Journal articles: 'Light tube'

1

Yang, In Young, Kil Sung Lee, Young Nam Kim, Jin Oh Chung, and Cheon Seok Cha. "Axial Crushing Behavior and Energy Absorption Capability of Al/CFRP Square Tubes for Light-Weights." Key Engineering Materials 306-308 (March 2006): 297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.306-308.297.

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An aluminum or CFRP (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics) tube is representative light-weight materials but its axial collapse mechamism is different from each other. The aluminum tube absorbs energy by stable plastic deformation, while the CFRP tube absorbs energy by unstable brittle failure with higher specific strength and stiffness than those in the aluminum tube. In an attempt to achieve a synergy effect by combining the two members, aluminum/CFRP square tubes were manufactured, which are composed of aluminum tubes wrapped with CFRP outside aluminum square tubes with different fiber orientation angle and thickness of CFRP, and axial collapse tests were performed for the tubes. The crushing behavior and energy absorption capability of the tubes were analyzed and compared with those of the respective aluminum square tubes and CFRP square tubes. Test results showed that the collapse of the aluminum/CFRP square tube complemented unstable brittle failure of the CFRP square tube due to ductile characteristics of the inner aluminum square tube. The collapse modes were categorized into four modes under the influence of the fiber orientation angle and thickness of CFRP. The absorbed energy per unit mass, which is in the light-weight aspect, was higher in the aluminum/CFRP square tube than that in the aluminum square tube or the CFRP square tube alone.

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Mahawan, Jiraphorn, and Atthakorn Thongtha. "Experimental Investigation of Illumination Performance of Hollow Light Pipe for Energy Consumption Reduction in Buildings." Energies 14, no. 2 (January 6, 2021): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14020260.

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This work investigates the light illumination intensity, light transmission performance, light distribution on the floor, and daylight factor of vertical light hollow tubes at various incident elevation angles of a light source. The light tubes were made from commercial aluminum alloy sheets and commercial zinc alloy sheets to investigate internal illuminance for buildings and reducing the demand of electrical energy from artificial lighting. The vertical light tubes with a constant length of 0.5 m and diameters of 0.20, 0.25, and 0.30 m were designed in a testing room model, with dimensions of 1 m × 1 m × 1 m. A 20-W light-emitting diode (LED) lamp was used as the light source for the lighting simulations, which was placed away from the top of the light tube. The incident elevation angle of the light source was changed between 0° and 80° with 5° increments. It was found that the elevation angle of the incidence light had an influence on the light intensity distribution on both ends of light tube. The average illuminance performance of both material types increased with an increase of the incidence angle from 0° to 80° and an increase of the tube diameter from 0.20 m to 0.30 m. The commercial aluminum alloy tube promotes greater light transmission and daylight factor when compared with the commercial zinc alloy tube in each condition. This illuminance measurement demonstrates that the light tube could be included in the lighting systems of some deeper or windowless areas of buildings to decrease the demand of energy consumption in the lighting of buildings.

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Khonina, Svetlana N., and Andrey V. Ustinov. "Thin Light Tube Formation by Tightly Focused Azimuthally Polarized Light Beams." ISRN Optics 2013 (August 19, 2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/185495.

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Theoretical and numerical analysis of the transmission function of the focusing system with high numerical aperture was conducted. The purpose of the study was to form a thin light tube in a focal area using the azimuthally polarized radiation. It was analytically shown that, due to destructive interference of two beams formed by two narrow rings, it is possible to overcome not only the full aperture diffraction limit but also the circular aperture limit. In this case, however, the intensity at the center of the focal plane is significantly reduced, which practically leads to the tube rupture. It was numerically shown that long thin one-piece tubes may be formed through the aperture apodization with diffractive axicon phase function or with complex transmission function of Laguerre-Gaussian or Airy-Gaussian beams.

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4

Naito, Kazuo. "Light Transmitting Polymer Tube." Kobunshi 43, no. 4 (1994): 294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1295/kobunshi.43.294.

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Sharew, Hailu, and Anne Hairston-Strang. "A Comparison of Seedling Growth and Light Transmission among Tree Shelters." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 22, no. 2 (June 1, 2005): 102–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/22.2.102.

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Abstract Survival, height, and diameter growth of seedlings were evaluated for three years after planting using five types of tree shelters and seven species: green ash (Fraxinus pennylvanica), northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.), pin oak (Q. palustris), American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), black walnut (Juglans nigra L.), flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), and eastern white pine (Pinus strobus). Differences in shelter environments were measured, including: light transmission measured as percent photosynthetic photon flux, ratio of red:far red (r:f-r) light from the red and far-red wavelengths, and air temperature inside the tubes. The differences seen in seedling survival were not significant (p < 0.05) for the presence or type of tree tube, with an average survival of 96% for all but two species. For most species, seedlings grown in high light-transmitting tubes with proportional r:f-r ratio light showed superior height growth (e.g., Miracle Tube, Tree-Pro, and Protex). Diameter growth generally decreased in shelters. Sycamore showed no significant benefit from the use of tubes. The lowest diameter increments were seen using Tubex brown and Mesh Guard shelters, which had low light transmission with high r:f-r ratio and mechanical damage, respectively. Light transmission in translucent tree tubes was within the ranges found in open canopy forest, but the proportion of growth-promoting far-red wavelength was generally lower. In tubes with higher light transmission, r:f-r ratio is closer to natural ranges for that light level. For tubes with lower light transmissivity, this information suggests that seedling height growth might be improved if red wavelengths were blocked more strongly.North. J. appl. For. North. J. Appl. For. 22(2):102–110.

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Ishiharada, Minoru, Kouichi Iwami, Itsuo Tanuma, Kazuo Naito, and Torao Hashimoto. "Developments of Light-conducting Tube." Seikei-Kakou 7, no. 8 (1995): 499–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.4325/seikeikakou.7.499.

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7

CENGİZ, Mehmet Sait. "DAYLIGHTING APPLICATION SUITABLE FOR ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN WITH LIGHT TUBE IN WAREHOUSES." Euroasia Journal of Mathematics, Engineering, Natural & Medical Sciences 8, no. 17 (September 25, 2021): 195–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.38065/euroasiaorg.689.

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With the increase in the use of daylight in architecture, providing visual comfort values as well as physical and psychological effects on people and minimizing the lighting energy need of the building have become important in terms of design. Today, with the development of daylight technologies, economic light tubes have become popular in Architecture. Light tubes have become an effective method in Architecture in terms of energy efficiency to illuminate areas of a building that are exposed to limited sunlight. In addition, people prefer to use daylight by nature. Therefore, the use of light tubes continues to increase in buildings with modern architecture. However, due to architectural design and necessities, daylight is used in a limited way in interior areas. While architects determine the position of the light tubes in the building in order for daylight to reach the dark and dim spots of the buildings, knowing the Illuminance level performance of the positioned light tubes has become a necessity for efficient use. In the study conducted to solve this problem, the Daylight Factor Method specified in the European Union EN 17037:2018 Standard was used in the use of light tubes. As stated in the relevant standard, the methods in the daylight factor value ISO 15469:2004 were used. The evaluation of the buildings in terms of daylight performance was calculated in the simulation environment according to the horizontal luminance of the daylight openings. With the designed simulation, the values in the conditions specified in the criteria related to the light tubes are provided. In this way, a light tube that provides energy efficiency is compatible with the circadian rhythm and is compatible with the architecture of this building, and optimum illuminance level values have been determined for the warehouse, which is the subject of the study in the simulation environment.

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8

Hejzlar, Pavel, Neil E. Todreas, and Michael J. Driscoll. "Passive Pressure Tube Light Water Reactors." Nuclear Technology 113, no. 2 (February 1996): 123–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.13182/nt96-a35182.

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9

van de Sande, Brett, and Matthias Burkardt. "Tube model for light-front QCD." Physical Review D 53, no. 8 (April 15, 1996): 4628–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.53.4628.

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10

Lapunzina, Pablo. "Ultraviolet light-related neural tube defects?" American Journal of Medical Genetics 67, no. 1 (February 16, 1996): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19960216)67:1<106::aid-ajmg19>3.0.co;2-s.

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11

Chang, Rong-Seng, Tung-Yen Li, Ko-Wen Jwo, Sha-Wei Wang, and Jang-Zern Tsai. "Glareless light-emitting diode lighting tube." Optical Review 19, no. 2 (March 2012): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10043-012-0019-5.

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12

Cha, Cheon Seok, Kil Sung Lee, Seung Hoon Kim, Jin Oh Chung, and In Young Yang. "Axial Collapse Characteristics of Aluminum/CFRP Compound Circular Tubes." Key Engineering Materials 297-300 (November 2005): 166–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.297-300.166.

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Aluminum or CFRP (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics) tube subjected to axial loading sustains load, and absorbs energy during axial collapse. The aluminum tube absorbs energy by stable plastic deformation, while the CFRP tube with higher specific strength and stiffness than those of the aluminum tube absorbs energy by unstable brittle failure. To achieve a synergy effect by combining the two members, aluminum/CFRP compound tubes were manufactured, which are composed of aluminum tubes wrapped with CFRP outside aluminum tubes with different fiber orientation angle of CFRP and number of plies. The axial quasi-static collapse tests were performed for the tubes. The collapse characteristics of the tubes were compared with those of respective aluminum tube and CFRP circular tube. Test results showed that the collapse of the aluminum/CFRP tubes complemented unstable brittle failure of the CFRP tube due to the ductile characteristics of the inner aluminum tube. The collapse modes and the absorbed energy were influenced by the fiber orientation angle of CFRP and the number of plies. The absorbed energy per unit mass, which is in the light-weigh aspect, was higher in the aluminum/CFRP compound tube than in the aluminum tube or the CFRP tube alone.

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13

Mohapatra, Badri Narayan, M. Ravi Kumar, and Sushanta Kumar Mandal. "Analysis of light tubes in interior daylighting system for building." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 17, no. 2 (February 1, 2020): 710. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v17.i2.pp710-719.

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<p>Analysis of vertical light tubes, and diffuser as daylighting system in buildings is presented. The solar light energy is directly addressed to the chosen area of the building with a light tube and diffuser guiding structure. This work highlights illuminance obtained by light tubes in a three storied office building. Field investigation with a scaled prototype, and simulations with HOLIGILM, and DIALux are analyzed. It is observed that light tubes can offer large savings in electricity usage by using natural daylight.</p>

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14

D'Eredità, Riccardo, Roger R. Marsh, Silvano Lora, and Ken Kazahaya. "A New Absorbable Pressure-Equalizing Tube." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 127, no. 1 (July 2002): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mhn.2002.126722.

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OBJECTIVE: We investigated pressure-equalizing (PE) tubes made of biodegradable, absorbable material in an animal model. METHODS: PE tubes, made of poly-bis(ethylanate)phosphazene (PBE) were inserted in 55 ears of 28 Hartley guinea pigs, with survival times of 10, 30, and 60 days after tube insertion. In vivo reactions between the PBE-PE tube and the tympanic membrane (TM) were studied. Tubes, TMs, and middle ears were examined by scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy. RESULTS: There was neither infection nor an inflammatory reaction to the tube within the middle ear in any animal. At 30 days, 53% of the tubes had disintegrated. At 60 days, tubes were still functioning in the 25% of ears. CONCLUSION: More research must be performed before these new PBE PE tubes can be considered for clinical use. Nonetheless, these tubes are promising. The disintegration rate can be controlled by varying the formulation of the polymer, so treatment can be adjusted to the needs of each patient.

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15

Mohamed Ali, Jaffar S., Kassim A. Abdullah, and Yulfian Aminanda. "Effect of Cross Sectional Shape on the Energy Absorbing Characteristics of a Tube under Quasi-Static Loading." Applied Mechanics and Materials 315 (April 2013): 334–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.315.334.

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In this study, numerical simulation of tubes of various cross section under axial compression is carried out using LS-DYNA. The effect of varying configurations of tube cross-section shape on the deformation response, collapse mode and energy absorption characteristics of tubes under quasi-static axial compression have been studied. The validation of the finite element tube model was made by comparison with the experimental results of the square tube subjected to quasi-static axial compression. Tabulated results are presented and plots have been included for the specific energy absorption for different cross sections. The study provides an insight on ways to increasing energy absorption of light weight aluminium tubes.

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16

Pap, P., B. Rankovic, and S. Masirevic. "Effect of temperature, relative humidity and light on conidial germination of oak powdery mildew (Microsphaera alphitoides Griff. et Maubl.) under controlled conditions." Archives of Biological Sciences 65, no. 3 (2013): 1069–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs1303069p.

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The influence of temperature, humidity and light on the conidial germination and germ tube elongation of oak powdery mildew (Microsphaera alphitoides Griff. et Maubl.) was studied in controlled conditions. The maximal germ tube length was attained at 25?C, whereas at lower and higher than optimal temperatures, germ tube growth was significantly lower. Germ tubes begin to develop at all values of relative humidity (10-100%), reaching the maximum length at 90%. The development of germ tubes was the most intense in full light and the lowest in total darkness. The artificial infection of floating leaves showed that an increasing age had an inhibitory effect on the mycelium development and spore formation. Since conidia play a crucial role in powdery mildew epidemiology, it is of particular importance to elucidate the influence of environmental factors in the complex relations that exist between the plant and its pathogen.

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17

Bourouni, Karim, and Ali L. Taee. "Measurement of Liquid Film Thickness around Horizontal Tube Bundle by Optical Technique for Optimizing Evaporator Design and Manufacturing." Advanced Materials Research 974 (June 2014): 220–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.974.220.

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This paper proposes the improvement of design and manufacturing of Falling Film Horizontal Tube Evaporators (FFHTE) through optimizing different parameters such as tubes pitch, tubes diameter and material and liquid film flow rate. These design and operational parameters have a significant influence on the hydrodynamic of the liquid film (eg: wetability of the tubes, scale deposition, heat transfer coefficient, etc.). Due to the complexity of the liquid film flow around the horizontal tube bundle, the experimental approach is preferred than modeling because it gives a better understanding of the phenomena occurring in the heat exchanger. In this paper one experiment was carried out to investigate liquid film flow around a single horizontal tube. A particular attention was taken for the measurement of liquid film thickness around the tube using a novel optical technique based on light reflection. The influence of the tubes pitch, tube diameter, height of the liquid distribution system and the liquid mass flow on the transitions between falling-film modes and film thickness is investigated and the results are compared to other data obtained from the literature. It was found that tubes wetability and heat transfer increased with increasing the vertical tube pitch. To account for fouling and heat transfer performance, a tube spacing value of 1.3 was recommended.

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Akiba, Katsumi, Nobuhiko Kitamura, Keiji Sakamoto, Makoto Yamada, Osamu Kuramitsu, Takashi Osugi, Hideto Tachioka, and Shigefumi Ueda. "Developmennt of Traffic Signs using Light Tube." JOURNAL OF THE ILLUMINATING ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF JAPAN 84, Appendix (2000): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.2150/jieij1980.84.appendix_183.

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Lucke, Robert L., Jacob Grun, Charles Manka, and Sergei Nikitin. "Specular integrating tube for scattered-light spectroscopy." Applied Optics 49, no. 21 (July 15, 2010): 4063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.49.004063.

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20

Baghdadi, Amirhossein, Zainuddin Sajuri, and Junaidi Syarif. "Study on Microstructure and Tensile Properties of New Cu-Al Bi-Metal Tubes Versus Pure Copper Tubes." Applied Mechanics and Materials 420 (September 2013): 160–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.420.160.

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In recent years, heating, ventilation and air condition (HVAC) industries have attempted to find alternative materials such as aluminum for replacing copper metal because of a light weight metal with relatively lower market price compared to copper. This study characterizes microstructure and tensile properties of new Cu-Al bi-metal tubes (aluminum cladded copper (ACC) and copper cladded aluminum (CCA)) versus copper phosphorous alloy tube in order to estimate the possibility of implementing the composite tubes in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning industries. The result shows that Cu phosphorus alloy tubes has the highest tensile properties followed by CCA and ACC bi-metal tubes and different tube size does not affect the tensile properties of tube of the same type.

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Zhou, Yang, Meiqi Ding, Xiaodong Duan, Kai R. Konrad, Georg Nagel, and Shiqiang Gao. "Extending the Anion Channelrhodopsin-Based Toolbox for Plant Optogenetics." Membranes 11, no. 4 (April 14, 2021): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11040287.

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Optogenetics was developed in the field of neuroscience and is most commonly using light-sensitive rhodopsins to control the neural activities. Lately, we have expanded this technique into plant science by co-expression of a chloroplast-targeted β-carotene dioxygenase and an improved anion channelrhodopsin GtACR1 from the green alga Guillardia theta. The growth of Nicotiana tabacum pollen tube can then be manipulated by localized green light illumination. To extend the application of analogous optogenetic tools in the pollen tube system, we engineered another two ACRs, GtACR2, and ZipACR, which have different action spectra, light sensitivity and kinetic features, and characterized them in Xenopus laevis oocytes, Nicotiana benthamiana leaves and N. tabacum pollen tubes. We found that the similar molecular engineering method used to improve GtACR1 also enhanced GtACR2 and ZipACR performance in Xenopus laevis oocytes. The ZipACR1 performed in N. benthamiana mesophyll cells and N. tabacum pollen tubes with faster kinetics and reduced light sensitivity, allowing for optogenetic control of anion fluxes with better temporal resolution. The reduced light sensitivity would potentially facilitate future application in plants, grown under low ambient white light, combined with an optogenetic manipulation triggered by stronger green light.

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Jin, Hai Wei, Lan Zhang, Jie Liu, and Xu Qian. "The Progress of Millimeter / Submillimeter Wave TWT Research." Applied Mechanics and Materials 705 (December 2014): 219–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.705.219.

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Millimeter / Submillimeter wave traveling wave tubes have the merits of high output power, frequency bandwidth, compact, light weight, etc. Millimeter / Submillimeter wave traveling wave tube is an ideal millimeter / submillimeter radiation source, can be used in fields of radar, electronic warfare, communication, etc. The paper introduced and summarized the research status of foreign Millimeter / submillimeter TWT wave tube, analyzed and discussed its trend.

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Wang, Han, Long Bo Tian, and Hai Hao. "Integrated Computation and Preparation Optimization of In Situ Ordered Porous Aluminum Filled Tubes." Materials Science Forum 993 (May 2020): 857–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.993.857.

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As a kind of structural and functional composite material, foam filled tubes have an application prospect in automobile industry because it meets the requirements of automobile light weight and safety performance. The traditional preparation method of foam filled tubes is ex-situ preparation and there is no metallurgical bonding between the ordered porous aluminum filler and the thin-walled tube. In this study, the in-situ ordered porous aluminum filled tubes were proposed and prepared by combining the additive manufacturing technique and infiltration casting technique. The sand preform fabricated by selective laser sintering technique was placed in the bottom of 6061 aluminum alloy thin-walled tube. ZL111 aluminum alloy was utilized to infiltrate the sand preform and expected to form a metallurgical bonding between the ordered porous aluminum filler and the thin-walled tube. The infiltration process of the in-situ ordered porous aluminum filled tube was optimized by integrated computation. The peak temperature of contact region on the thin-walled tube was obtained. The in-situ ordered porous aluminum filled tubes were successfully fabricated by utilizing the optimized parameters.

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Winsor, James A., and Andrew G. Stephenson. "Demographics of pollen tube growth in Cucurbita pepo." Canadian Journal of Botany 73, no. 4 (April 1, 1995): 583–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-061.

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Pollen tube growth rates and pollen tube attrition were examined in Cucurbita pepo plants grown in an experimental garden. Two separate studies were performed utilizing controlled hand-pollinations. First, female flowers were hand-pollinated and collected at intervals over a 22-h period. Examination of stained pollen tubes in these pistils under reflected UV light revealed variation in growth rate: after approximately 7 h, the fastest growing pollen tubes grew at nearly twice the rate of the mass of the pollen tubes. The faster growing tubes reached the top of the ovary well ahead of most of the pollen tubes. Second, density of pollen application was varied and counts of germinated pollen and pollen tubes were made at four points from the stigmatic surface to the receptacle. Attrition was high for all pollen densities, but significantly higher rates occurred at high and medium densities just below the stigmatic surface. Pollen tube attrition at other points in the pistil was associated with constrictions in the stylar tissue and possibly with levels of nutrients in the pistil. Key words: Cucurbita pepo, pollen competition, pollen tube attrition.

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Dbouk, Talib, and Dimitris Drikakis. "Endotracheal Tubes Design: The Role of Tube Bending." Symmetry 13, no. 8 (August 16, 2021): 1503. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13081503.

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Endotracheal tubes (ETT) passed inside the human trachea witness tube bending at different angles, affecting the local fluid flow dynamics. This induces a variable mechanical ventilation performance across patients’ comfortability levels. Our understanding of the local fluid flow dynamics phenomena is thus crucial to enhance the maneuverability of ETT under operation. For the first time to our knowledge, we shed light on ETT through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to investigate the bending effect of ETT on the local airflow in volume-controlled mechanical ventilation. We considered an ETT with 180° arc bend configuration, including Murphy’s eye. We identified several flow phenomena associated with the bending, such as flow asymmetries, secondary flows, and vortex dynamics throughout the tube.

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He, Yi, Hazel Y. Wetzstein, and Barrv A. Palevitz. "Effects of Selected Fungicides on Pollen Germination, Tube Growth, and Distribution of the Cytoskeleton in Tradescantia virginiana." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 887E—887. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.887e.

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Fungicides have been shown to negatively affect pollen germination, tube growth, and fruit set in important crops. However, little is known regarding possible modes of action in higher plant cells. To address this, the effects of propiconazole or benomyl on pollen germination and tube growth were evaluated in Tradescantia virginiana using light microscopy and immunocytochemistry. Concentrations were selected at levels that had inhibitory effects, but did not totally arrest germination and tube elongation, i.e., propiconazole and benomyl were added at 0, 102, 136, or 170 μl·liter–1, and 0, 480, 600, or 720 mg·liter–1, respectively. Both fungicides inhibited germination, cytoplasmic streaming, tube elongation, and induced abnormal tube morphology and cytoskeletal distribution. Propiconazole-treated tubes had weaker microfilament signals, with amorphous staining. Microtubule (Mt) distribution was severely affected. In benomyl-treated tubes, Mts were fewer in number, fragmented, sinuous, and increasingly disorganized. Possible mechanism(s) will be discussed.

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Lee, Sung Hyuk, Cheol Woong Kim, and Nak Sam Choi. "Bending Collapse Behaviors and Energy Absorption Characteristics of Aluminum-GFRP Hybrid Tube Beams." Key Engineering Materials 326-328 (December 2006): 1825–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.326-328.1825.

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Bending collapse behaviors and energy absorption characteristics of aluminum-GFRP hybrid tube beams were evaluated by using experimental tests combined with theoretical analysis. Hybrid tube beams composed of glass fiber-epoxy layer wrapped around on aluminum tube were made in autoclave with the recommend curing cycle. The hybrid tube beams showed a considerable improvement in their bending performance. The maximum bending moment and specific energy absorption of the hybrid tubes were higher than those of the aluminum tubes. They were also evaluated as a function of ply orientation and thickness of GFRP layer. A modified theoretical model was developed to predict the resistance to the collapse of hybrid tube beams subjected to a bending load. Theoretical ultimate bending moments and moment-rotation angle curves of hybrid tube beams were in good agreement with experimental ones. Hybrid tube beams strengthened by GFPR layer with 90°/0° and 45°/-45° ply orientation showed an excellent bending strength and energy absorption capability, respectively. Therefore, on the basis of above results, it was concluded that aluminum-GFRP hybrid tube beams might be employed as reinforcing and/or energy absorbable light weight space frame.

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Lesser, Michael P., Karen L. Carleton, Stefanie A. Böttger, Thomas M. Barry, and Charles W. Walker. "Sea urchin tube feet are photosensory organs that express a rhabdomeric-like opsin and PAX6." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1723 (March 30, 2011): 3371–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.0336.

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All echinoderms have unique hydraulic structures called tube feet, known for their roles in light sensitivity, respiration, chemoreception and locomotion. In the green sea urchin, the most distal portion of these tube feet contain five ossicles arranged as a light collector with its concave surface facing towards the ambient light. These ossicles are perforated and lined with pigment cells that express a PAX6 protein that is universally involved in the development of eyes and sensory organs in other bilaterians. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based sequencing and real time quantitative PCR (qPCR) also demonstrate the presence and differential expression of a rhabdomeric-like opsin within these tube feet. Morphologically, nerves that could serve to transmit information to the test innervate the tube feet, and the differential expression of opsin transcripts in the tube feet is inversely, and significantly, related to the amount of light that tube feet are exposed to depending on their location on the test. The expression of these genes, the differential expression of opsin based on light exposure and the unique morphological features at the distal portion of the tube foot strongly support the hypothesis that in addition to previously identified functional roles of tube feet they are also photosensory organs that detect and respond to changes in the underwater light field.

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Zhu, Lanying, Yuanzhang Yang, Zhijun Wang, and Mengli Song. "Stability Analyses of the Upper Chord Tubes of Light Gauge Steel–Oriented Strand Board Composite Truss Girders." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 16, no. 01 (January 2016): 1640012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219455416400125.

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Light Gauge Steel (LGS) square tube truss girders with Oriented Strand Board (OSB) have larger bending stiffness and flexural capacities than the LGS square tube girders without OSB. In this paper, one LGS square tube truss girder without OSB and five composite LGS truss girders with OSB were tested under monotonic static loading to study the effects of OSB arrangements and screw distributions on the failure mode and flexural capacities of composite girders. Test results show that the failure mode of LGS–OSB composite truss girders tends to be local buckling of the upper chord tubes, and the ultimate bearing capacities of the composite girders are controlled by the stability of the upper chord tubes. LGS–OSB composite truss girders have higher bearing capacities than the truss girders without OSB. The thicker the OSB is, the larger the bearing capacity is. With the same OSB thickness, the number of layers and the orientation of OSB have little influence on the bearing capacities of LGS–OSB composite truss girders. Considering material, geometry and contact nonlinearities, the experimental tests were simulated using ABAQUS, and the simulation results agree well with the test observations. Finally, in order to obtain the ultimate bearing capacities of LGS–OSB composite truss girders, the modified methods for determining the effective areas and inertia moments (or sectional moduli) of the upper chord tube are proposed according to AISI S100-2007 and GB50018-2002.

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Pang, Lu, Ying Xing, Lingsheng Xing, Linzi Miao, Chongwen An, and Haixia Li. "Contradictory Phenomenon Between Serum Separator Tube and Plasma Tube: A Case Report." Laboratory Medicine 52, no. 5 (February 17, 2021): e125-e128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/labmed/lmab003.

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Abstract Separator gels in blood collection tubes are used to separate serum from clotted whole blood or plasma from cells. Here we present a case of a patient with a contradictory phenomenon between the serum separator tube and the plasma tube. The serum separator tube showed mixed serum and separator gel and distinctly less serum. However, the plasma tube showed fewer cells. Laboratory study revealed an IgG level of 78.9 g/L. Serum immunofixation electrophoresis analysis identified the abnormal pattern as a dense IgG band with a corresponding dense light chain band of λ. Bone marrow smear showed 53% proplasmacytes. The patient was diagnosed with multiple myeloma. The marked hyperproteinemia, especially hyperimmunoglobulinemia, may have resulted in the density alteration of serum that was mixed or located above the separator gel. This phenomenon is also seen in patients injected with iodinated radiologic contrast media such as iohexol and in patients on hemodialysis with a concentrated sodium citrate solution.

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Strik, Bernadine C., Gil Buller, and Julie M. Tarara. "Grow Tubes Reduce Root and Crown Growth but Not Early Production during Establishment of Highbush Blueberry." HortScience 49, no. 5 (May 2014): 581–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.49.5.581.

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Grow tubes are sometimes used in blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) to establish plantings or replace dead plants in older fields. Two experiments were conducted at a commercial farm to evaluate the effect of various grow tubes used during planting establishment of highbush blueberry cultivars. The treatments in the first experiment were cultivar (‘Aurora’, ‘Elliott’, ‘Liberty’) and grow tube treatment (no tube, control; opaque cardboard tube in the first growing season; and opaque plastic tube in the first season or first through the second season). The treatments in the second experiment were cultivar (‘Aurora’, ‘Elliott’, ‘Liberty’, ‘Ozarkblue’) and grow tube treatment (control; translucent plastic; opaque plastic; and wire mesh tube over plants in the first growing season). The presence of a grow tube from spring to fall of the first growing season decreased crown dry weight (DW) by an average of 37% to 50% and root DW by 30% (all except translucent plastic in Expt. 2) and increased the aboveground:belowground DW ratio relative to the control by an average of 34% to 67%, depending on the experiment. Plants grown in tubes were taller, had a narrower canopy, and had fewer whips, likely a response to low light levels inside the tubes; the fewest whips were found in the opaque plastic or cardboard tubes and the most in the translucent plastic tube with an intermediate response in the wire mesh tube. Removal of grow tubes during the summer led to plant damage from sudden sun exposure. The opaque grow tubes (present in Year 1) reduced yield/plant in Year 2 for ‘Elliott’ and ‘Liberty’ (cardboard tube only) but not ‘Aurora’. Pruning plants to allow for limited early fruit production (≈0.6 kg/plant) in Year 2 did not reduce yield in Year 3 (≈2.7 kg/plant). Whereas grow tubes reduced root and crown growth in the first season, there appeared to be no longer-term adverse effect on aboveground plant growth or yield.

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Lowrey, I., and G. Smith. "Elevated results in a vitamin B12 assay when using serum separator blood collection tubes." Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: International Journal of Laboratory Medicine 40, no. 5 (September 1, 2003): 560–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/000456303322326498.

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Background: In the light of apparently spurious serum vitamin B12 results in some patients, the effect of serum separator sample tubes on serum vitamin B12 values, assayed by the Bayer Centaur analyser, was examined. Method: Results of parallel assays of serum vitamin B12 in plain (non-gel) serum tubes and serum separator gel tubes were compared. Serum in previously centrifuged gel tubes was mixed in the tube and the effect of that mixing on assay results quantitated. A limited investigation of the effect of tube cap type was also carried out. Results: Serum vitamin B12 concentration was 54% higher in samples taken into serum separator tubes after re-mixing the serum in the original tube. This effect could be abolished by re-centrifugation. Conclusions: Use of serum separator tubes may be associated with spuriously elevated serum vitamin B12 concentrations in the Bayer Centaur assay. Laboratories receiving samples for vitamin B12 assay in serum separator tubes that have already been centrifuged should either re-centrifuge the tubes, or aliquot and re-centrifuge serum from the tubes prior to vitamin B12 assay.

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HASHISHIN, Yuichi, and Uichi KUBO. "Flexible Hollow Light Guide Tube for Excimer Lasers." JOURNAL OF JAPAN SOCIETY FOR LASER SURGERY AND MEDICINE 9, no. 3 (1988): 391–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2530/jslsm1980.9.3_391.

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Horton, Brendan. "A light at the end of the tube." Nature 394, no. 6692 (July 1998): 507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/28900.

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Castaldo, Fernando Cardoso, Luciane Agnoletti dos Santos Pedotti, Tania Lucia Monteiro, Gabriel Kovalhuk, Rafael Eleodoro de Góes, Isabelly Behlau Spindola, Alan Lugarini, Admilson Teixeira Franco, Antonio Kozlik Junior, and Gustavo Henrique Couto. "Low-cost device for active saliva droplet filtration and pathogen inactivation." Semina: Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas 42, no. 1 Supl (February 26, 2021): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0375.2021v42n1suplp17.

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This work presents a device capable of performing sanitization in environments using an electrostatic filter and ultraviolet light. Recognized techniques were employed in an innovative and low-cost construction model, like Corona Discharge and UVC germicidal light, using elements of easy acquisition and construction. The device consists of a tube with several electrostatic filters. On one side of the tube, an exhaust fan is installed to collect the air to be disinfected. So the air passes through the tubes with the electrostatic filter, which is responsible for collecting the particles suspended in the passing air, attracting them to the metal surface. Allied with this, UVC lights are also inserted in the structure, ensuring greater effectiveness in decontaminating the air that passes through the tubes. In the posterior side to the exhaust fan, the disinfected air is returned to the original environment. A Fluid dynamics simulation was made to investigate the airflow in a room. Standard strains for antimicrobial susceptibility testing were used for bioaerosols assay. The result is a low-cost equipment with great potential to deactivate several kinds of viruses, most especially the Sars-CoV-2 (Coronavirus), that is the main responsible for the global health crisis, designed to be used indoors with low ventilation.

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Prost, J., P. Wobrauschek, and C. Streli. "Comparison of different excitation modes for the analysis of light elements with a TXRF vacuum chamber." Powder Diffraction 30, no. 2 (May 22, 2015): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s088571561500024x.

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The aim of this work was to compare different excitation modes for the analysis of light elements from carbon (Z = 6) upwards using a total reflection X-ray fluorescence analysis (TXRF) vacuum chamber which allows the attachment of different X-ray tubes and detectors. In the first set of experiments, two water-cooled high-power X-ray tubes with Cr (Z = 25) and Cu (Z = 29) anodes, respectively, were compared with an air-cooled low-power tube with Mo anode (Z = 42) and a thin Be window for the transmission of Mo-L lines. In the first two cases, monochromatic Kα radiation was used for excitation, while in the case of the Mo tube the multilayer acted as a cut-off reflector and part of the Mo bremsstrahlung continuum together with the Mo-L series were used for excitation. Multi-element standards containing elements ranging from Na (Z = 11) to Ti (Z = 22) were analyzed by a silicon drift detector (SDD) with a 300 nm ultrathin polymer window (UTW). Detection limits were calculated and compared for the three excitation modes. The second set of experiments was performed using an air-cooled low-power X-ray tube with Rh anode (Z = 45) in order to show that a conventional SDD with a 25 μm beryllium window can be used for the detection of elements from Na upwards. The use of compact air-cooled low-power X-ray tubes together with Peltier-cooled SDDs with UTW should lead to the development of highly sensitive tabletop vacuum TXRF spectrometers with a design optimized for the analysis of light elements. Detection limits as achieved by vacuum chambers using conventional water-cooled high-power tubes (e.g. Streli et al., 2004) are realistically achievable with the new approach.

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Cui, Xuyang, Junhong Yang, Yuanzheng Feng, and Wenwen Zhang. "Simulation of a Novel Tubular Microalgae Photobioreactor with Aerated Tangent Inner Tubes: Improvements in Mixing Performance and Flashing-Light Effects." Archaea 2020 (July 10, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8815263.

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At present, large-scale and high-efficiency microalgal cultivation is the key to realizing the technology for carbon capture and storage (CCS) and bioresource recovery. Meanwhile, tubular photobioreactors (PBRs) have great potential for microalgal cultivation due to their high productivity. To improve the mixing performance and flashing-light effect, a novel tube PBR with the inner tube tangential to the outer tube was developed, whose radial aeration pores are situated along the length of the inner tube. The direction of aeration, aeration rate, light/dark cycle period (L/D), light-time ratio, average turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), and degree of synergy between the velocity and direction of the light field in the PBR were optimized by a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation and field synergy theory. The results show that a downwards aeration direction of 30° and an aeration rate of 0.7 vvm are the most conducive to reducing the dead zone and improving the light/dark cycle frequency. Compared to the concentric double-tube PBR, the light/dark cycle frequency and light time of the tangent double-tube PBR increased by 78.2% and 36.2% to 1.8 Hz and 47.8%, respectively, and the TKE was enhanced by 48.1% from 54 to 80 cm2·s−2. Meanwhile, field synergy theory can be extended and applied to the design of tubular microalgae PBRs, and the average synergy of the light and velocity gradients across the cross-section increased by 38% to 0.69. The tangential inner tube aeration structure generated symmetrical vertical vortices between the light and dark areas in the PBR, which significantly improved the mixing performance and flashing-light effect. This novel design can provide a more suitable microenvironment for microalgal cultivation and is promising for bioresource recovery applications and improving the yield of microalgae.

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Chun, Moon-Hyun, and Myeong-Gie Kang. "Effects of Heat Exchanger Tube Parameters on Nucleate Pool Boiling Heat Transfer." Journal of Heat Transfer 120, no. 2 (May 1, 1998): 468–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2824272.

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In an effort to determine the combined effects of major parameters of heat exchanger tubes on the nucleate pool boiling heat transfer in the scaled in-containment refueling water storage tank (IRWST) of advanced light water reactors (ALWRs), a total of 1966 data points for q″ versus ΔT have been obtained using various combinations of tube diameters, surface roughness, and tube orientations. The experimental results show that: (1) increased surface roughness increases the heat transfer coefficient for both horizontal and vertical tubes, and the effect of surface roughness is more pronounced for the vertical tubes compared to the horizontal tubes, (2) the two heat transfer mechanisms, i.e., increased heat transfer due to liquid agitation by bubbles generated and reduced heat transfer by the formation of large vapor slugs and bubble coalescence, are different in two regions of low heat flux (q″ ≤ 50 kW/m2) and high heat flux (q″ > 50 kW/m2) depending on the orientation of tubes and the degree of surface roughness, and (3) the heat transfer rate decreases as the tube diameter is increased for both horizontal and vertical tubes, but the effect of tube diameter on the nucleate pool boiling heat transfer for vertical tubes is greater than that for horizontal tubes. Two empirical heat transfer correlations for q″, one for horizontal tubes and the other for vertical tubes, are obtained in terms of surface roughness (ε) and tube diameter (D). In addition, a simple empirical correlation for nucleate pool boiling heat transfer coefficient (hb) is obtained as a function of heat flux (q″) only.

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Takada, Yogo, Ryosuke Araki, Yukinobu Nakanishi, Motohiro Nonogaki, Kazuaki Ebita, and Tomoyuki Wakisaka. "Development of Small Fish Robots Powered by Small and Ultra-Light Passive-Type Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 22, no. 2 (April 20, 2010): 150–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2010.p0150.

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Small fish robots, the size of a killifish – 5 cm long – are potentially in finding disaster victims in flooded areas, because of their ability to navigate narrow confines. Powering such robots, however, becomes a question, since the easiest answer – rechargeable batteries – has low energy density. The “Power Tube” we developed is a small and ultra-light passive-type polymer electrolyte fuel cell. Based on this fuel cell technology, we fabricated a 110 mm fish robot combining a drive, consisting of a DC motor and link, with a Power Tube having a hydrogen generator. We also fabricated an energy-efficient submersible fish robot with neodymium magnets and coil actuators, that methanol-fueled Power Tubes powered with a voltage booster.

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Hirano, Hirofumi, Hanayo Masaki, Teppei Kamada, Yoshie Taniguchi, and Eiji Masaki. "Biologically transparent illumination is a safe, fast, and simple technique for detecting the correct position of the nasogastric tube in surgical patients under general anesthesia." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 29, 2021): e0250258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250258.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of using biologically transparent illumination to detect the correct position of the nasogastric tube in surgical patients. This prospective observational study enrolled 102 patients undergoing general surgeries. In all cases, a nasogastric tube equipped with a biologically transparent illumination catheter was inserted after general anesthesia. The identification of biologically transparent light in the epigastric area either with or without finger pressure indicated that the tube had been successfully inserted into the stomach. X-ray examination was performed to ascertain the tube position and was compared with the findings of the biologically transparent illumination technique. Biologically transparent light was detected in 72 of the 102 patients. In all of these 72 patients, the position of the nasogastric tube in the stomach was confirmed by X-ray examination. The light was not detected in the other 30 patients; X-ray examination showed that the nasogastric tube was positioned in the stomach in 21 of these 30 patients but not in the other 9. The sensitivity and specificity of the illumination were 77.4% and 100%, respectively. The results suggest that biologically transparent illumination is a useful and safe technique for detecting the correct position of the nasogastric tube in surgical patients under general anesthesia. When the BT light cannot be identified, X-ray examination is mandatory to confirm the position of the nasogastric tube.

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Mao, Feilong, Fujie Wang, Yuanhua Shuang, Jianhua Hu, and Jianxun Chen. "Deformation Behavior and Experiments on a Light Alloy Seamless Tube via a Tandem Skew Rolling Process." Metals 10, no. 1 (December 29, 2019): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10010059.

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As a process for producing seamless tubes, the tandem skew rolling (TSR) process was proposed. In order to study deformation characteristics and mechanism on tubes obtained by the TSR process, a numerical simulation of the process was analyzed using Deform-3D software. Simulation results demonstrated the distribution of stress, strain, velocity, and temperature of a seamless tube in the stable stage during the TSR process. Actual experiments of carbon steel 1045, high strength steel 42CrMo, and magnesium alloy AZ31 were carried out in a TSR testing mill. The results demonstrated that the TSR process is qualified for producing tubes of high quality, with an accuracy of ±0.2 mm in wall thickness and ±0.35 mm in diameter. This process is suitable for manufacturing seamless tubes that are difficult to deform or that have been deformed in a narrow range of temperature.

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Streli, Christina, V. Bauer, and P. Wobrauschek. "Recent Developments in Txrf of Light Elements." Advances in X-ray Analysis 39 (1995): 771–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/s0376030800023235.

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Total Reflection X-ray Fluorescence Analysis (TXRF) has been proved to be well suited for the energy dispersive analysis of light elements, as B, C, N, O, F, Na, Mg,.,. using a special spectrometer. It is equipped with a Ge(HP) detector offering a sufficient detection efficiency from 180 eV upwards. The obtainable detection limits especially of the light elements are mainly influenced by the excitation source, which should provide a large number of photons with an energy near the K-absorption edge of these elements (from 200 eV upwards). Commercially available X-ray tubes do not offer characteristic X-rays in that range. In former experiments a windowless X-ray tube was built to prevent the low energy X-rays from being attenuated in the Be window. Experiments have been performed using Cu as anode material.

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Whalen, Daniel J., and D. Clark Turner. "Effect of X-ray Tube Window Thickness on Detection Limits for Light Elements in XRF Analysis." Advances in X-ray Analysis 38 (1994): 299–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/s0376030800017924.

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Abstract Widespread interest in light element analysis using XRF has stimulated the development of thin x-ray tube windows. Thinner windows enhance the soft x-ray output of the tube, which more efficiently excite the light elements in the sample. A computer program that calculates the effect of window thickness on light element sample fluorescence has been developed. The code uses an NIST algorithm to calculate the x-ray tube spectrum given various tube parameters such as beryllium window thickness, operating voyage, anode composition, and take-off angle. The interaction of the tube radiation with the sample matrix is modelled to provide the primary and secondary fluorescence from the sample. For x-rays in the energy region 30 - 1000 eV the mass attenuation coefficients were interpolated from the photo absorption data compilation of Henke, et al. The code also calculates the x-ray background due to coherent and incoherent scatter from the sample, as well as the contribution of such scatter to the sample fluorescence. Given the sample fluorescence and background the effect of tube window thickness on detection limits for light elements can be predicted.

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Kamei, Nobuyuki, and Hisaki Watari. "Improvement of Local Decrease in Material Thickness on Fuel Filler Tube." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 1753–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.1753.

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A growing demand for lightweight products has been brought about by the rapid development of new automobiles in order to reduce fuel consumption, since the global environment conservation meeting at Kyoto. One of the keys to reduced fuel consumption is to utilize high-strength, light materials like stainless-steel, high-tensile strength steels and magnesium alloys, which are difficult to form due to their material characteristics compared to normal steel tubes. The purpose of this paper discuses the development of our new pressing technology that forms a relatively high-strength and light weight stainless-steel tube which is SUS436 with surface screw threads. Our new press-forming process was tested in order to obtain accurate screw threads on stainless-steel tubes. Finite element simulation and a 3-D digitizer were used to measure the accuracy of tubes manufactured by the proposed pressing method. It was proved from FEM simulation and a 3-D digitizer measurement that the proposed press-forming method decrease tube thickness more effectively than conventional roll-forming technology. As a result, the maximum decrease in material thickness produced by conventional roll-forming process was 40%, but the maximum decrease in material thickness produced by our press-forming process was 20%. Especially the processing by four outer dies and two inner dies is better as for material thickness than the processing by six outer dies and three inner dies.

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SHENG Lijun, 盛立军. "White light digital tube packaging technology of the integration." Optical Technique 41, no. 3 (2015): 225–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/gxjs20154103.0225.

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Reineke, Sebastian, Frank Lindner, Gregor Schwartz, Nico Seidler, Karsten Walzer, Björn Lüssem, and Karl Leo. "White organic light-emitting diodes with fluorescent tube efficiency." Nature 459, no. 7244 (May 2009): 234–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature08003.

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WANG Min, 王旻, 余毅 YU Yi, and 王春霞 WANG Chun-xia. "Application of reflex light-tube to photoelectric pointing system." Chinese Journal of Optics and Applied Optics 5, no. 6 (2012): 618–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/co.20120506.0618.

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Chien, Chao Heng, and Zhi Peng Chen. "A Study of LED C-Like Linear Tube by Micromachining Technique for LCD Backlight Applications." Key Engineering Materials 419-420 (October 2009): 189–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.419-420.189.

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In order to make the liquid crystal display (LCD) panel thinner, brighter and no-Hg containing, the light emitting diodes (LEDs) are generally beginning to replace conventional cold cathode florescent lamp (CCFL) as light sources for LCD backlight unit (BLU). The thermal management and cost are consideration caused by more LEDs used for larger size BLU. For saving the fabrication cost and considering the luminous uniformity of most commercial BLU, a novel C-like linear tube is fabricated by precision and micromachining technique. The LED C-like linear tube is not only decreasing LEDs for BLU but also increasing the optical efficiency for emitting the light into the BLU. The C-like linear tube is proposed to replace CCFL tube for thin film transistor (TFT) LCD applications.

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M, Adekanmbi, Abumere E.O, and Amusan J.A. "GENERATION OF LIGHT THROUGH PLASMA USING RADIO FREQUENCY SOURCE IN DISUSED FLUORESCENT TUBE." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 6, no. 2 (February 28, 2018): 130–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v6.i2.2018.1554.

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Light has been generated through Plasma using radio frequency source in 4Ft 40W disused fluorescent tube. As against the thermionic and incandescence source of running a fluorescent tube which is actually difficult to get started due to the resistance of the gases enclosed inside, a Radio Frequency signal of 30MHz generated using a designed Hartley Oscillator is employed. The power of the signal generated is amplified from 231mW to 197.8W using a modeled inverter. The coupled Hartley oscillator and the inverter form an ionizing circuit. The gases inside fluorescent tube consist of mercury Vapor, argon, krypton or Neon. When sufficient energy is supplied to these gases, by the ionizing circuit, ionization and excitation takes place which makes otherwise neutral gases, to change state to a cloud of ionized gas called Plasma. When excited electrons in the gases return to the ground state they lose energy in packets called Photon. This Photon is ultraviolet light which is not visible to the human eye but when it strikes the walls of the tube coated with Phosphor it glows whereby light is generated. The high electric field Radio frequency circuit designed has generated light in a fluorescent tube without the use of starter and ballast. It has also generated light in otherwise “dead” or disused fluorescent bulbs.

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Carver, T. L. W., S. M. Ingerson-Morris, B. J. Thomas, and R. J. Zeyen. "Early interactions during powdery mildew infection." Canadian Journal of Botany 73, S1 (December 31, 1995): 632–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-305.

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Within minutes of spore deposition, enzymes including cutinase are released by conidia of Erysiphe graminis; these may prepare the infection court and facilitate subsequent fungal development. Germination follows with emergence of the primary germ tube, which contacts the host leaf. Extracellular material is secreted beneath the primary germ tube, which adheres to the leaf. The primary germ tube forms a penetration peg that breaches the host surface and gains access to host cell components including water. The primary germ tube also recognises factor(s) present in the host surface, and this stimulates elongation of the second-formed germ tube. The elongated second tube in turn responds to host surface factor(s) by differentiating an appressorium. Extracellular material, secreted beneath the growing appressorial germ tube, is laid down thickly around the appressorial lobe. An inner ring of extracellular material can often be seen surrounding penetration pores revealed by the removal of primary germ tubes and appressoria. The chemistry of the extracellular material is unknown, but in addition to adhesive properties recent studies show that a monoclonal antibody that recognises purified cutinase and, possibly, hemicellulases, binds to secretions from conidia, primary germ tubes, and appressoria. External factors can also influence germling development. Although light has little effect on the early stages of germling development, it has a profound effect in delaying the formation of haustoria by apparently mature appressoria. Understanding the control of early pathogen development could indicate avenues for genetic engineering and breeding for disease-resistant plants. Key words: Erysiphe graminis, powdery mildew, primary germ tube (PGT), appressoria, extracellular material.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Light tube'

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