Academic literature on the topic 'Light preference'
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Journal articles on the topic "Light preference"
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Swan, Melissa, Aidan Horvath, Rebecca K. Pritchett, Amanda J. Barabas, Debra Hickman, and Brianna N. Gaskill. "The Future Is Not Bright: Evaluation of Rat Preferences for Color and Intensity of Light." Animals 14, no. 14 (2024): 2045. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani14142045.
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Light is a key factor influencing the welfare of laboratory rodents, but little is known about their optimal lighting condition. It i common knowledge that rats prefer dim light, so bright light is mitigated with red-tinted shelters or cages, which alter both the color and intensity of light. Because both aspects are altered, the contribution of each feature to rodent preference is unknown. Further, it is unknown if this preference is influenced by previous experience. We hypothesized that rats would prefer lower light intensity and that their preferences would be influenced by their housing environment. Breeder pairs of rats were randomly separated into four treatments groups: red 200 lux, red 25 lux, clear 200 lux, and clear 25 lux. The breeders’ offspring were tested three times in an apparatus that offered access to each environment, and their preferences were analyzed. Generally, the rats preferred the lower-lux environments and showed no color preference. However, the rats from the clear, 200 lux cages, preferred clear caging and only showed a preference for 25 lux conditions during the second and third preference tests. These results suggest that the light intensity, more than color, should be considered when designing rodent housing and testing facilities.
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Siregar, Petrus, Stevhen Juniardi, Gilbert Audira, et al. "Method Standardization for Conducting Innate Color Preference Studies in Different Zebrafish Strains." Biomedicines 8, no. 8 (2020): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines8080271.
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The zebrafish has a tetrachromatic vision that is able to distinguish ultraviolet (UV) and visible wavelengths. Recently, zebrafish color preferences have gained much attention because of the easy setup of the instrument and its usefulness to screen behavior-linked stimuli. However, several published papers dealing with zebrafish color preferences have contradicting results that underscore the importance of method standardization in this field. Different laboratories may report different results because of variations in light source, color intensity, and other parameters such as age, gender, container size, and strain of fish. In this study, we aim to standardize the color preference test in zebrafish by measuring light source position, light intensity, gender, age, animal size to space ratio, and animal strain. Our results showed that color preferences for zebrafish are affected by light position, age, strain, and social interaction of the fish, but not affected by fish gender. We validated that ethanol can significantly induce color preference alteration in zebrafish which may be related to anxiety and depression. We also explored the potential use of the optimized method to examine color preference ranking and index differences in various zebrafish strains and species, such as the tiger barb and glass catfish. In conclusion, zebrafish color preference screening is a powerful tool for high-throughput neuropharmacological applications and the standardized protocol established in this study provides a useful reference for the zebrafish research community.
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Stach, Jens. "How memorable experiences influence brand preference." Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal 20, no. 4 (2017): 394–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/qmr-03-2016-0023.
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Purpose This paper aims to illuminate mechanisms through which memorable experiences with brands create lasting preferences. It is based on the proposition that intense positive (negative) affective consumption in the consumer’s youth creates powerful imprints, which influence brand preference (distaste) throughout life. Design/methodology/approach Autobiographical memories with Nutella are retrieved from three different user groups, i.e. heavy-, light- and non-users. The retrieved memory narratives are analysed using conditioning theory, i.e. operant, classical or no conditioning are identified and compared across groups. Findings The research’s central proposition is affirmed, yet the dominant form of conditioning mechanism differs per group. Operant conditioning outperforms classical conditioning in creating strong and lasting preferences. Heavy- and non-users predominantly exhibit in-tensely positive and negative operant conditioning, respectively. Light-users on the other hand recall less affectively intense consumption experiences, mainly featuring classical conditioning. The light-users’ recollections suggest a mere exposure effect to be more appropriate in describing the preference formation in this user group. Research limitations/implications Users not having experienced affectively intense consumption, i.e. light-users, are likely to be influenced in their preference over time through other factors, which this paper does not focus on. Practical implications Memory elicitation and exploration provides valuable insights to shape both promotional as well as advertising strategies. Originality/value The study extends existing theory on conditioning in marketing by first using a novel qualitative approach to analyse conditioning procedures in real-life settings, and second, it highlights operant conditioning’s superior ability in creating lasting preferences.
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Changizi, Mark A., and Shinsuke Shimojo. "A Functional Explanation for the Effects of Visual Exposure on Preference." Perception 37, no. 10 (2008): 1510–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p6012.
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Visual exposure to an object can modulate an observer's degree of preference for it, initially enhancing preference (a ‘familiarity preference’ regime), and eventually lowering it again (a ‘novelty preference’ regime). Here we investigate whether there may be a functional advantage to modulating preference in this way. We put forth the simple hypothesis that degree of preference for an object of type X is the brain's estimate of the expected utility of acting to obtain X. In the light of this view of what preferences fundamentally represent, we are able to explain the ‘exposure effect’ and many of the connected phenomena.
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Smallman, Rachel, and Neal J. Roese. "Preference Invites Categorization." Psychological Science 19, no. 12 (2008): 1228–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02229.x.
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Past research indicates that positive affect (relative to neutral or negative affect) reduces processing and makes categorization less differentiated. The present experiment demonstrated that preference, even though affectively pleasant, invites finer categorization. Expertise is already known to influence categorization; hence, the present experiment used an associative conditioning task (novel symbols paired with positively or negatively valenced photographs) to create new preferences, thereby demonstrating that preference influences categorization independently of preexisting expertise. These findings cast new light on established theory of affect and cognitive processing and suggest new implications for consumer preference and goal pursuit.
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Liu, Q., Z. Huang, MR Pointer, M. Ronnier Luo, K. Xiao, and S. Westland. "Evaluating colour preference of lighting with an empty light booth." Lighting Research & Technology 50, no. 8 (2017): 1249–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477153517727330.
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In our recent work, the colour preference of several LED white lights with different correlated colour temperatures (CCT) was investigated with a wide selection of objects. The results highlighted the dominant effect of light itself on the colour preference of lighting. In this study, we similarly implemented two psychophysical experiments with the same lights but with nothing in the light booth. It was found that the subjective ratings for the lit environment of the empty booth were quite close to those of the previous studies that used various coloured objects. Such a finding corroborates our former conclusion that light dominates colour preference and we suspect that this finding can be attributed either to the colour memory of the observers or to the subconscious effect of human vision. Thus, it seems that for general multi-CCT conditions where the light sources do not have very different gamut shapes or object desaturation/oversaturation properties, the preferred white light could be determined by simply asking the observers to rate their preference for the lit environment of the empty light booth. To verify this wild and interesting conclusion and further clarify its applicability, follow-up studies are needed.
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Leghari, Shazia Yasmeen, Tahira Perveen, and Kalsoom Nazar. "Implicit Bias in Health Care Providers During Providing Health Care Ser-vices to Patients in A Tertiary Care Hospital South Punjab Pakistan." Basic and Applied Nursing Research Journal 4, no. 1 (2023): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.11594/banrj.04.01.06.
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Introduction: Bias means an unreasoned and unfair distortion of judgment in favour of or against a person or thing. It is the evaluation of something or someone that can be positive or negative, and implicit or unconscious bias is when the person is unaware of their evaluation. Unconscious or implicit bias describes associations or attitudes that reflexively alter our perceptions, there by affecting behaviour, interaction, and decision-making Methods: This study qualitative cross-sectional study design is used. Implicit Assessment Tool (IAT) used to assess the age Implicit, Religion Implicit and Skin tone Implicit among nurses. The data was analysed by SPSS version-18 & Microsoft Excel. Out of 100 respondent 23% showed a strong automatic preference for light skin compared to dark skin people in Skin-tone IAT. Results: Out 0f 100 just 2% showed strong automatic preference for dark skin as compared to light skin people. During the Religion IAT out of 100 respondents just 1% nurses showed a strong preference for Judaism compared to Islam. 96.0% showed strong automatic preferences for Islam compared to Judaism. 29 % respondents showed a strong automatic preference for Islam compared to Christianity. While 2% participants showed a strong preference for Christianity compared to Islam. In Age implicit assessment test 30% nurses showed strong automatic preference for young people to old people. Just 1 % nurses showed strong automatic preference for old people compared to young people. 30 % nurses showed moderate level of automatic preferences for young people as compared to old people, while just 2 % have moderate automatic preference for old people as compared to young people. Conclusion: This study concluded that Nurses have a strong automatic preference towards their own religion so that they prefer Muslim patients unconsciously rather than the other religion. This study also reveal that during giving care nurses have strong automatic preference to young people and light skinned people as compared to dark skinned and old people.
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Huang, Kuo-Chen, Chin-Chiuan Lin, and Shu-Ying Chiang. "Color Preference and Familiarity in Performance on Brand Logo Recall." Perceptual and Motor Skills 107, no. 2 (2008): 587–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.107.2.587-596.
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Two experiments assessed effects of color preference and brand-logo familiarity on recall performance. Exp. 1 explored the color preferences, using a forced-choice technique, of 189 women and 63 men. Taiwanese college students ages 18 to 20 years ( M = 19.4, SD = 1.5). The sequence of the three most preferred colors was white, light blue, and black and of the three least preferred colors was light orange, dark violet, and dark brown. Exp. 2 investigated the effects of color preference based on the results of Exp. 1 and brand-logo familiarity on recall. A total of 27 women and 21 men, Taiwanese college students ages 18 to 20 years ( M = 19.2, SD = 1.2) participated. They memorized a list of 24 logos (four logos shown in six colors) and then performed sequential recall. Analyses showed color preference significantly effected recall accuracy. Accuracy for high color preference was significantly greater than that for low preferences. Results showed no significant effects of brand-logo familiarity or sex on accuracy. In addition, the interactive effect of color preference and brand-logo familiarity on accuracy was significant. These results have implications for the design of brand logos to create and sustain memory of brand images.
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Bradley, Gordon A., and Anne R. Kearney. "Public and Professional Responses to the Visual Effects of Timber Harvesting: Different Ways of Seeing." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 22, no. 1 (2007): 42–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/22.1.42.
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Abstract This study examines preferences and differences in preference among forest professionals and other forest stakeholders. Specifically, the study explores the underlying dimensions of preference and the stated rationale behind those preferences. Preferences were assessed for six different silvicultural treatments, including clearcutting, two-age cut, patch cut, group selection, commercial thin, and an unmodified control stand. Study participants were selected from six stakeholder groups: forest professionals, urban public, rural public, recreationists, environmentalists, and educators (n=210). Results show that people's preferences tend to follow the same general trend across all groups, with higher preference for less intense harvests. Foresters tended to show significantly greater preference than most other groups for treatments where tree removal left moderate to large openings; this difference was most striking with respect to clearcuts. Analysis of people's stated rationale behind the preference ratings suggests that differences in preference are a function of differences in how people interpret the scene. Foresters were more likely to see the management depicted in a scene and to interpret these signs of management in a favorable light; other groups were more likely to respond to the aesthetics of the scene or to processes perceived to be damaging to the landscape. Implications for these differences in preference and perception are discussed.
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Álvaro, Leticia, Humberto Moreira, Julio Lillo, and Anna Franklin. "Color preference in red–green dichromats." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 30 (2015): 9316–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1502104112.
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Around 2% of males have red–green dichromacy, which is a genetic disorder of color vision where one type of cone photoreceptor is missing. Here we investigate the color preferences of dichromats. We aim (i) to establish whether the systematic and reliable color preferences of normal trichromatic observers (e.g., preference maximum at blue, minimum at yellow-green) are affected by dichromacy and (ii) to test theories of color preference with a dichromatic sample. Dichromat and normal trichromat observers named and rated how much they liked saturated, light, dark, and focal colors twice. Trichromats had the expected pattern of preference. Dichromats had a reliable pattern of preference that was different to trichromats, with a preference maximum rather than minimum at yellow and a much weaker preference for blue than trichromats. Color preference was more affected in observers who lacked the cone type sensitive to long wavelengths (protanopes) than in those who lacked the cone type sensitive to medium wavelengths (deuteranopes). Trichromats’ preferences were summarized effectively in terms of cone-contrast between color and background, and yellow-blue cone-contrast could account for dichromats’ pattern of preference, with some evidence for residual red–green activity in deuteranopes’ preference. Dichromats’ color naming also could account for their color preferences, with colors named more accurately and quickly being more preferred. This relationship between color naming and preference also was present for trichromat males but not females. Overall, the findings provide novel evidence on how dichromats experience color, advance the understanding of why humans like some colors more than others, and have implications for general theories of aesthetics.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Light preference"
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Hood, Sean. "Light emitting diode color rendition properties." Kansas State University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/15647.
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Master of Science<br>Department of Architectural Engineering and Construction Science<br>Fred Hasler<br>This paper discusses the color rendition capabilities of light emitting diodes (LEDs) and their relationship with the current standard for color rendition quality. The current standard for judging light source color rendering properties, known as the color rendering index (CRI), has come under heavy scrutiny in recent years with the introduction of LED in commercial lighting applications. LEDs, depending on construction type, have highly structured spectral distributions which do not scale well under the color rendering index; moreover, CRI for LEDs has become disjointed with the subjective measurement of human color preference. Unfortunately, given the multidimensional nature of color, an all-encompassing scale with a single rated value for color rendition capabilities of a light source has proven difficult to establish.
An analysis on the human visual system is first discussed, establishing how the visual system first detects color in the eye and subsequently encodes that color information through a color-opponent process, formulating conscious color appearance. The formation of color appearance leads into a discussion on human color vision and the creation of three dimensional color space, which is subsequently used for the measurement of color fidelity (CRI) of consumer light sources. An overview of how LED lamps create light and color is then discussed, showing that the highly structured spectral distribution of LED lamps is often the cause of discrepancy within the CRI system. Existing alternatives to the CRI system are then compared and contrasted to each other, and the existing CRI system.
A final color preference study was conducted where four LED lamps where compared to a reference lamp of equal correlated color temperature. Observers were asked to rate the various test lamps against the reference lamp in terms of vividness, naturalness, overall preference, and individual color preference. It was found that no significant difference was found between the first three dimensions measured but significant trend lines existed for the preference of individual colors when illuminated by either LED lamps or the reference source. Recommendations are then made for how the lighting industry could move forward in terms of color metrics.
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Rierson, Rusty Del. "Broiler preference for light color and feed form, and the effect of light on growth and performance of broiler chicks." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/12037.
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Master of Science<br>Department of Animal Sciences and Industry<br>R. Scott Beyer<br>Over the decades much has been discovered about the appropriate lighting management strategies for raising commercial meat-type poultry. Our knowledge of light preference, wavelength, intensity, intermittent lighting, and avian spectral sensitivity continues to improve our management strategies. In this work, a total of 5 experiments were conducted.
The first 2 experiments investigated the effects of Light emitting diodes (LED) lights on growth performance of broiler chicks. Broiler chicks were raised under LED lights at different intensities: 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 lux. A significant linear relationship (P < 0.05) was found in experiment 1 between body weight gain and light intensity. In experiment 2, a linear trend was noticed between body weight gain and light intensity. As the light intensity increased, chick weight increased. Feed: gain ratios were not affected by light intensity. The third experiment also examined growth performance using LED lighting as well as the effects of feed form and different lighting intensities upon behavior. The broilers fed a pelleted diet had significantly better performance than those fed crumbles. Under more intense light it was discovered that broilers spend significantly more time (P< .05) consuming feed compared to dim light.
The fourth experiment focused on broiler preference for light color, and feed form during feeding. The broilers were offered either pelleted or crumbled feed and served under 4 different light colors: red, white, blue, and green. It was found that broilers statistically preferred pelleted feed, and white lighting, with red being the 2nd color choice of preference while green and blue were statistically not chosen.
The fifth experiment focused on chick preference for feed color, when under different light color. One day old chicks were offered dyed feed: red, yellow, blue, green or light brown
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(control) under 5 different colors of light: red, yellow, blue, green, and white. It was found that chicks significantly preferred red dyed feed, especially under blue light.
In conclusion, it was found that LED lights can have positive effects on broiler performance. Broilers show a preference for white lighting and pelleted feed. Young chicks show a preference for red dyed feed.
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Staples, Victoria Lydia Shana. "Diurnal preference in older men and women : relationship with light,PER3 genotype and sleep wake timing." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.510369.
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Cha, Seunghyun. "Stochastic space-use prediction in light of spatial choice behaviour : modelling space preference of work-related activities." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.709375.
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Babilon, Sebastian [Verfasser], Tran Quoc [Akademischer Betreuer] Khanh, and Edgar [Akademischer Betreuer] Dörsam. "On the Color Rendition of White Light Sources in Relation to Memory Preference / Sebastian Babilon ; Tran Quoc Khanh, Edgar Dörsam." Darmstadt : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Darmstadt, 2018. http://d-nb.info/116740243X/34.
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Brito, Thiago Marques de. "Validação da preferência claro/escuro como modelo comportamental de ansiedade no Carassius auratus (peixe dourado)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59134/tde-29022012-092339/.
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A validação de um modelo experimental para se investigar a ansiedade deve estar baseada inicialmente em uma validação comportamental paramétrica, que pressupõe a investigação de respostas relacionadas ao comportamento de defesa da espécie frente às situações aversivas presentes no ambiente de exposição. Assim, o presente trabalho validou a preferência claro/escuro como um modelo comportamental para o estudo da ansiedade no peixe Carassius auratus (peixe dourado). Foram avaliados os seguintes parâmetros: repetição das exposições ao aparato de teste em 5 sessões diárias, privação de comida, aquário enriquecido, troca de água do aquário antes dos testes, proporções diferentes do compartimento claro e escuro, e aquário com a metade do comprimento. Os dados indicaram que as reexposições aumentaram o número de cruzamentos, indicando que a mesma aumenta a exploração do aparato, atenuando os componentes aversivos do ambiente. Os peixes alojados no aquário enriquecido se locomoveram mais no aparato, e não apresentam preferência significativa por nenhum dos compartimentos (claro/escuro), evidenciando que a aversividade do ambiente claro foi atenuada pelo alojamento em um aquário enriquecido. Os animais privados de comida por 48 h não apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os tempos gastos nos compartimentos claro e escuro do aquário, indicando uma maior exploração do aparato em busca de alimento. Os animais que passaram pelo procedimento de troca de água do aquário de testes não apresentaram preferência por nenhum dos compartimentos, indicando que os peixes, provavelmente, liberam sinalizadores químicos na água que informam seus co-específicos sobre o potencial aversivo do ambiente. Quanto à proporção do aquário, os animais expostos ao aquário teste 75% claro e 25% escuro se locomoveram menos que os do aquário controle, indicando que uma maior área clara, pode levar a uma ampliação da aversividade nesse aquário. Quando os sujeitos foram submetidos ao aquário 75% escuro e 25% claro, a frequência de cruzamentos foi maior no grupo controle e, nesse caso, a maior locomoção pode estar associada a uma atenuação da aversividade do ambiente relacionada a presença de uma maior área escura. No aquário 87,5% claro e 12,5% escuro, os animais do grupo experimental não apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os tempos gastos em nenhum dos compartimentos do aquário, indicando que uma maior área clara (aversiva) altera a preferência por ambientes escuros. Os peixes expostos ao aquário com a metade do comprimento aumentaram sua locomoção, evidenciando que o comprimento do aparato interfere na aversividade do compartimento claro. De forma geral, os dados demonstraram que a manipulação de estímulos ambientais altera os padrões comportamentais exploratórios relacionados à preferência claro/escuro, os quais podem estar associados a diferentes comportamentos relacionados à ansiedade.<br>The validation of an experimental model to investigate the anxiety must be initially based in a parametric behavioral validation, which involves investigating responses related to the defense behavior of the species to cope with aversive situations in the environment of exposure. Thus, the present study validated the light/dark preference as a behavioral model for the study of anxiety in Carassius auratus (goldfish). The following parameters were evaluated: repetition of exposures to the test apparatus in 5 daily sessions, food deprivation, enriched aquarium, exchange of the water of the test aquarium, different proportions of the light and dark compartments, and exposure to an aquarium with half the length of the control one. The data indicated that the repeated exposures increased the number of crossings, indicating that they increased the exploration of the apparatus by reducing the aversive components of the environment. The fish housed in the enriched aquarium displaced more in the test apparatus, showin no significant preference for either the dark or light side, indicating the aversion of the test environment was attenuated by the exposure to the enriched aquarium. 48-H food-deprived animals showed no statistically significant differences between the times spent in either side of the test aquarium, indicating more intense exploration of the test apparatus in search of food. The animals submitted to the procedure of exchanging the water of the test aquarium before testing did not show preference for either side, indicating that the fish probably release chemical signals in the water which inform their conspecifics of the potential aversiveness of environment. As to the proportion of the aquarium, animals exposed to the 75% light 25% dark test aquarium displaced less than the ones exposed to the control aquarium, indicating that a larger light area can lead to an increase in the aversiveness of the aquarium. When the subjects were exposed to the 75% dark 25% light aquarium, the frequency of crossings was greater for the control group and, in this case, the increased locomotion may be associated with an attenuation in the aversiveness of the environment related to the presence of a larger dark area. In the 87.5% light 12.5% dark aquarium, the animals in the experimental group did not present statistically significant differences between the times spent on either the light or dark sides of the apparatus, indicating that a larger light (aversive) area alters the preference for dark environments. The fishes exposed the aquarium with half the length increased their locomotion, indicating that the length of the apparatus interferes with the aversiveness of the light compartment. Overall, the data showed that manipulating environmental stimuli affects exploratory behavior patterns related to light/dark preference, which may be associated with different anxiety-related behaviors.
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Böttger, Tim Michael. "Customer Preferences of Very Light Jet Air Taxi Operators." St. Gallen, 2008. http://www.biblio.unisg.ch/org/biblio/edoc.nsf/wwwDisplayIdentifier/02602597002/$FILE/02602597002.pdf.
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Unver, Ahmet. "People&." Master's thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12610450/index.pdf.
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This thesis aims to create new perspectives in urban lighting design by discovering people&<br>#8217<br>s preferences in urban lighting through an exploratory research on people&<br>#8217<br>s perceptive experience of urban space at night. In this study, I aim to analyze the common approaches and methods of urban lighting design and make their critique through my research results. Primary research objectives include the evaluation of what people perceive from the urban lighting design and how they feel about the design outcomes. In order to explore people&<br>#8217<br>s experience of lit urban space at night, my research comprises a survey that aims to discover people&<br>#8217<br>s opinions on certain lit urbanscenes collected from the city of Ankara.
Urban lighting design is a discipline that emerged to improve the aesthetic quality of urban space. It has significant effects on people and consequently on urban life. However, in this discipline, exploration of people&<br>#8217<br>s needs and preference is a neglected phenomenon. Therefore, this study suggests that it is necessary to review the designer-centered perspective on urban lighting design and question whether existing approach to this discipline has preferable outcomes for people. Through this research I aim to test whether it is appropriate to pursue and carry out the existing type of lighting design, and propose new perspectives to urban lighting.
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Alriksson, Stina. "Environmental preferences among steel stakeholders." Doctoral thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för biologi och miljö (BOM), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-28310.
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Emissions of carbon dioxide, dioxins, nitrogen oxides and particulate matter as well as use of non-renewable resources and energy are some important sustainability challenges for the Swedish steel industry. Much effort has been made, mainly by technical solutions, which to a high degree have decreased the emissions during the last 30 years. Technical solutions however will not be sufficient to reach sustainable development, stakeholder involvement is also necessary. Stakeholder theory states that stakeholder involvement must include a dialog between the stakeholders involved and the operation. The first step in this process is to identify which key issues the stakeholders find most important and then the organisation needs to start interact with its stakeholders. This thesis deals with such issues. Stakeholder preferences for environmental issues were assessed with conjoint analysis, Q-methodology and focus group discussions. The theory of planned behaviour was used to assess how attitudes were connected to background factors and a potential pro-environmental behaviour. Five studies have been carried out in the framework of this thesis. The studies include: a literature review, method evaluation, evaluation of environmental objectives in stakeholder groups, screening of relevant factors, evaluation of steel environmental characteristics, identification of barriers to the introduction of new materials and the impact of worry and risk perception on strategic environmental decisions. It can be concluded that the methods applied in the studies work well in eliciting preferences. It has been possible to show how different stakeholder groups as well as individuals prioritise environmental objectives and sustainability issues. Since individuals within a stakeholder group vary considerably in preferences, the results from this thesis show the importance of illustrating results on an individual level instead of the traditional group level. Also, a method has been tested where the results were brought back to the respondents in order to stimulate discussions between different stakeholder groups.
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Handschumacher, Konstantin. "In the light of the Crimean Crisis will International law have to accept that it is to the advantage of the citizens of Crimea that, in this case, the law of state succession applies De Facto in preference to that of occupied territory law?" Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20866.
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The Crimea Crisis didn't just influenced the political world, it also challenged the international law system. It is one of the major crisis after the Cold War where the relationship between western states and Russia were at a point of collapsing. After the fled of the former Russian president, the "Little Green Man" entered Crimea and took over the control over the territory. In the beginning Russia denied any connection to this rebel group, but according to the effecting control test, their action can be attributed to Russia. Therefore Russia used illegally force in Crimea. After holding a referendum, which didn't met the international standards, Crimea singed a treaty, which lead to the incorporation into the Russian Federation. Because of the link to the illegal use of force these actions violated international law. Crimea is therefore occupied territory and the law of occupation applies to the area. But because Russia considers the territory as part of the Russian Federation, it considers the law of state succession as the applicable law. When we compare the two legal systems in regards to the rights and citizenship, it can be concluded that none of the two legal systems are more beneficent for the inhabitants than the other. As a consequence one can hypothetical ask if there are legal arguments in international law, which can be put forward to underpin the assumption that for the benefit of the inhabitants the de jure legal system has to evade in favor for the de facto system. There are several possible legal arguments, but none of them is in the position to underpin the raised question. Even there are no legal arguments the current discussion in international has the possibility to strengthen the law of occupation.
Books on the topic "Light preference"
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Böttger, Tim Michael. Customer Preferences of Very Light Jet Air Taxi Operators. DIKE, 2009.
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Brophy, Teresa. Application of concept surrogate consumer to the industrial market. University College Dublin, 1993.
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Betti, Marco, and Carlotta Paola Brovadan, eds. Donum. Firenze University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-181-5.
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The essays collected in Donum discuss different aspects of Florentine art from the 16th to the 18th century, such as sculptures displayed in gardens and palaces, the collecting preferences and strategies of the Medici family and those of the Tuscan aristocracy, drawings and paintings by local and foreign artists, and baroque wall decoration: these topics are analyzed in light of newly discovered artworks or previously unpublished documents. The common thread binding the papers together is the research method based on the study of archival sources and historical contexts, and on the connoisseurship. The volume gathers art historians who had been involved in the conference held in 2016 in honor of Mara Visonà as well as other scholars educated at the University of Florence.
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Sessler, Curtis N., and Katie M. Muzevich. Sedatives and anti-anxiety agents in critical illness. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0042.
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Sedative and anti-anxiety agents are administered to many mechanically-ventilated intensive care unit (ICU) patients. While commonly considered supportive care, suboptimal administration of sedatives has been linked to longer duration of mechanical ventilation and longer ICU length of stay. The use of a structured multidisciplinary approach can help improve outcomes. The level of consciousness, as well as the presence and severity of agitation should be routinely evaluated using a validated sedation–agitation scale. The approach to delivery of sedation should be based upon specific goals, particularly mechanical ventilation, while maintaining the lightest possible level of sedation. Selection should be based upon clinical circumstances and patient characteristics, however, when continuous infusion sedation is required, experts suggest using non-benzodiazepine agents. A variety of strategies for sedation management have been demonstrated to be effective in clinical trials including use of protocols, targeting light sedation, preference of analgesics for initial therapy, use of intermittent, rather than continuous drug delivery when possible, and daily interruption of sedation. Finally, light sedation should be linked to performance of spontaneous breathing trials, as well as early mobilization.
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Danckaert, Lieven. The development of BE-periphrases. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759522.003.0006.
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The sixth and final chapter of this book deals with word order in Latin BE-periphrases. It is first shown that the unexpected Late Latin preference for the head-final order ‘past participle–esse’ is not observed in every single environment, but only in the case of so-called ‘E-periphrases’, which display a mismatch between the tense of the BE-auxiliary in isolation and the tense of the entire periphrastic expression. In contrast, structures which lack this tense mismatch (‘F-periphrases’) can be shown to behave very differently. Next, the diachronic development of these two types of BE-periphrases is discussed, and it is suggested that in the light of the Late Latin corpus data, some received wisdom about the origins of the Romance present tense passive needs to be reconsidered. Finally, a prosodic account is proposed of the unexpected word order behaviour of Late Latin E-periphrases.
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Lockley, Steven W. Principles of sleep–wake regulation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198778240.003.0002.
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The 24-hour sleep–wake cycle is generated by two oscillatory processes: an endogenous hypothalamic circadian pacemaker and a sleep- and wake-dependent homeostat. These processes combine to maintain a consolidated bout of sleep at night and relatively stable waking function across the day. They also combine to determine ‘diurnal preference’—whether one is a ‘lark’ or an ‘owl’—a reflection of the phase relationship between the circadian and homeostatic processes. These processes are affected directly by light, either through resetting of the circadian pacemaker or its direct alerting effects. Sleep deficiency and circadian disruption have been associated with a higher risk of chronic disease, although the methodology for assessing these exposures is not optimal. Both sleep and the circadian system also have myriad influences on other aspects of our physiology, behaviour, and metabolism; therefore, steps should be taken to reduce their potential confounding effects in epidemiological studies.
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Rycroft, Robert, ed. The Economics of Inequality, Poverty, and Discrimination in the 21st Century. Praeger, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400643682.
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Leading scholars examine the conflicting paradigms of affluence and destitution in the United States—as well as other free societies—and discuss the influence of education, race, and status on economic mobility. While recent catastrophic events in New Orleans and Haiti may have magnified issues of social inequity, leaders have debated over poverty and discrimination for decades. Are the poor disadvantaged by the institutions of society or by the choices they make? Through two insightful volumes, the author examines differing academic and political perspectives to help shed light on the causes of poverty and inequality; the role that gender, race, age, or sexual preference plays in determining opportunity; and the effectiveness of current social and economic policies in balancing the inequity among disparate groups. The Economics of Inequality, Poverty, and Discrimination in the 21st Centuryconsists of 2 volumes containing 32 papers divided into 5 categories: measurement, inequality and mobility, institutions and choices, demographic groups and discrimination, and policy. The papers—written by economists, sociologists, philosophers and lawyers—deal with the extent of inequality in the United States and how it compares to other countries, and the newly emerging evidence on the relationship between inequality and mobility within a society.
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de Figueiredo, John M., and Edward H. Stiglitz. Democratic Rulemaking. Edited by Francesco Parisi. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199684250.013.014.
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This chapter examines to what extent agency rulemaking is democratic. It identifies four major theoretical approaches to administrative rulemaking: the unitary executive theory, emphasizing presidential control and accountability; the structure and process school of thought, emphasizing congressional control; the insulation perspective, holding that the public interest and democratic values are often best advanced by limiting political control over administrative agencies; and the deliberative perspective, arguing that rulemaking is the “best hope” for achieving a vision of deliberative democracy. Each theory is evaluated in light of two normative benchmarks: a “democratic” benchmark based on voter preferences, and a “republican” benchmark based on the preferences of elected representatives. It then evaluates how the empirical evidence lines up in light of these two approaches. The chapter concludes with a discussion of avenues for future research.
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Dorraj, Manochehr, and Ken Morgan, eds. Global Impact of Unconventional Energy Resources. Lexington Books, 2018. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781666992748.
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The chapters in this volume represent the latest thinking on the development and exploration of unconventional energy resources in the U.S., Canada, Australia, Europe, Russia, Asia Pacific, Middle East, Latin America, and Africa and shed light on its potential and future prospects in these respective regions. The diversity of thinking about the “shale revolution” is also evident in our case studies. Throughout many countries in Europe for example, there is a strong preference for investment in renewable sources of energy over the fossil fuels. In addition to environmental concerns, the falling price of renewables, have also made them more attractive financially. Consequently, global investment in renewables is outpacing that of fossil fuel two to one. Watching this trend, in 2017, the Chinese government has pledged to invest $360 billion on renewable energy. This would make China the largest investor in development of renewables in the world. Other obstacles to development of shale oil and gas in other parts of the world include, lack of adequate shale resources (Africa), the abundance of conventional energy resources (Middle East and North Africa), high cost of production (Russia, China, Japan) and political opposition to hydraulic fracturing (France and Poland). Despite these sentiments the economic imperatives (providing employment) also play a significant role in determining the future prospects for unconventional energy resources globally.
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Pencavel, John H. The Association Between Working Hours and Hourly Earnings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190876166.003.0007.
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At one time, economists recognized a difficulty in interpreting the association between working hours and hourly earnings: does the association reflect the preferences of employers or of workers? The existence of this identification problem has been largely ignored in recent years. In its place, the relation is presumed to describe describes the labor supply preferences of workers. This needs to be re-considered in light of the empirical finding that the law of diminishing returns operates for hours of work in employers’ production functions. Moreover, there is a third interpretation: differences in hours and hourly earnings reflect differences in the relative bargaining power of workers and employers. If the preferences of workers are sought, they are more likely to be revealed in the hours and earnings of self-employed workers and this is illustrated with the workers in the plywood co-ops.
Book chapters on the topic "Light preference"
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Steenbergen, Peter J., Michael K. Richardson, and Danielle L. Champagne. "The Light–Dark Preference Test for Larval Zebrafish." In Neuromethods. Humana Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-597-8_2.
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Peng, Rui, Yanfen Zhang, Qiang Liu, Qi Wang, and Guo Cao. "Correlation Between Color Quality Metric and Color Preference of Light Source." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering. Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7629-9_1.
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Araujo, Juliana, Caio Maximino, Thiago Marques de Brito, et al. "Behavioral and Pharmacological Aspects of Anxiety in the Light/Dark Preference Test." In Neuromethods. Humana Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-597-8_14.
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Chen, Wei, Zheng Huang, Lianjiang Rao, Zhen Hou, and Qiang Liu. "Research on Colour Visual Preference of Light Source for Black and White Objects." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering. Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1864-5_6.
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Liu, Xinze, Haihang Zhang, Xinyu Pan, Haidong Liu, and Yan Ge. "Which Position is Better? A Survey on User Preference for Ambient Light Positions." In Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35389-5_33.
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Huang, Zhangchenlong, Shanshan Wang, Ao Jiang, Caroline Hemingray, and Stephen Westland. "Gender Preference Differences in Color Temperature Associated with LED Light Sources in the Autopilot Cabin." In HCI in Mobility, Transport, and Automotive Systems. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04987-3_10.
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Malinen, Sanna, Aki Koivula, Teo Keipi, and Arttu Saarinen. "Shedding Light on People’s Social Media Concerns Through Political Party Preference, Media Trust, and Immigration Attitudes." In Europe in the Age of Post-Truth Politics. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13694-8_10.
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AbstractThe emergence of fake news has systematically challenged traditional media institutions as disinformation and misinformation are increasingly utilised in political attacks on social media. As in many countries, also in Finland, the emergence of current counter media sites is closely connected to the rise of the anti-immigration movement, and immigration policies and immigrants have been targets of the massive social media disinformation and misinformation campaigns. By employing a nationally representative survey (N = 3724) from Finland, this study investigates how three social-media-related concerns addressing misinformation and disinformation are explained by political party preferences, media trust, and immigration attitudes. We found that the supporters of the populist party, the Finns, had more critical views on freedom of expression and monitoring of hateful content on social media. Moreover, they were less concerned with the flow of fake news on social media. Based on mediation analysis, we found that trust in traditional media and attitudes on immigration are lowest among the supporters of the Finns, which also explained their different views on fake news, freedom of expression and hateful content monitoring. Even though the independent variables were highly inter-correlated, they also associated individually with social media users’ perceptions. We argue that the accumulation of negative immigration attitudes and low trust in the media is reflecting attitudes towards social media among the supporters of populist parties. The results underline the populist right-wing communication strategy, which questions the reliability of mainstream media, undermines professional journalism, criticises political correctness, and appeals to those who are most frustrated with mainstream media and critical towards immigration.
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Medina, Mercedes. "Shedding Light on Audiovisual Consumption Preferences." In Media Management Matters. Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429265396-14.
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Powell, Lindsey J., and Piotr Winkielman. "Watching Others Mirror: Explaining the Range of Third-Party Inferences from Imitation." In Automatic Imitation. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-62634-0_16.
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AbstractImitation is important in social life, manifesting in various forms and serving diverse functions. This chapter concerns socially oriented imitation, wherein the imitator adopts others’ arbitrary or idiosyncratic behaviors primarily for social reasons. While this form of imitation impacts dyadic interactions, it’s also observable by third parties. We review evidence concerning third-party inferences from imitation across the lifespan, spanning from infancy to adulthood. We propose that a simple concept of social affiliation, embedded within an intuitive (naïve) psychological theory, accounts for the pattern of inferences drawn from observing imitation. Essentially, observers assume that imitators, by either imitating or not, reveal whether they adopt concern for the models’ utilities, encompassing their welfare and values. Young observers typically draw positive inferences from such imitative behaviors. However, as observers mature and master understanding of social dynamics, their inferences become increasingly nuanced. They take into account factors like intention, mutual knowledge, social skills, theory of mind, and social strategies. Consequently, this can lead observers to form negative inferences about the imitators and express a preference for non-imitators or counter-imitators. Our proposed explanation sheds light not only on inferences from third-party or first-party mimicry but also more broadly on the social inferences that guide our interpersonal interactions.
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Văduva, Sebastian, Igor Prisac, and Aliona Lîsîi. "The Particularities of Romanian Management." In Contributions to Management Science. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-60343-3_13.
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AbstractIn the global landscape of business, effective leadership and collaboration hinge upon understanding and managing individuals within diverse cultural contexts. This article delves into the intricate tapestry of Romanian management practices, spotlighting the profound impact of culture, history, and socioeconomic factors on managerial philosophies. Positioned at the crossroads of Eastern and Western influences, Romania offers a compelling case study, showcasing a blend of tradition, innovation, and resilience in its managerial approach. Drawing on historical narratives and socioeconomic transitions, this article examines seven distinct characteristics that define Romanian management. Firstly, it explores the emphasis on relationship-oriented leadership, where familial bonds and interpersonal connections foster a supportive and cohesive work environment. Secondly, it highlights the innate flexibility and malleability ingrained in Romanian managers, enabling them to navigate through uncertainties with agility and strategic foresight. Moreover, the article sheds light on the prevalence of hierarchical structures and centralized decision-making, reflecting a cultural preference for strong leadership and clear chains of command. It also delves into the nuances of indirect communication, where diplomacy and subtlety play pivotal roles in navigating business negotiations. Furthermore, it explores the reverence for authority and formality, which permeate professional interactions, while resilience and humour emerge as hallmarks of Romanian management, enabling organizations to weather adversity with grace and determination.
Conference papers on the topic "Light preference"
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Winfrey, John W. "Setting the Color Straight." In SSPC 2014 Greencoat. SSPC, 2014. https://doi.org/10.5006/s2014-00067.
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Abstract For years, accelerated weathering test equipment has been utilized to showcase performance of coatings as a means to justify changing to new and “better” materials. While an accelerated weatherometer is useful in confirming a material’s performance, the results can be misleading in certain situations, resulting in misguided decisions based on a marketing department’s zeal to secure additional sales. This paper shares test results from two different accelerated methodologies prescribed by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and compares those results to natural daylight exposure in an attempt to help set the facts straight on how to benefit from accelerated weathering to better understand long-term durability with respect to ultraviolet light exposure and help debunk myths regarding performance based data driven solely by accelerated exposure results. Accelerated test selection will be discussed, as well as statistical validation for accelerated method preference to natural sunlight results.
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Khalili, Amir Hossein, Chen Wu, and Hamid Aghajan. "Hierarchical preference learning for light control from user feedback." In 2010 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (CVPR Workshops). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cvprw.2010.5543265.
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Angélica Signor Mendes, Sandro José Paixão, Rasiel Restelatto, Juliéli Marostega, and Gabriela Munhoz Morello. "Performance and Preference of Broiler Chickens under Different Light Sources." In 2012 IX International Livestock Environment Symposium (ILES IX). American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.41591.
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Ohno, Y., and J. Li. "A COLOUR FIDELITY MODEL BASED ON HUNT EFFECT." In CIE 2023 Conference. International Commission on Illumination, CIE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.25039/x50.2023.op032.
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The perceived chroma of objects decreases at lower light levels, which is known as Hunt Effect. Several recent studies demonstrated that Hunt Effect is effective and significant at the normal indoor light levels, indicating that objects under typical indoor lighting environment are appearing less saturated compared to that under outdoor daylight. According to this principle, the preference for chroma-enhancing lights in indoor lighting may be explained as an effect of colour fidelity under different light levels. To investigate this further, a dynamic colour fidelity model was developed based on a series of vision experiments conducted recently at NIST to quantify the perceived chroma changes by Hunt Effect. The model was evaluated using the spectra of lights used in the past preference experiments, comparing its output with the visual evaluation results. The results showed that the relative colour fidelity curves for light sources of varied chroma increase levels, calculated by the model, agreed well with the visual evaluation on these lights in the experiments.
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Jin, Chun, Hiroki Noguchi, Jingjing Qiu, Hao Wang, Yaojie Sun, and Yandan Lin. "The effect of color light combination on preference for living room." In 2015 12th China International Forum on Solid State Lighting (SSLCHINA). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sslchina.2015.7360708.
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Espada, Sílvia, Ana Teixeira, Maria Antunes, and Sonia Brito-Costa. "Natural and artificial lighting: Influence on readability." In 14th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2023). AHFE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1003538.
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In the study we present, the effects of different types of light (natural or artificial), different types of texts (scientific and children's) and different reading formats (on screen and on paper) on our readability are addressed, as well as determining the preference of each participant for reading tasks and to what extent reading with natural light and with influences of artificial light affects their readability in design, and how the reading process could be done more effectively, through manipulation of lighting variables. The experiments were based on different tasks, which required 10 participants, to read two different texts (children's text and scientific text), in two different formats (print and screen) under two different types of lighting (natural light and artificial light). During reading, we recorded the following parameters: Heart rate and EEG signal (levels of calm, neutral and active (%) using two devices: a heart rate monitor to measure heart rate and Muse, a brain detection headband that uses real-time biofeedback in its brain activity, which we used to monitor brain activity. After completing the protocol, participants answered a questionnaire to collect data on their reading preferences and were composed of three parts: the first part consisted of questions aimed at collecting demographic information from the participants (age, nationality, and other useful data for our research); the second part addressed three questions about the participants reading preferences; the third part was designed to explore the participants opinions about the test and their comfortability. We conclude that participants prefer reading on paper rather than on screen and their performance was better in reading with artificial light. Although reading with natural light was the preference of most participants, reading with artificial light provides better performance in performing the tasks. These findings could help designers to better understand the roles of lighting variables in the reading process and to create light design products that are more efficient, sustainable, and comfortable.
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Wickremasinghe, L. L. S., and A. A. Hettiarachchi. "AN ASSESSMENT OF USER PREFERENCE IN ARTIFICIAL PATHWAY LIGHTING IN URBAN PARKS; Cases from Greater Colombo region." In Beyond sustainability reflections across spaces. Faculty of Architecture Research Unit, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31705/faru.2021.14.
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Urban parks are critical in converting cities to liveable spaces, where artificial lighting directly affects the users’ night-time experience. This study explores the urban park users’ preferences in artificial pathway lighting, through their subjective responses towards Brightness, Correlated Colour Temperature (CCT), and luminaires of the existing lighting design, at four popular urban parks in Colombo. The reasons for the said preferences were investigated under three overarching themes: perceived safety, perceived quality of light, and restorative experience. A mixed methods approach was employed for data collection, where questionnaires were used together with measurements, in-situ observations, and photographic analysis for better understanding. The user preferences were found to be directly associated with their perception of the lit environment. The existing brightness levels are insufficient for majority of the users and has affected their perception of safety. The poor selection and placement of luminaires have negatively affected the lighting quality, while the positive effect on the users’ restorative experience has induced a higher preference towards the CCT of the light sources. The results revealed that the majority of the users opted for changes in the current lighting design, indicating that the user needs and requirements are not effectively addressed in this regard.
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Umemiya, N. "CHARACTERISTICS OF LIGHT EVALUATION BY ELDERLY PEOPLE UNDER HIGHLY ILLUMINATED ENVIRONMENTS." In CIE 2023 Conference. International Commission on Illumination, CIE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.25039/x50.2023.po075.
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Effects of attributes of the occupants on light evaluation in highly illuminated environments nearly 3000 lux (Light condition) and ordinary illuminated environments nearly 500 lux (DARK condition) for 119 elderly and 73 young participants. Eyesight affects in brightness and glare evaluation of elderly participants, and in comfort evaluation of young participants in LIGHT condition. Wear of glasses or contact lens affects only young participants in both conditions. Eye strain affects elderly participants evaluation in both conditions, but effects were found in comfort and preference evaluation only in LIGHT condition. Subjective sensitivity to glare affects glare evaluation in Light condition larger for elderly participants than for young participants. Preference of uniform lighting affects brightness and performance evaluation of elderly participants. Living rhythm affects brightness evaluation in LIGHT condition both of elderly and young participants. Sleep quality affects brightness evaluation of elderly participants in LIGHT condition.
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Uehara, Takuya. "Wavelength preference and orientation to light sources in the oriental stink bug,Plautia stali." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.111889.
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Guindy, Mary, Peter Andras Kara, Tibor Balogh, and Aniko Simon. "Perceptual preference for 3D interactions and realistic physical camera motions on light field displays." In Virtual, Augmented, and Mixed Reality (XR) Technology for Multi-Domain Operations III, edited by Mark S. Dennison, David M. Krum, John (Jack) N. Sanders-Reed, and Jarvis (Trey) J. Arthur. SPIE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2624591.
Full textReports on the topic "Light preference"
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Alyamani, Ryan, Dimitris Pappelis, and Maria Kamargianni. Modeling the Determinants of Electric Vehicle Adoption: A Saudi Perspective. King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30573/ks--2023-dp20.
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This study aims to contribute to the literature by shedding light on consumers’ acceptance of electric vehicles (EVs) in Riyadh and their potential response to adoption incentives. A stated preference experiment (SPE) was developed and then incorporated into an online stated preference survey targeting adult residents of Riyadh to collect 703 responses. Accordingly, a mixed logit model was constructed, complemented by other survey insights to derive the final findings of this paper.
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Díaz Escobar, Ana María, Luz Magdalena Salas Bahamón, Claudia Piras, and Agustina Suaya. What Job Would You Apply to?: Findings on the Impact of Language on Job Searches. Inter-American Development Bank, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004856.
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This study tests four "light touch" interventions in the language used in job posts of male- dominated occupations to attract female workers using a discrete choice experiment. This experiment had more than 5000 participants from five Latin American countries. We test two possible mechanisms: the gender-stereotypes related to job skills and the use of inclusive language. We find that language matters, and men and women value information and inclusive language in job advertisements. However, women are more sensitive in this regard. We test the effect of simply aggregating irrelevant, but additional words to the job ad, and find that when the inclusive language in the ad is subtle, the effect of having more words is very important. But it decreases when the language signals a strong preference for an inclusive work environment. These findings highlight the importance of language and the type of information presented in job advertisements in attracting a gender-balanced workforce.
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van Hensbergen, Hester. Nature Knows Best? Naturalness in the Ultra-Processed Foods Debate. TABLE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.56661/f76228c7.
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What can an idea like ultra-processed foods (UPFs), which is so appealing and yet so divisive, tell us about the underlying values, fears, and hopes of those involved in the debate? In this essay, we will explore how debates around UPFs intersect with concerns about naturalness in the food system, where naturalness represents a tangled bundle of other associated values. Firstly, this essay offers a definition of ultra-processed foods and explores how these foods are understood both at the level of food formulation and at the level of the food system. Secondly, the essay explores common conceptions of natural food and looks at how the debate around UPFs relates to a widespread preference for naturalness, sometimes referred to as the “naturalness bias”, in food and food systems. In the second half of the essay, three aspects of concerns with UPFs, which are perceived as unnatural, are explored: the question of whether UPFs are bad for us and in what ways; the concern with UPFs as displacing more natural foodstuffs and food systems; and the question of whether UPFs are good or bad for nature and the earth’s ecosystems. Is a more natural food system the answer to our problems? Or does the preference for naturalness, and the dismissal of heavily processed foods, have potentially negative implications for the sustainability of the future food system? Is a better future one that includes the benefits of both natural foods and some heavily processed foods, allowing us to make the most of the earth’s limited natural resources, and provide adequate nutrition for all? These are the questions that underlie the debate around ultra-processed foods, but which are rarely drawn into the light.
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Busso, Matías, Ana María Ibáñez, Julián Messina, and Juliana Quigua. Preferences for Redistribution in Latin America. Inter-American Development Bank, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005229.
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This chapter examines the redistributive preferences of Latin Americans and investigates the factors that shape them. Using a detailed survey in eight Latin American countries, the study sheds new light on redistributive preferences and explores which aspects of redistribution are more popular and among which groups. The roles of selfinterest, perceptions of inequality, values, and the relationship between citizens and the public sphere in shaping attitudes to redistribution are discussed.
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OLUWASANYA, Grace, Ayodetimi OMONIYI, Duminda PERERA, Manzoor QADIR, and Kaveh MADANI. Unmasking the Unseen: The Gendered Impacts of Water Quality, Sanitation and Hygiene. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health (UNU INWEH), 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.53328/inr24gar011.
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This report investigated the interplay between water quality, sanitation, hygiene and gender by examining distinct variables of water quality and their varying impacts on gender like reported water-related illnesses of males and females, and the consequences of water quality, sanitation, and hygiene on menstrual hygiene practices, particularly focusing on a low- and middle-income country- LMICs. This report presents the key findings, outlining a framework and guidance for examining gender-specific impacts stemming from poor water quality and WASH practices through a piloted case study in Abeokuta City, Nigeria, to serve as a preliminary guide for conducting comprehensive, site-specific assessments. The piloted Differential Impacts Assessment, DIA framework is a 5-step approach, guiding the evaluation of gendered impacts from method design to the field activities, which include water sampling and laboratory analysis, public survey, and health data collection, to the data and gender analysis. The focus on low- and middle-income countries underscores the importance of DIA in such regions for better health and socioeconomic outcomes, promoting inclusive development. The study results reveal unsettling, largely unseen gender disparities in exposure to health-related risks associated with non-utility water sources and highlight pronounced differences in water source preferences and utilization, the burden of water sourcing and collection, and health- and hygiene-related practices. Specifically, this preliminary assessment indicates an alarming inadequacy in accessing WASH services within the pilot study area, raising considerable doubts about achieving SDG 6 by 2030. While this finding is worrying, this report also discusses the lack of a standardized protocol for monitoring water-related impacts utilizing sex-disaggregated data, shedding light on the unseen global-scale gendered impacts. The report warns about the water safety of non-utility water sources. Without point-of-use treatment and water safety protocols, the water sources are unsuitable for potable uses, potentially posing compounded health risks associated with microbial contaminations and high calcium content, particularly affecting boys. Girls are likely the most affected by the repercussions of water collection, including time constraints, health implications, and safety concerns. Men and boys face a higher risk related to poor hygiene, while women may be more susceptible to health effects stemming from toilet cleaning responsibilities and shared sanitation facilities. Despite the preference for disposable sanitary pads among most women and girls, women maintain better menstrual hygiene practices than girls. This age-specific disparity highlights potential substantial health risks for girls in the near and distant future. Enhancing women's economic status could improve access to superior healthcare services and significantly elevate household well-being. The report calls for targeted actions, including urgent planning and implementation of robust water safety protocols for non-utility self-supply systems and mainstreaming gender concerns and needs as the “6th” accelerator for SDG 6. The piloted methodology is scalable and serves as an introductory guide that can be further refined to explore and track site-specific differential health and socioeconomic effects of inadequate water quality, especially in locales similar to the study area. The report targets policymakers and donor organizations advocating for sustainable water resource development, public health, human rights, and those promoting gender equality globally
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Terzyan, Aram. Failed Europeanization? Belarus and Armenia Between Russia and the EU. Eurasia Institutes, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47669/eea-1-2020.
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This paper explores the core challenges and opportunities of the Europeanization processes taking place in Belarus and Armenia. It argues that despite the constraining effects of “competing governance provider” Russia, the interests, perceptions, and preferences of the domestic elites are critical to the implementation of the EU policies in Belarus and Armenia. Thus, it offers a more dynamic structure- agency interplay approach to account for the dynamics of Europeanization in the EU-Russia contested neighbourhood. The article enquires into integration without membership dynamics between the EU and Eastern neighbours in the light of the Russian-dominated Eurasian integration.
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Coavas Blanquicet, Sami Gabriel, and Celene Romero Haddad. Theory of demand. Ediciones Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.16925/gcnc.51.
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Due to its simplicity, this lecture note is intended to be a source of introductory reference for students of the faculty of administrative, accounting and related sciences on one of the elements that make up the markets: the demand. It shows the definitions and types of demand, the law of demand, graphic and mathematical analysis. This is done through simple examples that link the theoretical-practical and its impact on markets. The theory of demand serves as a fundamental pillar in the field of Economics, aiming to comprehend and predict consumer behavior patterns. This document introduces into the intricacies of demand theory, shedding light on its key components and the factors that influence consumer preferences and choices.
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Gomez Garcia, Olga, Henry Mooney, David Rosenblatt, et al. Caribbean Quarterly Bulletin: Volume 10: Issue 1, May 2021. Inter-American Development Bank, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003265.
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Countries around the world have endured over a year of extreme uncertainty in the context of the COVID-19 crisis, and economies in the Caribbean have suffered more than most. But with the increasing availability of vaccines and prospects for a resumption of international travel, light is emerging at the end of the Pandemic tunnel. With this in mind, The Inter-American Development Bank Caribbean1 Departments most recent Quarterly Bulletin reviews the latest available information regarding the crisis impacts on citizens, their economies, and key factors that will determine the speed and depth of recovery. As also discussed in previous editions, prospects for tourism-dependent economies will depend heavily on vaccine penetration and border normalization in source countries particularly the United States and Western Europe, while commodity-intensive economies could benefit from upward revisions to global demand growth estimates. All countries in the region can do much to support a rapid recovery through forward-looking policies aimed at ensuring they are well positioned to take advantage of post-Pandemic preferences with respect to travel and tourism, services trade, and investment. Our latest report considers these issues, what may lie ahead, and how counties can best position themselves for a recovery in 2021 and beyond.
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Rheinberger, Christoph, and Nicolas Treich. Catastrophe aversion: social attitudes towards common fates. Fondation pour une culture de sécurité industrielle, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.57071/882rpq.
Full textAbstract:
In light of climate change and other existential threats, policy commentators sometimes suggest that society should be more concerned about catastrophes. This document reflects on what is, or should be, society’s attitude toward such low-probability, high-impact events. The question underlying this analysis is how society considers (1) a major accident that leads to a large number of deaths; (2) a large number of small accidents that each kill one person, where the two situations lead to the same total number of deaths. We first explain how catastrophic risk can be conceived of as a spread in the distribution of losses, or a “more risky” distribution of risks. We then review studies from decision sciences, psychology, and behavioral economics that elicit people’s attitudes toward various social risks. This literature review finds more evidence against than in favor of catastrophe aversion. We address a number of possible behavioral explanations for these observations, then turn to social choice theory to examine how various social welfare functions handle catastrophic risk. We explain why catastrophe aversion may be in conflict with equity concerns and other-regarding preferences. Finally, we discuss current approaches to evaluate and regulate catastrophic risk, with a discussion of how it could be integrated into a benefit-cost analysis framework.
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King, E. L., A. Normandeau, T. Carson, et al. Pockmarks, a paleo fluid efflux event, glacial meltwater channels, sponge colonies, and trawling impacts in Emerald Basin, Scotian Shelf: autonomous underwater vehicle surveys, William Kennedy 2022011 cruise report. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331174.
Full textAbstract:
A short but productive cruise aboard RV William Kennedy tested various new field equipment near Halifax (port of departure and return) but also in areas that could also benefit science understanding. The GSC-A Gavia Autonomous Underwater Vehicle equipped with bathymetric, sidescan and sub-bottom profiler was successfully deployed for the first time on Scotian Shelf science targets. It surveyed three small areas: two across known benthic sponge, Vazella (Russian Hat) within a DFO-directed trawling closure area on the SE flank of Sambro Bank, bordering Emerald Basin, and one across known pockmarks, eroded cone-shaped depression in soft mud due to fluid efflux. The sponge study sites (~ 150 170 m water depth) were known to lie in an area of till (subglacial diamict) exposure at the seabed. The AUV data identified gravel and cobble-rich seabed, registering individual clasts at 35 cm gridded resolution. A subtle variation in seabed texture is recognized in sidescan images, from cobble-rich on ridge crests and flanks, to limited mud-rich sediment in intervening troughs. Correlation between seabed topography and texture with the (previously collected) Vazella distribution along two transects is not straightforward. However there may be a preference for the sponge in the depressions, some of which have a thin but possibly ephemeral sediment cover. Both sponge study sites depict a hereto unknown morphology, carved in glacial deposits, consisting of a series of discontinuous ridges interpreted to be generated by erosion in multiple, continuous, meandering and cross-cutting channels. The morphology is identical to glacial Nye, or mp;lt;"N-mp;lt;"channels, cut by sub-glacial meltwater. However their scale (10 to 100 times mp;lt;"typicalmp;gt;" N-channels) and the unique eroded medium, (till rather than bedrock), presents a rare or unknown size and medium and suggests a continuum in sub-glacial meltwater channels between much larger tunnel valleys, common to the eastward, and the bedrock forms. A comparison is made with coastal Nova Scotia forms in bedrock. The Emerald Basin AUV site, targeting pockmarks was in ~260 to 270 m water depth and imaged eight large and one small pockmark. The main aim was to investigate possible recent or continuous fluid flux activity in light of ocean acidification or greenhouse gas contribution; most accounts to date suggested inactivity. While a lack of common attributes marking activity is confirmed, creep or rotational flank failure is recognized, as is a depletion of buried diffuse methane immediately below the seabed features. Discovery of a second, buried, pockmark horizon, with smaller but more numerous erosive cones and no spatial correlation to the buried diffuse gas or the seabed pockmarks, indicates a paleo-event of fluid or gas efflux; general timing and possible mechanisms are suggested. The basinal survey also registered numerous otter board trawl marks cutting the surficial mud from past fishing activity. The AUV data present a unique dataset for follow-up quantification of the disturbance. Recent realization that this may play a significant role in ocean acidification on a global scale can benefit from such disturbance quantification. The new pole-mounted sub-bottom profiler collected high quality data, enabling correlation of recently recognized till ridges exposed at the seabed as they become buried across the flank and base of the basin. These, along with the Nye channels, will help reconstruct glacial behavior and flow patterns which to date are only vaguely documented. Several cores provide the potential for stratigraphic dating of key horizons and will augment Holocene environmental history investigations by a Dalhousie University student. In summary, several unique features have been identified, providing sufficient field data for further compilation, analysis and follow-up publications.