3, no. 4 (December 14, 2019): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs3040108.

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Light-driven water-splitting to generate hydrogen and oxygen from water is typically carried out in an electrochemical cell with an external voltage greater than 1.23 V applied between the electrodes. In this work, we examined the use of a concentration/chemical bias as a means of facilitating water-splitting under light illumination without the need for such an externally applied voltage. Such a concentration bias was created by employing a pH differential in the liquid electrolytes within the O2-generating anode half-cell and the H2-generating cathode half-cell. A novel, stretchable, highly ion-conductive polyacrylamide CsCl hydrogel was developed to connect the two half-cells. The key feature of the cell was the half-cell electrodes, which comprised thin-film conducting polymer composites that were previously designed to maximize light-driven catalysis at moderate pH. Upon being connected with the hydrogel in the presence of light irradiation (0.25 sun intensity on each electrode), the half-cells spontaneously produced hydrogen and oxygen from water, without the need for an externally applied voltage bias greater than 1.23 V. The cell operated reliably and efficiently for 14 h of continuous testing. These results demonstrate the fundamental feasibility of light-driven water-splitting in a photoelectrochemical concentration cell when employing electrodes that operate efficiently at moderate pH, even with low levels of light illumination. The designed conducting polymer composites proved ideal in that regard.

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Lysochenko, S. V., Yu S. Zharkikh, O. G. Kukharenko, O. V. Tretiak, and M. G. Tolmachov. "Hall Study of Conductive Channels Formed in Germanium by Beams of High-Energy Light Ions." Ukrainian Journal of Physics 66, no. 1 (January 29, 2021): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ujpe66.1.62.

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The implantation of the high-energy ions of H+ or He+ in germanium leads to the creation of buried conductive channels in its bulk with equal concentrations of acceptor centers. These centers are the structure defects of the crystal lattice which arise in the course of deceleration of high-energy particles. This method of introducing electrically active defects is similar to the doping of semiconductors by acceptor-type impurities. It has been established that the density of defects increases with the implantation dose till ≈5×10^15 cm−2. The further increase of the implantation dose does not affect the level of doping. In the range of applied doses (10^12–6×10^16) cm−2, the Hall mobility of holes in the formed conducting channels is practically independent of the implanted dose and is about (2-3)×10^4 cm2/Vs at 77 K. The doping ofthe germanium by high-energy ions of H+ or He+ to obtain conducting regions with high hole mobility can be used in the microelectronics technology.

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Luo, Dongxiang, Qizan Chen, Baiquan Liu, and Ying Qiu. "Emergence of Flexible White Organic Light-Emitting Diodes." Polymers 11, no. 2 (February 22, 2019): 384. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11020384.

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Flexible white organic light-emitting diodes (FWOLEDs) have considerable potential to meet the rapidly growing requirements of display and lighting commercialization. To achieve high-performance FWOLEDs, (i) the selection of effective flexible substrates, (ii) the use of transparent conducting electrodes, (iii) the introduction of efficient device architectures, and iv) the exploitation of advanced outcoupling techniques are necessary. In this review, recent state-of-the-art strategies to develop FWOLEDs have been summarized. Firstly, the fundamental concepts of FWOLEDs have been described. Then, the primary approaches to realize FWOLEDs have been introduced. Particularly, the effects of flexible substrates, conducting electrodes, device architectures, and outcoupling techniques in FWOLEDs have been comprehensively highlighted. Finally, issues and ways to further enhance the performance of FWOLEDs have been briefly clarified.

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