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Journal articles on the topic 'Light Falling Weight Deflectometer (LFWD)'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 5 June 2025
Last updated: 11 July 2025

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1

Sulewska, Maria J., and Grzegorz Bartnik. "Application of the Light Falling Weight Deflectometer (LFWD) to Test Aggregate Layers on Geosynthetic Base." Procedia Engineering 189 (2017): 221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.05.035.

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2

Oh, Han Jin, Jin Wook Lee, Kideok Kim, Dae Yeol Kwak, Sang Yum Lee, and Gyeong Hoon Ma. "Evaluation of Structure Pavement Conditions in Seoul Using Light Falling Weight Deflectometer (LFWD) and Road Scanner." International Journal of Highway Engineering 24, no. 1 (2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.7855/ijhe.2022.24.1.001.

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3

Grajewski, Sylwester M. "Prediction of Primary Deformation Modulus Based on Bearing Capacity: A Case on Forest Road with a Light Falling Weight Deflectometer Zorn ZFG 3000 GPS." Forests 13, no. 11 (2022): 1874. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13111874.

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Bearing capacity and compaction are among the most important and frequently used geotechnical parameters in road construction. The aim of this study was to determine the possibility of predicting the value of the primary deformation modulus E1 (obtained from measurements using a static plate load test—PLT) based on measurements with a Zorn light falling weight deflectometer (LFWD), type ZFG 3000 GPS, with a drop weight of 10 kg. A regression analysis was performed on 245 bearing capacity measurements that were taken on 46 forest road sections with various road surfaces. Different regression models were tested, from linear to logarithmic, polynomial, exponential and power models, but excluding polynomials of fourth and higher degree. The results showed that the prediction of E1 values (PLT) from the dynamic deformation modulus values Evd (LFWD) was possible. However, the reported unsatisfactory strength of the relationship between the two parameters was associated with a high risk of error (r = 0.64, R2 = 0.41, Se = 49.78). Neither the use of more complex non-linear regression models, nor the use of multiple regression by introducing an additional estimator in the form of the s/v ratio, significantly improved estimation results. The quality of the prediction of the E1 value was not constant. It varied, depending on the type of forest road, the use of geosynthetic reinforcement and the type of road subgrade. During the study, it was also found that the quality of the prediction of the E1 value could be improved by limiting the range of Evd values tested from above. It is advisable to continue this type of research, as the obtained results could form the basis for future development of national standards for the use of LFWDs to control the bearing capacity and compaction of forest road pavements.
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4

Park, Bongsik, Yeong-Tae Choi, and Sung Ho Hwang. "Ballasted Track Status Evaluation Based on Apparent Track Stiffness Index." Applied Sciences 10, no. 14 (2020): 4729. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10144729.

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Currently, maintenance work for ballasted track is performed based on the Track Quality Index (TQI) without a fundamental cause investigation for track irregularity. In this study, a new evaluation standard for ballasted track status is proposed to overcome the limitations of current maintenance work. The new evaluation standard is based on the stiffness index. The stiffness index is defined as the difference between the average and standard deviation of the apparent track stiffness determined by a light falling weight deflectometer (LFWD). After some field tests and analysis, it is shown that the stiffness index has a strong correlation not only with TQI but also with maintenance history. In verification results, the new evaluation standard estimated the ballasted track status quite well.
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5

Pospisil, Karel, Petr Zednik, and Josef Stryk. "Relationship between deformation moduli obtained using light falling weight deflectometer and static plate test on various types of soil." BALTIC JOURNAL OF ROAD AND BRIDGE ENGINEERING 9, no. 4 (2014): 251–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bjrbe.2014.31.

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There is increasing effort to optimize test methods for evaluation of subgrade. It takes effect in aspiration in replacement of static plate loading test by other faster test methods. One of them is the use of Light Falling Weight Deflectometer. In many countries in Europe both static and dynamic plate tests are standardized. The presented paper introduces results of the research project dealing with the sensitivity of the relationship between static modulus and modulus obtained from the Light Falling Weight Deflectometer on specific types of soil. It is shown that there are significant differences in relationship between moduli values obtained using both methods on different types of soil.
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6

Caroles, L., A. R. Djamaluddin, A. A. Amiruddin, and A. Arsyad. "Correlation of modulus elasticity of Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) towards Light Weight Deflectometer (LWD) laboratory." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 419 (February 8, 2020): 012039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/419/1/012039.

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7

Tompai, Zoltán. "Laboratory evaluation of B & C small-plate light falling weight deflectometer." Periodica Polytechnica Civil Engineering 52, no. 2 (2008): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/pp.ci.2008-2.07.

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8

Benedetto, A., F. Tosti, and L. Di Domenico. "Elliptic model for prediction of deflections induced by a Light Falling Weight Deflectometer." Journal of Terramechanics 49, no. 1 (2012): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jterra.2011.10.003.

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9

Larsson, Martin, Anna Niska, and Sigurdur Erlingsson. "Structural Stability of Cycle Paths—Introducing Cycle Path Deflection Bowl Parameters from FWD Measurements." Infrastructures 10, no. 1 (2024): 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures10010007.

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A recurrent challenge on cycle paths are edge cracks, which affect the traffic safety and accessibility of cyclists and produce high maintenance costs. Being both structurally thinner and narrower structures than roads, the cycle paths are extra prone to this problem. A few passages of heavy vehicles in unfavourable conditions might be enough to break the edge. The load-bearing capacity of eight municipal cycle paths in Linköping, Sweden, were assessed by falling weight deflectometer (FWD) and light falling weight deflectometer (LWD) measurements during a year-long cycle. A set of alternative Deflection Bowl Parameters (DBPs), better adapted to the structural design of cycle paths, were suggested and evaluated. The results of the FWD measurements showed that these suggested DBPs are a promising approach to evaluate the load-bearing capacity of cycle paths. From the results of the LWD measurements, it was found that the load-bearing capacity varies considerably with lateral position. The conclusion is that it might be more fruitful to measure the load-bearing capacity by LWD close to the edge, rather than the traditional approach of FWD measurements along the centre line of the cycle path.
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10

Alshibli, Khalid A., Murad Abu-Farsakh, and Ekrem Seyman. "Laboratory Evaluation of the Geogauge and Light Falling Weight Deflectometer as Construction Control Tools." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 17, no. 5 (2005): 560–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0899-1561(2005)17:5(560).

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11

Livneh, Moshe, and Yair Goldberg. "Quality Assessment During Road Formation and Foundation Construction: Use of Falling-Weight Deflectometer and Light Drop Weight." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1755, no. 1 (2001): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1755-08.

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12

Nazzal, Munir D., Murad Y. Abu-Farsakh, Khalid Alshibli, and Louay Mohammad. "Evaluating the Light Falling Weight Deflectometer Device for in Situ Measurement of Elastic Modulus of Pavement Layers." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2016, no. 1 (2007): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2016-02.

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13

Bertulienė, Lina, Lina Juknevičiūtė–Žilinskienė, Henrikas Sivilevičius, and Alfredas Laurinavičius. "Interaction of Physical Parameters and The Strength of Frost Blanket Course in Road Pavement Structure." Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 13, no. 4 (2018): 416–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.7250/bjrbe.2018-13.426.

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This paper determines the interaction between the physical indicators of frost blanket course and its deflection modulus, measured by static and dynamic devices. The Pilot Road has been selected to examine the strength properties (deflection module) of frost blanket course. A Pilot Road consisting of 27 road sections, divided into 5 different road structures. A Pilot Road has been selected to examine the strength properties (deflection module) of frost blanket course. In this research was determined the strength of frost blanket course in road pavement structures of Pilot Road by four devices: Falling Weight Deflectometer Dynatest 8000, Light Weight Deflectometers Prima 100 and ZORN ZSG 02 and Static Beam Strassentest. The results showed no reliable correlation between the deflection modulus, measured by different devices, and the physical indicators of the frost blanket course of the road pavement structures in Pilot Road.
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14

Ahmed, Abdelkader T., and Hussain A. Khalid. "Backcalculation Models to Evaluate Light Falling Weight Deflectometer Moduli of Road Foundation Layer Made with Bottom Ash Waste." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2227, no. 1 (2011): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2227-07.

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15

Gosk, Wojciech. "Stiffness Estimation of the Soil Built-in Road Embankment on the Basis of Light Falling Weight Deflectometer Test." Procedia Engineering 143 (2016): 395–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.06.050.

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16

Albuquerque Filho, Luiz Heleno, Luís Fernando Martins Ribeiro, and Michéle Dal Toé Casagrande. "PROPOSTA DE AVALIAÇÃO DAS CONDIÇÕES ESTRUTURAIS E FUNCIONAIS DE TRECHOS EXPERIMENTAIS DE UMA ESTRADA NÃO REVESTIDA CONSTRUÍDA COM DIFERENTES TÉCNICAS DE MELHORAMENTO DE SOLOS." Revista ENINFRA 1, no. 1 (2022): 171–86. https://doi.org/10.70859/2764-9539.v1.n1.21.

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A matriz de transportes de cargas do Brasil apresenta grande desequilíbrio em função da acentuada concentração do modal rodoviário em relação aos demais modais. Graves distorções também são observadas na distribuição do revestimento da malha rodoviária, com apenas 13,6% de sua extensão contando com revestimento considerado definitivo. Em função de fatores físicos, geométricos e climáticos, diferentes métodos de dimensionamento de estradas não revestidas foram desenvolvidos em todo o mundo. Apesar dos avanços, esses métodos foram majoritariamente concebidos para estradas tratadas com cascalho em regiões de clima temperado, ou seja, não alinhados à realidade dos solos tropicais. Desconsideram ainda técnicas importantes de melhoramento de solos, tais como estabilizações químicas e a incorporação de geossintéticos e de resíduos de construção civil. Diante desse cenário desafiador, a presente pesquisa foi concebida com objetivo de monitorar as condições estruturais e funcionais de 10 trechos experimentais de uma estrada não revestida do Distrito Federal construídos com diferentes técnicas de melhoramento de solos. As condições estruturais serão avaliadas por meio de medidas de deflexões com viga Benkelman, Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) e Light Weight Deflectometer (LWD). As condições funcionais serão avaliadas por meio de inspeções de campo para qualificação e quantificação dos defeitos e medidas de irregularidade longitudinal. A pesquisa prevê ainda analisar aspectos econômicos relacionados aos custos de construção, manutenção e operação das diferentes técnicas de tratamento adotadas nos trechos monitorados.
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17

Tian, Shuang, Xianzhang Ling, Ting Li, Andrew Chan, and Ionut-Razvan Georgescu. "Evaluating the Service Performance of Heavy Axle Load Ballasted Railway by Using Numerical Simulation Method." Applied Sciences 12, no. 5 (2022): 2539. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12052539.

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To evaluate the service performance of the track substructure of heavy axle load (HAL) railway transportation, an inverse analysis was performed to estimate the resilient modulus values of the track substructure, based on the deflection data obtained from light falling weight deflectometer testing. Subsequently, a three-dimensional finite element model was developed to simulate the effect of the train speeds (v) and axle loads (F) on the typical dynamic responses in the railway track system. The results convincingly indicated that increasing v or F can amplify the track vibration. Finally, a critical stress ratio method was adopted to evaluate the service performance based on the numerical results. A recommended range of v and F was determined to maintain the long-term stability of the HAL railway line. The findings can provide guidance for designing the track and maintenance plans to avoid track support failures and ensure track infrastructure resiliency.
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18

Albuquerque Filho, Luiz Heleno, Michéle Dal Toé Casagrande, and Lu Fernandoís Martins Ribeiro. "Proposed structural and functional evaluation of unpaved roads improved with geosynthetics, reclaimed asphalt pavement and Portland cement." E3S Web of Conferences 544 (2024): 11003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202454411003.

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The cargo transport network in Brazil is highly unbalanced, with a marked concentration of road transport in relation to other modes of transport. As if the flagrant imbalance between modes were not enough, serious distortions are also observed in the distribution of road network coverage. Only 13% of the Brazilian network has coating considered definitive, reinforcing the importance of unpaved roads in the transport network. Despite advances, the design methods for unpaved roads were mostly developed for roads treated with gravel in regions with a temperate climate, which are inconsistent with the nature and behavior of Brazilian tropical soils. They also disregard important soil improvement techniques, such as reinforcement with geosynthetics, incorporating civil construction waste, reclaimed asphalt pavement, mining tailings or chemical stabilization with different additives (hydrated lime, Portland cement, latex polymers, organic additives and asphalt emulsion). Faced with this challenging scenario, this research was designed to monitor the structural and functional conditions of unpaved road test sections in Brazil built with different soil reinforcement and stabilization techniques. The structural condition of the test sections will be evaluated through deflection measurements with the Light Weight Deflectometer (LWD), Benkelman beam, and Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD), and the functional condition will be evaluated through field inspections for the qualification and quantification of defects. This article aims to present the synthesis of the proposed methodology and the initial results of soil characterization obtained in constructing the first test section located in an unpaved section of the Federal Highway BR-030, in the state of Bahia.
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19

Alves, Rubens, Sara Rios, Eduardo Fortunato, António Viana da Fonseca, and Bruno Guimarães Delgado. "Mechanical Behaviour of Steel Slag–Rubber Mixtures: Laboratory Assessment." Sustainability 15, no. 2 (2023): 1563. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15021563.

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Slags and rubber from end-of-life tires represent a liability to the steel and tire industry, causing economic and environmental problems that are difficult to manage. Transport infrastructures can use these industrial by-products instead of extracting natural raw materials, but the adequate mechanical performance of the materials needs to be assured. This paper addresses the mechanical behaviour of slag–rubber mixtures in the laboratory with CBR, monotonic and cyclic triaxial tests. In addition, light falling weight deflectometer tests were also performed in a physical model. The results were analysed to meet technical specifications from Brazil, Portugal and Australia using railway sub-ballast layers, capping layers or road pavement layers as the base and sub-base to identify the applicability range of slag–rubber mixtures for transport infrastructures. Concerning the analysed parameters, it was demonstrated that slag–rubber mixtures can show resilient behaviour and strength adequate for the support layers of transport infrastructures provided that the rubber content is below 5% in weight and that the slag is milled to comply with the grain size distribution ranges available in the technical specifications of the cited countries.
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20

Kim, Jin-Young, Jin-Woo Cho, Chang-Ho Choi, and Sung-Yeol Lee. "UAV-Based Quantitative Assessment of Road Embankment Smoothness and Compaction Using Curvature Analysis and Intelligent Monitoring." Remote Sensing 17, no. 11 (2025): 1867. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17111867.

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Smart construction technology integrates artificial intelligence, Internet of Things, UAVs, and building information modeling to improve productivity and quality in construction. In road embankment earthworks, ground compaction quality is critical for structural stability and maintenance. This study proposes a methodology combining UAV photogrammetry with intelligent compaction quality management systems to evaluate surface flatness and compaction homogeneity in real-time. High-resolution UAV images were used to generate digital elevation models, from which surface roughness was extracted using terrain element analysis and fast Fourier transform. Local terrain changes were interpreted through contour gradient, outline gradient, and tangential gradient curvature analysis. Field tests were conducted at a pilot site using a vibratory roller, followed by four compaction quality assessments: plate load test, dynamic cone penetration test, light falling weight deflectometer, and compaction meter value. UAV-based flatness analysis revealed that, when surface flatness met the standard, a strong correlation was observed, with results from conventional field tests and intelligent compaction data. The proposed method effectively identified poorly compacted zones and spatial inhomogeneity without interrupting construction. These findings demonstrate that UAV-based terrain analysis can serve as a nondestructive real-time monitoring tool and contribute to automated quality control in smart construction environments.
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21

Li, Shanzhen, Yangsheng Ye, Liang Tang, Degou Cai, Shuang Tian, and Xianzhang Ling. "Experimental Study on the Compaction Characteristics and Evaluation Method of Coarse-Grained Materials for Subgrade." Materials 14, no. 22 (2021): 6972. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14226972.

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Coarse-grained materials are widely used in high-speed railway construction, and it is of great significance to research its compaction characteristics due to the high quality control requirements. In this regard, a field compaction experiment was conducted at a subgrade near Bazhou Station of Beijing-Xiong’an Intercity Railway. The test results of the compaction effect were presented in this study at first. The roller-integrated compaction measurements (i.e., compaction meter value, CMV) were compared with several traditional in-situ tests (i.e., plate load test, light falling weight deflectometer test, and shear wave velocity test). Then the stability of CMV was evaluated by the proposed δ criterion. The spatial uniformity of compaction was further investigated. Based on the analysis, the target value of CMV was preliminarily determined. It showed that Evd was more variable than CMV. The results convincingly indicated that the compaction parameters increased with the increasing number of roller passes at first. A further increase in compaction effort could result in the decompaction of material when the compaction number up to a certain value. The stability analysis method proposed in this study showed its potency of quantifying the percentage of areas with acceptable compaction. The geostatistical analysis could reflect the spatial uniformity of compaction. Overall, the conducted study could provide a useful reference for geo-material compaction control in the transportation engineering.
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22

Tereshchenko, Tatiana, and Serhii Illiash. "Scopes of standard methods for testing road pavements by loading." Avtoshliakhovyk Ukrayiny 1, no. 269 (2022): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.33868/0365-8392-2022-1-269-2-66-74.

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The standard methods for testing road pavements by loading have been widely applied to assess the road pavements maintenance during design, construction and survey stages and especially for the Pavement Management System purposes. These test methods were classified by the type of an applied load as static loading, cyclic loading or impulse loading tests. The paper reviews the above mentioned test methods from the aspects of their scopes, advantages, and general requirements for testing in accordance with the world-wide experience in road building industry. Static loading shall be positioned as the simplest and low-cost test method that permits the testing of relatively thick pavement constructions but does not allow the measurements of deflection bowl. Cyclic loading is more convenient for thinner pavements testing and, together with surface moduli, permits the measurements of deflection bowl. Impulse loading is the most representative test method that simulates traffic loading most adequately and permits the deflection bowl measurements as well. Impulse load can be applied using “high-weigh” device such as falling weight deflectometer, or light weight deflectometer thus given the possibility for testing road pavements with a monolithic upper layer or an unbound layer (base layer, sub-base, sub-grade layer). Standard methods for testing road pavements by loading were widely implemented to measure the surface moduli, the deflection bowl values and also, for rigid pavements, the load transfer efficiency in an area of joint or crack. Surface moduli and deflection bowl values are effectively used, mainly through the back-calculation processes, to assess the stiffness of pavement layers, the life span of road pavements and also for the project or network level testing of road pavements. These tasks rise as high actual for Ukraine intended to be integrated in the EU transport system, where trucks weighing up to 40 tonnes are permitted for international hauling. Considering the necessity for expansion of network level testing to assess the bearing capacity of road pavements and to set restrictions for trafficking at some critical conditions especially seasonal those, the conclusions state the need to process related national standards as national normative documents aiming on: – implementation of standard international classification of methods for testing the road pavements by loading considering the type of loading; – widening the requirements for proceeding of tests; – improvement the pavement management system. Keywords: road pavement; non-destructive testing; static loading; cyclic loading; dynamic loading.
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23

Elipse, Carlo, Je Won Kim, and Byung-Sik Ohm. "Performance Evaluation on the Application of MAST and RCC on a Cambodian Rural Road: A Case Study." Buildings 13, no. 12 (2023): 2993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13122993.

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Cambodia’s transportation sector has exhibited tremendous growth in the past decades together with its economic advancement. However, these improvements are only focused on the national and provincial roads, leaving the rural roads underdeveloped. A large percentage of the rural roads in Cambodia are unpaved while those paved roads are in deteriorated condition, making these rural roads prone to structural failure when subjected to heavy truck traffic and massive rainfall. Therefore, an innovative pavement material shall be used in the construction and rehabilitation of Cambodian rural roads. In this study, a composite pavement testbed consisting of a roller compacted cement (RCC) base layer and a modified double bituminous surface treatment (DBST), namely multi-layered bituminous surface treatment (MAST), was constructed in Cambodia and its performance was evaluated. To have a point of comparison, the testbed was divided into three sections with varying combinations of surface and base layer: (1) MAST surface with an RCC base, (2) MAST surface with an aggregate base, and (3) DBST surface with an aggregate base. Initially, a visual inspection was conducted to investigate the surface condition of the testbed. To assess the structural capacity, a light-falling weight deflectometer device was used. Meanwhile, the surface roughness was evaluated through the sand patch test. Lastly, the pass-by test was performed to quantify the noise level of the pavement. Based on the results, the proposed composite pavement performed significantly superior to the typical pavement in Cambodia, which is the third section. In summary, the composite pavement with MAST as the surface layer and RCC as the base layer was observed to be suitable for heavy truck traffic loading and the environmental conditions of Cambodia.
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24

Erber, Gernot, Huberta Kroisleitner, Christoph Huber, Thomas Varch, and Karl Stampfer. "Periodical Maintenance of Forest Roads with a Mobile Stone Crusher." Croatian journal of forest engineering 42, no. 1 (2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5552/crojfe.2021.862.

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Forest road networks are exposed to damage by traffic, climate, timber harvesting and vegetation. To maintain their functionality, they must be maintained regularly. Periodical maintenance is required when the forest road surface layer is deteriorated and eroded. Well-graded material is required for replacing the forest road surface and often has to be sourced from gravel storage areas, which is costly and requires a large number of truck trips. Therefore, converting non-graded aggregate available on site into well-graded aggregate with a mobile stone crusher is considered a viable alternative.The present study was carried out during a periodical maintenance treatment at the Bavarian State Forest Enterprise and the effect of employing a mobile stone crusher was evaluated with regard to (1) forest road load bearing capacity development during a one-year period post-treatment, (2) particle size distribution of the surface layer material before and after crushing, and (3) its cost compared to other alternatives. Samples were collected pre- and post-operation for particle size distribution analysis, load bearing capacity was measured repeatedly with a light falling weight deflectometer and compared to an untreated reference section and cost of the treatment was compared to two alternatives.The mobile stone crusher was capable of reducing the non-graded to well-graded/close-to-well-graded material and particle size distributions aligned well with the recommendations for lime-water bonded surfaces. Load bearing capacity exceeded the threshold of 40 MN m-2 (Evd, elastic modulus dynamic) for primary forest roads at all times. It increased significantly after the treatment and remained on a significantly higher level throughout the following year. Absolute and relative increases were higher than on the untreated reference section. The treatment variant involving a mobile stone crusher and material available on site was substantially cheaper (5.31 € m-1) than to supply non-graded (16.29 € m-1) or well-graded (19.82 € m-1) material by truck. Material and transport costs represented 67% and 82% of the total costs in the latter two cases. It can be concluded that mobile stone crushers are capable of producing at least close-to-well-graded forest road surface aggregate and that forest road load bearing capacity can be significantly and lastingly increased at only a part of the costs of the alternatives. A maximum of cost and resource efficiency and environmental soundness can be attained when enough surface aggregate is available on site. If this is not the case, sourcing non-graded material as local as possible is the next best alternative.
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25

M. Grajewski, Sylwester. "Evaluation of Light Falling Weight Deflectometer for In Situ Measurement of Secondary Deformation Modulus of Various Forest Road Pavements." Croatian journal of forest engineering 44, no. 2 (2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.5552/crojfe.2023.2125.

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Roads in forests are necessary for proper forest management and active protection of the natural environment. They facilitate tourism and recreation and have a very important function in firefighting. The cost of building roads in forest areas is considerable, even when relatively cheap materials such as aggregates of natural or anthropogenic origin are used. Therefore, any road investment must be well prepared and executed. Bearing capacity and compaction are among the most important and frequently used geotechnical parameters in road construction. The aim of this study was to determine the possibility of predicting the value of the secondary deformation modulus E2 (obtained from measurements with a static plate load test – PLT) based on measurements with a light falling weight deflectometer (LFWD) Zorn, type ZFG 3000 GPS with a drop weight of 10 kg. The regression analysis included 245 results of bearing capacity measurements carried out on 46 forest road sections with various road pavements. Different regression models were tested: linear, logarithmic, polynomial, exponential and power models, excluding polynomials of fourth and higher degree. Prediction of E2 (PLT) values from dynamic deformation modulus Evd (LFWD) values is possible. However, the reported unsatisfactory strength of the relationship between the two parameters is associated with a high risk of error (r=0.73, R2=0.54, Se=80.37 MN·m-2). Neither the use of more complex non-linear regression models nor the use of multiple regression by introducing an additional estimator in the form of the s/v ratio significantly improved the estimation results. The quality of the prediction of E2 values is not constant. It varies depending on the type of forest road pavements, the use of geosynthetic pavement reinforcements and the type of road subgrade. The study also found that the quality of E2 prediction can be improved by limiting the range of tested Evd values upwards. It is advisable to continue this type of research, as the results obtained could be the basis for developing national standards for the application of LFWD to control the bearing capacity and compaction of forest road surfaces in the future.
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26

Wolf, Matheus do Prado, António Miguel Vedelho Paula, and Manuel Joaquim da Costa Minhoto. "MECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF AN UNPAVED ROAD BY DYNAMIC BEARING CAPACITY TESTS." November 13, 2021. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5816182.

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The type and mechanical characteristics of soils dictate the performance of unpaved roads. Unpaved roads are more influenced by the traffic and natural environment than the paved ones: since earth is a more heterogeneous and fragile surface than bituminous and concrete surfaces from paved roads. As a result, the road users often witness the unpleasant presence of distresses over the way. Thus it is essential to follow up the characteristics of the soils that most affect the performance of unpaved roads, like compaction and bearing capacity parameters which usually are obtained from geotechnical characterization and bearing capacity tests. Therefore, dynamic in situ tests are becoming very useful because they allow quick evaluation of the soil subgrade over undisturbed samples and request fewer resources (human and equipment) than conventional in situ tests. This paper presents the application results and analysis of Light Falling Weight Deflectometer (LFWD) and dynamic Californian Bearing Ratio (CBR) from different seasons of the year over an unpaved road in Bragança, Portugal. The road is considered a relevant object of study as it connects the two main dams responsible for providing water to the region. The bearing capacity parameters were evaluated in a retrospective analysis and correlations between these parameters were observed in each one of the test seasons.
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27

Gordon, Michael, Michael J. McHale, and Alan Ferguson. "Improving the precision of Light Weight Deflectometers through annual correlation trials." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Transport, October 9, 2023, 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jtran.23.00062.

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The Light Weight Deflectometer (LWD) is a portable and cost effective device that plays a vital role in checking the quality of highway foundations and base installations for sports facilities, such as football pitches and athletic tracks. As the device is accepted for use as part of compliance testing it is essential that the results produced are reliable. This paper summarises the results of two UK-wide correlation trials carried out in 2021 and 2022. Machines and operators from 42 organisations attended the trials, where the performance of 175 LWD devices was assessed against the larger Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD). This paper provides some background to the use of LWDs and the design of the trial, including the collection and analysis of data. The relationship between the LWD and the FWD, including data variability and the influence of different testing regimes was examined. The main findings of the trials are summarised and recommendations are made to maintain the precision of LWD devices.
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28

Ordaz, Margarita, and Jesse D. Doyle. "Light Weight Deflectometer Configurations for Testing Thin Asphalt Pavements." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, December 11, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1177/03611981241292583.

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The light weight deflectometer (LWD) is used to determine fundamental soil properties such as deflection and modulus. Recently, the LWD has been investigated as a potential structural evaluation tool for thin flexible pavements to generate input data for structural performance prediction models of thin flexible pavements. The falling weight deflectometer (FWD) can be used for the evaluation of thin flexible pavements; however, the relatively high cost and logistics burden, which also may render FWD unsuitable for many local agencies, are disadvantageous for the rapid assessment of dispersed rural roadways. The LWD is a potential alternative; however, since various LWD models are available and multiple testing configurations are possible, this study focused on determining which LWD configuration(s) produce structural responses that most closely correspond to FWD. Ten different LWD combinations of base plate diameter, drop weight, and drop height were tested on two full-scale thin asphalt test sections under closely comparable temperature and moisture conditions. The LWD’s ability to indicate structural conditions was compared with that of the FWD through impulse stiffness modulus. The distribution of stress within the pavements was measured during testing. In addition, the LWD’s repeatability was assessed and found to be similar to that of the FWD. As a result, the small 5.91-in. plate diameter, 22-in. drop height, and largest available hammer weights for both LWD models obtained good repeatability and the closest correspondence to FWD when tested on thin flexible pavements.
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29

Kuttah, Dina. "Optimizing Geotechnical Data Input Based on Light Weight Deflectometer for Road Design and Performance Analysis." Transportation Infrastructure Geotechnology, June 27, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40515-024-00430-6.

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AbstractThis study explores alternative methods for assessing critical parameters in pavement design, specifically Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio. While repeated load triaxial testing is traditionally used, its high cost and time requirements drive the search for more efficient methods. Falling weight deflectometer tests are also resource-intensive, leading to the investigation of light weight deflectometer tests. Utilizing EraPave software for analysis, which employs a multi-layer elastic theory back-calculation tool, the research examines material properties through laboratory tests on unbound granular material, sandy soil, silty sand soil, and sandy silty clay soil, providing data for field tests. Field LWD tests, conducted under various moisture contents and dynamic loads, provided data processed through EraPave to predict layer moduli. Results demonstrate LWD’s effectiveness in predicting layer moduli for different construction materials. Despite variations in root mean square error values, LWD data consistently align well with EraPave predictions, underscoring its reliability for pavement evaluation. Case studies illustrate LWD and EraPave’s adaptability to different moisture contents and stresses. This study advocates for LWD tests’ efficiency and highlights the importance of analytical tools like EraPave for accurate pavement assessments, contributing to optimized pavement evaluation processes and informed road construction and maintenance decisions.
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30

Ordaz, Margarita, Jesse D. Doyle, and Isaac L. Howard. "Light Weight Deflectometer Evaluation of Low-Volume Road Structural Deterioration under Rapidly Increased Traffic Patterns." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, March 21, 2023, 036119812311574. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03611981231157402.

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When evaluating low-volume road (LVR) condition, there is not a tremendous emphasis on structural capacity, since deterioration is typically caused by environmental factors. However, in cases where LVRs experience rapidly increased traffic loading, structural condition becomes important. The research objective was to determine whether the light weight deflectometer (LWD) can be used as a structural evaluation tool for LVRs. This study explored three major factors that affect measurement of flexible pavement structural capacity: load-induced deterioration (e.g., rutting and cracking), soil moisture, and asphalt temperature. Four full-scale flexible pavement test items were constructed with varying base-course materials and layer thickness typical of LVR. Instrumentation was installed during construction to monitor moisture content, temperature, and ambient weather conditions. Accelerated traffic was applied with a 4-axle military truck. A total of 10,000 cumulative vehicle passes were completed. Falling weight deflectometer (FWD) and LWD testing equipment were utilized to measure pavement structural condition at selected traffic intervals. The LWD was shown applicable for LVRs experiencing accelerated traffic. The LWD is portable and is more efficient for LVRs when high rut depths are permitted. The LWD tracked trends of the FWD; therefore, the LWD, based on these experiments, can be recommended for use in lieu of FWD to assess structural condition in some LVR conditions.
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31

Sargand, Shad, Roger L. Green, and Andrew Russ. "Investigation of In Situ Strength of Various Construction and Widening Methods Utilized on Local Roads." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, February 18, 2023, 036119812311524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03611981231152462.

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The project goal was to develop and verify a low-cost, repeatable, nondestructive methodology to characterize the load-carrying capacity of materials used in road widening and construction when established values are not available, and to establish a range of structural coefficients and moduli for these materials. Ninety-nine test sites were selected from 68 projects in eight counties across Ohio, grouped into five clusters. These sites included 19 different widening treatments. Each site was visited, tests conducted, and specimens gathered using the following techniques: falling weight deflectometer (FWD), portable seismic property analyzer, light weight deflectometer, dynamic cone penetrometer, and coring. The data and specimens collected were used to measure layer thicknesses, moduli, effective structural numbers, and layer coefficients applicable to each treatment. At least seven analysis methods were used to obtain the numbers from the data collected. The results were plotted in box plot and cumulative frequency formats for each material and analysis method. For each material, there was a wide variability of values both within and between sections. There were many sources of variability, however a range of numbers for moduli and layer coefficients were identified for most treatments, which could be utilized by local engineering personnel to design future projects. The procedure based on Section 2.3.5 of the 1993 AASHTO pavement design guide using FWD data provided the best estimate of published layer coefficients. However, using these values in other areas cannot guarantee accuracy; truly accurate layer coefficients result from careful monitoring of test sections under controlled loads.
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32

Huang, Yunyan, Taher Baghaee Moghaddam, Leila Hashemian, and Alireza Bayat. "Structural Capacity of Sections Constructed with Different Waste and Recycled Embankment and Insulation Materials at the Integrated Road Research Facility Test Road after Five Years of Operation." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, April 4, 2023, 036119812311598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03611981231159874.

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The Integrated Road Research Facility test road was constructed in 2012 to study the application of waste and recycled materials in road construction in cold regions. Bottom ash (BA) and polystyrene board were used in test sections as insulation materials. Tire-derived aggregate (TDA) from passenger and light-truck tires (PLTT), off-the-road (OTR) tires, and a mixture of TDA from PLTT and soil were used as embankment fill materials in three additional test sections. Two control sections were used to evaluate the performance of the test sections. To compare the long-term impact of these materials on the load-bearing capacity of the pavement, falling weight deflectometer (FWD) tests were conducted after five years of operation. FWD data were used to back-calculate the subgrade modulus, effective modulus, and effective structural number. It was found that although embankments backfilled with TDA from PLTT and OTR gave an initial improvement in the load-bearing capacity of the pavement, a significant loss in load-bearing capacity of pavements with TDA embankments was observed after five years. In contrast, the test section with an embankment backfilled with a mixture TDA from PLTT and soil performed close to the control section, and no significant loss in load-bearing capacity was observed during this study. The test section insulated with polystyrene showed lower load-bearing capacity and a higher loss in load-bearing capacity after five years of operation. However, the test section insulated with BA performed close to the control section and had a lower loss in load-bearing capacity than the control section.
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