Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Light preference'

Master of Science<br>Department of Architectural Engineering and Construction Science<br>Fred Hasler<br>This paper discusses the color rendition capabilities of light emitting diodes (LEDs) and their relationship with the current standard for color rendition quality. The current standard for judging light source color rendering properties, known as the color rendering index (CRI), has come under heavy scrutiny in recent years with the introduction of LED in commercial lighting applications. LEDs, depending on construction type, have highly structured spectral distributions which do not scale well under the color rendering index; moreover, CRI for LEDs has become disjointed with the subjective measurement of human color preference. Unfortunately, given the multidimensional nature of color, an all-encompassing scale with a single rated value for color rendition capabilities of a light source has proven difficult to establish. An analysis on the human visual system is first discussed, establishing how the visual system first detects color in the eye and subsequently encodes that color information through a color-opponent process, formulating conscious color appearance. The formation of color appearance leads into a discussion on human color vision and the creation of three dimensional color space, which is subsequently used for the measurement of color fidelity (CRI) of consumer light sources. An overview of how LED lamps create light and color is then discussed, showing that the highly structured spectral distribution of LED lamps is often the cause of discrepancy within the CRI system. Existing alternatives to the CRI system are then compared and contrasted to each other, and the existing CRI system. A final color preference study was conducted where four LED lamps where compared to a reference lamp of equal correlated color temperature. Observers were asked to rate the various test lamps against the reference lamp in terms of vividness, naturalness, overall preference, and individual color preference. It was found that no significant difference was found between the first three dimensions measured but significant trend lines existed for the preference of individual colors when illuminated by either LED lamps or the reference source. Recommendations are then made for how the lighting industry could move forward in terms of color metrics.

Master of Science<br>Department of Animal Sciences and Industry<br>R. Scott Beyer<br>Over the decades much has been discovered about the appropriate lighting management strategies for raising commercial meat-type poultry. Our knowledge of light preference, wavelength, intensity, intermittent lighting, and avian spectral sensitivity continues to improve our management strategies. In this work, a total of 5 experiments were conducted. The first 2 experiments investigated the effects of Light emitting diodes (LED) lights on growth performance of broiler chicks. Broiler chicks were raised under LED lights at different intensities: 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 lux. A significant linear relationship (P < 0.05) was found in experiment 1 between body weight gain and light intensity. In experiment 2, a linear trend was noticed between body weight gain and light intensity. As the light intensity increased, chick weight increased. Feed: gain ratios were not affected by light intensity. The third experiment also examined growth performance using LED lighting as well as the effects of feed form and different lighting intensities upon behavior. The broilers fed a pelleted diet had significantly better performance than those fed crumbles. Under more intense light it was discovered that broilers spend significantly more time (P< .05) consuming feed compared to dim light. The fourth experiment focused on broiler preference for light color, and feed form during feeding. The broilers were offered either pelleted or crumbled feed and served under 4 different light colors: red, white, blue, and green. It was found that broilers statistically preferred pelleted feed, and white lighting, with red being the 2nd color choice of preference while green and blue were statistically not chosen. The fifth experiment focused on chick preference for feed color, when under different light color. One day old chicks were offered dyed feed: red, yellow, blue, green or light brown iv (control) under 5 different colors of light: red, yellow, blue, green, and white. It was found that chicks significantly preferred red dyed feed, especially under blue light. In conclusion, it was found that LED lights can have positive effects on broiler performance. Broilers show a preference for white lighting and pelleted feed. Young chicks show a preference for red dyed feed.

A validação de um modelo experimental para se investigar a ansiedade deve estar baseada inicialmente em uma validação comportamental paramétrica, que pressupõe a investigação de respostas relacionadas ao comportamento de defesa da espécie frente às situações aversivas presentes no ambiente de exposição. Assim, o presente trabalho validou a preferência claro/escuro como um modelo comportamental para o estudo da ansiedade no peixe Carassius auratus (peixe dourado). Foram avaliados os seguintes parâmetros: repetição das exposições ao aparato de teste em 5 sessões diárias, privação de comida, aquário enriquecido, troca de água do aquário antes dos testes, proporções diferentes do compartimento claro e escuro, e aquário com a metade do comprimento. Os dados indicaram que as reexposições aumentaram o número de cruzamentos, indicando que a mesma aumenta a exploração do aparato, atenuando os componentes aversivos do ambiente. Os peixes alojados no aquário enriquecido se locomoveram mais no aparato, e não apresentam preferência significativa por nenhum dos compartimentos (claro/escuro), evidenciando que a aversividade do ambiente claro foi atenuada pelo alojamento em um aquário enriquecido. Os animais privados de comida por 48 h não apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os tempos gastos nos compartimentos claro e escuro do aquário, indicando uma maior exploração do aparato em busca de alimento. Os animais que passaram pelo procedimento de troca de água do aquário de testes não apresentaram preferência por nenhum dos compartimentos, indicando que os peixes, provavelmente, liberam sinalizadores químicos na água que informam seus co-específicos sobre o potencial aversivo do ambiente. Quanto à proporção do aquário, os animais expostos ao aquário teste 75% claro e 25% escuro se locomoveram menos que os do aquário controle, indicando que uma maior área clara, pode levar a uma ampliação da aversividade nesse aquário. Quando os sujeitos foram submetidos ao aquário 75% escuro e 25% claro, a frequência de cruzamentos foi maior no grupo controle e, nesse caso, a maior locomoção pode estar associada a uma atenuação da aversividade do ambiente relacionada a presença de uma maior área escura. No aquário 87,5% claro e 12,5% escuro, os animais do grupo experimental não apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os tempos gastos em nenhum dos compartimentos do aquário, indicando que uma maior área clara (aversiva) altera a preferência por ambientes escuros. Os peixes expostos ao aquário com a metade do comprimento aumentaram sua locomoção, evidenciando que o comprimento do aparato interfere na aversividade do compartimento claro. De forma geral, os dados demonstraram que a manipulação de estímulos ambientais altera os padrões comportamentais exploratórios relacionados à preferência claro/escuro, os quais podem estar associados a diferentes comportamentos relacionados à ansiedade.<br>The validation of an experimental model to investigate the anxiety must be initially based in a parametric behavioral validation, which involves investigating responses related to the defense behavior of the species to cope with aversive situations in the environment of exposure. Thus, the present study validated the light/dark preference as a behavioral model for the study of anxiety in Carassius auratus (goldfish). The following parameters were evaluated: repetition of exposures to the test apparatus in 5 daily sessions, food deprivation, enriched aquarium, exchange of the water of the test aquarium, different proportions of the light and dark compartments, and exposure to an aquarium with half the length of the control one. The data indicated that the repeated exposures increased the number of crossings, indicating that they increased the exploration of the apparatus by reducing the aversive components of the environment. The fish housed in the enriched aquarium displaced more in the test apparatus, showin no significant preference for either the dark or light side, indicating the aversion of the test environment was attenuated by the exposure to the enriched aquarium. 48-H food-deprived animals showed no statistically significant differences between the times spent in either side of the test aquarium, indicating more intense exploration of the test apparatus in search of food. The animals submitted to the procedure of exchanging the water of the test aquarium before testing did not show preference for either side, indicating that the fish probably release chemical signals in the water which inform their conspecifics of the potential aversiveness of environment. As to the proportion of the aquarium, animals exposed to the 75% light 25% dark test aquarium displaced less than the ones exposed to the control aquarium, indicating that a larger light area can lead to an increase in the aversiveness of the aquarium. When the subjects were exposed to the 75% dark 25% light aquarium, the frequency of crossings was greater for the control group and, in this case, the increased locomotion may be associated with an attenuation in the aversiveness of the environment related to the presence of a larger dark area. In the 87.5% light 12.5% dark aquarium, the animals in the experimental group did not present statistically significant differences between the times spent on either the light or dark sides of the apparatus, indicating that a larger light (aversive) area alters the preference for dark environments. The fishes exposed the aquarium with half the length increased their locomotion, indicating that the length of the apparatus interferes with the aversiveness of the light compartment. Overall, the data showed that manipulating environmental stimuli affects exploratory behavior patterns related to light/dark preference, which may be associated with different anxiety-related behaviors.

This thesis aims to create new perspectives in urban lighting design by discovering people&amp<br>#8217<br>s preferences in urban lighting through an exploratory research on people&amp<br>#8217<br>s perceptive experience of urban space at night. In this study, I aim to analyze the common approaches and methods of urban lighting design and make their critique through my research results. Primary research objectives include the evaluation of what people perceive from the urban lighting design and how they feel about the design outcomes. In order to explore people&amp<br>#8217<br>s experience of lit urban space at night, my research comprises a survey that aims to discover people&amp<br>#8217<br>s opinions on certain lit urbanscenes collected from the city of Ankara. Urban lighting design is a discipline that emerged to improve the aesthetic quality of urban space. It has significant effects on people and consequently on urban life. However, in this discipline, exploration of people&amp<br>#8217<br>s needs and preference is a neglected phenomenon. Therefore, this study suggests that it is necessary to review the designer-centered perspective on urban lighting design and question whether existing approach to this discipline has preferable outcomes for people. Through this research I aim to test whether it is appropriate to pursue and carry out the existing type of lighting design, and propose new perspectives to urban lighting.

Emissions of carbon dioxide, dioxins, nitrogen oxides and particulate matter as well as use of non-renewable resources and energy are some important sustainability challenges for the Swedish steel industry. Much effort has been made, mainly by technical solutions, which to a high degree have decreased the emissions during the last 30 years. Technical solutions however will not be sufficient to reach sustainable development, stakeholder involvement is also necessary. Stakeholder theory states that stake­holder involvement must include a dialog between the stakeholders involved and the operation. The first step in this process is to identify which key issues the stakeholders find most important and then the organisation needs to start interact with its stakeholders. This thesis deals with such issues. Stakeholder preferences for environmental issues were assessed with conjoint analysis, Q-methodology and focus group discussions. The theory of planned behaviour was used to assess how attitudes were connected to background factors and a potential pro-environmental behaviour. Five studies have been carried out in the framework of this thesis. The studies include: a literature review, method evaluation, evaluation of environ­mental objectives in stakeholder groups, screening of relevant factors, evaluation of steel environmental characteristics, identification of barriers to the introduction of new materials and the im­pact of worry and risk perception on strategic environmental decisions. It can be concluded that the methods applied in the studies work well in eliciting preferences. It has been possible to show how different stakeholder groups as well as individuals prioritise environmental objectives and sustaina­bility issues. Since individuals within a stakeholder group vary considerably in preferences, the results from this thesis show the importance of illustrating results on an individual level instead of the traditional group level. Also, a method has been tested where the results were brought back to the respondents in order to stimulate discussions between different stakeholder groups.

The Crimea Crisis didn't just influenced the political world, it also challenged the international law system. It is one of the major crisis after the Cold War where the relationship between western states and Russia were at a point of collapsing. After the fled of the former Russian president, the "Little Green Man" entered Crimea and took over the control over the territory. In the beginning Russia denied any connection to this rebel group, but according to the effecting control test, their action can be attributed to Russia. Therefore Russia used illegally force in Crimea. After holding a referendum, which didn't met the international standards, Crimea singed a treaty, which lead to the incorporation into the Russian Federation. Because of the link to the illegal use of force these actions violated international law. Crimea is therefore occupied territory and the law of occupation applies to the area. But because Russia considers the territory as part of the Russian Federation, it considers the law of state succession as the applicable law. When we compare the two legal systems in regards to the rights and citizenship, it can be concluded that none of the two legal systems are more beneficent for the inhabitants than the other. As a consequence one can hypothetical ask if there are legal arguments in international law, which can be put forward to underpin the assumption that for the benefit of the inhabitants the de jure legal system has to evade in favor for the de facto system. There are several possible legal arguments, but none of them is in the position to underpin the raised question. Even there are no legal arguments the current discussion in international has the possibility to strengthen the law of occupation.

<p>The purpose of this study is to survey and evaluate if the individual contrast sensitivity and preferences for horizontal and vertical lighting level correspond to the values that standard SS-EN 12464-1 recommends for the workplace- and surrounding light levels.</p><p>This study examines if lighting should be adapted after the individuals’ need or if a general value can be found that will cover every individuals’ need for a workplace and surrounding light level. This study also examines if parameters like sex, age and/or glasses/lenses have an effect on the amount of lighting that the test subjects need. Lastly we compared the values concerning the relationship between workplace- and surrounding light levels with standard SS-EN 12464-1’s recommendations.</p><p>The study is carried out with an experimental design that surveys 220 test subjects who were chosen by a selection of convenience. The test subjects did perform a test where they estimated their individual need for lighting in office environments regarding lighting for workplace and its surroundings. Every test subject carried out the test where they repeated the same attempt three times, to establish if the individual lighting need oscillated or if it was constant, whereupon the results were analyzed, compiled and compared to standard SS-EN 12464-1.</p><p>The results show that the minim- and maxim value for the test subjects is between 70 – 4300 lux. The result varies with different parameters such as sex, age and glasses/lenses. We could also state that the relationship between workplace- and surrounding light levels is slightly higher than what standard SS-EN 12464-1 recommends, which should be taken into consideration when planning future lighting constructions.</p><p>Based on the results in this study, our conclusion is that standard SS-EN 12464-1 does not cover the needs on the comfort levels that the test subjects indicated. The values that the test subjects indicated differ from the values that standard SS-EN 12464-1 recommends.</p><p>Since there is a huge spread of the experienced need for lighting between individuals and age groups, we draw the conclusion that general values of measure can’t be applied as a standard on neither workplace- nor surrounding light levels. To fulfill the needs that users have, the lighting construction should be adapted for the individual and give a lighting flood that will fill the individual needs for workplace lighting.</p>

<p> Survival of the endangered Light-footed Ridgway&rsquo;s Rail (Rallus obsoletus levipes) depends on marsh conservation and restoration efforts that supply suitable nesting habitat. Previous research indicates that rails preferentially nest in low marsh areas with tall, dense Spartina foliosa (Pacific cordgrass). While canopy architecture (e.g. height and density) is important, additional microhabitat and landscape-level metrics may be involved in nest-site selection. This project characterized microhabitat parameters (e.g. vegetation and food availability) and landscape-level parameters (e.g. spatial configuration) for 40 nests and 40 non-nest sites in two California wetlands, Upper Newport Bay and the Tijuana Slough, to identify habitat features that predict reproductive success. Assessment of the microhabitat and landscape-level parameters suggests that vegetation structure (e.g. height, stem density) is important, but that invertebrate density and composition, tidal connectivity, and elevation are also important to Light-footed Ridgway&rsquo;s Rail nesting.</p>

The federally endangered tan riffleshell (<I>Epioblasma florentina walkeri</I>) is restricted to only one known reproducing population, in Indian Creek, Tazewell County, Virginia. Attempts to recover this species by augmenting relic populations throughout its historic range are aided through knowledge of its population biology and requirements in culture environments. Infestations of host fish (fantail darters, <I>Etheostoma flabellare</I>), obtained from four river drainages, with tan riffleshell glochidia showed that significantly more juveniles transformed per fish from infestations on fantail darters from Indian Creek (mean = 59.22 ± 10.01) than on fantail darters from the Roanoke River (mean = 9.45 ± 10.64) (p = 0.024). Number of juveniles from fantail darters collected from Elk Garden and the South Fork Holston River were not significantly different from those of either Indian Creek fish or Roanoke River fish. These results support the hypothesis that mussel-host fish relationships are likely mediated by fish immune responses. Furthermore, this study suggests that this compatibility has resulted from coadaptation between the tan riffleshell and fantail darter populations in Indian Creek. <p>The tan riffleshell population in Indian Creek was estimated to be 1078 adults (95% CI= 760 - 1853), using Schumacher's modification of Schnabel's maximum likelihood estimator. The sex ratio and size distribution of males and females were approximately equal. Specimen ages, determined from thin-sections of shells, showed that mussels aged by external annuli on shells likely underestimates the true ages of individuals. <p>Appropriate culture conditions for this species were examined using juveniles of the wavyrayed lampmussel (<I>Lampsilis fasciola</I>) as a surrogate. In the first experiment, juvenile growth and survival was compared between four substratum types (fine sediment, < 120μm; fine sand, 500 μm-800 μm; coarse sand, 1000 μm-1400 μm; and mixed sediment, < 1400 μm) and two light treatments in open versus covered recirculating troughs (2.8 m). Juveniles in fine sediment substratum and covered troughs fared poorest, with 7% survival and growth to only 0.86 mm in length after 16 wk. Juveniles in mixed sediment and open troughs fared best, with 26% survival and growth to 1.09 mm after 16 wk. Additionally, juveniles in fine sand in covered troughs had significantly higher survival (23.1%) than juveniles in fine sediment (p = 0.04), and juveniles in fine sand survived consistently better between light treatments than in the other substrata. There were no significant differences among the other treatments. <p>A second experiment was performed to determine whether juveniles were responding directly to the presence of light or whether only the increased autochthonous production improved growth and survival. One-half of each of three 2.8 m troughs were covered with 50% shade cloth, while the other sides were left open to ambient light. Additionally, the best and worst sediments from the first experiment (fine sand and fine sediment) were used again to verify the results from the previous experiment. In this case, juveniles in both sides of the troughs grew equally well, but juveniles in the open sides had significantly poorer survival (open mean: 1.78%, sd = 5.01; covered mean: 7.4%, sd = 5.01) (p = 0.046). Fine sediment yielded significantly higher growth of juveniles than fine sand (p = 0.009), with shell lengths of 2.63 mm (sd = 0.075) in fine sediment and 1.94 mm (sd = 0.102) in fine sand. The differences in survival and growth between the two experiments were attributed to differential numbers of chironomids and platyhelminths, which are predators of young juveniles. Additionally, the fine sediment was more tightly packed in the first experiment than in the second, which may have restricted movement and subsequently reduced survival. Light alone likely did not affect juvenile survival and growth; rather, it was seemingly the greater abundance of aufwuchs available as food. This hypothesis was corroborated by a juvenile behavior experiment, which showed that juveniles did not act differently when in tanks not exposed to light versus those open to ambient light.<br>Master of Science

Orientador: Helena Maria Andre Bolini<br>Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T04:55:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alves_LeonardoRangel_M.pdf: 410164 bytes, checksum: eed7ffe76f347f00d0abb009ed908230 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008<br>Resumo: Este estudo objetivou Identificar direcionadores de preferência de oito amostras comerciais de néctar de uva (tradicionais e ¿light¿) utilizando metodologias estatísticas avançadas para relacionar dados de perfil sensorial, físico-químicos e aceitabilidade. Oito amostras comerciais de néctares de uva (quatro tradicionais e suas respectivas versões ¿light¿) foram analisadas. Um teste de Aceitação utilizando a escala hedônica híbrida foi realizado com 114 consumidores. Quatorze termos descritivos foram avaliados por uma equipe sensorial e seis atributos físico-químicos foram medidos. As amostras de néctar de uva A e C foram as mais aceitas e as amostras CL e DL (¿light¿) foram as mais rejeitadas. Construiu-se um Mapa de Preferência Interno e em seguida uma Análise de ¿Cluster¿ foi realizada para o atributo Impressão Global. Dois grupos de consumidores foram encontrados. A principal diferença entre os grupos foi com relação à utilização de diferentes porções da escala pelos consumidores de cada grupo. A metodologia PLSR foi utilizada para relacionar a aceitação dos consumidores com os termos descritivos e atributos físico-químicos, fornecendo correlações entre eles. Os resultados mostraram que os atributos Sabor de Uva, Sabor Residual de Uva, Acidez Total Titulável, Aroma de Uva, Cor Vinho, °Brix, Viscosidade, Acidez, Turbidez, Adstringência, Fenóis Totais e Consistência nesta ordem de importância, estavam fortemente correlacionados com a Impressão Global dos consumidores sendo portanto os direcionadores de preferência encontrados<br>Abstract: This study depicts the PLS regression method used to help find drivers of liking of the grape nectar. Eight commercial brands (four traditional and four lights) were analyzed. An acceptance test using hybrid hedonic scale was performed with 114 consumers. Fourteen attributes were evaluated by a sensory team of fourteen members, and six physical-chemical attributes were measured. The most accepted samples were A and C, and the less accepted ones were CL and DL (lights). An Internal Preference Mapping followed by a Cluster Analysis was performed on the consumer grades to Global Impression. Two clusters of consumers were found. The mainly difference between clusters was the use of different portions of the scale by the consumers. The PLSR methodology was used to relate the acceptance with the sensory and physical-chemical attributes giving a correlation between them. The model showed the importance of each sensory or physicalchemical attribute for the model projection. The results showed that Grape Flavor; Residual Grape Flavor, Total Sourness Titration, Grape Aroma, Wine Color, °Brix, Viscosity, Sourness, Turbidity, Astringency, Total Phenols and Consistency were positive correlated with consumer grades to Global Impression, therefore they are called drivers of liking<br>Mestrado<br>Consumo e Qualidade de Alimentos<br>Mestre em Alimentos e Nutrição

In accordance with an experimental setup this thesis investigates to what extent the participants' attitudes and aesthetic preferences are influenced by the lateral direction of light in moving image sequences. It is also investigated whether the participants' handedness correlates with their advertising evaluation. The purpose of the study is to generate new knowledge of potential biases in moving images that could be applied by image producers to create more compelling commercials. Our work is based on a transdisciplinary theoretical approach and the results are analyzed based on biopsychological, sociocultural and perceptual explanatory models. Three self-designed commercials with a left oriented illumination position were used as stimulus, the stimulus were also inverted horizontally. The participants were asked to assess their attitudes toward the commercials with either left or right oriented lighting. Two surveys were conducted: one with a within-subjects design and one with a between-subjects design, a total of 172 people participated. No significant difference between left and right oriented illumination position occurred in any of the groups for neither feelings toward ad, Aad , Ab , or PI. The results suggests that a bias does not occur in dynamic images, unlike the left oriented bias that has been reliably shown in previous studies that relate to still images. Nor could any correlation be established between reported attitudes and handedness.

Qualsiasi prodotto alimentare che si trova sul mercato contiene diverse etichette che aiutano i consumatori nel loro processo decisionale quando fanno acquisti. Questo aiuto può essere garantito solo se i consumatori comprendono il significato di queste etichette, le differenze tra loro e le informazioni che certificano. La tesi ha esplorato il ruolo delle etichette nel settore del marketing alimentare usando studi condotti sull'approccio del consumatore. Utilizzando diversi metodi (statistici ed econometrici), abbiamo analizzato le percezioni, la consapevolezza e la conoscenza dei consumatori verso alcune etichette alimentari e le loro preferenze e comportamenti verso i prodotti alimentari che portano queste etichette (etichette nutrizionali sul fronte della confezione e marchi di qualità europei). I prodotti alimentari certificati di qualità sono stati scelti perché sono drammaticamente rilevanti per il settore agroalimentare europeo, e ancora di più per quello italiano dove costituisce la DOP Economy, data la sua densità. Sulla base dei risultati abbiamo formulato alcune raccomandazioni di marketing, policy, e di comunicazione che potrebbero essere utilizzate dai consorzi per migliorare l'impegno dei consumatori per i prodotti con marchi di qualità. Le raccomandazioni sono state rivolte anche ai policy maker e ai produttori dei prodotti DOP/IGP/STG/Organici ma anche ai policy maker dell'Etichettatura Nutrizionale.<br>Any food product found on the market contains several labels that help consumers in their decision making when shopping. This help can be guaranteed only if the consumers understand the significance of those labels, the differences between them and the information that they certify. The thesis explored labels’ role in the food marketing sector and studies were carried out according to consumer approach. Using different methods (statistics and econometrics), we analyzed consumers perceptions, awareness, knowledge towards some food labels and their preferences and behavior toward food products bearing these labels (Front of Packaging Nutritional Labels and Quality labels). Quality certified food products were chosen because are dramatically relevant for the European agri-food sector, even more of the Italian one where it forms the DOP Economy, due to its density. Assessments of several food labels from a consumer behavior perspective was carried out. Based on the findings we formulated some policy, marketing recommendations and communication suggestions that could be used by the consortia to enhance consumers’ engagement for products with quality certifications (PDO/PG/TSG or organic). The recommendations were also addressed to policy makers and producers of the PDO/PGI/TSG/Organic products but also to the policy makers of the Nutritional Labelling.

Due to their potential use as an internal reference, memory colors have proven to provide an excellent conceptional approach for the color rendition evaluation of white light sources in terms of predicting visual appreciation. However, there are still some major drawbacks that can be identified in the principal design of existing memory-based or memory-related color quality metrics, of which the most severe is most likely that none of them were devised under realistic adaptation and viewing conditions. With the aim of contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of the nature of memory colors, a new experimental approach based on the color appearance rating of real familiar test objects perceived in a more realistic contextual viewing environment should therefore be presented as a main part of the current thesis trying to overcome the shortcomings of previous work. Besides attempting to draw universally valid conclusions about the memory colors' general characteristics, additional focus should be on the investigation of the impact of both the white point of adaptation and the observers' cultural background on the memory color assessments. By providing a comprehensive statistical analysis of the experimental data, it is shown that a significant effect on the observers' color appearance ratings can be reported for these two potential impact factors. With the corresponding dependencies being eventually known, a further goal of the current work should be the development of an improved memory-based color quality metric providing a superior tool for developers and manufacturers that can be used for the optimization of state-of-the-art lighting solutions in cases where visual appreciation and high user acceptability are more important than color fidelity. In order to validate the excellent predictive performance of this new metric proposal, the results of a comprehensive meta-correlation analysis based on the data of several different psychophysical studies are additionally reported. From this evaluation, it can be concluded that the newly proposed color quality metric outperforms all alternative approaches considered in the analysis making it an excellent choice to finally replace the CIE general color rendering index (Ra) in its use as an optimization criterion for modern light sources to achieve high visual appreciation and observer preference for which the latter has actually not been intended at all.

碩士<br>國立臺灣藝術大學<br>圖文傳播藝術學系<br>107<br>There are many kinds of cultural creative products developed in Taiwan, and the design procedures of different cultural creative products commodity research are also divergent. However, basing on the design thinking procedure and experts interview, it is found that the design of cultural creative products, three-dimensional card is not complete in the relevant literature. According to IDEO (2010) design thinking theory, the design process is divided into three stages: Inspiration、Ideation and Implementation. First of all, the inspiration stage is to explore literature review about the cultural creative commodity, cultural creative commodity design thinking and consumer preferences; Secondly, the ideation stage is to develop the prototype of cultural creative commodity design, develops the consumer preference questionnaire of variable light color cultural creative products stereo card, and consults the experts on the connotation of cultural creative commodity. Finally, the implementation stage is to fulfill the design of cultural creative products and variable light color products stereo card, and the analysis of consumer preference are completed. According to the results of the research, it is concluded that the design of Taiwan cultural creative products should include three elements: the application of science and technology, the type of material and the performance of printing, but different types (namely, relics, ecology, architecture, etc.) of cultural creative products will affect the preferences of consumers for the elements of product design; In addition, according to the results of 221 questionnaire, sex is an important factor affecting the preference of consumers in cultural creative products. Male and female students have different views on the material types of cards and the presentation of printed cards. In addition, the results of this study also show that based on the needs of interaction and personalization, the future introduction of technology into cultural creative stereoscopic cards is an inevitable design trend.

碩士<br>國立勤益科技大學<br>工業工程與管理系<br>99<br>In recent years, global environmental issues become more popular, in order to improve the global warming problems, people should actively use energy-efficient products.At present, Green industries including Sloar power, Wind energy, Hydroelectric and LED (Light Emitting Diode) products. Nowadays LED industry has been developed for almost 30 years in Taiwan. Today, LED industry in Taiwan has a complete supply chain from suppliers to retailers. How to select a LED packaging supplier that meets the requirements in quality, delivery, cost, risk and R&D is important for competiveness and future potential. Sometimes decision makers cannot make a decisive judgement when the decision dimensions drive to Multi-Criteria. In this paper, we evaluate three LED packaging firms by an evaluation process with two phases. First, we according to questionnaires from experts to calculate the relative weights of the criteria by fuzzy Analytic Network Process (FANP), and we also explain why criteria weights influenced the objective. Then, we select the best supplier from the LED packaging firms by fuzzy technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (FTOPSIS).

碩士<br>國立中央大學<br>資訊工程研究所<br>92<br>ABSTRACT Future microcellular Personal Communication Service (PCS) networks are expected to be high user density and high mobility. Location managements in the PCS networks will incur a large amount of signaling traffic. Several dynamic location management schemes based on different strategies are proposed to reduce the signal costs both of location update (LU) and paging (PG). The velocity-based scheme, an extension of distance-based, is known as the best of conventional dynamic location update schemes. However, due to lack of effective mobility prediction capabilities, these schemes which consider only the optimal size of the LA regardless the optimal shape of the LA will perform inefficiently when mobile terminals move in a higher speed. To satisfy user requirements of high mobility mentioned above, we proposed a light-weight dynamic location management scheme called “Moving Preference” for mobility prediction in this paper. On the other hand, since MTs carried in vehicle are the ones demonstrate high mobility, an idea of incorporation of location-based information (i.e. road map & GPS) is introduced in the proposed scheme. The “Moving Preference” which is a mobility prediction technique derived from mobile terminal’s long-term moving history. In our basic idea, we are more interested in the destinations (moving preferences) a mobile terminal is likely to leave or stay rather than the sequence of cells or road segments a mobile terminal is likely to pass in transit. Our scheme features light-weight which does not need to keep track all possible nodes and edges in the moving history of a pecified MT. Thus, provides better flexibility and scalability. Moreover, the mobility prediction of the proposed scheme is effective not only within a short distance, but also a longer one. Based on these features, we introduced a new cost model, both the size and shape of a LA are taken into considerations, to find out an optimal location update threshold for signal costs minimizing. The simulation results indicate that our moving preferences based (MPB) scheme do have a great improvement over conventional ones.

碩士<br>國立臺灣科技大學<br>色彩與照明科技研究所<br>104<br>Using 3 dancers performing altogether for 7 minutes, the researchers conducted 3 psychophysical experiments at the Taipei Crown Art Center Theater. Viewing the performance under various light sources, 45 observers were asked to make ratings in terms of preference and visual impression of the performance. In the first experiment, the dancers were illuminated by 21 traditional Tungsten Halogen lamps as the light sources, with 8 different lighting directions and 6 colors. In the second experiment the researchers used exactly the same dance performance and stage settings, the sole difference being the use of LED lamps as the light sources instead of the Halogen lamps. Note that the lighting settings for the LED lamps were made to be as similar to those for the Halogen lamps as possible, in terms of illuminance and correlated color temperature. The experimental results show that the observers had similar ratings for performances in the two experiments, suggesting that the difference in light sources did not make a significant impact on visual impressions of the performance. In the third experiment, the 3 dancers sat on chairs at the stage, illuminated by 30 LED front lights with various light colors. We measured the visual perception of the observers to develop a predictive model of skin color preference illuminated by LED lights. From the experimental results we found that color temperatures between 2400K to 3700K tended to make the dancers look warm and rich in their skin tones. Color temperatures between 4300K to 6400K made the skins feel slightly light and cold. Color temperatures between 2400K to 3700K in the range of 300lux to 1000lux tended to make the skin tone feel bright. The results also show that preference for a skin tone was correlated closely with perceived brightness of the skin tone. This study investigates the potential of usage of new LED lighting technology in theater performance, and how the audience may react to such a change. By comparing LED and traditional lights in this study, we hope to realize new possibilities of using LED in theaters and finding suitable usage of them in stage lighting applications.