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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Light detection and ranging technology'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 7 June 2025

Last updated: 2 August 2025

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1

Newton, Wesley Eugene. "Using Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) Technology to Assess Bird-Habitat Relationships: A Case Study from the Northwoods of Maine." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2012. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/26765.

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Airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) is a remote sensing technology that quantifies the travel time of photons emitted in pulses from a LiDAR instrument to travel to and reflect back from objects. Knowing the travel time for the photons and accounting for the speed of light, distances to objects from the instrument can be quantified. When LiDAR is acquired over forested areas some of the pulses will find canopy openings and "penetrate" to the ground with others striking the canopy at various heights above the ground, generating an XYZ point-cloud of eastings, northings, and elevations.

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2

Motu, Nolita. "Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) Technology in Archaeology and the Human – Environmental Interaction: The Case of Ta‘u Island, Manu‘a American Samoa." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/28753.

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The research reported here utilizes lidar technology for a case study of archaeological site and feature identification in a unique landscape to investigate the human-environmental interaction in a defined study area, specifically as revealed through human agricultural production. The lidar data provided a preliminary overview of the human-modified landscape in the uplands of Ta‘u Island in the Manu‘a Group of American Samoa that led to a set of research questions and a research strategy involving both lidar data analysis and on-the-ground survey. The aerial lidar and pedestrian surveys of the

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Motu, Nolita. "Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) Technology in Archaeology and the Human ? Environmental Interaction: The Case of Ta?u Island, Manu?a American Samoa." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/28753.

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The research reported here utilizes lidar technology for a case study of archaeological site and feature identification in a unique landscape to investigate the human-environmental interaction in a defined study area, specifically as revealed through human agricultural production. The lidar data provided a preliminary overview of the human-modified landscape in the uplands of Ta?u Island in the Manu?a Group of American Samoa that led to a set of research questions and a research strategy involving both lidar data analysis and on-the-ground survey. The aerial lidar and pedestrian surveys of the

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4

Meng, Han. "Using light detection and ranging (LiDAR) for vegetation vertical structure studies." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.707992.

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5

Jack, Landy. "Characterization of sea ice surface topography using Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR)." Wiley, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/31170.

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Where once the Arctic basin held predominantly old, thick perennial sea ice, it is now increasingly occupied by young, thin seasonal ice. The sea ice surface topography, which affects and is affected by many of the physical processes operating at the interface between ocean, sea ice and atmosphere, is closely related to the age and type of sea ice cover. In this thesis, new methods are presented for measuring and understanding sea ice topography using Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) technology. A new technique is presented for parameterizing the micro-scale roughness of sea ice using terr

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6

Cash, Jason M. "Using Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) Imagery to Model Radio Wave Propagation." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31615.

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The purpose of this study was to determine if light detection and ranging (LiDAR) imagery could provide a significantly more accurate data set for modeling near line-of-sight (LOS) propagation at higher frequencies, specifically 27.810 GHz. than a USGS digital elevation model (DEM). In addition, the study tested for significant differences in LiDAR elevation data created at various resolutions ranging from 1 to 100 meters. Finally, this study examined the effects of various classification thresholds for transforming continuous signal strength measurements into LOS or non-LOS (NLOS) classific

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7

Fossel, J. "Improving light detection and ranging based simultaneous localization and mapping with advanced map representations." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2018. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3022937/.

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8

Cui, Zheng. "Management, retrieval, and visualization of spatial data from airborne light detection and ranging system (LIDAR) survey." FIU Digital Commons, 2001. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2685.

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The primary purpose of this research was to develop new methodologies to process and analyze large amount of topographic data from airborne LIDAR (light detection and ranging) survey. This research developed a suite of algorithms to resample dense clouds of point data from LIDAR survey, cut the large data set into smaller tiles, and filtered data to remove points from non-ground surface features such as vegetations, buildings, and vehicles. These algorithms were implemented on the PC platform using C++. The test results showed that the developed application software package based on these algo

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Montane, Juana Maria. "Geophysical Analysis of a Central Florida Karst Terrain using Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) and Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) Derived Surfaces." FIU Digital Commons, 2001. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/42.

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Airborne LIDAR (Light Detecting and Ranging) is a relatively new technique that rapidly and accurately measures micro-topographic features. This study compares topography derived from LIDAR with subsurface karst structures mapped in 3-dimensions with ground penetrating radar (GPR). Over 500 km of LIDAR data were collected in 1995 by the NASA ATM instrument. The LIDAR data was processed and analyzed to identify closed depressions. A GPR survey was then conducted at a 200 by 600 m site to determine if the target features are associated with buried karst structures. The GPR survey resolved two ma

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10

Grieve, Stuart William David. "Uncovering signatures of geomorphic process through high resolution topography." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/25398.

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The measurement of topography is a key aspect of geomorphology research, and the prevalence of high resolution topographic data predominantly from Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) in the past decade has facilitated a revolution in the quantitative study of planetary surface processes. From this increased quality of data, many techniques have been developed to quantify processes occurring at diverse spatial and temporal scales; from the flow of material down a hill-slope to the uplift and subsequent erosion of mountain ranges. Such insights have identified signatures of processes imprinted o

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11

Shorter, Nicholas. "UNSUPERVISED BUILDING DETECTION FROM IRREGULARLY SPACED LIDAR AND AERIAL IMAGERY." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2009. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/3965.

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As more data sources containing 3-D information are becoming available, an increased interest in 3-D imaging has emerged. Among these is the 3-D reconstruction of buildings and other man-made structures. A necessary preprocessing step is the detection and isolation of individual buildings that subsequently can be reconstructed in 3-D using various methodologies. Applications for both building detection and reconstruction have commercial use for urban planning, network planning for mobile communication (cell phone tower placement), spatial analysis of air pollution and noise nuisances, microcli

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MENDONÇA, Rafael Lopes. "Filtragem de dados LIDAR para geração de modelo digital do terreno." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2017. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/27123.

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Submitted by Fernanda Rodrigues de Lima (fernanda.rlima@ufpe.br) on 2018-09-26T21:08:19Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO Rafael Lopes Mendonça.pdf: 5746497 bytes, checksum: 6427f5355ad301a77ff31c0401d54da5 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Alice Araujo (alice.caraujo@ufpe.br) on 2018-10-01T15:23:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO Rafael Lopes Mendonça.pdf: 5746497 bytes, checksum: 6427f5355ad301a77ff31c0401d54da5 (MD5)<br>Made avai

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Zu, Meng. "TiO2-based Photoelectrocatalysis Technology for Degradation and Detection of Organics in Wastewater." Thesis, Griffith University, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/406505.

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With industrialization rapidly progressing in recent decades, great amounts of refractory organic pollutants are found in water bodies, which severely jeopardizes ecosystem health. Monitoring the organic compounds in water bodies and removing organic pollutants from wastewater is essential for ameliorating threats to aquatic life and human health. Photocatalytic (PC) and photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) degradation and detection of organic pollutants in wastewater are promising strategies for fulfilling these goals sustainably, since PC and PEC technologies can take advantage of solar energy, which

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Seale, Larry D. Jr. "Creation, Analysis, and Evaluation of Remote Sensing Sinkhole Databases for Pinellas County, Florida." Scholar Commons, 2005. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/857.

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A database of likely sinkholes in Pinellas County, Florida, created using airborne laser swath mapping (ALSM a.k.a LIDAR for light detection and ranging), correlates poorly with other databases of likely sinkholes created from modern and historic aerial photographs. Urbanization appears to be the cause of the poor correlation. Buildings obscure much of the ground surface in urban areas, and many man-made depressions can be confused with natural sinkholes. Additionally, the lack of air photos contemporaneous with the ALSM data hinders ALSM analysis in rapidly developing areas. Selecting a light

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15

Nascimento, Guilherme Antonio Gomes do. "Verificação da aplicabilidade de dados obtidos por sistema LASER batimétrico aerotransportado à cartografia náutica /." Presidente Prudente, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/181407.

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Orientador: Mauricio Galo<br>Resumo: Um Levantamento Hidrográfico (LH) tem como principal meta a obtenção de dados para a edição e atualização de documentos náuticos, estes, voltados à segurança das atividades de navegação. Objetivando padronizar parâmetros de incerteza das cartas náuticas, a Organização Hidrográfica Internacional (OHI) define níveis mínimos de confiança para diferentes ordens. A sugestão dessas especificações foi internalizada pela Marinha do Brasil, responsável pela produção das cartas náuticas brasileiras, na NORMAM-25. Um desses parâmetros é a Incerteza Vertical Total máxi

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Chiriaco, Marjolaine. "Les cirrus : observation par télédétection et modélisation à méso-échelle." Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066576.

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17

Kreiselmeier, Janis. "Development of a Flood Model Based on Globally-Available Satellite Data for the Papaloapan River, Mexico." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-256399.

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Flood inundation modelling is highly dependent on an accurate representation of floodplain topography. These remotely sensed accurate data are often not available or expensive, especially in developing countries. As an alternative, freely available Digital Elevation Models (DEMs), such as the near-global Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) data, have come into the focus of flood modellers. To what extent these low-resolution data can be exploited for hydraulic modelling is still an open research question. This benchmarking study investigated the potentials and li

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18

Silva, Carlos Alberto. "Carbono na parte aérea de plantios de Eucalyptus spp. - em nível de árvore por amostragem destrutiva e para talhões inteiros após o ajuste de métricas LiDAR." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-22082013-163857/.

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No âmbito das mudanças climáticas globais, a quantificação do estoque de carbono em povoamentos florestais tem recebido mais atenção, principalmente pelo fato das florestas exercerem um papel fundamental no equilíbrio do estoque de carbono global. Com o objetivo de contribuir para esse processo, a parte investigativa deste trabalho foi desenvolvida em duas etapas. A primeira etapa objetivou o ajuste de modelos alométricos para a estimativa do estoque de carbono presente na biomassa total (Ctotal), no lenho comercial (Cleco) e parte residual (Crds) (casca, folhas e galhos) em plantações de Euca

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19

Dey, Emon Kumar. "Effective 3D Building Extraction from Aerial Point Cloud Data." Thesis, Griffith University, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/413311.

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Building extraction is important for a wider range of applications including smart city planning, disaster management, security, and cadastral mapping. This thesis mainly aims to present an effective data-driven strategy for building extraction using aerial Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) point cloud data. The LiDAR data provides highly accurate three-dimensional (3D) positional information. Therefore, studies on building extraction using LiDAR data have broadened in scope over time. Outliers, inharmonious input data behaviour, innumerable building structure possibilities, and heterogeneou

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20

Eriksson, Alexander, and James Eklund. "Kvalitetsaspekter vid generering av triangulära nät baserade på punktmoln." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för Industriell utveckling, IT och Samhällsbyggnad, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-21670.

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Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) är en teknik för att samla in data om terräng. Genom att använda dessa data kan man skapa olika terrängmodeller. Denna studie syftar till att undersöka hur olika procentuella reduceringar av ursprungsdata påverkar kvalitén hos genererade höjdmodeller i form av Triangular Irregular Network (TIN). Detta görs genom att med hjälp av statistiska metoder göra jämförelser mellan punkter i den genererade TIN modellen och motsvarande punkter i det ursprungliga LIDAR punktmolnet. Studien visar att, beroende på noggrannhetskrav och topografi, en så liten andel som 5 %

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21

Colette, Augustin. "Etude expérimentale et numérique de l' influence des processus de transport depuis la couche-limite sur la variabilité et le bilan d' ozone troposphérique." Paris 6, 2005. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011438.

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22

Carvalho, Samuel de Pádua Chaves e. "Estimativa volumétrica por modelo misto e tecnologia laser aerotransportado em plantios clonais de Eucalyptus sp." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-06092013-100239/.

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O trabalho se estruturou em torno de dois estudos. O primeiro avaliou o ajuste de um modelo não linear de efeito misto para descrever o afilamento do tronco de árvores clonais de eucalipto. O modelo utilizado para descrever as variações da altura em função do raio foi o logístico de quatro parâmetros que, por integração permitiu a estimação do volume das árvores. A incorporação de funções de variância no processo de ajuste resultou em redução significativa no valor do Critério de informação de Akaike, mas os resíduos não apresentaram melhorias notáveis. Com a finalidade de compatibilizar preci

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23

Ferrari, Fabiano. "Visualização e interpretação de modelos digitais de afloramentos utilizando laser scanner terrestre." Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2011. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/4143.

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Submitted by William Justo Figueiro (williamjf) on 2015-07-01T23:37:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 10.pdf: 1839460 bytes, checksum: 72eb68f5839e6788cf3f08b69ca3d26c (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-01T23:37:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 10.pdf: 1839460 bytes, checksum: 72eb68f5839e6788cf3f08b69ca3d26c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011<br>FAPERGS - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul<br>O sistema LIDAR obtém nuvens de pontos georreferenciadas que podem ser convertidas em Modelos Digitais de Afloramentos (MDAs). Os pulsos de laser são gerados e emitidos por u

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Staats, Wesley A. "USE OF LIDAR-DERIVED TERRAIN AND VEGETATION INFORMATION IN A DECIDUOUS FOREST IN KENTUCKY." UKnowledge, 2015. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/forestry_etds/24.

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The use of Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) information is gaining popularity, however its use has been limited in deciduous forests. This thesis describes two studies using LiDAR data in an Eastern Kentucky deciduous forest. The first study quantifies vertical error of LiDAR derived digital elevation models (DEMs) which describe the forests terrain. The study uses a new method which eliminates Global Positioning System (GPS) error. The study found that slope and slope variability both significantly affect DEM error and should be taken in to account when using LiDAR derived DEMs. The second

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Inocencio, Leonardo Campos. "Classificação de padrões espectrais em dados LIDAR para a identificação de rochas em afloramentos." Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2012. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/4381.

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Submitted by William Justo Figueiro (williamjf) on 2015-07-09T22:32:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 27b.pdf: 4120563 bytes, checksum: 28666d8a39aa4371e2cad8353a3b6fc2 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-09T22:32:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 27b.pdf: 4120563 bytes, checksum: 28666d8a39aa4371e2cad8353a3b6fc2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-01<br>Petrobras - Petróleo Brasileiro S. A.<br>UNISINOS - Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos<br>O presente estudo visou o desenvolvimento e aplicação de uma metodologia para a detecção e classificação de diferentes respostas espectrais em nuve

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Lin, Yeh-Wang, and 林業旺. "Application of Light Detection and Ranging in crack measurements for reinforcedconcrete structures." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/27543714467451605987.

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碩士<br>中原大學<br>土木工程研究所<br>104<br>The failure of concrete often associated with the occurrences of cracks. Therefore, the characteristics of cracks are the important indices of the residual strength of concrete. In this study, the non-contact measurements of surface cracks on concrete members are implemented by the terrestrial laser scanning (or known as the Light Detection and Ranging, LIDAR) system. The reflection intensity information, obtained from laser scanning, is firstly transformed to build the two-dimensional grayscale intensity map. The image subtraction method is adopted to identify

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Eloff, Corné. "Spatial technology as a tool to analyse and combat crime." Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/1193.

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This study explores the utilisation of spatial technologies as a tool to analyse and combat crime. The study deals specifically with remote sensing and its potential for being integrated with geographical information systems (GIS). The integrated spatial approach resulted in the understanding of land use class behaviour over time and its relationship to specific crime incidents per police precinct area. The incorporation of spatial technologies to test criminological theories in practice, such as the ecological theories of criminology, provides the science with strategic value. It proves t

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Nguyen, Ha Thanh. "Ecological impacts of deforestation and forest degradation in the peat swamp forests of northwestern Borneo." Thesis, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/27185.

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Tropical peatlands have some of the highest carbon densities of any ecosystem and are under enormous development pressure. This dissertation aimed to provide better estimates of the scales and trends of ecological impacts from tropical peatland deforestation and degradation across more than 7,000 hectares of both intact and disturbed peatlands in northwestern Borneo. We combined direct field sampling and airborne Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) data to empirically quantify forest structures and aboveground live biomass across a largely intact tropical peat dome. The observed biomass densit

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Oldham, Jason A. "Mapping Snow Pack Depth in the Town of Uxbridge, Ontario Using an Airborne Laser Scanner." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/6308.

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This study aims to present and evaluate a new method for measuring the distribution of snow within built-up environments by differencing elevations collected by an Airborne Laser Scanner (ALS) before, and during peak snow accumulation. Few efforts have been made to study the distribution of snow within built-up environments due to the false assumption that high-intensity rainfall is the main contributor to peak yearly runoff rates. Traditional techniques for measuring snow are often difficult to replicate in built-up environments due to incompatibility of methods and barriers such as building

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Sangireddy, Harish. "Point cloud classification for water surface identification in Lidar datasets." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2011-05-3151.

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Light Detection and Ranging (Lidar) is a remote sensing technique that provides high resolution range measurements between the laser scanner and Earth’s topography. These range measurements are mapped as 3D point cloud with high accuracy (< 0.1 meters). Depending on the geometry of the illuminated surfaces on earth one or more backscattered echoes are recorded for every pulse emitted by the laser scanner. Lidar has the advantage of being able to create elevation surfaces in 3D, while also having information about the intensity of the returned pulse at each point, thus it can be treated as a sp

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Koulas, Christos. "Assessing Surface Fuel Hazard in Coastal Conifer Forests through the Use of LiDAR Remote Sensing." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/5088.

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The research problem that this thesis seeks to examine is a method of predicting conventional fire hazards using data drawn from specific regions, namely the Sooke and Goldstream watershed regions in coastal British Columbia. This thesis investigates whether LiDAR data can be used to describe conventional forest stand fire hazard classes. Three objectives guided this thesis: to discuss the variables associated with fire hazard, specifically the distribution and makeup of fuel; to examine the relationship between derived LiDAR biometrics and forest attributes related to hazard assessment

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Pinto, Péricles Filomeno Monteiro. "Análise de desempenho no processamento de dados geográficos irregularmente distribuídos, provenientes de um sensor LIDAR." Master's thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/59554.

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Pinto, Péricles Filomeno Monteiro. "Análise de desempenho no processamento de dados geográficos irregularmente distribuídos, provenientes de um sensor LIDAR." Dissertação, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/59554.

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Dongre, Suryansh. "Crystalline Silicon Carbide Thin Films for Ultraviolet Detection." Thesis, 2018. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/4771.

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UV light detection has a lot of applications including secured satellite communication, solar and celestial observation and biological imaging. Wide bandgap materials are used to sense UV light. SiC is an excellent material for UV detection, having properties like high hardness, chemical inertness, thermal stability, high breakdown voltage etc. making it a very reliable and stable material for use in harsh/unknown environments. Growing SiC is a difficult task as it shows 250 different crystal structures and needs very high temperature to form crystalline film. Most of the studies use SiH4 (to

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Robinson, Chance. "Spatial Trends and Factors of Pimple Mound Formation in East-Central Texas." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2012-05-10997.

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Pimple mounds are circular to elliptical domes with basal diameters ranging from 3 to more than 30 m, and heights of 30 cm to more than 2 m above intermound levels. For almost two centuries, the origin of these features has been speculated upon by scientists without general consensus as to one of over 30 different mechanisms suggested for their origin. These soil microfeatures can be observed throughout portions of East Texas as well as Louisiana, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Missouri. Pimple mounds have been extensively mapped throughout East Texas as complexes covering over 1.0 million ha in 4

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Mundhenk, Philip Henrich. "Integrating remotely sensed data into forest resource inventories." Doctoral thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0022-5FE6-3.

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Die letzten zwanzig Jahre haben gezeigt, dass die Integration luftgestützter Lasertechnologien (Light Detection and Ranging; LiDAR) in die Erfassung von Waldressourcen dazu beitragen kann, die Genauigkeit von Schätzungen zu erhöhen. Um diese zu ermöglichen, müssen Feldaten mit LiDAR-Daten kombiniert werden. Diverse Techniken der Modellierung bieten die Möglichkeit, diese Verbindung statistisch zu beschreiben. Während die Wahl der Methode in der Regel nur geringen Einfluss auf Punktschätzer hat, liefert sie unterschiedliche Schätzungen der Genauigkeit. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde der Einfl

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Choubisa, Tarun. "Design, Development, Deployment and Performance Evaluation of Pyroelectric Infra-Red and Optical Camera based Intrusion Detection Systems in an Outdoor Setting." Thesis, 2018. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/5306.

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The primary contribution of this thesis is the comprehensive design, development, and deployment of a pyroElectric, InfraRed-sensor-based IntruSion classification (EIRIS) platform, along with attendant detection and classification algorithms and performance evaluation. While the use of Pyroelectric InfraRed (PIR) sensors to detect human motion in an indoor setting has been extensively studied in the literature, there is considerably less research in comparison which deals with the use of PIR sensor in an outdoor environment. The outdoor environment poses additional challenges in the form

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Delgado, Gonzalez Carlos Javier. "Rooftop-place suitability analysis for urban air mobility Hubs: A GIS and neural network approach." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/93642.

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Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Geospatial Technologies<br>Nowadays, constant overpopulation and urban expansion in cities worldwide have led to several transport-related challenges. Traffic congestion, long commuting, parking difficulties, automobile dependence, high infrastructure maintenance costs, poor public transportation, and loss of public space are some of the problems that afflict major metropolitan areas. Trying to provide a solution for the future inner-city transportation, several companies have worked in rece

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