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1
Böttger, Tim Michael. Customer Preferences of Very Light Jet Air Taxi Operators. DIKE, 2009.
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Brophy, Teresa. Application of concept surrogate consumer to the industrial market. University College Dublin, 1993.
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Betti, Marco, and Carlotta Paola Brovadan, eds. Donum. Firenze University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-181-5.
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The essays collected in Donum discuss different aspects of Florentine art from the 16th to the 18th century, such as sculptures displayed in gardens and palaces, the collecting preferences and strategies of the Medici family and those of the Tuscan aristocracy, drawings and paintings by local and foreign artists, and baroque wall decoration: these topics are analyzed in light of newly discovered artworks or previously unpublished documents. The common thread binding the papers together is the research method based on the study of archival sources and historical contexts, and on the connoisseurship. The volume gathers art historians who had been involved in the conference held in 2016 in honor of Mara Visonà as well as other scholars educated at the University of Florence.
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Sessler, Curtis N., and Katie M. Muzevich. Sedatives and anti-anxiety agents in critical illness. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0042.
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Sedative and anti-anxiety agents are administered to many mechanically-ventilated intensive care unit (ICU) patients. While commonly considered supportive care, suboptimal administration of sedatives has been linked to longer duration of mechanical ventilation and longer ICU length of stay. The use of a structured multidisciplinary approach can help improve outcomes. The level of consciousness, as well as the presence and severity of agitation should be routinely evaluated using a validated sedation–agitation scale. The approach to delivery of sedation should be based upon specific goals, particularly mechanical ventilation, while maintaining the lightest possible level of sedation. Selection should be based upon clinical circumstances and patient characteristics, however, when continuous infusion sedation is required, experts suggest using non-benzodiazepine agents. A variety of strategies for sedation management have been demonstrated to be effective in clinical trials including use of protocols, targeting light sedation, preference of analgesics for initial therapy, use of intermittent, rather than continuous drug delivery when possible, and daily interruption of sedation. Finally, light sedation should be linked to performance of spontaneous breathing trials, as well as early mobilization.
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Danckaert, Lieven. The development of BE-periphrases. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759522.003.0006.
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The sixth and final chapter of this book deals with word order in Latin BE-periphrases. It is first shown that the unexpected Late Latin preference for the head-final order ‘past participle–esse’ is not observed in every single environment, but only in the case of so-called ‘E-periphrases’, which display a mismatch between the tense of the BE-auxiliary in isolation and the tense of the entire periphrastic expression. In contrast, structures which lack this tense mismatch (‘F-periphrases’) can be shown to behave very differently. Next, the diachronic development of these two types of BE-periphrases is discussed, and it is suggested that in the light of the Late Latin corpus data, some received wisdom about the origins of the Romance present tense passive needs to be reconsidered. Finally, a prosodic account is proposed of the unexpected word order behaviour of Late Latin E-periphrases.
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Lockley, Steven W. Principles of sleep–wake regulation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198778240.003.0002.
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The 24-hour sleep–wake cycle is generated by two oscillatory processes: an endogenous hypothalamic circadian pacemaker and a sleep- and wake-dependent homeostat. These processes combine to maintain a consolidated bout of sleep at night and relatively stable waking function across the day. They also combine to determine ‘diurnal preference’—whether one is a ‘lark’ or an ‘owl’—a reflection of the phase relationship between the circadian and homeostatic processes. These processes are affected directly by light, either through resetting of the circadian pacemaker or its direct alerting effects. Sleep deficiency and circadian disruption have been associated with a higher risk of chronic disease, although the methodology for assessing these exposures is not optimal. Both sleep and the circadian system also have myriad influences on other aspects of our physiology, behaviour, and metabolism; therefore, steps should be taken to reduce their potential confounding effects in epidemiological studies.
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Rycroft, Robert, ed. The Economics of Inequality, Poverty, and Discrimination in the 21st Century. Praeger, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400643682.
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Leading scholars examine the conflicting paradigms of affluence and destitution in the United States—as well as other free societies—and discuss the influence of education, race, and status on economic mobility. While recent catastrophic events in New Orleans and Haiti may have magnified issues of social inequity, leaders have debated over poverty and discrimination for decades. Are the poor disadvantaged by the institutions of society or by the choices they make? Through two insightful volumes, the author examines differing academic and political perspectives to help shed light on the causes of poverty and inequality; the role that gender, race, age, or sexual preference plays in determining opportunity; and the effectiveness of current social and economic policies in balancing the inequity among disparate groups. The Economics of Inequality, Poverty, and Discrimination in the 21st Centuryconsists of 2 volumes containing 32 papers divided into 5 categories: measurement, inequality and mobility, institutions and choices, demographic groups and discrimination, and policy. The papers—written by economists, sociologists, philosophers and lawyers—deal with the extent of inequality in the United States and how it compares to other countries, and the newly emerging evidence on the relationship between inequality and mobility within a society.
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de Figueiredo, John M., and Edward H. Stiglitz. Democratic Rulemaking. Edited by Francesco Parisi. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199684250.013.014.
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This chapter examines to what extent agency rulemaking is democratic. It identifies four major theoretical approaches to administrative rulemaking: the unitary executive theory, emphasizing presidential control and accountability; the structure and process school of thought, emphasizing congressional control; the insulation perspective, holding that the public interest and democratic values are often best advanced by limiting political control over administrative agencies; and the deliberative perspective, arguing that rulemaking is the “best hope” for achieving a vision of deliberative democracy. Each theory is evaluated in light of two normative benchmarks: a “democratic” benchmark based on voter preferences, and a “republican” benchmark based on the preferences of elected representatives. It then evaluates how the empirical evidence lines up in light of these two approaches. The chapter concludes with a discussion of avenues for future research.
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Dorraj, Manochehr, and Ken Morgan, eds. Global Impact of Unconventional Energy Resources. Lexington Books, 2018. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781666992748.
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The chapters in this volume represent the latest thinking on the development and exploration of unconventional energy resources in the U.S., Canada, Australia, Europe, Russia, Asia Pacific, Middle East, Latin America, and Africa and shed light on its potential and future prospects in these respective regions. The diversity of thinking about the “shale revolution” is also evident in our case studies. Throughout many countries in Europe for example, there is a strong preference for investment in renewable sources of energy over the fossil fuels. In addition to environmental concerns, the falling price of renewables, have also made them more attractive financially. Consequently, global investment in renewables is outpacing that of fossil fuel two to one. Watching this trend, in 2017, the Chinese government has pledged to invest $360 billion on renewable energy. This would make China the largest investor in development of renewables in the world. Other obstacles to development of shale oil and gas in other parts of the world include, lack of adequate shale resources (Africa), the abundance of conventional energy resources (Middle East and North Africa), high cost of production (Russia, China, Japan) and political opposition to hydraulic fracturing (France and Poland). Despite these sentiments the economic imperatives (providing employment) also play a significant role in determining the future prospects for unconventional energy resources globally.
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Pencavel, John H. The Association Between Working Hours and Hourly Earnings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190876166.003.0007.
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At one time, economists recognized a difficulty in interpreting the association between working hours and hourly earnings: does the association reflect the preferences of employers or of workers? The existence of this identification problem has been largely ignored in recent years. In its place, the relation is presumed to describe describes the labor supply preferences of workers. This needs to be re-considered in light of the empirical finding that the law of diminishing returns operates for hours of work in employers’ production functions. Moreover, there is a third interpretation: differences in hours and hourly earnings reflect differences in the relative bargaining power of workers and employers. If the preferences of workers are sought, they are more likely to be revealed in the hours and earnings of self-employed workers and this is illustrated with the workers in the plywood co-ops.
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Pomerantz, Anita. Asking and Telling in Conversation. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190927431.001.0001.
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The work contains nine published conversation analytic articles by Anita Pomerantz on asking and telling practices. Each paper explicates complexities involved when people ask or tell something. Asking and telling practices are used to exchange information, share evaluative reactions, offer compliments, and make accusations. The ways in which participants perform the actions reflect how they orient to those actions and to the matter asked about or reported. The timing of asking or telling within a sequence of actions and/or interactional project bears on how the talk and action are formed and understood. Implicit and explicit knowledge claims and expectations are foundational to asking and telling activities. Assumptions are associated with participants’ directly and indirectly seeking or providing information. Reporting or asking about praiseworthy or blameworthy matters implicates an attribution of responsibility. Moral orientations influence asking and telling activities. The conversation analytic papers included in this work range from Pomerantz’s earliest research on preference organization to her more recent work on asking and telling. For each article, there is a lead-in that identifies the research interests that drove the analysis and a commentary that provides her current sense of the analysis. The introductory and concluding chapters discuss the complexities of asking and telling in the light of the articles’ findings, and they illuminate the links the papers have to one another. Pomerantz shares her views about the program of conversation analytic research, a view that is reflected both in the studies and in her commentaries.
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Brazier, John, Julie Ratcliffe, Joshua Saloman, and Aki Tsuchiya. Measuring and Valuing Health Benefits for Economic Evaluation. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198725923.001.0001.
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This is the second edition of the first comprehensive textbook about the measurement and valuation of health benefits for economic evaluation. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) and similar agencies around the word require cost-effectiveness evidence in the form of incremental cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) in order to make comparisons across competing demands on resources, and this has resulted in an explosion of theoretical and empirical work in the field. This book addresses the theoretical and practical considerations in the measurement and valuation of health benefit with empirical examples and applications to help clarify understanding and make relevant links to the real world. It includes a glossary of key terms and provides guidance on the use of different methods and instruments. This updated edition provides an-up-to date review of the theoretical basis of the QALY; the definition of health; the techniques of valuation (including ordinal); the modelling of health state values (including mapping between measures); a detailed review of generic preference-based measures and other instruments for obtaining health state utility values (with recent developments); cross-cultural issues (including the disability-adjusted life year); the aggregation of QALYs; and the practical issues surrounding the use of utility values in cost-effectiveness models. The book concludes with a discussion on the way forward in light of the substantial methodological differences, the role of normative judgements, and where further research is most likely to take forward this fascinating component of health economics.
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Heuser, Beatrice. The Strategy Makers. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216019923.
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This book reintroduces readers to the lives and writings of the greatest military minds of the modern era, writers whose ideas and teachings continue to shape the conduct of war in the 21st century. The word "strategy" only came into usage in West European languages after the work of a Byzantine emperor was translated around the time of the French Revolution. Nevertheless, there was writing on strategy – relating political aims to the use of the military – also in Western Europe, well before this. This book surveys and analyzes the existing literature. It presents commented excerpts of the work of the Elizabethan writer Matthew Sutcliffe (who wrote the first modern comprehensive strategic concept) and translations into English of excerpts from the writing of the Machiavelli-admirer the Seigneur de Fourquevaux (1548) and his French compatriot Bertrand de Loque, who also went by the name of François de Saillans (1589); the Spanish diplomats and military officers Don Bernardino de Mendoza (1595) and the Third Marques of Santa Cruz de Marcenado (1724-1730); the Frenchmen Paul Hay du Chastelet (1668) and Count Guibert (1770); and the Prussian contemporary of Clausewitz, Rühle von Lilienstern (1816). Key concepts such as preventive war, the fight for the hearts and minds of the population to combat insurgents, the "democratic peace theory," and debates such as the preference for defense or the offensive, the desirability of battle, the purpose and function of war, the advantages of conscript or professional soldiers, can thus be shown to go back far longer than generally assumed and appear in a new light.
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Krueger, Joachim I., Anthony M. Evans, and Patrick R. Heck. Let Me Help You Help Me. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190630782.003.0007.
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This chapter develops the view that interpersonal trust cannot be fully understood by the lights of rational decision theory or social norms and preferences. Trust is a dilemma because the person deciding whether to trust must reconcile the conflicting demands of own well-being with the demands of prosociality. This chapter considers three types of social situation of (inter)dependence: the dictator game, which is played unilaterally, the assurance game, which is played bilaterally and simultaneously, and the trust game proper, which is played bilaterally and sequentially. Findings show that the dictator game, which models the situation of the person being trusted, is ill-suited to isolate social preferences. Empirical results may over- or underestimate the willingness to share. A simulation shows that individuals’ social preferences rarely predict the distribution of wealth. Analysis of the assurance game (or “stag hunt”) and the trust game proper yield similar results.
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Guisinger, Alexandra. American Opinion on Trade. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190651824.001.0001.
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American Opinion on Trade: Preferences without Politics explains how American voters form opinions on trade policy and why those preferences can remain at odds with policy choices of political actors and parties who depend on their votes. The book shows that Americans weave together distinct and at times countervailing beliefs about trade’s effect on themselves, their communities, and the country. Initial chapters describe gender, race, and community based sources of protectionist sentiment. Later chapters focus on media and campaign portrayals of trade and their influence on Americans’ continued negative perception of the effect of trade on American jobs even as the United States continues to promote policies sustaining globalization. The final chapter discusses the difficulty faced by politicians and parties navigating these diverse and malleable sources of trade sentiment, particularly when encumbered with voting histories supportive of trade liberalization. It identifies party convergence on trade as a source of the diminished salience in American politics and compares the American experience with that of eight other advanced industrial economies. The book concludes by noting the potential for the reemerging influence of trade policy, particularly in light of the return of trade discourse in the 2016 Presidential campaigns.
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Roy, Goode, Kronke Herbert, and McKendrick Ewan, eds. Part VI Recurrent Issues of Harmonization, 20 The Sphere of Application of a Convention; the Role of the Conflict of Laws; Determining the Connecting Factor; Co-Existence and Conflicts of Instruments. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198735441.003.0021.
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This chapter and the next two examine certain key issues which one may describe as the ‘general doctrines’ of transnational commercial law. In particular, the inter-relationship with rules of conflict of laws (private international law), the different function of the ‘connecting factor’ as well as the impact of the choice of a broader or narrower sphere of application are discussed in the light of past experience and current legislative preferences. Moreover, the ever increasing number of transnational commercial law instruments leads inevitably to issues of the proper design of their co-existence and the solution of conflicts: which are the rules determining which instrument shall prevail over others touching upon the same or neighbouring issues?
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Teele, Dawn Langan. Forging the Franchise. Princeton University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691180267.001.0001.
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In the 1880s, women were barred from voting in all national-level elections, but by 1920 they were going to the polls in nearly thirty countries. What caused this massive change? Contrary to conventional wisdom, it was not because of progressive ideas about women or suffragists' pluck. In most countries, elected politicians fiercely resisted enfranchising women, preferring to extend such rights only when it seemed electorally prudent and necessary to do so. This book demonstrates that the formation of a broad movement across social divides, and strategic alliances with political parties in competitive electoral conditions, provided the leverage that ultimately transformed women into voters. As the book shows, in competitive environments, politicians had incentives to seek out new sources of electoral influence. A broad-based suffrage movement could reinforce those incentives by providing information about women's preferences, and an infrastructure with which to mobilize future female voters. At the same time that politicians wanted to enfranchise women who were likely to support their party, suffragists also wanted to enfranchise women whose political preferences were similar to theirs. In contexts where political rifts were too deep, suffragists who were in favor of the vote in principle mobilized against their own political emancipation. Exploring tensions between elected leaders and suffragists and the uncertainty surrounding women as an electoral group, the book sheds new light on the strategic reasons behind women's enfranchisement.
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Schmidt, Susanne K. The European Court of Justice as a Political Actor. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198717775.003.0002.
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Chapter 2 summarizes research in political science on the ECJ as a political actor. Discussions about the Court have for a long time focused on the question of ‘judicial activism’ versus member-state control of the Court. The support of the EU’s legal community, the Commission, the litigation of private actors, and member-state courts has been important for the Court’s development of case law. It is argued that current analyses have overlooked the importance of ‘over-constitutionalization’, in light of the Treaty’s detailed policy aims. Case law shares the Treaty’s constitutional status. Its detailed policy prescriptions cannot be overruled. In addition, a Court that pays attention to member states’ preferences will have a significant impact on policy if its rulings establish policy requirements derived from the constitution.
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Rebe, Ryan J. Partisan Court. Rowman & Littlefield, 2021. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781978733589.
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The Era of Political Partisanship on the U.S. Supreme Court challenges conventional notions of consensus-building and neutral decision-making on the U.S. Supreme Court and argues that the justices vote their partisan preferences on election law cases. By focusing specifically on election law, Rebe reveals a consistent pattern of partisanship on the Court. The findings controvert popular perceptions of non-biased decision-making and fundamental fairness. The aggregate analysis shows that the justices vote along party-lines in a majority of election law cases, and consensus-building is rare when there is a contentious electoral issue at stake. Moreover, these decisions often conflict with principles of stare decisis, originalism, or judicial restraint. The topics covered include: gerrymandering, campaign finance, voter ID laws, and mail-in voting, among others. Rebe also conducts a content analysis of the most controversial election law cases of the past twenty years, such as: Vieth v. Jubelirer, Crawford v. Marion County, Citizens United v. FEC, and Shelby County v. Holder. This book provides a thorough overview of two decades of election law cases and sheds light on the impact these decisions have had on remaking America’s electoral institutions.
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Manekin, Devorah S. Regular Soldiers, Irregular War. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501750434.001.0001.
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What explains differences in soldier participation in violence during irregular war? How do ordinary men become professional wielders of force, and when does this transformation falter or fail? This book presents a theoretical framework for understanding the various forms of behavior in which soldiers engage during counterinsurgency campaigns—compliance and shirking, abuse and restraint, as well as the creation of new violent practices. Through an in-depth study of the Israeli Defense Forces' repression of the Second Palestinian Intifada of 2000—2005, including interviews with and a survey of former combatants, the book examines how soldiers come both to unleash and to curb violence against civilians in a counterinsurgency campaign. It argues that variation in soldiers' behavior is best explained by the effectiveness of the control mechanisms put in place to ensure combatant violence reflects the strategies and preferences of military elites, primarily at the small-unit level. Furthermore, the book develops and analyzes soldier participation in three categories of violence: strategic violence authorized by military elites; opportunistic or unauthorized violence; and “entrepreneurial violence”—violence initiated from below to advance organizational aims when leaders are ambiguous about what will best serve those aims. By going inside military field units and exploring their patterns of command and control, the book sheds new light on the dynamics of violence and restraint in counterinsurgency.
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Polk, Andrew R. Faith in Freedom. Cornell University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501759222.001.0001.
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This book argues that the American civil religion so many have identified as indigenous to the founding ideology was, in fact, the result of a strategic campaign of religious propaganda. Far from being the natural result of the nation's religious underpinning or the later spiritual machinations of conservative Protestants, American civil religion and the resultant “Christian nationalism” of today were crafted by secular elites in the middle of the twentieth century. The book's genealogy of the national motto, “In God We Trust,” revises the very meaning of the contemporary American nation. It shows how presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harry S. Truman, and Dwight D. Eisenhower, working with politicians, advertising executives, and military public relations experts, exploited denominational religious affiliations and beliefs in order to unite Americans during the Second World War and, then, the early Cold War. Armed opposition to the Soviet Union was coupled with militant support for free economic markets, local control of education and housing, and liberties of speech and worship. These preferences were cultivated by state actors so as to support a set of right-wing positions including anti-communism, the Jim Crow status quo, and limited taxation and regulation. The book is a pioneering work of American religious history. By assessing the ideas, policies, and actions of three US presidents and their White House staff, the book sheds light on the origins of the ideological, religious, and partisan divides that describe the American polity today.
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Steckman, Laura M., and Marilyn J. Andrews, eds. Online around the World. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400693335.
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Covering more than 80 countries around the world, this book provides a compelling, contemporary snapshot of how people in other countries are using the Internet, social media, and mobile apps. How do people in other countries use the social media platform Facebook differently than Americans do? What topics are discussed on the largest online forum—one in Indonesia, with more than seven million registered users? Why does Mongolia rate in the top-ten countries worldwide for peak Internet speeds? Readers of Online around the World: A Geographic Encyclopedia of the Internet, Social Media, and Mobile Apps will discover the answers to these questions and learn about people's Internet and social media preferences on six continents—outside of the online community of users within the United States. The book begins with an overview of the Internet, social media platforms, and mobile apps that chronologically examines the development of technological innovations that have made the Internet what it is today. The country-specific entries that follow the overview provide demographic information and describe specific events influenced by online communications, allowing readers to better appreciate the incredible power of online interactions across otherwise-unconnected individuals and the realities and peculiarities of how people communicate in today's fast-paced, globalized, and high-technology environment. This encyclopedia presents social media and the Internet in new light, identifying how the use of language and the specific application of human culture impacts emerging technologies and communications, dramatically affecting everything from politics to social activism, education, and censorship.