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Journal articles on the topic 'Light culling'
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Yang, Qinqi, Zhuxin Chen, Yanli Liu, Guanyu Xing, and Yanci Zhang. "Foveated light culling." Computers & Graphics 97 (June 2021): 200–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cag.2021.04.021.
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PAGÉ, SYLVAIN, JEAN-PIERRE CHARUEST, and JACQUES J. DUFOUR. "EFFET DE L'IMPOSITION DE DEUX RÉGIMES LUMINEUX À DEUX STADES PHYSIOLOGIQUES SUR LE TAUX DE RÉFORME POUR ANOESTRUS ET NON GESTATION CHEZ LA COCHETTE ET LA TRUIE." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 68, no. 4 (December 1, 1988): 1001–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas88-115.
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During a 3-yr period, Landrace-Yorkshire gilts of an average age of 225 d were randomly assigned to 4 h light — 20 h dark (4) or 16 h light — 8 h dark (16), as they entered the herd. In the gestation room (G), the two light treatments were maintained until culling or 1 wk prior to farrowing. For the lactation period (L), the gilts were either maintained on the same light treatment as the gestation or switched to the opposite one before going back again at weaning to the light treatment received in gestation. Four light treatments were then formed, namely: G4-L4, G4-L16, G16-L4 and G16-L16 and the practical consequences of such light regimens evaluated in a commercial herd. In gilts, the culling rate for anestrus (at 304 d of age) was 6.6% for the 956 gilts available for the study and was unaffected by photoperiod imposed during gestation. The culling rate for failure to maintain pregnancy was 4.7% for the 1150 gilts available and was higher (P < 0.01) in gilts exposed to the 4 h light (G4). In primiparous sows, the culling rates for anestrus (40 d after weaning) and failure to maintain pregnancy were 10.7% and 6.2%, respectively, for the 475 and 678 sows available for the study. The culling rates for anestrus and failure to maintain pregnancy were higher for sows exposed to the 16 h light in lactation (L16, P < 0.06 and P < 0.02, respectively). After two and three farrowings, the culling rates were negligible for all treatments. Among females culled for anestrus, 62% of gilts and 58% of primiparous sows showed luteal structures (corpora lutea and/or corpora albicantia) at slaughter and were unaffected by treatments. Among females culled for anestrus and failure to maintain pregnancy, 24% of gilts and 19% of primiparous sows had genital abnormalities. These data indicate that the effect of photoperiod on the culling rate for reproductive failure in swine was dependent upon parity and physiological stage at which it is imposed. Key words: Gilt, sow, photoperiod, culling, anestrus, failure to maintain pregnancy
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Tokuyoshi, Yusuke, and Takahiro Harada. "Stochastic Light Culling for VPLs on GGX Microsurfaces." Computer Graphics Forum 36, no. 4 (July 2017): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cgf.13224.
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Macnab, John. "Does game cropping serve conservation? A reexamination of the African data." Canadian Journal of Zoology 69, no. 9 (September 1, 1991): 2283–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z91-320.
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Commercial culling of wildlife species in natural habitats (game cropping) or in fenced areas (game farming) has been suggested as a means of conserving such species in North America. An alternative hypothesis proposes that such exploitation may have an adverse impact on these species and other species associated with them. Commercial exploitation uses the precedent of African cropping projects originally set up for conservation. This review examines the biological and economic evidence from Africa in the light of these two hypotheses. The biological evidence is now seen to suggest that domestic ungulates are more productive than wild species in medium-rainfall natural habitats of Africa. Game farming, which provides luxury products (meat), and services (tourism, hunting) to foreigners, is more productive than game cropping which tries to provide cheap meat to low-income native peoples. The economic evidence in favour of cropping is drawn from culling programs for management in national parks, and from private ranches in southern Africa. However, these park culling schemes subsidized costs and were not intended for profit, whereas private ranches sold to luxury markets and were subsidized by tourism and sport hunting. Although many private game farms are a commercial success, their value for conservation is limited. There may also be some negative effects on conservation.
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Lewis, P. D., G. C. Perry, and C. M. Sherwin. "Effect of intermittent light regimens on the performance of intact male turkeys." Animal Science 67, no. 3 (December 1998): 627–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800033075.
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AbstractAn 8-h photoperiod, compared with 12-, 16- or 23-h photoperiods, has been shown to reduce the incidence of injurious pecking and leg problems in intact male turkeys but to result in lower body weights, slower sexual development and less efficient food conversion. The effect of 8 h of illumination given as a solid photoperiod, as eight 1-h periods equally spread through the 24 h or concentrated into a 12-h part of the day on the performance of BUT 8 intact male turkeys was investigated.Fragmentation of the daily illumination increased body weight, improved food conversion efficiency but did not significantly affect food intake. Increased sexual displaying and significantly better food conversion between 16 and 20 weeks by the two intermittently illuminated groups strongly suggested that both regimens were interpreted as stimulatory daylengths. Generally, losses due to mortality and culling were higher in both fragmented groups, while injurious pecking was higher in 8(1L: ID) birds before 5 weeks and in birds given a 12-h ‘subjective day’ after 5 weeks than in 8-h controls. Culling due to leg problems was significantly higher in birds on the 8(1L:2D) regimen but the incidence of leg imperfections was minimal (< 0·037) in all groups. Both intermittent groups but the 8(1L: 2D) in particular, showed a reduced response to hand movement across the eyes compared with 8-h controls. The controls ate proportionately more food during their 16-h dark period than did the intermittent group during their 12-h ‘subjective night’, though both groups increased their ‘nocturnal’ feeding with age.
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Abdul Salam, Khairunnasriah. "Culling of Stray Dogs as a Mean to Eliminate Rabies Transmission: An Analysis from Malaysian and Islamic Law Perspective with Special Reference to Ḥifz Al-Nafs (Protection of Life)." Jurnal Islam dan Masyarakat Kontemporari 19 (September 11, 2018): 17–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.37231/jimk.2018.19.0.280.
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This paper aims to examine the position of culling of stray dogs during the 2015 rabies outbreak in Malaysia as a measure to eliminate rabies transmission from the perspective Malaysian legal framework and Islamic law with special reference to ḥifz al-nafs (protection of life). For that purpose, this paper discusses the Malaysian law and policy pertaining to rabies and rabies control as stated in two Malaysian statutes, namely Animals Act 1953 (Act 647), Animals (Amendment) Act 2013 (Act A1452) and Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases Act 1988 (Act 342). It further analyses the position of culling of stray dogs in eliminating transmission of rabies from the Islamic law perspective by applying the concept of maṣlaḥah mursalah (consideration of public interest) and sadd al-dharā’iʿ (blocking the means) in order to analyze the measure within the framework of maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah (objectives of Sharīʿah) in general, and ḥifzʿala al-nafs (protection of life) in particular. In the light of these objectives, it also evaluates the position of culling of stray dogs by outweighing the situation when the life of human were in conflict with the life of animals (i.e. stray dogs) using the Islamic legal maxim. This paper concludes that the position of culling of stray dogs as a measure in eliminating rabies transmission is permissible (mubaḥ) in order to protect the public interest and to remove hardship in the society based on the evaluated determinant factors within the determined time scope, that are: i) the Malaysian experience and condition during the rabies outbreak; ii) the shortage of rabies vaccine in Malaysia during the outbreak; iii) the vital nature of the rabies virus; iv) the nature and habit of stray dogs as the main host of rabies virus; v) the nature of the conflicted harms between the harm to human and harm to stray dogs. It further concludes that the measure is important to protect the public health which consequently significant to achieve the social harmony.
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shihan, Tan, Zhang jianwei, Lin yi, Liu hong, Yang menglong, and Ge wenyi. "Adaptive volumetric light and atmospheric scattering." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 18, 2020): e0242265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242265.
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An adaptive sampling-based atmospheric scattering and volumetric light framework for flight simulator (FS) is proposed to enhance the immersion and realism in real-time. The framework comprises epipolar sampling (ES), visible factor culling (VFC), interactive participating media density estimating (IPMDE). The main process of proposed architecture is as follows: the scene is divided into two levels according to the distance from the camera. In the high-level pipeline, the layer close to the camera, more samples, and smaller sampling step size is used to improve image quality. Further, the IPMDE method is designed to enhance realism by achieving interactivity with the participating media and multiple light sources. Further optimization is performed by the lookup table and 3D volumetric textures, by which we can compute the density of participating media and the scattering coefficient in parallel. In the low-level pipeline, when the samples are far away from the camera, its influence on the final output is also reduced, which results in fewer samples and a bigger sampling step size. The improved ES method further reduces the number of samples involved in ray marching using the features of epipolar geometry. It then generates global light effects and shadows of distant terrain. The VFC method uses an acceleration structure to quickly find the lit segments which eliminate samples blocked by obstacles. The experimental results demonstrate our architecture achieves a better sense of reality in real-time and is very suitable for FS.
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PATI, ARUN K. "REPLICATION AND EVOLUTION OF QUANTUM SPECIES." Fluctuation and Noise Letters 04, no. 03 (September 2004): R27—R38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219477504002014.
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We dwell upon the physicist's conception of 'life' since Schrödinger and Wigner through to the modern-day language of living systems in the light of quantum information. We discuss some basic features of a living system such as ordinary replication and evolution in terms of quantum bio-information. We also discuss the principle of no-culling of living replicas. We show that in a collection of identical species there can be no entanglement between one of the mutated copies and the rest of the species in a closed universe. Even though these discussions revolve around 'artificial life' they may still be applicable in real biological systems under suitable conditions.
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Lucas, Scott C. "ABU BAKR IBN AL-MUNDHIR, AMPUTATION, AND THE ART OF IJTIHĀD." International Journal of Middle East Studies 39, no. 3 (August 2007): 368a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743807070894.
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This article introduces the legal methodology of independent mujtahid (legal scholar) Abu Bakr ibn al-Mundhir al-Naysaburi (d. 930) in order to shed light on the nature of ijtihād (independent judgment in a legal or theological question) on the eve of crystallization of the four Sunni legal schools. Ibn al-Mundhir's presentation of laws concerning punishment for theft indicates that the Qurʿan and Prophetic hadith played a modest role in early elaboration of Islamic law. Instead, the bulk of this early mujtahid's efforts were devoted to culling and evaluating legal opinions of the companions, successors, and, in particular, a small group of postsuccessor jurists. I conclude by locating Ibn al-Mundhir within the literature of juristic disagreement (ikhtilāf) and highlighting the features that make his writings exceptional within this tradition.
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Fouque, Carol, and Vincent Schricke. "Status and trends of the Canada Goose Branta canadensis in France." Ornis Svecica 21, no. 2–4 (April 1, 2011): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.34080/os.v21.22601.
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An enquiry to determine the distribution and abundance of the Canada Goose Branta candensis in France was undertaken in 2008. Responses were received from 92 out of the 96 departments. Canada Geese were reported in 56 of the 92 departments, in 8 of which the species had only appeared after 2000. For half of the 56 departments, the species was observed only in summer. Canada Geese summered in 38 departments, numbering at least 4,250 birds. At least 6,000 birds are also thought to winter in France as of 2008/2009, when the species is more widespread. Winter numbers are increasing exponentially. In 5 departments, crop damage and public health issues have resulted in local management measures in the last 3 years (e.g. egg pricking and culling of adults). We discuss the need for further regulation and legislation in the light of these conflicts and hybridisation with other species.
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Beato, Maria Serena, Yifei Xu, Li-Ping Long, Ilaria Capua, and Xiu-Feng Wan. "Antigenic and Genetic Evolution of Low-Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Viruses of Subtype H7N3 following Heterologous Vaccination." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 21, no. 5 (February 19, 2014): 603–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00647-13.
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ABSTRACTOutbreaks of low-pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) viruses of the H7N3 subtype were first detected in Italy in October 2002, and the virus continued to circulate between 2002 and 2004 in a densely populated poultry area in the northeast portion of that country. This virus circulated in unvaccinated and vaccinated poultry farms, and the infection was controlled in August 2003 by culling, control of movements, improved biosecurity, and heterologous vaccination. In 2004, H7N3 reoccurred in vaccinated poultry farms in which infection had been successfully controlled by the vaccination program. To shed light on this occurrence and the temporal pattern and genetic basis of antigenic drift for avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in the absence and presence of heterologous vaccination, a collection of H7N3 viruses isolated in 2002 and 2004 were characterized genetically and antigenically. Molecular analysis showed that viruses isolated in the 2004 outbreaks after the implementation of vaccination had acquired specific amino acid signatures, most of which were located at reported antibody binding sites of the hemagglutinin (HA) protein. Antigenic characterization of these 2004 isolates showed that they were antigenically different from those isolated prior to the implementation of vaccination. This is the first report on antigenic and genetic evolution of H7 LPAI viruses following the application of heterologous vaccination in poultry. These findings may have an impact on control strategies to combat AI infections in poultry based on vaccination.
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HARRIS, KERRI L., GERD BOBE, and LESLIE D. BOURQUIN. "Patulin Surveillance in Apple Cider and Juice Marketed in Michigan." Journal of Food Protection 72, no. 6 (June 1, 2009): 1255–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-72.6.1255.
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Patulin is the most common mycotoxin found in apples and apple juices. The objective of this study was to determine the concentrations of patulin in (i) apple cider produced and marketed by Michigan apple cider mills during the fall seasons of 2002 to 2003 and 2003 to 2004 and (ii) apple juice and cider, including shelf-stable products, marketed in retail grocery stores in Michigan throughout 2005 and 2006. End product samples (n = 493) obtained from 104 Michigan apple cider mills were analyzed for patulin concentration by using solid-phase extraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Patulin was detected (≥4 μg/liter) in 18.7% of all cider mill samples, with 11 samples (2.2%) having patulin concentrations of ≥50 μg/liter. A greater percentage of cider samples obtained from mills using thermal pasteurization contained detectable patulin (28.4%) than did those from mills using UV light radiation (13.5%) or no pathogen reduction treatment (17.0%). Among retail grocery store samples (n = 159), 23% of apple juice and cider samples contained detectable patulin, with 18 samples (11.3%) having patulin concentrations of ≥50 μg/liter. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) action level for patulin is 50 μg/kg. Some apple juice samples obtained from retail grocery stores had exceptionally high patulin concentrations, ranging up to 2,700 μg/liter. Collectively, these results indicate that most apple cider and juice test samples from Michigan were below the FDA action level for patulin but that certain apple cider and juice processors have inadequate controls over patulin concentrations in final products. The industry, overall, should focus on improved quality of fruit used in juice production and improve culling procedures to reduce patulin concentrations.
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Schabla, N. Max, Koushik Mondal, and Patrick C. Swanson. "DCAF1 (VprBP): emerging physiological roles for a unique dual-service E3 ubiquitin ligase substrate receptor." Journal of Molecular Cell Biology 11, no. 9 (December 24, 2018): 725–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmcb/mjy085.
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Abstract Cullin-RING ligases (CRLs) comprise a large group of modular eukaryotic E3 ubiquitin ligases. Within this family, the CRL4 ligase (consisting of the Cullin4 [CUL4] scaffold protein, the Rbx1 RING finger domain protein, the DNA damage-binding protein 1 [DDB1], and one of many DDB1-associated substrate receptor proteins) has been intensively studied in recent years due to its involvement in regulating various cellular processes, its role in cancer development and progression, and its subversion by viral accessory proteins. Initially discovered as a target for hijacking by the human immunodeficiency virus accessory protein r, the normal targets and function of the CRL4 substrate receptor protein DDB1–Cul4-associated factor 1 (DCAF1; also known as VprBP) had remained elusive, but newer studies have begun to shed light on these questions. Here, we review recent progress in understanding the diverse physiological roles of this DCAF1 in supporting various general and cell type-specific cellular processes in its context with the CRL4 E3 ligase, as well as another HECT-type E3 ligase with which DCAF1 also associates, called EDD/UBR5. We also discuss emerging questions and areas of future study to uncover the dynamic roles of DCAF1 in normal physiology.
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Christians, Matthew J., Aron Rottier, and Carly Wiersma. "Light Regulates the RUBylation Levels of Individual Cullin Proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana." Plant Molecular Biology Reporter 36, no. 1 (January 29, 2018): 123–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11105-017-1064-9.
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Milic, Tian, and Bernhagen. "Role of the COP9 Signalosome (CSN) in Cardiovascular Diseases." Biomolecules 9, no. 6 (June 5, 2019): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom9060217.
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The constitutive photomorphogenesis 9 (COP9) signalosome (CSN) is an evolutionarily conserved multi-protein complex, consisting of eight subunits termed CSN1-CSN8. The main biochemical function of the CSN is the control of protein degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome-system through regulation of cullin-RING E3-ligase (CRL) activity by deNEDDylation of cullins, but the CSN also serves as a docking platform for signaling proteins. The catalytic deNEDDylase (isopeptidase) activity of the complex is executed by CSN5, but only efficiently occurs in the three-dimensional architectural context of the complex. Due to its positioning in a central cellular pathway connected to cell responses such as cell-cycle, proliferation, and signaling, the CSN has been implicated in several human diseases, with most evidence available for a role in cancer. However, emerging evidence also suggests that the CSN is involved in inflammation and cardiovascular diseases. This is both due to its role in controlling CRLs, regulating components of key inflammatory pathways such as nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), and complex-independent interactions of subunits such as CSN5 with inflammatory proteins. In this case, we summarize and discuss studies suggesting that the CSN may have a key role in cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis and heart failure. We discuss the implicated molecular mechanisms ranging from inflammatory NF-κB signaling to proteotoxicity and necrosis, covering disease-relevant cell types such as myeloid and endothelial cells or cardiomyocytes. While the CSN is considered to be disease-exacerbating in most cancer entities, the cardiovascular studies suggest potent protective activities in the vasculature and heart. The underlying mechanisms and potential therapeutic avenues will be critically discussed.
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Nefedova, S., L. Karpova, A. Korovushkin, P. Vandyshev, and E. Shashurina. "УВЕЛИЧЕНИЕ СРОКОВ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ КУР-НЕСУШЕК ПРОМЫШЛЕННОГО СТАДА С РАННИМ ПРИМЕНЕНИЕМ ПРЕДКЛАДКОВОГО РАЦИОНАИ ФОРСИРОВАНИЕМ ЛИНЬКИ." VESTNIK RIAZANSKOGO GOSUDARSTVENNOGO AGROTEHNOLOGICHESKOGO UNIVERSITETA IM. P.A. KOSTYCHEVA, no. 3(43) (September 27, 2019): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.36508/rsatu.2019.43.41335.
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Увеличение сроков использования курнесушек является актуальной задачей для современного птицеводства. Методом регуляции сроков продуктивного периода курнесушек является применение форсирования линьки. Для ускорения сроков линьки необходимо стрессировать кур, адаптированных к современным системам производства, обладающих высокими воспроизводительными качествами. Важно, чтобы птице была обеспечена эффективная конверсия питательных веществ и кормовой энергии. Такой птице возможно ускорить сроки естественной линьки с последующим быстрым восстановлением яйценоскости. Сезонная линька у кур происходит вследствие врожденной приспособительной реакции организма к экологическим, физиологическим и производственным факторам. К таковым относятся: изменение кормления и поения птицы, сокращение светового дня, уменьшение освещенности и температуры в птичнике и т.д. Для внедрения в птицеводство методов, позволяющих увеличить сроки использования курнесушек, предлагается технология их кормления с ранним применением предкладкового рациона и форсированием линьки. Оптимальным режимом эксплуатации курнесушек при форсировании линьки молодняка является 6264недельный возраст при 60й интенсивности яйцекладки с учетом 14недельного возраста молодняка для предкладкового периода. Яичная продуктивность несушкипри этом в начале цикла яйцекладки составит в среднем 912535 шт. и в середине цикла 920 610 шт. яиц количество выбраковки 16. Сроки эксплуатации курнесушек с применением принудительной линьки увеличивается на 32 недели. Экономическая эффективность при применении раннего предкладкового рациона с последующим форсированием линьки у кур в возрасте 6264 недели, следующая: на 1000 яиц 94 руб. всего 448 тыс. руб.Increasing the use of laying hens is an urgent task for modern poultry. Method of regulation of the timing of the productive period of the hens is the application of force molting. To speed up the molting time it is necessary to train chickens adapted to modern production systems with high reproductive qualities. It is important that the bird has been provided effective conversion of nutrients and feed energy. Such a bird may accelerate the timing of natural molting, followed by rapid recovery of egg production. Seasonal moulting in chickens occurs as a result of the bodys innate adaptive response to environmental, physiological and production factors. These include: change in feeding and watering poultry, reduced daylight, reduced light and temperature in the poultry house, etc. Relevant to introduce poultry farming methods to increase the timing of the use of laying hens. For this purpose, the technology of their feeding with the early use of prelaying diet and forcing molt. The optimal mode of operation of laying hens when forcing molting young is 6264week age at 60 intensity of oviposition, taking into account the 14week age of young animals for the prelaying period. Egg production in the initial and the average hen will, on average, 912 and 920 of eggs the number of culling 16 . At the same time, the dynamics of the service life of laying hens with the use of forced moulting increases by 32 weeks. Economic efficiency, when applied early diet with the subsequent forcing of molting in chickens at the age of 6264 weeks, the following: per 1,000 eggs 94 rub. just 448 thousand rub.
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Ott, Ernst, Fabrizio Conceprio, and Andrea Pedrini. "Diradamenti di cedui castanili invecchiati - risultati di due parcelle sperimentali (1975–1997) a Novaggio, Ticino | Study of the Problem of Thinning Ageing Chestnut Coppice Forest over 25-Years-Old: Findings from Two Study Areas near Novaggio, in the Canton of Ticino (1975–1997)." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 151, no. 2 (February 1, 2000): 43–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2000.0043.
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A study was undertaken to determine the extent to which practical and scientific results of a study in the Swiss Central plateau can be applied to the chestnut coppice to the south of the Alps in Switzerland. The Central plateau study was carried out using selective thinning in former coppice with standards and seedling forests. The neglect of the chestnut coppices which occurred during the early 1970s made this a topical issue at the time. With this in mind, our experiment was primarily aimed at answering the following question: Can selective thinning contribute to the long-term transformation of these chestnut coppices, and eventually bring about natural regeneration through seedlings? Particular interest was paid to the effect it has on improving timber production,timber quality, vitality, and species mixture. Two stands were selected for the study: these were sufficiently large to produce valid results, and had as homogeneous a structure as possible. One was a typical stand of chestnut coppice forest; the other contained chestnut coppice but also had a high proportion of Turkey oak and pedunculate oak. Two sub-plots of 50 ares were marked out on each stand; selective thinning was carried out on one sub-plot, the other was left untouched. In 1975, the condition of the four sub-plots was surveyed in great detail. All trees with a DBH of over 8 cm were permanently numbered, measured with calipers, and classified on the basis of the IUFRO system. The trees selected for culling in the two relevant sub-plots were then marked. In 1976, these trees were felled as planned. A second survey was conducted in 1980 and a final one carried out in 1996/97. Our findings largely match and confirm the practical experience gained over the last 20 years when thinning ageing chestnut coppice on dry sites, including those with an intermixture of Turkey and pedunculate oak. Coppice forests over the age of 25 were unable to replenish the loss of timber reserves by thinning. Both their growth and ability to react diminish greatly with age. As strongly light-demanding trees, the chestnuts and oaks in the saw-timber stage are unable to sufficiently regenerate their crowns once these are reduced by too great an extent through pressure from competing trees. Altogether, these findings match our practical observations and experiences. Thinning techniques used on sites to the north of the Alps cannot be applied to the chestnut coppice forests in dry sites to the south. We can conclude that the technique used in this study will not significantly improve the condition of chestnut coppice forests in dry sites to the south of the Alps.
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Zhang, Xiaozhe, and Feng Rao. "Are Inositol Polyphosphates the Missing Link in Dynamic Cullin RING Ligase Regulation by the COP9 Signalosome?" Biomolecules 9, no. 8 (August 7, 2019): 349. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom9080349.
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The E3 ligase activity of Cullin RING Ligases (CRLs) is controlled by cycles of neddylation/deneddylation and intimately regulated by the deneddylase COP9 Signalosome (CSN), one of the proteasome lid-CSN-initiation factor 3 (PCI) domain-containing “Zomes” complex. Besides catalyzing the removal of stimulatory Cullin neddylation, CSN also provides a docking platform for other proteins that might play a role in regulating CRLs, notably protein kinases and deubiquitinases. During the CRL activity cycle, CRL–CSN complexes are dynamically assembled and disassembled. Mechanisms underlying complex dynamics remain incompletely understood. Recently, the inositol polyphosphate metabolites (IP6, IP7) and their metabolic enzymes (IP5K, IP6K) have been discovered to participate in CRL–CSN complex formation as well as stimulus-dependent dissociation. Here we discuss these mechanistic insights in light of recent advances in elucidating structural basis of CRL–CSN complexes.
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Moon, Jennifer, Yunde Zhao, Xinhua Dai, Wenjing Zhang, William M. Gray, Enamul Huq, and Mark Estelle. "A New CULLIN 1 Mutant Has Altered Responses to Hormones and Light in Arabidopsis." Plant Physiology 143, no. 2 (December 8, 2006): 684–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.106.091439.
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Meister, Thieme, Thieme, Köhler, Schmitt, Valerius, and Braus. "COP9 Signalosome Interaction with UspA/Usp15 Deubiquitinase Controls VeA-Mediated Fungal Multicellular Development." Biomolecules 9, no. 6 (June 18, 2019): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom9060238.
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COP9 signalosome (CSN) and Den1/A deneddylases physically interact and promote multicellular development in fungi. CSN recognizes Skp1/cullin-1/Fbx E3 cullin-RING ligases (CRLs) without substrate and removes their posttranslational Nedd8 modification from the cullin scaffold. This results in CRL complex disassembly and allows Skp1 adaptor/Fbx receptor exchange for altered substrate specificity. We characterized the novel ubiquitin-specific protease UspA of the mold Aspergillus nidulans, which corresponds to CSN-associated human Usp15 and interacts with six CSN subunits. UspA reduces amounts of ubiquitinated proteins during fungal development, and the uspA gene expression is repressed by an intact CSN. UspA is localized in proximity to nuclei and recruits proteins related to nuclear transport and transcriptional processing, suggesting functions in nuclear entry control. UspA accelerates the formation of asexual conidiospores, sexual development, and supports the repression of secondary metabolite clusters as the derivative of benzaldehyde (dba) genes. UspA reduces protein levels of the fungal NF-kappa B-like velvet domain protein VeA, which coordinates differentiation and secondary metabolism. VeA stability depends on the Fbx23 receptor, which is required for light controlled development. Our data suggest that the interplay between CSN deneddylase, UspA deubiquitinase, and SCF-Fbx23 ensures accurate levels of VeA to support fungal development and an appropriate secondary metabolism.
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Takedachi, Arato, Masafumi Saijo, and Kiyoji Tanaka. "DDB2 Complex-Mediated Ubiquitylation around DNA Damage Is Oppositely Regulated by XPC and Ku and Contributes to the Recruitment of XPA." Molecular and Cellular Biology 30, no. 11 (April 5, 2010): 2708–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.01460-09.
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ABSTRACT UV-damaged-DNA-binding protein (UV-DDB) is a heterodimer comprised of DDB1 and DDB2 and integrated in a complex that includes a ubiquitin ligase component, cullin 4A, and Roc1. Here we show that the ubiquitin ligase activity of the DDB2 complex is required for efficient global genome nucleotide excision repair (GG-NER) in chromatin. Mutant DDB2 proteins derived from xeroderma pigmentosum group E patients are not able to mediate ubiquitylation around damaged sites in chromatin. We also found that CSN, a negative regulator of cullin-based ubiquitin ligases, dissociates from the DDB2 complex when the complex binds to damaged DNA and that XPC and Ku oppositely regulate the ubiquitin ligase activity, especially around damaged sites. Furthermore, the DDB2 complex-mediated ubiquitylation plays a role in recruiting XPA to damaged sites. These findings shed some light on the early stages of GG-NER.
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Mladenov Jovanović, Srđan. "Confronting recent history: forced mobilization in Serbia during the war in Croatia 1991–1995." Balcanica Posnaniensia. Acta et studia 27 (December 13, 2020): 167–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/bp.2020.27.11.
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However much interest the Yugoslav conflicts of the nineties seem to have sparked within the broader academic community, some relevant topics are still found to be missing or underresearched. The forced mobilization during the Milošević regime that culled men of almost all age in order for them to fight for their country is one of them. With the recently published Untold stories of the victims of the forced mobilization, some new light has been shed on the cullings of the 1990s. This article explores those stories, including recently emerged transcripts from the governmental sessions discussing them, and puts them through a historical lens.
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Mladenov Jovanović, Srđan. "Confronting recent history: forced mobilization in Serbia during the war in Croatia 1991–1995." Balcanica Posnaniensia. Acta et studia 27 (December 13, 2020): 167–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/bp.2020.27.11.
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However much interest the Yugoslav conflicts of the nineties seem to have sparked within the broader academic community, some relevant topics are still found to be missing or underresearched. The forced mobilization during the Milošević regime that culled men of almost all age in order for them to fight for their country is one of them. With the recently published Untold stories of the victims of the forced mobilization, some new light has been shed on the cullings of the 1990s. This article explores those stories, including recently emerged transcripts from the governmental sessions discussing them, and puts them through a historical lens.
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Suriyagoda, Lalith D. B., Hans Lambers, Megan H. Ryan, and Michael Renton. "Effects of leaf development and phosphorus supply on the photosynthetic characteristics of perennial legume species with pasture potential: modelling photosynthesis with leaf development." Functional Plant Biology 37, no. 8 (2010): 713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp09284.
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Age-dependent changes in leaf photosynthetic characteristics (i.e. parameters of the light response curve (maximum photosynthetic rate (Pmax), quantum yield (Φ) and the convexity parameter (θ)), stomatal conductance (gs) and dark respiration rate (Rd)) of an exotic perennial legume, Medicago sativa L. (lucerne), and two potential pasture legumes native to Australia, Cullen australasicum (Schltdl.) J.W. Grime and Cullen pallidum A. Lee, grown in a glasshouse for 5 months at two phosphorus (P) levels (3 (P3) and 30 (P30) mg P kg–1 dry soil) were tested. Leaf appearance rate and leaf area were lower at P3 than at P30 in all species, with M. sativa being the most sensitive to P3. At any leaf age, photosynthetic characteristics did not differ between P treatments. However, Pmax and gs for all the species and Φ for Cullen species increased until full leaf expansion and then decreased. The convexity parameter, θ, did not change with leaf age, whereas Rd decreased. The estimates of leaf net photosynthetic rate (Pleaf) obtained through simulations at variable Pmax and Φ were lower during early and late leaf developmental stages and at lower light intensities than those obtained when Φ was assumed to be constant (e.g. for a horizontally placed leaf, during the 1500°C days developmental period, 3 and 19% reduction of Pleaf at light intensities of 1500 and 500 µmol m–2 s–1, respectively). Therefore, developmental changes in leaf photosynthetic characteristics should be considered when estimating and simulating Pleaf of these pasture species.
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Beebe, Ann. "“Only Surpassed by the Light of Revelation”." Religion and the Arts 22, no. 1-2 (February 16, 2018): 79–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685292-02201004.
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Abstract Asher B. Durand (1796–1886) began his long career in the Hudson River School under the guidance of his mentor, Thomas Cole (1801–1848). Influenced by the death of Cole in 1848 and other factors, Durand turned to the William Cullen Bryant poem, “Thanatopsis.” Durand’s Landscape—Scene from ‘Thanatopsis,’ an expansive allegory with a farmer and a funeral in the foreground illuminated by a sunrise, offers reassurance with its vision of nature’s paradisiacal beauty. The Christianized sublimity of this allegorical Durand painting reveals a hopeful vision for a heavenly paradise. This essay explores the significance of Durand’s 1850 painting in conjunction with Bryant’s “Thanatopsis,” a study Durand composed, Classical Landscape (Imaginary Landscape c. 1850), his 1855 Letters on Landscape Painting, as well as Durand’s 1862 repainting of the canvas.
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Cole, M. W., J. F. Harvey, R. A. Lux, and D. W. Eckart. "TEM analysis of light emitting porous silicon." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 50, no. 2 (August 1992): 1398–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100131620.
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The recent observations of visible light emission from porous silicon layers (PSL) have attracted much interest due to its potential applications in silicon based optoelectronic integrated circuits, optical memories and advanced display systems. To realize these potential applications this material must be fully characterized. Specifically, the microstructure must be studied in order to understand the origin of the light emission. Unfortunately, the issue of the detailed geometry of porous silicon is not fully resolved because of the difficulty in performing transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements on these fragile structures. One of the first microstructural studies on visible emitting PSL, presented by Cullis and Canham, showed the material to be composed of needle-like structures having a cross sectional diameter of 3nm. It was suggested that the visible luminescence in this material is due to quantum confinement of these small structures. A major limitation of this work was the method of TEM sample preparation.
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Langer, Simon, Xin Yin, Arturo Diaz, Alex J. Portillo, David E. Gordon, Umu H. Rogers, John M. Marlett, et al. "The E3 Ubiquitin-Protein Ligase Cullin 3 Regulates HIV-1 Transcription." Cells 9, no. 9 (September 1, 2020): 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9092010.
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The infectious life cycle of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is characterized by an ongoing battle between a compendium of cellular proteins that either promote or oppose viral replication. On the one hand, HIV-1 utilizes dependency factors to support and sustain infection and complete the viral life cycle. On the other hand, both inducible and constitutively expressed host factors mediate efficient and functionally diverse antiviral processes that counteract an infection. To shed light into the complex interplay between HIV-1 and cellular proteins, we previously performed a targeted siRNA screen to identify and characterize novel regulators of viral replication and identified Cullin 3 (Cul3) as a previously undescribed factor that negatively regulates HIV-1 replication. Cul3 is a component of E3-ubiquitin ligase complexes that target substrates for ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal degradation. In the present study, we show that Cul3 is expressed in HIV-1 target cells, such as CD4+ T cells, monocytes, and macrophages and depletion of Cul3 using siRNA or CRISPR/Cas9 increases HIV-1 infection in immortalized cells and primary CD4+ T cells. Conversely, overexpression of Cul3 reduces HIV-1 infection in single replication cycle assays. Importantly, the antiviral effect of Cul3 was mapped to the transcriptional stage of the viral life cycle, an effect which is independent of its role in regulating the G1/S cell cycle transition. Using isogenic viruses that only differ in their promotor region, we find that the NF-κB/NFAT transcription factor binding sites in the LTR are essential for Cul3-dependent regulation of viral gene expression. Although Cul3 effectively suppresses viral gene expression, HIV-1 does not appear to antagonize the antiviral function of Cul3 by targeting it for degradation. Taken together, these results indicate that Cul3 is a negative regulator of HIV-1 transcription which governs productive viral replication in infected cells.
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O'Sullivan, Nan Catherine, and David Hakaraia. "Book Review: Standing Items: critical pedagogies in South African art, design and architecture, edited by Brenden Gray, Shashi Cullinan Cook, Tariq Toffa and Amie Soudien." Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in the South 4, no. 2 (September 28, 2020): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.36615/sotls.v4i2.150.
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In this review of Standing Items: critical pedagogies in South African art, design and architecture, edited by Brenden Gray, Shashi Cullinan Cook, Tariq Toffa and Amie Soudien, book reviewers Nan O’Sullivan and David Hakaraia explain how this book casts light on discussion points, awkward conversations, skewed demographics and pathways to radical change in these disciplines in South Africa.
Keywords: Critical pedagogies, South Africa, Book review, Art design and architectureHow to cite this article:O’Sullivan, N.C. & Hakaraia, D. 2020. Book review: Standing Items: critical pedagogies in South African art, design and architecture, edited by Brenden Gray, Shashi Cullinan Cook, Tariq Toffa and Amie Soudien. Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in the South. 4(2): 244-247. https://doi.org/10.36615/sotls.v4i2.150.This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
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Schenk, Tobias, Laura Trimborn, Song Chen, Christian Schenkel, and Ute Hoecker. "Light-induced degradation of SPA2 via its N-terminal kinase domain is required for photomorphogenesis." Plant Physiology 187, no. 1 (April 2, 2021): 276–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiab156.
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Abstract Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) CONSTITUTIVELY PHOTOMORPHOGENIC1 (COP1) and members of the SUPPRESSOR OF PHYTOCHROMEA-105 (SPA) protein family form an E3 ubiquitin ligase that suppresses light signaling in darkness by polyubiquitinating positive regulators of the light response. COP1/SPA is inactivated by light to allow photomorphogenesis to proceed. Mechanisms of inactivation include light-induced degradation of SPA1 and, in particular, SPA2, corresponding to a particularly efficient inactivation of COP1/SPA2 by light. Here, we show that SPA3 and SPA4 proteins are stable in the light, indicating that light-induced destabilization is specific to SPA1 and SPA2, possibly related to the predominant function of SPA1 and SPA2 in dark-grown etiolating seedlings. SPA2 degradation involves cullin and the COP10-DEETIOLATED-DAMAGED-DNA BINDING PROTEIN (DDB1) CDD complex, besides COP1. Consistent with this finding, light-induced SPA2 degradation required the DDB1-interacting Trp-Asp (WD)-repeat domain of SPA2. Deletion of the N-terminus of SPA2 containing the kinase domain led to strong stabilization of SPA2 in darkness and fully abolished light-induced degradation of SPA2. This prevented seedling de-etiolation even in very strong far-red and blue light and reduced de-etiolation in red light, indicating destabilization of SPA2 through its N-terminal domain is essential for light response. SPA2 is exclusively destabilized by phytochrome A in far-red and blue light. However, deletion of the N-terminal domain of SPA2 did not abolish SPA2-phytochrome A interaction in yeast nor in vivo. Our domain mapping suggests there are two SPA2-phytochrome A interacting domains, the N-terminal domain and the WD-repeat domain. Conferring a light-induced SPA2-phyA interaction only via the WD-repeat domain may thus not lead to COP1/SPA2 inactivation.
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Chen, Haodong, Yunping Shen, Xiaobo Tang, Lu Yu, Jia Wang, Lan Guo, Yu Zhang, et al. "Arabidopsis CULLIN4 Forms an E3 Ubiquitin Ligase with RBX1 and the CDD Complex in Mediating Light Control of Development." Plant Cell 18, no. 8 (July 14, 2006): 1991–2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1105/tpc.106.043224.
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Neger, T., and H. Jäger. "A Capillary Discharge for Determination of Plasmadiagnostically Relevant Atomic Quantities." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 41, no. 9 (September 1, 1986): 1094–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1986-0902.
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An improved capillary discharge technique renders possible the production of a plasma jet representing a radially symmetric LTE light source. It shows a special capability of producing plasmas of elements or compounds which exist in the solid state under normal conditions. This plasma source is also suited for the investigation of emission lines of ionised atoms. To demonstrate a possible application, relative transition probabilities of some prominent Cullines in the visible are determined and compared with results of other authors.
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Shi, Hui, Xin Wang, Xiaorong Mo, Chao Tang, Shangwei Zhong, and Xing Wang Deng. "Arabidopsis DET1 degrades HFR1 but stabilizes PIF1 to precisely regulate seed germination." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 12 (March 9, 2015): 3817–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1502405112.
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Seed is an essential propagation organ and a critical strategy adopted by terrestrial flowering plants to colonize the land. The ability of seeds to accurately respond to light is vital for plant survival. However, the underlying mechanism is largely unknown. In this study, we reveal a circuit of triple feed-forward loops adopted by Arabidopsis seeds to exclusively repress germination in dark conditions and precisely initiate germination under diverse light conditions. We identify that de-etiolated 1 (DET1), an evolutionarily conserved protein, is a central repressor of light-induced seed germination. Genetic analysis demonstrates that DET1 functions upstream of long hypocotyl in far-red 1 (HFR1) and phytochrome interacting factor 1 (PIF1), the key positive and negative transcription regulators in seed germination. We further find that DET1 and constitutive photomorphogenic 10 (COP10) target HFR1 for protein degradation by assembling a COP10–DET1–damaged DNA binding protein 1–cullin4 E3 ligase complex. Moreover, DET1 and COP10 directly interact with and promote the protein stability of PIF1. Computational modeling reveals that phytochrome B (phyB)–DET1–HFR1–PIF1 and phyB–DET1–Protease–PIF1 are new signaling pathways, independent of the previously identified phyB-PIF1 pathway, respectively mediating the rapid and time-lapse responses to light irradiation. The model-simulated results are highly consistent with their experimental validations, suggesting that our mathematical model captures the essence of Arabidopsis seed germination networks. Taken together, this study provides a comprehensive molecular framework for light-regulated seed germination, improving our understanding of how plants respond to changeable environments.
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Rendall, Jane. "The Reputation of William Cullen (1710 – 1790): Family, Politics, and the Biography of an ‘Ornate Physician’." Scottish Historical Review 93, no. 2 (October 2014): 262–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/shr.2014.0219.
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Recent work by medical historians has demonstrated how John Thomson and his sons wrote their biography of William Cullen in the light of nineteenth-century medical concerns, though that biography remained silent on Cullen's personal life. A deliberate decision was made by John Thomson and the Cullen family to obscure the painful aftermath of Cullen's death. In spite of his distinction and his substantial income from books, teaching, and consultations, Cullen died virtually bankrupt, leaving his daughters without financial support. In March 1791, a case was brought in the Court of Session against William Cullen's eldest son, Robert by the rest of the family, for the return of money due by him to their father's estate, as a result of debts held jointly. The case was finally unravelled, and William Cullen's debts paid, only after Robert's death in 1810. These financial conflicts were accompanied by fundamental social and political differences between the two sides of the family. This history reveals different aspects of William Cullen's own later years. On the one hand, he was ambitious to join a landed elite whose patronage he valued and sought for his family, and within whose polite lifestyle a culture of debt was accepted. Yet he also respected professionalism, domesticity and frugality. Future biographies of this major figure of the Scottish Enlightenment will require the integration of his personal, social and political context with his medical ideas and achievements.
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Battaglia, Francesca. "Music and Neo-Victorian Gothic Tropes: The Glass Armonica in A Slight Trick of the Mind by Mitch Cullin." Gothic Studies 21, no. 2 (November 2019): 129–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/gothic.2019.0018.
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This contribution analyses the role of music in A Slight Trick of the Mind (2005) by Mitch Cullin, highlighting the way in which the novel contradicts itself in its effort to reject Holmesian stereotypes. Indeed, although the common beliefs inspired by John Watson's authorship are disavowed in order to provide a more realistic portrait of the man behind the legend, the Victorian past keeps haunting Holmes through an old case concerning a glass armonica. Since a parallel can be drawn between the instrument and Holmes's iconic violin, it is argued that the sub-narrative ends up functioning as a neo-Victorian mise en abyme, where those gothic elements potentially related to Holmes's musicianship in the original texts appear to be projected onto the glass armonica and female characters, drawing attention to the gendered codes of music's discourse in neo-Victorian narratives. Indeed, while the violin may serve in the canon as a male signifier, albeit a controversial one, the glass armonica carries feminine connotations that shed new light on the many possible re-presentations of Sherlock Holmes's favourite instrument.
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Pick, Elah, On-Sun Lau, Tomohiko Tsuge, Suchithra Menon, Yingchun Tong, Naoshi Dohmae, Scott M. Plafker, Xing Wang Deng, and Ning Wei. "Mammalian DET1 Regulates Cul4A Activity and Forms Stable Complexes with E2 Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzymes." Molecular and Cellular Biology 27, no. 13 (April 23, 2007): 4708–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.02432-06.
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ABSTRACT DET1 (de-etiolated 1) is an essential negative regulator of plant light responses, and it is a component of the Arabidopsis thaliana CDD complex containing DDB1 and COP10 ubiquitin E2 variant. Human DET1 has recently been isolated as one of the DDB1- and Cul4A-associated factors, along with an array of WD40-containing substrate receptors of the Cul4A-DDB1 ubiquitin ligase. However, DET1 differs from conventional substrate receptors of cullin E3 ligases in both biochemical behavior and activity. Here we report that mammalian DET1 forms stable DDD-E2 complexes, consisting of DDB1, DDA1 (DET1, DDB1 associated 1), and a member of the UBE2E group of canonical ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes. DDD-E2 complexes interact with multiple ubiquitin E3 ligases. We show that the E2 component cannot maintain the ubiquitin thioester linkage once bound to the DDD core, rendering mammalian DDD-E2 equivalent to the Arabidopsis CDD complex. While free UBE2E-3 is active and able to enhance UbcH5/Cul4A activity, the DDD core specifically inhibits Cul4A-dependent polyubiquitin chain assembly in vitro. Overexpression of DET1 inhibits UV-induced CDT1 degradation in cultured cells. These findings demonstrate that the conserved DET1 complex modulates Cul4A functions by a novel mechanism.
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Pudłocki, Tomasz. "Polsko-amerykańskie ślady współpracy. Korespondencja Eileen i Floriana Znanieckich w zbiorach archiwalnych Fundacji Kościuszkowskiej w Nowym Jorku, część 1." Studia Historiae Scientiarum 19 (September 30, 2020): 443–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/2543702xshs.20.014.12570.
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Artykuł przedstawia część pierwszą korespondencji Eileen i Floriana Znanieckich, znajdującej się w Archiwum Fundacji Kościuszkowskiej w Nowym Jorku. Pokazuje ona wiele nieznanych wątków z życia Znanieckich, a zwłaszcza Floriana – jednego z najsłynniejszych polskich socjologów, profesora Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego, który wiele lat pracował w Stanach Zjednoczonych Ameryki. Prezentowana edycja obejmuje listy ze Stefanem Piotrem Mierzwą, który w języku angielskim używał nazwiska Stephen Peter Mizwa, oraz z Edith Brahmall Cullis-Williams. Mierzwa był założycielem Fundacji Kościuszkowskiej, długoletnim dyrektorem wykonawczym fundacji, a w końcu jej prezesem. Dzięki swojej działalności na rzecz kulturalnego i naukowego zbliżenia Polski i Ameryki stał się jedną z najbardziej rozpoznawalnych postaci w życiu Polonii amerykańskiej w XX w. Cullis-Williams była założycielką i prezeską Polskiego Instytutu Sztuk Pięknych i Literatury w Nowym Jorku i znaną w środowisku amerykańskim polonofilką. W zasobach archiwalnych Fundacji Kościuszkowskiej przetrwały kopie listów Mierzwy pisanych do Znanieckich. Kopie listów Cullis-Williams nie zachowały się w tej kolekcji, ale choćby te, wysłane do niej przez Eileen, prezentowane w niniejszej edycji, doskonale uzupełniają obraz amerykańskich relacji i powiązań towarzyskich małżeństwa Znanieckich, jakie wyłania się z innych źródeł. Chronologicznie listy obejmują okres 1923–1940 i pokazują początki współpracy Znanieckiego z Fundacją Kościuszkowską, wnoszą trochę nowego światła do obecności Znanieckiego w Nowym Jorku w latach 1931–1933 oraz do pierwszych miesięcy pobytu poznańskiego socjologa w Stanach Zjednoczonych Ameryki w 1940 r. Polish-American traces of cooperation. The correspondence of Eileen and Florian Znaniecki in the archival collections of the Kościuszko Foundation in New York, part 1 The article presents the first part of the correspondence of Eileen and Florian Znaniecki, which is located in the Archives of the Kosciuszko Foundation in New York. It shows many unknown threads from the life of Znaniecki family, especially Florian – one of the most outstanding Polish sociologist, a professor at the University of Poznań, who worked for many years in the United States of America. The presented edition includes letters with Stefan Piotr Mierzwa, who used the name Stephen Peter Mizwa in English, and Edith Brahmall Cullis-Williams. Mierzwa was the founder of the Kościuszko Foundation, a long-term executive director of the foundation, and finally its president. Thanks to his activities for the cultural and scientific rapprochement between Poland and America, he became, if not one of the most important figures in the life of American Polonia in the twentieth century, so certainly among the New York State Poles. Cullis-Williams was the founder and president of the Polish Institute of Arts and Literature in New York City and a well known American polonophile in the American environment. The archives of the Kościuszko Foundation have survived copies of Mierza’s letters written to Znaniecki. Copies of Cullis-Williams letters have not been preserved in this collection, but even those sent to her by Eileen, presented in this edition, perfectly complement the picture of American relationships and social relations of the Znaniecki marriage emerging from other sources. Chronologically, the letters cover the period 1923–1940 and show the beginnings of Znaniecki's cooperation with the Kosciuszko Foundation. What is more, the collection brings a little new light to Znaniecki’s presence in New York in 1931–1933 and the first months of the Poznań sociologist’s stay in the United States of America in 1940.
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Powell, Martyn J. "Popular disturbances in late eighteenth-century Ireland: the origins of the Peep of Day Boys." Irish Historical Studies 34, no. 135 (May 2005): 249–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021121400004466.
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The name ‘Peep of Day Boys’, or the less common variant ‘Break of Day Men’, has become most closely linked with the Armagh disturbances beginning in the 1780s. In particular, the Peep of Day Boys are known as the group that metamorphosed into the Orange Order after the ‘battle of the Diamond’ in north Armagh in 1795. In recent years David Miller has done much to provide a more subtle interpretation of the link between the Peep of Day Boys and the Orange Order, and more light has been shed on the nature of popular violence in Armagh by Miller, Jim Smyth and Louis Cullen. However, the origins of the term ‘Peep of Day Boys’ are still rather unclear. Many contemporaries believed that it was linked to Protestant searches for weapons in Catholic homes at daybreak.
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Lim, Mei Kee, Wee Leng Siew, Jin Zhao, Ywee Chieh Tay, Edwin Ang, and Norbert Lehming. "Galactose induction of the GAL1 gene requires conditional degradation of the Mig2 repressor." Biochemical Journal 435, no. 3 (April 13, 2011): 641–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20102034.
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Skp1 an essential component of the SCF (Skp1/cullin/F-box) E3 ubiquitin ligases, which target proteins for degradation by the 26S proteasome. We generated a skp1dM mutant strain that is defective for galactose induction of the GAL1 gene and we have found that galactose-induced protein degradation of the repressor Mig2 is defective in this strain. Mig2 degradation was also abolished in cells lacking the protein kinase Snf1 and the F-box protein Das1, suggesting that Snf1 triggers galactose-induced protein degradation of Mig2 by SCFDas1. Chromatin immunoprecipitation showed that Mig2 associates with the GAL1 promoter upon the galactose-induced exit of Mig1 in skp1dM cells, but not in wild-type cells, suggesting that the conditional degradation of Mig2 is required to prevent it from binding to the GAL1 promoter under inducing conditions. A galactose-stable deletion derivative of Mig2 caused a strong Mig (multi-copy inhibition of GAL gene expression) phenotype, confirming that galactose induction of the GAL1 gene requires the degradation of the repressor Mig2. Our results shed new light on the conflicting reports about the functional role of the degradation of transcriptional activators and indicate that gene expression studies interfering with proteasome degradation should take the stabilization of potential repressors into account.
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Zhou, Shaoli, Tianquan Yang, Yawen Mao, Ye Liu, Shiqi Guo, Ruoruo Wang, Genwang Fangyue, et al. "The F-box protein MIO1/SLB1 regulates organ size and leaf movement in Medicago truncatula." Journal of Experimental Botany 72, no. 8 (January 28, 2021): 2995–3011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erab033.
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Abstract The size of leaf and seed organs, determined by the interplay of cell proliferation and expansion, is closely related to the final yield and quality of forage and crops. Yet the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying organ size modulation remain poorly understood, especially in legumes. Here, MINI ORGAN1 (MIO1), which encodes an F-box protein SMALL LEAF AND BUSHY1 (SLB1) recently reported to control lateral branching in Medicago truncatula, was identified as a key regulator of organ size. We show that loss-of-function of MIO1/SLB1 severely reduced organ size. Conversely, plants overexpressing MIO1/SLB1 had enlarged organs. Cellular analysis revealed that MIO1/SLB1 controlled organ size mainly by modulating primary cell proliferation during the early stages of leaf development. Biochemical analysis revealed that MIO1/SLB1 could form part of SKP1/Cullin/F-box (SCF) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, to target BIG SEEDS1 (BS1), a repressor of primary cell division, for degradation. Interestingly, we found that MIO1/SLB1 also played a key role in pulvinus development and leaf movement by modulating cell proliferation of the pulvinus as leaves developed. Our study not only demonstrates a conserved role of MIO1/SLB1 in the control of organ size in legumes, but also sheds light on the novel function of MIO1/SLB1 in leaf movement.
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Kulaksız, Gülnihal, Joyce T. Reardon, and Aziz Sancar. "Xeroderma Pigmentosum Complementation Group E Protein (XPE/DDB2): Purification of Various Complexes of XPE and Analyses of Their Damaged DNA Binding and Putative DNA Repair Properties." Molecular and Cellular Biology 25, no. 22 (November 15, 2005): 9784–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.25.22.9784-9792.2005.
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ABSTRACT Xeroderma pigmentosum is characterized by increased sensitivity of the affected individuals to sunlight and light-induced skin cancers and, in some cases, to neurological abnormalities. The disease is caused by a mutation in genes XPA through XPG and the XP variant (XPV) gene. The proteins encoded by the XPA, -B, -C, -D, -F, and -G genes are required for nucleotide excision repair, and the XPV gene encodes DNA polymerase eta, which carries out translesion DNA synthesis. In contrast, the mechanism by which the XPE gene product prevents sunlight-induced cancers is not known. The gene (XPE/DDB2) encodes the small subunit of a heterodimeric DNA binding protein with high affinity to UV-damaged DNA (UV-damaged DNA binding protein [UV-DDB]). The DDB2 protein exists in at least four forms in the cell: monomeric DDB2, DDB1-DDB2 heterodimer (UV-DDB), and as a protein associated with both the Cullin 4A (CUL4A) complex and the COP9 signalosome. To better define the role of DDB2 in the cellular response to DNA damage, we purified all four forms of DDB2 and analyzed their DNA binding properties and their effects on mammalian nucleotide excision repair. We find that DDB2 has an intrinsic damaged DNA binding activity and that under our assay conditions neither DDB2 nor complexes that contain DDB2 (UV-DDB, CUL4A, and COP9) participate in nucleotide excision repair carried out by the six-factor human excision nuclease.
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Saswati, Risna. "Analysis of Classroom Interaction Using IRF Pattern: A Case Study of EFL Conversation Class." Scope : Journal of English Language Teaching 3, no. 1 (January 30, 2019): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.30998/scope.v3i1.2782.
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<p>This study sheds lights on whether the use of Initiation, Response and Feedback (IRF) in teaching facilitates learner-initiated communication and gives learning opportunity for learners to engage in classroom interaction. This study applies the IRF framework proposed by Sinclair and Coulthard (1975), Initiation from (Mackey (2012) and teacher talk by CUllen (1988). The method applied for this study is qualitative method by classroom observation as the technique for data collection. The video records the classroom observation. The data are taken from classroom interaction of conversation class. The result of this study is the IRF pattern which mostly occurs in classroom interaction can be used to analyze classroom interaction. Additionally, the teaching using IRF pattern can facilitate learner-initiated communication and give learning opportunities for leaners to engage more in classroom interaction.</p><p>Key words: IRF Pattern, learner-initiated communication, classroom interaction</p><p> </p>
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Kapka, Alexandra. "‘Cuts are not a viable option’: The British Board of Film Classification, Hate Crime and Censorship for Adults in the Digital Age." Journal of British Cinema and Television 14, no. 1 (January 2017): 77–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/jbctv.2017.0353.
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In March 2015 the British Board of Film Classification (BBFC) refused to classify James Cullen Bressack's independent film, Hate Crime (2012). This was the Board's first explicit rejection of a film since 2011, and undermines their attempts to portray themselves as increasingly lenient, in favour of free choice for adults and open about their processes. This case is of particular interest as the film was to be distributed solely via an online video-on-demand platform. Hate Crime has the dubious honour of being the first film to be refused an eighteen certificate under revised regulations pertaining to the streamed Internet distribution of feature films in the UK. Furthermore, this case raises questions about genre boundaries, and about the definition and prioritisation of art cinema within UK institutions. This article engages with the BBFC's refusal to classify Hate Crime in the light of this particular distribution context. Focusing on media industry, genre and gender studies, the article explores whether or not the BBFC's decision can be justified and, further, what the consequences of this certification refusal might be in the current media landscape. It suggests that the BBFC's approach might be out of kilter with the digital world and in this case demonstrates a misunderstanding of genre conventions and an unequivocal bias in favour of art-house cinema.
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O'ROURKE, Flavia, Eileen MATTHEWS, and Maurice B. FEINSTEIN. "Isolation of InsP4 and InsP6 binding proteins from human platelets: InsP4 promotes Ca2+ efflux from inside-out plasma membrane vesicles containing 104 kDa GAP1IP4BP protein." Biochemical Journal 315, no. 3 (May 1, 1996): 1027–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3151027.
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A low-density membrane fraction from human platelets contained the plasma membrane marker glycoprotein Ib (GpIb) and selective binding sites for InsP4 and InsP6. It was separated from the bulk of InsP3-receptor-containing membranes, but was heterogeneous, probably also containing surface-connected canalicular system and some lighter elements of the internal dense tubule system. After loading with calcium oxalate and re-centrifugation on Percoll gradients, this mixed fraction was subfractionated into light membranes containing all of the GpIb, high-affinity InsP4 binding sites (KD = 18 nM) and phosphate-stimulated Ca2+ transport activity. InsP4 (EC50 0.6 μM), but not InsP3 or InsP6, released up to 35% of the accumulated Ca2+ from these vesicles, which were shown to be inside-out plasma membrane vesicles by a biotinylation labelling technique and selective removal of right-side-out plasma membrane vesicles with streptavidin–agarose. Most of the InsP4, and all of the InsP6, binding was present in the much denser calcium oxalate-loaded subfractions, which were free of GpIb. InsP6 binding activity was chromatographically purified as a 116 kDa protein (KD for InsP6 = 5.9 nM), with an amino acid content and two internal peptide sequences identical to those of 116 kDa vinculin. A 104 kDa InsP4 binding protein (KD for InsP4 = 12 nM), probably identical to GAP1IP4BP described by Cullen, Hsuan, Truong, Letcher, Jackson, Dawson and Irvine [(1995) Nature (London) 376, 527–530], was also isolated. This InsP4 receptor may mediate Ca2+ influx in platelets that occurs subsequent to receptor-stimulated production of InsP3 and unloading of internal Ca2+ stores.
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Thomas, Gregory S., Junwei Huang, Yi Zhou, Zhimin Gu, Ye Yang, Hongwei Xu, Guido J. Tricot, and Fenghuang Zhan. "Targeting Neddylation to Overcome Drug Resistance in Multiple Myeloma." Blood 126, no. 23 (December 3, 2015): 1804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v126.23.1804.1804.
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Abstract Background: The overexpression of CKS1B resulting from chromosomal amplification of the 1q21 region identifies a subset of multiple myeloma (MM) patients with poor clinical outcomes. Bortezomib (Btz) is an FDA-approved first-in-class proteasome inhibitor that has greatly improved clinical outcomes in MM. However, toxicities affiliated with pan-proteasomal inhibition and resistant populations remain a problem, highlighting the need for improved therapies. We have previously demonstrated that elevated expression of CKS1B results in the destabilization of p21 and contributes to insensitivity to bortezomib. MLN4924 is an inhibitor of the NEDD8-Activating Enzyme E1 (NAE1) and prevents the neddylation and subsequent activation of Cullin-1, a crucial component in the activation of SCF-driven ubiquitin-mediated degradation. We therefore explored if MLN4924 might serve as an alternative inhibitor to proteasomal degradation in MM. Materials and Methods: CKS1B was overexpressed or knocked down in myeloma cell lines using lentiviral vectors and shRNA. Cell proliferation and viability were assessed by cell counts and using PrestoBlue reagent. Clonogenicity was assessed by colony formation in soft agar. SA-b-galactosidase staining was used to assess senescence. Gene expression profiling was performed using the publicly available databases Total Therapy 2 (TT2) and APEX trials. Results: To examine the efficacy of Btz and MLN4924 in elevated CKS1B expression environments, we compared treatment with the MLN4924 to Btz in CKS1B OE cells in vitro. Cells with basal levels of CKS1B were sensitive to treatment with either Btz or MLN4924, with treatment leading to decreased proliferation and cellular viability. In the CKS1B OE background, we found cells were resistant to Btz repression of proliferation but sensitive to MLN4924. We also found that MLN4924 could more potently reduce colony formation in soft agar and more potently induce senescence in CKS1B OE cells compared to treatment with Btz. Immunoblot analyses confirmed a correlation between CKS1B expression and Cullin-1 neddylation. Further immunoblotting of known SCF-mediated ubiquitin targets in cells with and without CKS1B OE demonstrated a stabilization of p21 in all cells upon MLN4924 treatment that was not exhibited upon Btz treatment. To investigate the role of p21 in CKS1BOE cell sensitivity to MLN4924, we stably knocked down expression of p21. We found the knockdown of p21 partially abrogated the sensitivity of CKS1B OE cells to MLN4924, increasing cell viability, increasing colony formation in soft agar, and decreasing senescence induction. The importance of neddylation in the clinic was confirmed using GEP. We found that expression of the neddylation-related genes (i.e. NAE1, UBA3, and UBC12) is significantly upregulated (p<0.05) in MM patients relative to patients in MGUS or to healthy donors. Expression of NEDD8 was also significantly elevated in patients unresponsive to either Btz treatment or treatment with the combination of Btz and dexamethasone compared to responsive patients. The elevated expression of CKS1B highlights a population of patients with poor clinical outcomes. Considering the elevated expression of neddylation-related genes in MM progression, we performed Kaplan Meier survival analyses looking at patients segregated on two axes by CKS1B expression levels (high/low) and neddylation-related gene expression levels (either UBA3 or UBC12). We found patients with high/high expression of CKS1B and neddylation-related genes had significantly decreased survival relative to patients with mixed high/low expression from either axis. Together, these data suggest the importance of neddylation contributions to MM progression and clinical outcomes. Conclusions: These results shed light on the subtle differences in the blockade of proteasomal inhibition, illustrating the distinct effects of pan inhibition from inhibition of SCF-driven ubiquitin-mediated degradation. Mechanistically, we demonstrate at least a partial role for p21 in mediating cell sensitivity to MLN4924 in CKS1B overexpressing cells. Our findings highlight the important contributions of neddylation to MM disease progression and suggest the utility of targeting neddylation as a means of overcoming drug resistance in MM. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Stauffer, Andrew M. "“THE KING IS COLD,” BY STODDARD, NOT BROWNING." Victorian Literature and Culture 36, no. 2 (September 2008): 361–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150308080224.
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About a decade ago, I discovered an unknown poem attributed to Robert Browning in two New York abolitionist periodicals, and published an article about it here in Victorian Literature and Culture. I made the case that the poem, a dramatic monologue entitled “The King is Cold,” sounds like Browning in ways that suggest either its authenticity or the early familiarity of an American audience with Browning's style; and I closed the article with the statement, “By bringing ‘The King is Cold’ to light, I hope to encourage further speculation and inquiry as to its place either among Browning's collected works, or within the larger field of Browning scholarship that includes the study of his American reputation” (469). Since then, electronic databases have automated broad, sweeping searches of periodicals, and now the relevant information is easily discovered: the poem was in fact written by Richard Henry Stoddard, the American poet and man of letters. It was first published under Browning's name in the New York News sometime late in 1857, and was correctly ascribed to Stoddard in Russell's Magazine in December of that year; I found this information by searching in the American Periodicals Series Online, 1740–1900. The abolitionist reprintings (in the National Anti-Slavery Standard and the Liberator) apparently followed the version in the New York News, and the misattribution was perpetuated. Indeed, the poem reappeared in another New York periodical, Munsey's Scrap Book, in 1909, where it was still being given out as Robert Browning's. “The King is Cold” was also included as Browning's in William Cullen Bryant's oft-reprinted New Library of Poetry and Song.
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Knorr, Katherine L. B., B. Douglas Smith, Allan D. Hess, Judith E. Karp, and Scott H. Kaufmann. "Investigation of MLN4924 Alone and in Combination with Bcl-2 Inhibitors in Hematopoietic Stem Cells and Progenitors in Acute Myelogenous Leukemia." Blood 124, no. 21 (December 6, 2014): 3603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v124.21.3603.3603.
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MLN4924, a novel chemotherapeutic agent designed to inhibit the Nedd8 Activating Enzyme (NAE), has shown promise in early clinical testing in relapsed and refractory Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML). NAE inhibition prevents transfer of the Nedd8 protein to Cullin Ring Ligases (CRLs), leading to their inactivation and subsequent accumulation of the protein substrates they normally ubiquitinate and target for degradation by the proteasome. In malignant cells treated with MLN4924, various CRL substrates accumulate and induce a cytotoxic effect. Importantly, the substrates responsible for these effects vary among different malignancies depending on basal gene expression patterns. In order to shed light on the mechanism of MLN4924 anti-leukemic effects and identify potential mechanisms of resistance, the effects of MLN4924 on AML cell lines and primary AML samples were examined in vitro and in vivo. These studies identified c-Myc as the critical substrate governing the cytotoxic effect. In particular, we observed c-Myc transactivation of the PMAIP1 gene, leading to expression of pro-apoptotic protein Noxa, which functions to neutralize Mcl-1, activate Bak and Bax to allow release of cytochrome c from the outer mitochondrial membrane, and induce apoptosis. Importantly, MLN4924-induced Noxa upregulation was prevented by c-Myc shRNA; and MLN4924-induced killing was markedly diminished by Noxa siRNA. In further experiments, a synergistic cytotoxic effect was seen when MLN4924 was applied to AML cell lines in combination with agents that inhibit anti-apoptotic proteins other than Mcl-1, such as BH3 mimetics ABT-263 (inhibits Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and Bcl-2) and ABT-199 (inhibits Bcl-2). Because expression of anti-apoptotic proteins within leukemia samples and between different AMLs is variable, and Mcl-1 upregulation often contributes to drug resistance and relapse in AML, this combination may be advantageous in several clinical settings. To follow up on the effects we observed with MLN4924 alone and in combination with BH3 mimetics, we have designed a multi-parameter flow cytometry based assay to assess response to these agents among hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and progenitor populations in primary leukemia bone marrow isolates treated ex vivo. Pilot studies conducted in mononuclear cell fractions containing normal HSCs and hematopoietic progenitors isolated from umbilical cord blood did not undergo apoptosis in response to MLN4924. Ongoing studies aim to specifically assess whether MLN4924 alone or in combination with other anti-leukemic agents induce apoptosis or alter expression of CD47 (an anti-phagocytic protein frequently upregulated in AML) in HSCs and hematopoietic progenitor cell populations within primary AML bone marrow isolates. As our understanding of how HSCs and hematopoietic progenitors contribute to AML initiation and progression advances, the need to target various populations will emerge and may vary depending on disease stage. It will be critical to ascertain whether HSCs and other populations are sensitive or resistant to agents such as MLN4924 and others in order to formulate and apply efficient targeted therapies. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Oceánide, O'Donoghue Bernard, Paddy Bushe, and Suso De Toro. "Literary Contributions by Paddy Bushe, Bernard O'Donoghue and Suso de Toro." Oceánide 13 (February 9, 2020): 127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.37668/oceanide.v13i.49.
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Paddy Bushe was born in Dublin in 1948 and now lives in Waterville, Co. Kerry. He writes in Irish and in English. His collections include "Poems With Amergin" (1989), "Digging Towards The Light" (1994), "In Ainneoin na gCloch" (2001), "Hopkins on Skellig Michael" (2001) and "The Nitpicking of Cranes" (2004). "To Ring in Silence: New and Selected Poems" was published in 2008. He edited the anthology "Voices at the World’s Edge: Irish Poets on Skellig Michael" (Dedalus, 2010). His latest collections are "My Lord Buddha of Carraig Eanna" (2012), "On A Turning Wing" (2016) and "Móinéar an Chroí" (2017). He received the 2006 Oireachtas prize for poetry, the 2006 Michael Hartnett Poetry Award and the 2017 Irish Times Poetry Now Award. He is a member of Aosdána. In 2020, Dedalus Press publishes "Double Vision", a two-volume publication comprising Second Sight, the author’s own selection of his Irish language poems, accompanied by the author’s own translations, as well as "Peripheral Vision", his latest collection in English.
Bernard O’Donoghue’s was born in Cullen, County Cork in 1945, he has lived in Oxford since 1965. His first full-length collection, "The Weakness", emerged in 1991 with Chatto & Windus, following on from a trilogy of pamphlets. His second collection, "Gunpowder" (1995) won the Whitbread Poetry Award. More recently, he published the collection "Outliving" and a selection of his poetry by Faber in 2008, followed by "Farmers Cross" (2011), which was shortlisted for the T.S. Eliot Prize. In 2009 he was honoured by the Society of Authors with a Cholmondeley Award. Until recently, O’Donoghue taught and worked for Oxford University, specialising in medieval verse and contemporary Irish literature. His reputation as a scholar consolidated in 1995 with his critical work, "Seamus Heaney and the Language of Poetry", described as “excellent” by Ian Sansom in "The Guardian". More recently O’Donoghue edited the "Cambridge Companion to Seamus Heaney" and has produced a number of translations of medieval works, including "Gawain and the Green Knight" (2006) and, forthcoming from Faber, "Piers Plowman".
Xesús Miguel "Suso" de Toro Santos (1956-) is a Spanish writer. A modern and contemporary arts graduate, he has published more than twenty novels and plays in Galician. He is a television scriptwriter and regular contributor to the press and radio. Suso de Toro writes in Galician and sometimes translates his own work into Spanish. His works have been translated into several languages, and have been taught in European universities. There are plans to make three of his works into films: "A Sombra Cazadora" (1994), "Non Volvas" (1997), and "Calzados Lola" (2000).
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Katajamaa, Rebecca, Dominic Wright, Rie Henriksen, and Per Jensen. "Cerebellum size is related to fear memory and domestication of chickens." Biology Letters 17, no. 2 (February 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2020.0790.
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Red Junglefowl ( Gallus gallus ) were selected for divergent levels of fear of humans during eight generations, causing the selection lines to differ in fear levels as well as in the proportional brain and cerebellum masses. Birds from the two lines were then crossed to obtain an F3 intercross in order to study the correlations between brain mass and fear learning. We exposed 105 F3-animals individually to a fear habituation and memory test at 8 days of age, where the reactions to repeated light flashes were assessed on 2 consecutive days. After culling, the absolute and relative sizes of each of four brain regions were measured. Stepwise regression was used to analyse the effects of the size of each brain region on habituation and memory. There were no effects of any brain region on the habituation on day one. However, birds with a larger absolute size of cerebellum had significantly reduced reactions to the fearful stimuli on day two, indicating a better memory of the stimuli. No other regions had significant effects. We conclude that increased cerebellum size may have been important in facilitating chicken domestication, allowing them to adapt to a life with humans.
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Zhang, Bo, Mattias Holmlund, Severine Lorrain, Mikael Norberg, László Bakó, Christian Fankhauser, and Ove Nilsson. "BLADE-ON-PETIOLE proteins act in an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex to regulate PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 4 abundance." eLife 6 (August 22, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/elife.26759.
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Both light and temperature have dramatic effects on plant development. Phytochrome photoreceptors regulate plant responses to the environment in large part by controlling the abundance of PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR (PIF) transcription factors. However, the molecular determinants of this essential signaling mechanism still remain largely unknown. Here, we present evidence that the BLADE-ON-PETIOLE (BOP) genes, which have previously been shown to control leaf and flower development in Arabidopsis, are involved in controlling the abundance of PIF4. Genetic analysis shows that BOP2 promotes photo-morphogenesis and modulates thermomorphogenesis by suppressing PIF4 activity, through a reduction in PIF4 protein level. In red-light-grown seedlings PIF4 ubiquitination was reduced in the bop2 mutant. Moreover, we found that BOP proteins physically interact with both PIF4 and CULLIN3A and that a CULLIN3-BOP2 complex ubiquitinates PIF4 in vitro. This shows that BOP proteins act as substrate adaptors in a CUL3BOP1/BOP2 E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, targeting PIF4 proteins for ubiquitination and subsequent degradation.
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Pelham, Christopher, Pimonrat Ketsawatsomkron, Justin Grobe, Frank Faraci, and Curt Sigmund. "Abstract 59: Loss of Cullin-3 in Smooth Muscle Increases RhoA, Vascular Contraction and Arterial Pressure." Hypertension 60, suppl_1 (September 2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/hyp.60.suppl_1.a59.
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Mutations in Cullin-3 result in early-onset hypertension in humans through an undefined mechanism. Cullin-3 RING E3 ubiquitin ligase complex mediates proteasomal degradation of RhoA, a key mediator of vascular smooth muscle tone. We reported that smooth muscle-specific expression of dominant negative PPARγ (S-P467L) in transgenic mice causes hypertension and aortic dysfunction via increased RhoA/Rho-kinase signaling. Dominant negative PPARγ caused decreased Cullin-3 protein (0.31±0.04-fold of Non-Transgenic (NT); P<0.05) and decreased ratio of active Nedd8-Cullin-3 / Cullin-3 (0.06±0.04 vs 0.51±0.18 NT; P<0.05), which correlated with increased protein levels of Cullin-3 substrates RhoA (2.6±0.2-fold of NT; P<0.05) and Cyclin E (2.0±0.1-fold of NT; P<0.05) in S-P467L medial aorta. We tested the hypothesis that Cullin-3 controls arterial pressure by regulating vascular function. siRNA-mediated knockdown of Cullin-3 (72 hr), confirmed by Western blot, increased RhoA (2.5±0.1-fold of NC1 negative control siRNA; P<0.05) and Cyclin E (1.9±0.2-fold of NC1; P<0.05) protein in primary rat aortic smooth muscle cells. Inhibition of cullin-RING ligase activity using the Nedd8-activating enzyme inhibitor, MLN4924 (1μM, 16 hr), also increased RhoA (4.3±1.0-fold of DMSO vehicle). Treatment of aortic rings from control mice with MLN4924 (1μM in DMEM/F12, 16 hr) resulted in enhanced agonist-mediated contraction in response to endothelin 1 (30nM: 0.35±0.05g vs 0.19±0.02g DMSO vehicle; P<0.05), serotonin (3μM: 1.2±0.07g vs 0.9±0.08g; P<0.05), and phenylephrine (3μM: 1.1±0.05g vs 0.7±0.05g, P<0.05) that was Rho-kinase-dependent, despite decreased contraction to KCl (100mM: 0.7±0.03g vs 1.0±0.03g; P<0.05). Finally, administration of MLN4924 (30mg/kg TID, 2 days) to control mice in vivo increased mean arterial pressure during the light phase (121±4 vs. 108±3mmHg baseline, P<0.05; dark phase: 122±4 vs. 123±4mmHg baseline, NS) as measured by radiotelemetry. Our results demonstrate that interference with PPARγ in smooth muscle causes vascular dysfunction via impaired Cullin-3-mediated regulation of RhoA/Rho-kinase signaling and provide a mechanistic link between mutations in Cullin-3 and hypertension.