Relevant bibliographies by topics / Lighter shade of pale

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Lighter shade of pale'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 6 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Lighter shade of pale"

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Fouché, Jacques R., Stephanie C. Roberts, Stephanie J. E. Midgley, and Willem J. Steyn. "Peel Color and Blemishes in ‘Granny Smith’ Apples in Relation to Canopy Light Environment." HortScience 45, no. 6 (June 2010): 899–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.45.6.899.

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The dark green apple cultivar, Granny Smith (GS), makes up 25% of the South African apple industry. However, production of GS is becoming unprofitable as a result of a high incidence of sunburn, red blush, and pale green fruit that decreases the proportion of Class 1 fruit that is suitable for export to more lucrative markets. This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between canopy position and external fruit quality with the ultimate aim to devise pruning and training strategies to maximize export yield. During early fruit development [26 days after full bloom (DAFB)], chlorophyll concentrations were the highest in fruit from higher light environments. Good green color at harvest relied on exposure of fruit to high irradiance at this stage because 50% shading between 14 and 56 DAFB significantly decreased dark green color at harvest. Exposed fruit from the northern side of east–west rows received the highest irradiance throughout the season [53% of full sun photosynthetic photon flux (PPF)] and had the highest fruit surface temperature (on average 5 °C above ambient). A high proportion of exposed fruit from either side of the row developed red blush. Only 22% to 39% of exposed fruit from the outer canopy did not develop sunburn or red blush. Partially shaded fruit from the southern side of east–west rows received ≈5% of full sunlight and had the highest chlorophyll concentrations and darkest green color at harvest. Deeply shaded inner canopy fruit received ≈2% of full sunlight, had low chlorophyll concentrations, and were lighter green in color. The 10% darkest green fruit received moderately high irradiance (25% to 45% of full sun PPF) during early fruit development (until ≈80 DAFB) but became progressively shaded (3% of full sun PPF) during the latter half of the season. Fruit that developed sunburn and the lightest green fruit were exposed to high (1300 μmol·m−2·s−1) and extremely low (50 μmol·m−2·s−1) light, respectively, throughout their development. In conclusion, maximum chlorophyll synthesis and dark green color require an open canopy during the first half of fruit development, whereas shading is necessary during the latter half of fruit development to avoid the occurrence of sunburn, red blush, and photothermal destruction of chlorophyll. GS may benefit significantly from the installation of shade netting if combined with rigorous pruning and vigor control.
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Milne, Mike. "A whiter shade of pale." ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics 32, no. 3 (August 1998): 7–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/281278.281279.

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Kjellman, Ulrika. "A Whiter Shade of Pale." Scandinavian Journal of History 38, no. 2 (May 2013): 180–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03468755.2013.769458.

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Schiller, Daniela. "A Lighter Shade of Trauma." Biological Psychiatry 76, no. 11 (December 2014): 838–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.09.016.

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Barfield, Dominic, and Sophie Adamantos. "Feline blood transfusionsA pinker shade of pale." Journal of Feline Medicine & Surgery 13, no. 1 (January 2011): 11–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfms.2010.11.006.

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Pradhan, Dilesh, Lajana Shrestha, and Junu Lohani. "Tooth Shade and Skin Colour: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study." Journal of Nepal Medical Association 58, no. 223 (March 30, 2020): 144–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31729/jnma.4792.

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Introduction: Selection of proper tooth shade is one of the most significant factors influencing patients’ aesthetic perception and improved prosthesis acceptance. Guidelines in the dental literature suggest age, sex, colour of skin, hair and eye for selecting tooth shade when past records cannot be obtained. The objective of the study was to observe the most common tooth shade in relation to the skin colour and the prevalence of the same in relation to age and sex. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out at Kathmandu Medical College from June to August 2019. Vitapan Classical Shade guide was used to select the shade of upper right central incisorin 338 participants. Revlon Foundation Makeup Shade guide was used to determine colour of skin. Participants were examined without facial makeup. Skin colour and teeth shade were examined in daylight at about sametime of the day. Data obtained were computed and analysed using Microsoft Excel 2016 software. Results: Prevalence of tooth shade with high value (lighter shade) was seen in all fair (121, 35.8%), medium (63, 18.6%) and dark skin tones (23, 6.8%). Most common teeth shade in fair individuals was B1 (47, 37.9%), in medium also B1 (25, 7.4%) and dark was B2 (9, 2.7%). Age range of 10 to 35 years had tooth shade with higher value (159, 47.04%). Conclusions: Hence, teeth shade with high value (lighter shade) was prevalent in skin tone of all types in current study. Skin tone was not related to teeth shade selection, teeth became darker with age and females had lighter teeth shade (high value).
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Bower, B. "Monday Turns a Lighter Shade of Blue." Science News 128, no. 4 (July 27, 1985): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3969891.

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Eijgenraam, F. "Chernobyl's cloud: a lighter shade of gray." Science 252, no. 5010 (May 31, 1991): 1245–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1925534.

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Brian Boyd. "Shade and Shape in Pale Fire." Nabokov Studies 4, no. 1 (1997): 173–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/nab.2011.0072.

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noer, thomas j. "A Whiter Shade of Pale: Ike, Race, and Africa." Diplomatic History 31, no. 4 (September 2007): 771–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7709.2007.00648.x.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Lighter shade of pale"

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Pietschmann, Franziska. "A Blacker and Browner Shade of Pale: Reconstructing Punk Rock History." Master's thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-62981.

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Embedded in the transatlantic history of rock ‘n’ roll, punk rock has not only been regarded as a watershed moment in terms of music, aesthetics and music-related cultural practices, it has also been perceived as a subversive white cultural phenomenon. A Blacker and Browner Shade of Pale challenges this widespread and shortsighted assumption. People of color, particularly black Americans and Britons, and Latina/os have pro-actively contributed to punk’s evolution and shaped punk music culture in the United States and England. Examining why people of color are not linked to the punk rock genre and culture in normative discourse, this paper first scrutinizes the continuously unaddressed racialization of Anglo-American popular music itself and explores how the historical development and discursive construction of racial boundaries impacted the historiography of Anglo-American popular music. Building on these premises, the second central field of inquiry probes how the music press, aided and abetted by academic texts, constructs punk as a white music mono-culture that such discourse historicizes, analyzes, and maintains. Both popular (journalistic) and academic publications have largely ignored or underrepresented the presence of people of color, especially black (American) as well as Latina/o participants, in punk rock culture. The thesis’ third major focus imagines punk as a fluid social and musical convergence culture that continuously crosses unstable boundaries of genres, races, and genders. A Blacker and Browner Shade of Pale thus indicates an emerging awareness of how popular and academic discourse can become more sensitive to punk's multiracial, inclusive, and participatory mores.
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Cameron, Samuel. "DES Working Paper No 1: A Paler Shade of Litigation: Still more confusion in Musical Property Rights." Department of Development and Economic Studies, University of Bradford, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/2976.

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This paper gives an economic analysis of the judicial decisions in the disputes over authorship of Procol Harum's 'A Whiter Shade of Pale'. The first legal contest took place in 2006, 39 years after the song was written and was found in favour of the plaintiff (Fisher), in the first case he has brought against Brooker-Reid, in terms of his right to authorship. He was deemed to merit 40% of the musical composition rights but only from the date of his application onwards. However the case went to appeal with the result that in April 2008, it was found that although Fisher was still entitled to the authorship status he had been granted that he was not now entitled to any share whatsoever of the composing royalties. This case is partly unusual in that the judge, in the initial case, had formal musical training and saw fit to interpolate this human capital into the proceedings. The defendants made a number of remarks about the nature of the precedent set and its implications which can be usefully discussed in terms of economic models of production. In the appeal hearing one of the reasons given for the decision reached was the argument that the previous cases set an unfortunate precedent detrimental to composers of pop/rock music. The 'rock and pop' music production mode is discussed here with reference to this and other pertinent cases.
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Cai, Muzhi. "Hybrid materials based on inorganic glasses doped with organophosphorus molecules for light emitting electrochemical cell applications." Thesis, Rennes, INSA, 2019. http://partages.insa-rennes.fr/share/page/document-details?nodeRef=workspace://SpacesStore/cc6fb318-d6f8-4126-8db4-a2a825a605a7.

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La cellule électrochimique électroluminescente (LEC) est un dispositif à couches minces, composé d’un semi-conducteur organique électroluminescent (OSC) et d’ions mobiles en tant que matériau actif intercalé entre une anode et une cathode. Dans le premier chapitre, le contexte et le mécanisme de la LEC ont été introduits. Dans le deuxième chapitre, nous avons dopé la molécule organophosphorée dans un verre de silicate contenant une teneur élevée en lithium par la méthode sol-gel. Dans le troisième chapitre, nous avons travaillé à l’obtention d’un verre de phosphate dopé à une molécule organophosphorée avec une conductivité ionique élevée par frittage Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS). Un verre de phosphate hybride ayant une conductivité ionique d'environ 10 -7 S / cm a été obtenu et une forte photoluminescence a été observée. En outre, les propriétés électrochimiques ont également été étudiées. De plus, lors du processus de préparation de la LEC par SPS, un phénomène intéressant a été découvert. Une émission bleue à large bande a été observée dans le verre d’oxynitrure de phosphate de zinc exempt de terres rares. Le quatrième chapitre est consacré à ce phénomène
The light-emitting electrochemical cell (LEC) is a planar layered device, which is comprised of an electroluminescent organic semiconductor (OSC) and mobile ions as the active material sandwiched between an anode and a cathode. Electrolyte is one of the “short slab” of LEC technology. The main objective of this work is developing a new LEC device based on organophosphorus molecule doped organic-inorganic hybrid glass electrolyte. This hybrid glass cannot be synthesized by using classic melt-quenching technique because the melting temperature of glass is always much higher than the degradation temperature of organic molecule. Thus, in this work, we devote to that how to dope the organophosphorus molecule into the glass with high ionic conductivity. In first chapter, the background and mechanism of LEC were introduced. In the second chapter, we attempted to dope the organophosphorus molecule into silicate glass containing high lithium content by sol-gel method. In third chapter, we are working to obtain organophosphorus molecule doped phosphate glass with high ionic conductivity through spark plasm sintering (SPS). A hybrid phosphate glass with ionic conductivity of around 10 -7 S/cm was obtained, and strong photoluminescence was observed. Besides, the electrochemical properties were investigated as well. Moreover, during the process of preparing the LEC by SPS, an interesting phenomenon was found. A broadband blue emission was observed in rare-earth free zinc phosphate oxynitride glass. The fourth chapter is focus on this interesting phenomenon
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Books on the topic "Lighter shade of pale"

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MBE, Reg O'Neil. A lighter shade of pale blue: A radar operator's memories of World War Two. Bognor Regis: Woodfield Publishing, 1999.

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Shade of pale. New York: Forte/Tom Doherty Associates, 1997.

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Shade of pale. New York: Tor, 1998.

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Andrews, Vicki L. Lighter shade of brown. Columbus, Miss: Indigo, 1999.

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Trewartha, Vern. A darker shade of pale. Auckland [N.Z.]: Silver Fern Books, 1996.

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illustrator, Scott Ed, ed. The lighter shade of blue: A cops diary. United States]: D.A.R. Publishing, 2014.

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Edwards, Caterina. A whiter shade of pale ; Becoming Emma: Two novellas. Edmonton: NeWest Press, 1992.

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Tolinski, Brad. Light and shade: Conversations with Jimmy Page. New York: Crown, 2012.

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A darker shade of pale: A backdrop to Bob Dylan. New York: Oxford University Press, 1985.

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Latham, Monte John. House Fandango: Residential Architecture & Politics, Sociology, Urban Planning, Ecology, Geography, Indigenuity, Lifestyle. About our own housing romance here with our Earth. Hobart Tasmania Australia: CreateSpace, Amazon, BookPOD, 2006.

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Book chapters on the topic "Lighter shade of pale"

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Short, Sue. "A Lighter Shade of Noir: Differing Uses of Comedy." In Darkness Calls, 183–210. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13807-3_6.

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Reay, Diane, Gill Crozier, and David James. "A Darker Shade of Pale: Whiteness as Integral to Middle-Class Identity." In White Middle-Class Identities and Urban Schooling, 82–100. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230302501_6.

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"Whiter Shade of Pale." In The Jewish Struggle in the 21st Century, 43–54. BRILL, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004464087_005.

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Greaney, Susan. "A whiter shade of pale:." In Mining and Quarrying in Neolithic Europe, 193–210. Oxbow Books, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvkjb2v8.18.

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Jedan, Christoph. "A Lighter Shade of Green: Stoic Gods and Environmental Virtue Ethics." In Ecology and Theology in the Ancient World. Bloomsbury Academic, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350004078.ch-005.

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"A Whiter Shade of Pale – Chalk in the British Iron Age." In Controlling Colours, 29–36. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvxw3nwq.9.

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Shanafelt, Carrie D. "The “Plexed Artistry” of Nabokov and Johnson." In Samuel Johnson Among the Modernists, 165–88. Liverpool University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781942954668.003.0008.

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Carrie D Shanafelt’s “The ‘Plexed Artistry’ of Nabokov and Johnson” notes how in the 1962 experimental novel Pale Fire, Vladimir Nabokov invokes Samuel Johnson as the prototype for the poet John Shade. Shade is described as a rather old-fashioned but brilliant poet whose last poem interrogates his own subjective experience of meaning-making in a world that stubbornly refuses either to make sense or to be meaningless altogether. Nabokov’s affinity for Samuel Johnson, Shanafelt argues, operates in important ways as a recognition of the latter’s similar aesthetic resistance to the dominant secular empiricist models of linguistic meaning of his time. Exploring their epistemological contexts as well as literary productions, her chapter delineates parallels between Johnson and Nabokov with respect to their similar investment in the aesthetics of desire and trauma in relation to linguistic meaning.
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Atkins, Peter. "Seeing the Light: Vision." In Reactions. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199695126.003.0031.

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Now for that extraordinary and wonderful sense, vision. A lot of physics and physiology goes on between the object observed and the focus of its image on the retina of the eye, but the interface of the image with the brain is photochemical. About 57 per cent of the photons that enter the eye reach the retina; the rest are scattered or absorbed by the ocular fluid, the fluid that fills the eye and helps to maintain its shape. You need to know that the ‘rods’ and ‘cones’, the physical receptors distributed over the retina, contain a molecule called retinal, 1, which is anchored to a protein, opsin, to give the aggregate known as rhodopsin. Here the primary act of vision takes place, in which that rhodopsin absorbs a photon. Rhodopsin is the primary receptor for light throughout the animal kingdom, which indicates that vision emerged very early in evolutionary history, no doubt because of its enormous value for survival. Incidentally, a retinal molecule resembles half a carotene molecule, one of the molecules that contribute to the colour of carrots, which is why there is an at least apocryphal connection between eating carrots and improving one’s vision. Let’s stand almost literally eye-to-eye and watch what happens when a retinal molecule in your eye absorbs a photon that might have bounced off this page as you read it. I have indicated the shape of the opsin molecule by ribbons which show in a general way where its numerous atoms lie. The photon passes through your pupil, negotiates the ocular fluid, and plunges into the retinal hotspot of rhodopsin. We see it stir up the electron cloud of the long chain of carbon atoms in the tail of the retinal molecule. That stirring briefly loosens the double bond character of the links between the atoms, and the molecule snaps into a new shape with the carbon tail now straight. The storm in the electron cloud subsides and all the bonds are restored, but now the retinal molecule is trapped in its new shape.
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Wohl, Ellen. "December: Saving the Dammed." In Saving the Dammed. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190943523.003.0015.

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At the nadir of the year, this is how morning comes to the beaver meadow. Just as the sun rises above the eastern horizon, a flush of pale rose lights the snow newly fallen on the highest peaks. The beaver meadow remains in shadow, silent but for the creek flowing quietly between its rims of ice. The air temperature is well below freezing and frost whitens the pine needles like a dark-haired person starting to go gray. Wisps and sheets of snow flag off the summits in the steady wind. Over the course of a few minutes, the summit snow warms from pale rose to faint orange and then a rich, warm gold that also lights the rock outcrops at lower elevations. The wind reaches the beaver meadow before the sunlight, coming in abrupt blasts that shake loose the little tufts of snow remaining on the pine boughs. The wind sends the snow crystals slaloming across the ice on the creek with a dry, skittering sound like that of blowing sand. Before long, the meadow is submerged in a continual rushing sound created by wind gusting through the pines up slope, along the valley walls. The lateral moraine to the south keeps the beaver meadow in shadow until 9:30 a.m. Nothing is so slow as waiting for the warmth of sunlight on a cold winter morning. When the sunlight does reach the meadow, it brings out the colors of water, ice, grasses, and willows. Flowing portions of the creek change from gray to orange brown. The snow reflects the light in a painfully intense glare broken by the deep, long shadows that everything casts. With the sunlight comes a steady wind that blasts the crystalline snow onto my face like grit. Not much snow has fallen yet, but North St. Vrain Creek is completely frozen in places and covered with snow. The ice records the movements of water, freezing the pulses and turbulence in ice ripples and ledges, motionless swirls and bands. It seems a miracle that any water still flows in this gray and white world of ice and snow.
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Karshan, Thomas. "Portrait of the Rabbit as a Young Beau: John Updike, New Yorker Humorist." In Writing for The New Yorker. Edinburgh University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9780748682492.003.0008.

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This chapter argues that New Yorker humorist John Updike was able to develop a fifth column position by drawing upon discontents already implicit in New Yorker humour. In its cartoons and light verse, Updike found a humorous cloud of secular anxiety which he could distil, with deceptive courtesy, into an internal critique of The New Yorker's culture. Cartoons showing savages acting like Manhattanites, or vice versa, betrayed a sense of the hidden affinity between civilisation and the discontented primitive instincts; cartoons about cannibals, the fearful possibility that life was a violent matter of survival; cartoons about urban anxiety, the false support of work, and works; while light verse playing on speed and slowness hinted at an underlying desire to see in a human life an unmodern norm of shape and pace.
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Conference papers on the topic "Lighter shade of pale"

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Waite, Joshua J., and Robert E. Kielb. "Shock Structure, Mode Shape, and Geometric Considerations for Low-Pressure Turbine Flutter Suppression." In ASME Turbo Expo 2016: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2016-56706.

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Modern design principles are pushing for lighter aircraft engines, and higher tip Mach numbers in steam turbines. Consequently, the loading and shock structures seen on aft stages of low-pressure turbines are evolving at a fast pace. Since flutter is a high risk event in these low reduced frequency blades, physically understanding and predicting how new operating conditions affect aeroelastic behavior proves crucially important. Previous numerical studies on the Standard Configuration 4 LPT concluded loading, and in particular the shock structure, strongly impacted the aerodynamic damping as a function of mode shape. This paper presents a deeper investigation into the physical explanation behind the interdependency of loading, mode shape, reduced frequency, and LPT geometry. Serving as computational test rigs, four unique quasi-2D LPT configurations are exhaustively analyzed using validated linearized unsteady CFD. Three primary contributors to this mode-dependent flutter phenomenon are shown to be the passage shocks, blade geometry, and interblade phase angle. Further, the sensitivity of critical reduced frequency as functions of bending mode and loading are divided into four zonal regions exhibiting qualitatively similar behavior. It is shown in some zones, depending on airfoil geometry and shock strength, that loading will always either increase or decrease stability monotonically. For pitching modes, the shock strength, phase, and location with respect to the rigid body center of torsion prove to play a key part in determining stability. Understanding these shock effects generalized to all LPT geometries yield new design considerations useful for suppressing flutter.
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Panchakarla, Anjana, Tapan Kidambi, Ashish Sharma, Eduardo Cazeneuve, RBN Singh, and Arun Kumar SV. "Integration of Acoustics and Geomechanical Modelling for Subsurface Characterization in Tectonically Active Sedimentary Basins: A Case Study from Northeast India." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/206229-ms.

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Abstract Drilling wells in the remote northeastern part of India has always been a tremendous challenge owing to the subsurface complexity. This paper highlights the case of an exploratory well drilled in this region primarily targeting the main hydrocarbon bearing formations. The lithology characterized by mainly shale, siltstone and claystone sequences, are known to project high variance in terms of acoustic anisotropy. Additionally some mixed lithological sequences are also noted at particular depths and have been identified at posing potential problems during drilling operations. Several issues became apparent during the course of drilling the well, the main factor being consistently poor borehole condition. An added factor potentially exacerbating the progressively worsening borehole conditions was attributed to the significant tectonic activity in the area. To address and identify these issues and to pave the way for future operations in this region, a Deep Shear Wave Imaging analysis was commissioned to identify near and far wellbore geological features, in addition to addressing the geomechanical response of these formations. In this regard, acoustic based stress profiling and acoustic anisotropy analysis was carried out to estimate borehole stability for the drilled well section and provide insights for future drilling plans. Significant losses were observed while drilling the well, in addition to secondary problems including tight spots and hold ups and consequently the well had to be back reamed multiple times. Of particular note were the losses observed while transitioning between the main formations of interest. The former consisting relatively lower density claystone/siltstone formations and the latter, somewhat shalier interlayered with sandstones, displaying a generally higher density trend. This transition zone proved to be tricky while drilling, as a high density sandstone patch was encountered further impeding the drilling ROP. Overall, both formations were characterized by significantly low rock strength moduli with the exception of the sandstones projecting characteristically higher strengths. In light of these events, analysis of integrated geological, geomechanical and advanced borehole acoustic data analyses were used to identify the nature of the anisotropy, in terms of either stress induced, or caused by the presence of fractures in the vicinity of the borehole. The extensive analysis further identified sub-seismic features impeding drillability in these lithologies. Further, the holistic approach helped characterize the pressure regimes in different formations and in parallel, based on corroboration from available data, constrained stress magnitudes, indicating a transitional faulting regime. Variances in stress settings corresponded to the depths just above the transition zone, where significant variations were observed in shear wave azimuthal trends thereby indicating the presence of potential fracture clusters, some of which were revealed to be intersecting the borehole thereby causing stress. The analysis shed light on these near well fractures- prone to shear slip, causing mud losses during drilling while drilling with high mud weights. Finally, the encompassing multiple results, an operational mud weight window was devised for the planned casing setting depths. Given the presence of numerous fractures, the upper bound of the operational mud window was constrained further to account for the presence of these fractures. In summary, an integrated approach involving a detailed DSWI study in addition to traditional geomechanics has brought about new perspectives in assessing borehole instability. By actively identifying the sub surface features, (sub seismic faults and fractures) decisions can be taken on mud weight and optimizing drilling parameters dynamically for future field development.
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Taylor, W. Boyd, Katherine J. Knobbs, C. E. Gene Carpenter, and Shah N. Malik. "Using Technology to Support Proactive Management of Materials Degradation for the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission." In ASME 2010 Pressure Vessels and Piping Division/K-PVP Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2010-26063.

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The majority of the U.S. reactor fleet is applying for license renewal to extend the operating life from the current 40 years to 60 years, and there is now active interest in extending the operating life to beyond 60 years. Many plants are also applying for increases in power rating and both of these changes increases the need for an improved understanding of materials degradation. Many materials degrade over time and much is known about the degradation of materials under normal environmental conditions; however, less is known about the characteristics of materials degradation when the environment is subject to higher than normal radiological conditions over extended periods of time. Significant efforts are being made by industrial, academic and regulatory groups worldwide to identify, classify and mitigate potential problems arising from degradation of components in this context. From a regulatory perspective, the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) is very interested in being able to identify ways to ensure their licensees proactively manage the identification of materials degradation and the mitigation of its effects. To date, the NRC has consolidated “generic” programs for mitigating aging issues in the two volume Generic Aging Lessons Learned (GALL) Report (NUREG-1801) and has encouraged applicants for license renewal to use these programs where applicable in their plant when applying for renewal of their reactor’s license. The NRC has also published a comprehensive report entitled Expert Panel Report on Proactive Materials Degradation (NUREG/CR-6923) [3]. This report inventories the types of degradation mechanisms that could exist in each component of a light water reactor (LWR) and indicates how much is known about mitigating the effects within that context. Since the number of plant designs and materials used varies greatly within the U.S. fleet, there are many variations to implementing aging management programs (AMPs), requiring significant dialogs between the licensee and the NRC. These discussions are part of the licensing basis and as such are documented with up to multi-hundred page responses that are loosely coupled through the NRC Agency-wide Document Access and Management System (ADAMS). ADAMS serves as an electronic records repository for the NRC. These discussions have supported revisions to the GALL, including the revision that is being prepared as this paper is being written. The NRC has sought the help of the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) to improve their staff’s ability to navigate the significant numbers of documents that are generated in this process. PNNL is also to provide a forum for regulators, licensees, and researchers to share knowledge in their efforts to improve the cyclic process for defining, applying, validating, and re-defining AMPs. Work to date in this area is publicly accessible, and this paper will describe that work and outline a potential path forward. The presenter will also demonstrate the capabilities of the PMMD information tools (http://pmmd.pnl.gov).
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