Books: 'Light pulser'

1

Wolfgang, Rudolph. Light pulse compression. Chur: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1989.

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2

Joachim, Herrmann. Lasers for ultrashort light pulses. Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1987.

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3

Monica, Elman, Ullmann Yehuda, and SpringerLink (Online service), eds. Aesthetic Applications of Intense Pulsed Light. London: Springer-Verlag London Limited, 2011.

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4

Fodor, Lucian, Yehuda Ullman, and Monica Elman. Aesthetic Applications of Intense Pulsed Light. London: Springer London, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-456-2.

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5

Fodor, Lucian, and Yehuda Ullmann, eds. Aesthetic Applications of Intense Pulsed Light. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22829-3.

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6

Kitzler, Markus, and Stefanie Gräfe, eds. Ultrafast Dynamics Driven by Intense Light Pulses. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20173-3.

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7

Herrmann, Joachim. Lasers for ultrashort light impulses. Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1987.

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8

Oka, Yoshiaki. Super light water reactors and super fast reactors: Supercritical-pressure light water cooled reactor. New York: Springer, 2010.

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9

Kessel, Alexander. Generation and Parametric Amplification of Few‐Cycle Light Pulses at Relativistic Intensities. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92843-2.

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10

Laser Optics 2006 (2006 Saint Petersburg, Russia). Laser Optics 2006: Superintense light fields and ultrafast processes : 26-30 June, 2006, St. Petersburg, Russia. Edited by Andreev Alexander A, Fund for Laser Physics (Russia0, Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers., and Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers. Russian Chapter. Bellingham, Wash: SPIE, 2007.

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11

Szeged, Hungary) LEI 2011 (2011. Light at extreme intensities 2011: Szeged, Hungary, 14-18 November 2011. Melville, N.Y: American Institute of Physics, 2012.

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12

Romania) LEI 2009 (2009 Brasov. Light at extreme intensities: Opportunities and technological issues of the extreme light infrastructure : LEI 2009, proceedings of the conference, Brasov, Romania, 16-21 October 2009. Edited by Dumitraș Dan C. Melville, N.Y: American Institute of Physics, 2010.

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13

E, Yashin Vladimir, Andreev Alexander A, Institut lazernoĭ fiziki SO RAN., and Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers., eds. Laser Optics 2003: Superintense light fields and ultrafast processes : 30 June-4 July 2003, St. Petersburg, Russia. Bellingham, Wash: SPIE, 2004.

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14

ICONO '98 (1998 Moscow, Russia). ICONO '98: Ultrafast phenomena and interaction of superstrong laser fields with matter--nonlinear optics and high-field physics : 29 June-3 July 1998, Moscow, Russia. Edited by Fedorov M. V. 1940-, Scientific Council for Coherent and Nonlinear Optics (Rossiĭskai͡a akademii͡a nauk), and Russia (Federation). Ministerstvo nauki i tekhnologiĭ. Bellingham, Wash: SPIE--the International Society for Optical Engineering, 1999.

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15

ICONO '98 (1998 Moscow, Russia). ICONO '98: Quantum optics, interference phenomena in atomic systems, and high-precision measurements : 29 June-3 July 1998, Moscow, Russia. Edited by Andreev A. V, Scientific Council for Coherent and Nonlinear Optics (Rossiĭskai͡a akademii͡a nauk), and Russia (Federation). Ministerstvo nauki i tekhnologiĭ. Bellingham, Wash: SPIE--the International Society for Optical Engineering, 1999.

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16

Yu, Chikishev Andrey, Zadkov V. N, Zheltikov Alexei M, Scientific Council for Coherent and Nonlinear Optics (Rossiĭskai͡a︡ akademii͡a︡ nauk), Russia (Federation). Ministerstvo nauki i tekhnologiĭ., and Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers., eds. ICONO '98: Laser spectroscopy and optical diagnostics : novel trends in laser chemistry, biophysics, and biomedicine : 29 June-3 July, 1998, Moscow, Russia. Bellingham, Wash: SPIE, 1999.

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17

S, Chesnokov Sergei, Kandidov V. P, Koroteev N. I, Scientific Council for Coherent and Nonlinear Optics (Rossiĭskai͡a︡ akademii͡a︡ nauk), and Russia (Federation). Ministerstvo nauki i tekhnologiĭ., eds. ICONO '98: Nonlinear optical phenomena and coherent optics in information technologies : 29 June-3 July 1998, Moscow, Russia. Bellingham, Wash., USA: SPIE, 1999.

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18

N, Drabovich Konstantin, Scientific Council for Coherent and Nonlinear Optics (Rossiĭskai͡a︡ akademii͡a︡ nauk), and Russia (Federation). Ministerstvo nauki i tekhnicheskoĭ politiki., eds. ICONO '98: Fundamental aspects of laser-matter interaction and new nonlinear optical materials and physics of low-dimensional structures : 29 June-3 July 1998, Moscow, Russia. Bellingham, Wash: SPIE--the International Society for Optical Engineering, 1999.

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19

Fodor, Lucian, Monica Elman, and Yehuda Ullmann. Aesthetic Applications of Intense Pulsed Light. Springer, 2011.

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20

Fodor, Lucian, and Yehuda Ullmann. Aesthetic Applications of Intense Pulsed Light. Springer, 2019.

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21

Fodor, Lucian, Monica Elman, and Yehuda Ullmann. Aesthetic Applications of Intense Pulsed Light. Springer, 2016.

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22

Wright, A. G. Linear performance. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199565092.003.0009.

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This chapter is concerned with a single consideration: the degree of proportionality between a light signal and its resulting electrical output. This is formally referred to as linearity, which depends on the suitability of the chosen PMT and the mode of operation (pulsed or analogue). Applications fall into two groups: analogue operation (DC) and transient applications. Linearity in a pulsed mode of operation concerns both pulse height (charge) and the rate of events. Generally, in the DC mode, only the mean anode current is relevant. Methods for determining both forms of non-linearity are presented, based on actual measurements. Test methods using multiple light sources, bootstrapping, single step (piggyback), and shot noise are investigated. A method for uncovering non-linearity in high-Z scintillators by using coincident gamma emissions (60Co) is demonstrated. An analytical means for correcting results at the 1 % level is provided.

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23

Wright, A. G. Statistical processes. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199565092.003.0004.

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Two statistical processes affect performance: one concerns photon detection at the photocathode (binomial); and the other, gain at each dynode (Poisson). The combined statistical processes dictate resolution, both timing and pulse height. They are best examined using generating functions that are both elegant and capable of providing answers more efficiently than traditional approaches. The requirement for steady and pulsed light sources is an important one for testing and setting up procedures. The use of moments to test the quality of performance is illustrated for a steady DC light source. Amplification provided by a dynode stack is a cascade process, leading to dispersion in gain, and is also ideally handled with generating functions. Theory is developed for essentially continuous pulse height distributions, such as those produced by a multichannel analyser. Arrival time statistics for scintillators are investigated analytically and by Monte Carlo simulation. Treatment is given for dead time and scaling.

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24

Light Pulse Compression (Laser Science and Technology). Routledge, 1989.

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25

Wright, A. G. Why photomultipliers? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199565092.003.0001.

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Photon detectors transform information, carried by light, to an electrical analogue. Signals contain information on the time of occurrence and the intensity in terms of the number of photons involved. Photon rates may be constant with time, slowly varying, or transient in the form of pulses. The time response is specified in terms of some property of the pulse shape, such as its rise time, or it may be expressed in terms of bandwidth. Light detector applications fall into two categories: imaging and non-imaging; however, only the latter are considered. Detectors can be further divided into vacuum and solid state devices. Vacuum devices include photomultipliers (PMTs), microchannel plate PMTs (MCPPMTs), and hybrid devices in which a silicon device replaces the discrete dynode multiplier. PIN diodes, avalanche photodiodes (APDs), pixelated silicon PMTs (SiPMs), and charge-coupled devices (CCDs) are examples of solid state light detectors.

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26

D, Kuzʹmin A., ed. Pulʹsary. Moskva: "Nauka", 1989.

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27

Babbitt, Geoffrey. Appendices Pulled from a Study on Light. Spuyten Duyvil, 2018.

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28

Lyng, James, and Gianpiero Pataro. High Intensity Pulsed Light in Processing and Preservation of Foods. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2016.

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29

Glazov, M. M. Interaction of Spins with Light. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807308.003.0006.

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This chapter presents the details of the optical manipulation of electron spin states. It also addresses manifestations of the electron and nuclear spin dynamics in optical response of semiconductor nanostructures via spin-Faraday and -Kerr effects. Coupling of spins with light provides the most efficient method of nonmagnetic spin manipulation. The main aim of this chapter is to provide the theoretical grounds for optical spin injection, ultrafast spin control, and readout of spin states by means of circularly and linearly polarized light pulses. The Faraday and Kerr effects induced by the electron and nuclear spin polarization are analyzed both by means of a macroscopic, semi-phenomenological approach and by using the microscopic quantum mechanical model. Theoretical analysis is supported by experimental data.

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30

Wright, A. G. Signal-induced background. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199565092.003.0011.

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Signal-induced background has a time dependence that distinguishes it from the sources discussed in Chapter 6. These events refer to a progression in which a signal generates a subsequent one, correlated in time to the initial detection. The timescale for correlated background ranges from nanoseconds to days. The earliest signal is a prepulse generated by a photon incident on d1. Late pulses relate to the k-to-d1, and k-to-anode transit time. The next category, the afterpulses, spans ~100 ns to 10 μ‎s, with a peaked time distribution. There is a long-lived source of photons, extending to days and caused by exposure of a photomultiplier to bright light or to nuclear radiation. Afterpulses contribute to the slope of a photon-counting plateau characteristic, distort fluorescent decay, and pulse shape discrimination measurements. They also affect resolution, and processes of a statistical nature.

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31

Wright, A. G. Measurement of low light flux. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199565092.003.0007.

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There are three experimental methods for quantifying the flux of light incident on a photocathode: counting the anode output pulses initiated by photoelectrons—known as photon counting; measuring the DC current flowing at the anode—referred to as analogue detection, or charge integration; and determining the rms noise in the anode current—known as shot noise power detection. The statistical performances of the three methods, based on weighting factors, are compared, revealing the theoretical superiority of the photon-counting method. Optimal time allocation between signal and background measurement is derived for photon counting. An amplifier discriminator is the simplest and preferred instrumentation for photon counting, but setting the optimal counting threshold is ultimately a matter of judgement. This is because the plateau has a different slope for signal, background, and afterpulses. Rudiments of signal recovery instrumentation covering boxcar integrators, lock-in detection, and synchronous signal averaging are given.

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32

Kessel, Alexander. Generation and Parametric Amplification of Few‐Cycle Light Pulses at Relativistic Intensities. Springer, 2018.

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33

Kessel, Alexander. Generation and Parametric Amplification of Few‐Cycle Light Pulses at Relativistic Intensities. Springer, 2018.

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34

The effects of rapid heating of soot: Implications when using laser-induced incandescence for soot diagnostics. [Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.

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35

The effects of rapid heating of soot: Implications when using laser-induced incandescence for soot diagnostics. [Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.

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36

Christopher, Martin, Marshall Herman L, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. The Geminga pulsar: Soft X-Ray variability and an EUVE observation. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1996.

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37

Wright, A. G. Voltage dividers. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199565092.003.0013.

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Voltage dividers provide accelerating voltages to generate multiplier gain. Dynode voltages must remain constant and independent of the light input to maintain stable gain. The standard resistive divider never quite satisfies this requirement, although acceptable performance can be achieved by careful design. The inclusion of zener diodes improves performance but field-effect transistor (FET) circuits can provide gain stability at high mean anode currents, regardless of whether the application is pulsed or analogue. Design procedures for active and semi-active voltage dividers are presented. Dividers based on the Cockcroft–Walton (CW) principle are particularly suited to portable instrumentation because of their low standing current. Consideration is given to pulsed operation, decoupling, switch-on transients, ripple, dynode signals, single cable dividers, and equivalent circuits at high frequencies. Gating is used to protect a photomultiplier, in the presence of high light levels, by reducing the gain electronically. Various methods for gating a voltage divider are presented.

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38

Laser Bioeffects: Differential Protein Expression of Cultured Human Melanocytes Treated With 532 nm Picosecond Pulse Laser-Light. Storming Media, 2002.

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39

Improvement in suppression of pulsed Nd: YAG laser light with iodine absorption cells for filtered Rayleigh scattering measurements. [Cleveland, Ohio]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Lewis Research Center, 1997.

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40

Small, Dorothy M. From Darkness into the Light: I stumbled around in the night, Until one day something from above, Pulled me from darkness into the light. Xlibris Corporation, 2000.

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41

A, Freeman Kerry, and Chilton Book Company, eds. Chilton Book Company repair manual.: All U.S. and Canadian models of F10, 310, Stanza, Pulsar. Radnor, Pa: Chilton Book Co., 1989.

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42

Editors, The Nichols/Chilton. Chilton's Repair Manual Datsun/Nissan F10, 310, Stanza, Pulsar 1976-88 (Chilton's Repair Manual (Model Specific)). Chilton Book Company, 1989.

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43

Wright, A. G. The Photomultiplier Handbook. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199565092.001.0001.

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This handbook is aimed at helping users of PMTs who are faced with the challenge of designing sensitive light detectors for scientific and industrial purposes. The raison d’être for photomultipliers (PMTs) stems from four intrinsic attributes: large detection area, high, and noiseless gain, and wide bandwidth. Detection involves a conversion process from photons to photoelectrons at the photocathode. Photoelectrons are subsequently collected and increased in number by the action of an incorporated electron multiplier. Photon detection, charge multiplication, and many PMT applications are statistical in nature. For this reason appropriate statistical treatments are provided and derived from first principles. PMTs are characterized by a range of photocathodes offering detection over UV to infra-red wavelengths, the sensitivities of which can be calibrated by National Laboratories. The optical interface between light sources and PMTs, particularly for diffuse or uncollimated light, is sparsely covered in the scientific literature. The theory of light guides, Winston cones, and other light concentrators points to means for optimizing light collection subject to the constraints of Liouville’s theorem (étandue). Certain PMTs can detect single photons but are restricted by the limitations of unwanted background ranging in magnitude from a fraction of a photoelectron equivalent to hundreds of photoelectrons. These sources, together with their correlated nature, are examined in detail. Photomultiplier biasing requires a voltage divider comprising a series of resistors or active components, such as FETs. Correct biasing provides the key to linear operation and so considerable attention is given to the treatment of this topic. Electronic circuits and modules that perform the functions of charge to voltage conversion, pulse shaping, and impedance matching are analysed in detail.

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44

Henriksen, Niels Engholm, and Flemming Yssing Hansen. Unimolecular Reactions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805014.003.0007.

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This chapter considers unimolecular reactions; photo-induced reactions, that is, true unimolecular reactions; and reactions initiated by collisional activation, that is, apparent unimolecular reactions where it is assumed that the time scales for activation and subsequent reaction are well separated. Elements of classical and quantum dynamical descriptions are discussed, including Slater theory and the quantum mechanical description of photo-induced reactions. Statistical theories aiming at the calculation of micro-canonical as well as canonical rate constants are discussed, including a detailed discussion of RRKM theory. It concludes with a discussion of femtochemistry, that is, the observation and control of chemical dynamics using femtosecond pulses of electromagnetic radiation, focusing on the control of unimolecular reactions via the interaction with coherent light; that is, laser control.

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45

Eland, John H. D., and Raimund Feifel. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198788980.003.0001.

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After very brief historical notes, the basis of the TOF-PEPECO technique is explained and other techniques for spectra of doubly charged positive ions are described and compared with this modern method. The meaning of ionisation energies in the context of molecular double ionisation is discussed, with their relationship to electron orbital configurations. With the advent of photoelectron spectroscopy in the 1960s, new techniques allowed complete spectra of valence electron ionisations for each molecule to be revealed in a single measurement. The effects on the spectra of the different major pathways from starting molecules to final doubly ionised states are explained. Details of the experiments are given, including pulsed lamps, synchrotron radiation as light sources, and the magnetic bottle time-of-flight electron spectrometer.

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46

Parker, Philip M. The 2007-2012 World Outlook for Automobile and Light Truck Horse Trailers Excluding Those Pulled by Truck Tractors. ICON Group International, Inc., 2006.

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47

The 2006-2011 World Outlook for Automobile and Light Truck Horse Trailers Excluding Those Pulled by Truck Tractors. Icon Group International, Inc., 2005.

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48

Wright, A. G. PMT background. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199565092.003.0006.

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Photomultiplier (PMT) background derives from sources of photons, and from photoelectrons generation within a PMT. These may also act as a source of optical and radioactive background for neighbouring detectors. Dark count and dark current are reconciled by allowing for leakage currents flowing into the anode. The optimal gain setting follows from these considerations. Sources of background generated by the photocathode include thermionic emission; light generated within the PMT; gamma rays; muons and minimum ionizing particles (MIPs); insulator glow in the region of the anode; and residual gas. Pulse height distributions for dark counts, in terms of photoelectrons equivalent, reveal the size and magnitude distributions of the various contributions. Temperature and gain dependence are also covered. PMTs constructed from low radioactive glass provide ultra-low background.

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49

Hong, M. H. Laser applications in nanotechnology. Edited by A. V. Narlikar and Y. Y. Fu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199533060.013.24.

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This article discusses a variety of laser applications in nanotechnology. The laser has proven to be one of many mature and reliable manufacturing tools, with applications in modern industries, from surface cleaning to thin-film deposition. Laser nanoengineering has several advantages over electron-beam and focused ion beam processing. For example, it is a low-cost, high-speed process in air, vacuum or chemical environments and also has the capability to fulfill flexible integration control. This article considers laser nanotechnology in the following areas: pulsed laser ablation for nanomaterials synthesis; laser nanoprocessing to make nanobumps for disk media nanotribology and anneal ultrashort PN junctions; surface nanopatterning with near-field, and light-enhancement effects; and large-area parallel laser nanopatterning by laser interference lithography and laser irradiation through a microlens array. Based on these applications, the article argues that the laser will continue to be one of the highly potential nanoengineering means in next-generation manufacturing.

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50

Magee, Patrick, and Mark Tooley. Intraoperative monitoring. Edited by Jonathan G. Hardman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0043.

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Chapter 25 introduced some basic generic principles applicable to many measurement and monitoring techniques. Chapter 43 introduces those principles not covered in Chapter 25 and discusses in detail the clinical applications and limitations of the many monitoring techniques available to the modern clinical anaesthetist. It starts with non-invasive blood pressure measurement, including clinical and automated techniques. This is followed by techniques of direct blood pressure measurement, noting that transducers and calibration have been discussed in Chapter 25. This is followed by electrocardiography. There then follows a section on the different methods of measuring cardiac output, including the pulmonary artery catheter, the application of ultrasound in echocardiography, pulse contour analysis (LiDCO™ and PiCCO™), and transthoracic electrical impedance. Pulse oximetry is then discussed in some detail. Depth of anaesthesia monitoring is then described, starting with the electroencephalogram and its application in BIS™ monitors, the use of evoked potentials, and entropy. There then follow sections on gas pressure measurement in cylinders and in breathing systems, followed by gas volume and flow measurement, including the rotameter, spirometry, and the pneumotachograph, and the measurement of lung dead space and functional residual capacity using body plethysmography and dilution techniques. The final section is on respiratory gas analysis, starting with light refractometry as the standard against which other techniques are compared, infrared spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and Raman spectroscopy (the principles of these techniques having been introduced in Chapter 25), piezoelectric and paramagnetic analysers, polarography and fuel cells, and blood gas analysis.

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Books on the topic 'Light pulser'

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