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1

Donat-Bouillud, Anne, Isabelle Lévesque, Ye Tao та ін. "Light-Emitting Diodes from Fluorene-Based π-Conjugated Polymers". Chemistry of Materials 12, № 7 (2000): 1931–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm0001298.

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2

Song, Su Hee, Young Eup Jin, Joo Young Shim, Kwang Hee Lee, and Hong Suk Suh. "Organic Syntheses and Characteristics of Novel Conjugated Polymers for AMOLEDs." Advances in Science and Technology 75 (October 2010): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.75.91.

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Conjugated polymers with a stabilized blue emission are of importance for the realization of large flat panel AMOLED displays using polymer light-emitting diodes. Several novel conjugated polymers using newly developed templates for the stabilized EL emission are reported. Poly(2,6-(4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta[def]phenanthrene)) (PCPP) is a new class of blue-emitting polymers utilizing a new back-bone. This material emits a efficient blue EL without exhibiting any unwanted peak in the long wavelength region (green region) even after prolonged annealing at an elevated temperature of 150
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3

Huang, Jian Hua, Xiang Hui Ye, Chuan Lang Zhan, Gui Yu, Yun Qi Liu, and Jian Nian Yao. "Synthesis and Light-Emtting Diodes Properties of Two New Fluorene Based Copolymers." Advanced Materials Research 295-297 (July 2011): 274–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.295-297.274.

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Two new conjugated copolymers, PFPh and PFTDP, comprised of alternating 9,9-dioctylfluorene and phthalimide (Ph) or thieno [3, 4-c] pyrrole-4,6-dione (TPD) have been synthesized via Suzuki coupling reaction. Polymeric light-emitting diodes (PLED) were fabricated with an ITO/PEDOT: PSS/PVK/Polymer/BCP/Alq/Ca:Ag configuration. The maximum brightness and maximum current efficiency of PLED are 2600cd/m2and 2.52 cd/A for PFPh, and 2300cd/m2and 1.13 cd/A for PFTDP, respectively, which are significantly improved compared with the reported alternating fluorene-unsubstituted phenylene/thiophene systems
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4

Niu, Qiaol, Ling Zhi Zhao, Yong Zhang, Xin Li, and Yong Li Wang. "Highly Efficient White Polymer Light-Emitting Diodes with a Conjugated Polyelectrolyte as Host Polymer." Advanced Materials Research 516-517 (May 2012): 1881–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.516-517.1881.

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In this presentation, efficient white polymer-light-emitting diodes have been fabricated with high work-function cathode. The device structure consists of ITO/poly(ehtlenedioxythiophene) : poly(styrene sulfonic acid) (PEDOT : PSS) / poly(N-vinylcarbazole) (PVK) / poly[(9,9-bis(30-(N,N-dimethylamino)propyl)-2,7-fluorene)-alt- 2,7-(9,9-dioctylfluorene)] (PFN): bis(2-(4,6-difluorophenyl)-pyridinato-N,C2') picolinate (FIrpic): poly[2,7-(9,9-dioc-tylfluorene)-co-(4,7-dithien-2-yl)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole] (PFODBT15)/Al. By tuning the weight ratio of FIrpic to PFO-DBT15 in PFN, white light was obtain
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5

Hwang, Do-Hoon, Suk-Kyung Kim, Moo-Jin Park, et al. "Conjugated Polymers Based on Phenothiazine and Fluorene in Light-Emitting Diodes and Field Effect Transistors." Chemistry of Materials 16, no. 7 (2004): 1298–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm035264+.

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6

Peng, Qiang, Zhi-Yun Lu, Yan Huang, et al. "Novel efficient green electroluminescent conjugated polymers based on fluorene and triarylpyrazoline for light-emitting diodes." J. Mater. Chem. 14, no. 3 (2004): 396–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b313160b.

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7

Herguth, Petra, Xuezhong Jiang, Michelle S. Liu, and Alex K. Y. Jen. "Highly Efficient Fluorene- and Benzothiadiazole-Based Conjugated Copolymers for Polymer Light-Emitting Diodes." Macromolecules 35, no. 16 (2002): 6094–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma020405z.

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8

Huang, Fei, Yu-Hua Niu, Michelle S. Liu, Xing-Hua Zhou, Yan-Qing Tian, and Alex K. Y. Jen. "Efficient ultraviolet-blue polymer light-emitting diodes based on a fluorene-based non-conjugated polymer." Applied Physics Letters 89, no. 8 (2006): 081104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2336745.

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9

Shi, Wei, Lei Wang, Fei Huang, Ransheng Liu, Wei Yang, and Yong Cao. "Anionic triphenylamine- and fluorene-based conjugated polyelectrolyte as a hole-transporting material for polymer light-emitting diodes." Polymer International 58, no. 4 (2009): 373–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pi.2541.

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10

Tang, Weihua, Lin Ke, Liwei Tan, Tingting Lin, Thomas Kietzke, and Zhi-Kuan Chen. "Conjugated Copolymers Based on Fluorene−Thieno[3,2-b]thiophene for Light-Emitting Diodes and Photovoltaic Cells." Macromolecules 40, no. 17 (2007): 6164–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma070575h.

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11

Squeo, Benedetta Maria, Francesco Carulli, Elisa Lassi, et al. "Benzothiadiazole-based conjugated polyelectrolytes for interfacial engineering in optoelectronic devices." Pure and Applied Chemistry 91, no. 3 (2019): 477–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-0925.

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Abstract Polar semiconducting polymers based on a conjugated polymer backbone endowed with chemically anchored polar groups on the side chains have proved to be particularly interesting as optimization layer at organic/cathode interface in optoelectronic devices. In particular, the pendant phosphonate groups impart water-alcohol solubility allowing easy solution processing, and improve electron injection thanks to both a favorable interfacial dipole of phosphonate groups and an intense coordination interaction between the phosphonate groups and Al cathode. In this work we synthesize alternatin
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12

Zhang, Lianjie, Zhulin Liu, Xiaofei Zhang, Junwu Chen, and Yong Cao. "Efficient Blue Light-Emitting Diodes Based on Conjugated Polymers with Fluorinated Silole Chemically Doped in Fluorene–Carbazole Main Chain." Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials 25, no. 1 (2014): 64–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10904-014-0078-0.

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13

Kim, Yoon, Hee-Yeon Jeong, and Tae-Dong Kim. "Alcohol-soluble conjugated poly(fluorene-co-thiophene) as an electron-transport material for polymer light-emitting diodes." Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 655, no. 1 (2017): 173–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15421406.2017.1362910.

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14

Murali, M. G., P. Naveen, D. Udayakumar, Vandana Yadav, and Ritu Srivastava. "Synthesis and characterization of thiophene and fluorene based donor–acceptor conjugated polymer containing 1,3,4-oxadiazole units for light-emitting diodes." Tetrahedron Letters 53, no. 2 (2012): 157–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.10.157.

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15

Bernius, Mark, Michael Inbasekaran, Edmund Woo, Weishi Wu, and Lisa Wujkowski. "Light-emitting diodes based on fluorene polymers." Thin Solid Films 363, no. 1-2 (2000): 55–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-6090(99)00982-7.

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16

Burroughes, J. H., D. D. C. Bradley, A. R. Brown, et al. "Light-emitting diodes based on conjugated polymers." Nature 347, no. 6293 (1990): 539–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/347539a0.

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17

Baigent, D. R., F. Cacialli, N. C. Greenham, et al. "Light-emitting diodes fabricated with conjugated polymers." Solid-State Electronics 40, no. 1-8 (1996): 477–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-1101(95)00314-2.

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18

Woo, H. S., B. S. Kim, C. G. Kim, et al. "Real blue-emitting light-emitting diodes based on fluorene derivative polymers." Journal of Crystal Growth 288, no. 1 (2006): 137–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2005.12.041.

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19

Burroughes, J. H., D. D. C. Bradley, A. R. Brown, et al. "Correction: Light-emitting diodes based on conjugated polymers." Nature 348, no. 6299 (1990): 352. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/348352a0.

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20

Peng, Zhonghua, Zhenan Bao, and Mary E. Galvin. "Oxadiazole-Containing Conjugated Polymers for Light-Emitting Diodes." Advanced Materials 10, no. 9 (1998): 680–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1521-4095(199806)10:9<680::aid-adma680>3.0.co;2-h.

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21

Shi, Jianmin, and Shiying Zheng. "Conjugated Polymers Containing Arylamine Pendants for Light-Emitting Diodes." Macromolecules 34, no. 19 (2001): 6571–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma010666t.

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22

Halls, J. J. M., D. R. Baigent, F. Cacialli, et al. "Light-emitting and photoconductive diodes fabricated with conjugated polymers." Thin Solid Films 276, no. 1-2 (1996): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-6090(95)08037-6.

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23

Baigent, D. R., N. C. Greenham, J. Grüner, et al. "Light-emitting diodes fabricated with conjugated polymers — recent progress." Synthetic Metals 67, no. 1-3 (1994): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0379-6779(94)90004-3.

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24

Li, Xuefeng, Haocheng Zhao, Long Gao, et al. "Synthesis and properties of hyperbranched polymers for white polymer light-emitting diodes." RSC Advances 9, no. 62 (2019): 36058–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra07371j.

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A potential hyperbranched structure with fluorene-alt-carbazole branches, a three-dimensional-structured SDF core and red Ir(piq)2acac light adjusting units is synthesized for using in highly efficient white polymer light-emitting devices.
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25

Tang, Ze Biao, Xiao Xia Sun, and Pei Lin Zhang. "Synthesis and Optical Properties of Donor-Accepter Organic Conjugated Molecules Composed of Fluorene and Phenothiazine." Advanced Materials Research 1061-1062 (December 2014): 296–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1061-1062.296.

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Novel donor-acceptor conjugated organic molecules composed of central fluorene and phenothiazine units and aldehyde terminal groups have been designed and constructed via the Vilsmeier-Haack reaction. Optical properties of the resulting molecules were examined by UV-vis and fluorescence spectroscopies. The fluorescence spectra of the molecules in the solid state show strong emission peaks in the violet, blue, cyan and green light regions. Thus, the molecules are expected to be promising light-emitting materials for organic light-emitting diodes applications.
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26

Huang, C. C., H. F. Meng, G. K. Ho, et al. "Color-tunable multilayer light-emitting diodes based on conjugated polymers." Applied Physics Letters 84, no. 7 (2004): 1195–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1645983.

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27

Sun, Mingliang, Qiaoli Niu, Renqiang Yang, et al. "Fluorene-based copolymers for color-stable blue light-emitting diodes." European Polymer Journal 43, no. 5 (2007): 1916–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2007.02.008.

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28

Chen, Ying-Hsiao, Yu-Ying Lin, Yung-Chung Chen, et al. "Carbazole/fluorene copolymers with dimesitylboron pendants for blue light-emitting diodes." Polymer 52, no. 4 (2011): 976–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2010.12.060.

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29

Martin, Rainer E., Florence Geneste, and Andrew B. Holmes. "Synthesis of conjugated polymers for application in light-emitting diodes (PLEDs)." Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences - Series IV - Physics 1, no. 4 (2000): 447–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1296-2147(00)00143-8.

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30

Lee, Sang Ho, and Tetsuo Tsutsui. "Molecular design of fluorene-based polymers and oligomers for organic light-emitting diodes." Thin Solid Films 363, no. 1-2 (2000): 76–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-6090(99)00997-9.

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31

Salaneck, W. R., and M. Lögdlund. "Conjugated polymer surfaces and interfaces in polymer-based light-emitting diodes." Polymers for Advanced Technologies 9, no. 7 (1998): 419–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1581(199807)9:7<419::aid-pat797>3.0.co;2-i.

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32

Peng, Zhonghua, and Jianheng Zhang. "Novel oxadiazole-containing conjugated polymers as efficient single-layer light-emitting diodes." Synthetic Metals 105, no. 1 (1999): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0379-6779(99)00074-0.

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33

Li, Bing Jun, and Qing Xu. "Highly Solution-Processible Red Light-Emitting Conjugated Polymers Based on Benzothiadiazole." Applied Mechanics and Materials 470 (December 2013): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.470.39.

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A series of high molecular weight,readily soluble conjugated copolymers derived from 9,9-dioctylfluorene (DOF) and 4,7-di(3- hexylthien-2-yl)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (DHTBT) were designed and synthesized by a palladium-catalyzed Suzuki coupling reaction with different ratios of DOF to DHTBT. Thermal stability, solubility, absorption spectra, photoluminescent spectra and electrochemical of the copolymers were investigated in detail. In the solid film, these copolymers showed saturated red light. These properties made them potential soluble red light-emitting candidates for polymer light-emitting
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34

Tang, Ze Biao, Xiao Xia Sun, and Pei Lin Zhang. "Synthesis and Optical Properties of D-A Type Organic Molecules Based on Fluorene and Carbazole." Advanced Materials Research 1061-1062 (December 2014): 291–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1061-1062.291.

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The new compounds F2 and C2 have been successfully synthesized via the Vilsmeier-Haack reaction, which were designed to construct D-A type organic conjugated molecules composed of central fluorene and carbazole donating units and two aldehyde terminal accepting groups. Optical properties of the resulting compounds were examined by UV-vis and fluorescence spectroscopies. The fluorescence spectra of F2 and C2 both exhibiting strong emission peaks in the blue light regions, are expected to be promising pure blue materials for organic light-emitting diodes applications.
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35

Sun, Mingliang, Qiaoli Niu, Bin Du, Junbiao Peng, Wei Yang, and Yong Cao. "Fluorene-Based Single-Chain Copolymers for Color-Stable White Light-Emitting Diodes." Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics 208, no. 9 (2007): 988–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.200700016.

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36

SUN, Ming-liang, Li WANG, Yang-jun XIA, Bin DU, Ran-sheng LIU, and Yong CAO. "FLUORENE-BASED COPOLYMERS FOR RED LIGHT-EMITTING DIODES AND BULK HETEROJUNCTION PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL." Acta Polymerica Sinica 007, no. 10 (2009): 952–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1105.2007.00952.

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37

Zhang, Da-Wei, Meng Li, and Chuan-Feng Chen. "Recent advances in circularly polarized electroluminescence based on organic light-emitting diodes." Chemical Society Reviews 49, no. 5 (2020): 1331–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cs00680j.

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38

Tieke, Bernd, A. Raman Rabindranath, Kai Zhang, and Yu Zhu. "Conjugated polymers containing diketopyrrolopyrrole units in the main chain." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 6 (August 31, 2010): 830–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.6.92.

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Research activities in the field of diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)-based polymers are reviewed. Synthetic pathways to monomers and polymers, and the characteristic properties of the polymers are described. Potential applications in the field of organic electronic materials such as light emitting diodes, organic solar cells and organic field effect transistors are discussed.
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39

Pei, Jian, Wang-Lin Yu, Wei Huang, and Alan J. Heeger. "A Novel Series of Efficient Thiophene-Based Light-Emitting Conjugated Polymers and Application in Polymer Light-Emitting Diodes." Macromolecules 33, no. 7 (2000): 2462–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma9914220.

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40

Tasch, S., E. J. W. List, C. Hochfilzer, et al. "Efficient red- and orange-light-emitting diodes realized by excitation energy transfer from blue-light-emitting conjugated polymers." Physical Review B 56, no. 8 (1997): 4479–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.56.4479.

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41

Jung, Hyunchul, Wonkeun Chung, Chang Hun Lee, and Sung Hyun Kim. "Fabrication of White Light-Emitting Diodes Based on UV Light-Emitting Diodes with Conjugated Polymers-(CdSe/ZnS) Quantum Dots as Hybrid Phosphors." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 12, no. 7 (2012): 5407–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2012.6288.

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42

Zou, Yatao, Ying Liu, Muyang Ban, et al. "Crosslinked conjugated polymers as hole transport layers in high-performance quantum dot light-emitting diodes." Nanoscale Horizons 2, no. 3 (2017): 156–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6nh00217j.

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43

Suzuki, H., S. Hoshino, Chien-Hua Yuan, M. Fujiki, S. Toyoda та N. Matsumoto. "Near-ultraviolet light-emitting diodes based on σ-conjugated linear silicon-backbone polymers". IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 4, № 1 (1998): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/2944.669486.

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44

Tasch, S., E. J. W. List, O. Ekström, et al. "Efficient white light-emitting diodes realized with new processable blends of conjugated polymers." Applied Physics Letters 71, no. 20 (1997): 2883–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.120205.

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45

Peng, Feng, Na Li, Lei Ying, et al. "Highly efficient single-layer blue polymer light-emitting diodes based on hole-transporting group substituted poly(fluorene-co-dibenzothiophene-S,S-dioxide)." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 5, no. 37 (2017): 9680–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7tc02515g.

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We developed a series of high-performance blue light-emitting polymers that contain hole-transport moieties comprising carbazole or triphenylamine substituents in the side chains of random copolymer poly(fluorene-co-dibenzothiophene-S,S-dioxide) (PFSO).
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46

Su, Wen-Fen, Ruei-Tang Chen, and Yun Chen. "Thermally crosslinkable hole-transporting poly(fluorene-co -triphenylamine) for multilayer polymer light-emitting diodes." Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 49, no. 2 (2010): 352–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.24432.

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47

Liu, Zhitian, Shuangqiang Hu, Baolong yang, et al. "Synthesis and Optoelectronic Properties of Novel Fluorene-based Copolymer for Red Light-emitting Diodes." Polymers and Polymer Composites 20, no. 1-2 (2012): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967391112020001-206.

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48

Lee, Wen-Ya, Chien-Wei Chen, Chu-Chen Chueh, Chang-Chung Yang, and Wen-Chang Chen. "Synthesis of New Fluorene-Indolocarbazole Alternating Copolymers for Light-Emitting Diodes and Field Effect Transistors." Polymer Journal 40, no. 3 (2008): 249–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1295/polymj.pj2007135.

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49

Hu, Zhicheng, Kai Zhang, Fei Huang, and Yong Cao. "Water/alcohol soluble conjugated polymers for the interface engineering of highly efficient polymer light-emitting diodes and polymer solar cells." Chemical Communications 51, no. 26 (2015): 5572–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cc09433f.

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50

Yamada, Shuhei, Seijung Park, Suhee Song, et al. "Synthesis and characterization of fluorene-carbazole and fluorene-phenothiazine copolymers with carbazole and oxadiazole pendants for organic light emitting diodes." Polymer 51, no. 26 (2010): 6174–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2010.10.061.

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