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Academic literature on the topic 'Lighting ratio'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 8 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Lighting ratio"

Zhou, Zhi Hua, Shan Hu, and Tao Du. "Study on Determination of Best Window-Wall Ratio of Office Building in Cold Area." Applied Mechanics and Materials 260-261 (December 2012): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.260-261.209.

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The cooling and heating load caused by the heat transfer of the window is significantly greater than that caused by the heat transfer of wall because of the large heat transfer coefficient of the window. At the same time, the sun radiate heat through the window into indoor can increase the cooling load and decrease the heating load; the natural lighting enhances, and the lighting energy consumption decreases because of entering sunlight. The paper took a low energy consumption office building in the northern China for example, synthetically analyzed the cooling energy consumption, heating energy consumption and lighting energy consumption of every orientation under the condition of lighting control or no lighting control. The results show that comparing with no lighting control, the energy consumption with lighting control is less. When using lighting control, the best WWR of south, north, east, west are 0.35, 0.3, 0.3, 0.25, respectively; then the building energy saving rate is 8.2%.

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Šístková, M., A. Peterka, and B. Peterka. "Light and noise conditions of buildings for breeding dairy cows." Research in Agricultural Engineering 56, No. 3 (August 26, 2010): 92–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/43/2009-rae.

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Check measurement of the illuminance, the uniformity ratio of illuminance and noise level was made in the selected stable building to prove quality of lightning both for service workers and the cattle. The measurement discovered that the noise level, the day lighting and artificial lighting do not satisfy valid health standards and can have harmful effect upon human and cattle organism. In the monitored stable building the permissible hygienic limit of noise was exceeded only during distribution of feed and bedding and it only for the short time.

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Ishii, H., H. Kanagawa, Y. Shimamura, K. Uchiyama, K. Miyagi, F. Obayashi, and H. Shimoda. "Intellectual productivity under task ambient lighting." Lighting Research & Technology 50, no. 2 (June 27, 2016): 237–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477153516656034.

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An experiment was conducted to evaluate intellectual productivity in three lighting conditions: (a) conventional ambient lighting, (b) task ambient lighting with normal colour temperature (5000 K) and (c) task ambient lighting with high colour temperature (6200 K). In the experiment, cognitive tasks were given to 24 participants. The concentration time ratio, which is a quantitative and objective evaluation index of the degree of concentration, was measured. The results showed that the average concentration time ratio under the task ambient lighting with high colour temperature was 72.5%, which was 5.0% points higher than that under the conventional ambient lighting. It is believed that intellectual work can be performed better when the concentration time ratio is high.

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Junlin, Zong, and Zhang Longwei. "Multi objective optimization of window to wall ratio of University Gymnasium in severe cold area by coupling natural lighting and energy consumption." E3S Web of Conferences 293 (2021): 02044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129302044.

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Objective To explore the relationship between window opening ratio and natural lighting and energy consumption of University Gymnasiums in severe cold area, and put forward optimization strategies. Methods Digital simulation technology was used to simulate the energy consumption and natural lighting of University Gymnasium window opening ratio, and the window opening scheme with natural lighting and low energy consumption was obtained. Conclusion The side window lighting should be used in the window opening scheme of small and medium-sized university gymnasiums. Within the range of experimental data, the North-South lighting is the main lighting mode, and the East-West lighting is the auxiliary.

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Akashi, Yukio, Sueko Kanaya, and Akihiro Yagi. "Relationship between Concentration of Subjects and the Illuminance Ratio between Ambient Lighting and Task Lighting." JOURNAL OF THE ILLUMINATING ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF JAPAN 80, no. 8 (1996): 540–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2150/jieij1980.80.8_540.

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Durmuş, İ., and S. Kalebaşi. "Effect of fluctuate lighting on performance of laying hens (Short Communication)." Archives Animal Breeding 52, no. 2 (October 10, 2009): 200–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-52-200-2009.

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Abstract. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of fluctuate lighting on performance of laying hens. Two programs were applied with 16 hours daily lighting: step-up (normal) lighting program as the control treatment and a fluctuate lighting program of 2 W/m2 for 45 min and 6 W/m2 for 15 min. Egg weight, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, henday egg production and hen-housed egg production of the laying hens were recorded for 46 weeks. No significant difference for hen-day and hen-housed egg production between the step up and fluctuate lighting programs (P>0.05) were found. However, fluctuate lighting program resulted in a significant increase in egg weight (P<0.05). Moreover, hens in the fluctuate lighting program consumed significantly less amount of feed and had a better feed conversion ratio than hens in the step-up lighting program (P<0.01). The results of the present study indicate that fluctuate lighting can be used for a profitable egg production.

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Kim, Kyeong-Mi, Young-Won Kim, Seung-Taek Oh, and Jae-Hyun Lim. "Development of a natural light reproduction system for maintaining the circadian rhythm." Indoor and Built Environment 29, no. 1 (June 11, 2019): 132–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1420326x19855421.

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Circadian rhythm is linked to sleep, arousal and human health overall, affecting body temperature and heart rate. A 24-h natural-light cycle provides optimum lighting environment for humans. However, as people increasingly stay indoors with artificial lighting, lacking periodic characteristics, imbalance in the circadian rhythm ensues. Previous lighting-related studies to resolve such problem partially provided the colour temperatures of natural light but failed to reproduce the 24-h periodic characteristics of it. This study proposes a natural light-reproducing system that provides the daylight cycle characteristics of natural light in order to maintain the circadian rhythm. Natural light was measured through an optical measurement equipment, while the characteristics (colour temperature and short-wavelength ratio) of natural light by season and time were analysed. Subsequently, the control indicator of seasonal and hourly lighting was extracted and applied to the light-emitting diode lighting to provide lighting service, executing a daylight cycle that reflects the characteristics of natural light. After the sunset, especially, the circadian rhythm was maintained by minimizing the short-wavelength ratio of the lighting while maintaining indoor illumination.

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Fotios, S., and Q. Yao. "The association between correlated colour temperature and scotopic/photopic ratio." Lighting Research & Technology 51, no. 5 (July 3, 2018): 803–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477153518779637.

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The scotopic/photopic ratio (S/P) is a parameter that may be considered in the design of road lighting. This paper compares the S/P ratio and correlated colour temperature (CCT) for 297 light source spectra identified in IES Technical Memorandum TM-30-15 to test the assumption that higher S/P ratios demand higher CCTs. The results suggest that, for a given lamp type, there is a strong association between S/P ratio and CCT, and hence that for a given CCT only a small variation in S/P ratio is available. However, the results also suggest that a larger variation in S/P ratio is possible if the lighting designer is able to consider a change in lamp type.

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Albatayneh, Aiman, Haya Atieh, Mustafa Jaradat, Murad Al-Omary, Maha Zaquot, Adel Juaidi, Ramez Abdallah, and Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro. "The Impact of Modern Artificial Lighting on the Optimum Window-to-Wall Ratio of Residential Buildings in Jordan." Applied Sciences 11, no. 13 (June 24, 2021): 5888. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11135888.

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Energy savings gained through natural lighting could be offset by the loss of energy through windows; therefore, the target of this study is to examine the effects of enhancing the efficiency of lighting systems on the optimum window-to-wall ratio (WWR) of Jordanian residential structures. This research proposes the hypothesis that the WWR of residential structures that contain artificial lighting systems with increased efficiency will be lower than buildings in which solar lighting is provided. The energy simulation tool, DesignBuilder (DesignBuilder Software Ltd, Stroud, UK) was used to simulate an intricate model showing a standard Jordanian residential building with a size of 130 m2. The study offers useful guidance regarding the optimum WWR for key decisionmakers when designing energy-efficient residential structures in the context of Jordan. By considering the balance between gains and losses in solar heat and light gain to exploit energy from solar sources with no reverse effects, while making comparisons between different WWR situations, the findings indicate that the typical WWR for residential structures in Jordan that have efficient Light Emitting Diode (LED) systems of lighting installed could be between 25% and 30%, which is lower than the highest WWR stipulated by the ASHRAE standards.

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Piovene, Chiara, Francesco Orsini, Sara Bosi, Rabab Sanoubar, Valeria Bregola, Giovanni Dinelli, and Giorgio Gianquinto. "Optimal red:blue ratio in led lighting for nutraceutical indoor horticulture." Scientia Horticulturae 193 (September 2015): 202–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2015.07.015.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Lighting ratio"

Hernández, Ricardo. "Growth and Development of Greenhouse Vegetable Seedlings Under Supplemental LED Lighting." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/306916.

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The greenhouse industry is interested in light emitting diodes (LEDs) as a light source supplement to solar light to improve plant growth and development. Before LEDs can be adopted as supplemental light for greenhouse crops, plant responses to LED spectral quality need to be investigated. Tomato and cucumber seedlings were grown under different supplemental blue and red photon flux ratios (B:R ratios) under high (16-19 mol m⁻² d⁻¹) and low (5-9 mol m⁻² d⁻¹) solar daily light integrals (DLIs). The supplemental daily light integral was 3.6 mol m⁻² d⁻¹. A treatment without supplemental light served as a control. Both tomato and cucumber seedlings had increased growth rate and improved morphology when grown under the supplemental LED light compared to the control. However, no significant differences were observed for any growth and morphological parameters measured in this study between the different B:R ratios for both cucumber and tomato transplants under high DLI conditions. Cucumber seedlings showed a tendency to decrease dry mass, leaf number and leaf area under low DLI conditions with increasing B:R ratio. Tomato seedlings did not show any differences between the different B:R ratios under low DLI conditions. Seedlings growth and morphology under supplemental LED light were compared to those under supplemental high pressure sodium (HPS) light. Cucumber seedlings under supplemental HPS light had greater shoot dry mass than those under the supplemental red LED light. Tomato shoot dry mass showed no differences between the HPS and red LED supplemental light treatments. Cucumber seedlings were also grown under supplemental LED pulsed lighting and supplemental LED continuous lighting. Cucumber seedlings showed no differences in shoot dry mass and net photosynthetic rate between the treatments. Collectively, these studies concluded that red LED is preferred for supplemental lighting and the increase of blue light does not offer any benefits unless the efficiency of blue LEDs largely exceeds the red LEDs. The results of this research can be used for fixture development by LED manufactures and as a decision making tool for the adoption of supplemental LED lighting by greenhouse growers.

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Longnell, Frida. "Environmental Performance from Circularity in Products : A Case Study on LED Lighting Fixtures." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för hälsa, natur- och teknikvetenskap (from 2013), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-73604.

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The circular economy is promoted by the EU, governments, and businesses all over the world as a concept to reach a sustainable future. The concept is embedded into the UN Sustainable Development Goals for 2030 and aims to decouple economic growth and environmental pressure. Many studies have been conducted on the circular economy in recent years but the research on the actual environmental performance of the concept is limited. To move forward with the concept of the circular economy and reach a sustainable future, the environmental performance must be investigated. In this thesis, the environmental impact of circularity in products is investigated by comparing the environmental impact from one circular and one linear product case. To achieve this, the environmental impact and the degree of circularity is calculated with two different methods. The circularity is calculated with a circularity indicator called the Linear Flow Ratio and the environmental impact is assessed with the environmental evaluation technique Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). In the LCAs, the cases are compared for different environmental impact categories (e.g. global warming). The product that is investigated is an LED lighting fixture from the company 2P1. The circular case is based on a leasing business model and includes remanufacturing, reuse and recycling. The linear case includes production, sales, use, and disposal. The LCA results show that the environmental impact from the circular case is lower for all environmental impact categories. The environmental impact is almost exclusively from the manufacturing phase (including extraction and production of raw materials) and the use phase. The circularity results from the Linear Flow Ratio show contradicting results, presenting that the degree of circularity is higher for the linear case. By comparing the results to calculations from another circularity indicator (Material Circularity Indicator), it is concluded that a unified framework for circularity measurements is required.
Cirkulär ekonomi är introducerat av EU, länder och företag över hela världen som ett koncept för att nå en hållbar framtid. Den cirkulära ekonomin är en del av arbetet mot agenda 2030 för hållbar utveckling och strävar efter att frånkoppla ekonomisk tillväxt från miljöpåverkan. Det har forskats mycket på cirkulär ekonomi under de senaste åren men studier som undersöker det miljömässiga utförandet av konceptet saknas. För att fortsätta att utveckla konceptet och för att nå en hållbar framtid så måste den miljömässiga påverkan från cirkularitet undersökas. I denna studie undersöks miljöpåverkan från cirkularitet hos produkter genom att jämföra miljöpåverkan från ett cirkulärt och ett linjärt fall. Miljöpåverkan och cirkularitetsgraden beräknas med två olika metoder. Cirkulariteten beräknas med cirkularitetsindikatorn Linear Flow Ratio och miljöpåverkan analyseras men livscykelanalys. I livscykelanalyserna värderas miljöpåverkan för de två fallen för olika påverkanskategorier (t.ex. global uppvärmning). Produkten som undersökt är en LED-armatur från företaget 2P1. Det cirkulära fallet basers på uthyrning av armaturerna och innehåller renovering, återanvändning och återvinning. Det linjära fallet innehåller produktion, försäljning, användning och bortskaffande av produkten. Resultaten från livscykelanalyserna visar att det cirkulära fallet medför mindre miljöpåverkan för alla kategorier. Miljöpåverkan kommer nästan enbart från produktion (inklusive material) samt användning. Cirkularitetsresultaten från Linear Flow Ratio visar motsägelsefulla resultat då det linjära fallet har en högre cirkularitetsgrad än det cirkulära fallet. Genom att jämföra resultaten med beräkningar från en annan cirkularitetsindikator (Material Circularity Indicator) kan det fastställas att ett enhetligt ramverk för beräkning av cirkularitet är nödvändigt framöver.

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Zolfaghari, Zahra. "Study of the Effect of Light Emitting Diode (LED) on the Optimum Window-to-Wall Ratio and Whole-Building Energy Consumption in Open Offices." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/100642.

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Daylight harvesting is an essential strategy that is often used to enhance both the design and performance of an architectural project. Windows, as crucial architectural elements, not only admit natural light into spaces but also provide the occupants with visual connections. However, the excessive usage of windows brings an uncontrolled amount of solar energy to the spaces and negatively affect the building's energy performance. When utilizing passive design strategies such as daylight harvesting, several parameters, including the electrical lighting system, can impact the outcome. The current study investigates the role of lighting systems on daylight harvesting's effectiveness and their impact on window dimension and total energy consumption. In this study, the optimum window-to-wall ratio of an open office in the presence of two different light sources (LED and fluorescent) is explored through a computer simulation method. A combination of tools including AGi32, ElumTools, OpenStudio, EnergyPlus, Radiance, and MATLAB helps to conduct the simulation and deliver optimal results. In the results and conclusion chapter, the study provides guidelines to specify optimal window percentages considering two lighting systems in each cardinal direction. Importantly, the guideline focuses only on energy performance and not on the spatial quality of the design.
Master of Architecture
Harnessing daylight with the use of windows helps to offset parts of the electric lighting needs, and decrease the total building energy consumption. This is accomplished by using glazed materials to admit daylight and lighting control systems, which can respond to the dynamic light level. However, improper implementation of a passive daylighting strategy may cause increased energy consumption. Sunlight is accompanied by solar heat radiation which can increase the HVAC load of a space and compromise the energy savings achieved by daylighting. Therefore, a balance between solar heat and light gain is required to fully take advantage of solar energy without reverse impacts. Concerning the mentioned balance, recent advancements in lighting technology question the effectiveness of natural light in reducing whole-building energy consumption. Due to the high energy efficiency of LED luminaires, lighting power consumption is rather low, even when the lighting system operates at full capacity. Therefore, it is unclear whether the solar energy coming through glazed materials works to the advantage or disadvantage of total building energy consumption. This study hypothesized that the total energy consumption of an open office with LED luminaires would be less in absence of solar energy compared to a scenario which utilizes the solar energy. A simulation-based methodology, using a combination of photometric computation and building energy simulation tools, was utilized to examine the hypothesis and explore the impacts of lighting systems on the optimum window-to-wall ratio. The results provide a helpful guideline which highlights the impact of lighting systems on window dimensions and their mutual effect on whole-building energy consumption. Although the optimum window-to-wall ratios suggested by this study only concern energy consumption, integration of them with occupants' preferences can propose an acceptable window-to-wall ratio that satisfies both design quality and performance of a building.

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Casagrande, Cristiano Gomes. "Desafios da iluminação pública no Brasil e nova técnica de projetos luminotécnicos fundamentada na fotometria mesópica." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 2016. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/2573.

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Os sistemas de iluminação pública (IP) no Brasil atravessam um momento de mudanças significativas, que implicam em novos paradigmas, desafios e perspectivas para o setor. Essas transformações começam com a transferência dos ativos de IP para os municípios, exigindo que os gestores municipais estejam preparados e capacitados para assumir esse serviço público essencial que anteriormente não era de sua responsabilidade. Além disso, novas tecnologias de iluminação, como os diodos emissores de luz (LEDs), surgem como alternativa às tecnologias convencionais, acarretando muitos impactos e alterações de conceitos no projeto, gestão e manutenção dos sistemas de IP. Assim, esta tese traça um panorama da iluminação pública no país, abrangendo questões referentes à gestão e manutenção do sistema, enfatizando os desafios ligados à transferência dos ativos de iluminação pública para os municípios, além da complexidade inerente à mudança de tecnologia para os LEDs. A discussão é organizada em duas vertentes principais: a gestão da IP, com ênfase nos desafios associados à transferência dos ativos; e a consolidação de novas tecnologias, sobretudo os LEDs. Nesse âmbito, com o objetivo de contribuir para uma utilização mais eficiente dos sistemas de iluminação, este trabalho propõe a consolidação da fotometria mesópica na elaboração de projetos luminotécnicos de IP, uma vez que, nesses casos, é comum deparar-se com condições de baixa luminância, nas quais a sensibilidade espectral da visão humana é diferente das condições supostas pela fotometria clássica. Neste sentido, procura-se explorar em detalhes a recomendação CIE 191:2010, que propõe multiplicadores de correção para a adaptação de grandezas fotométricas convencionais em grandezas mesópicas. Todavia, para se obter tais multiplicadores, é necessária a obtenção da relação entre os fluxos escotópico e fotópico da fonte luminosa (relação S/P), o que exige equipamentos especiais não facilmente disponíveis à maior parte dos projetistas. Com o objetivo de contornar essa dificuldade, esta tese de doutorado propõe uma equação geral que permita realizar o cálculo de S/P em função da temperatura de cor correlata e do índice de reprodução de cor da fonte de luz a ser empregada, que são informações normalmente disponibilizadas nos catálogos de fabricantes ou embalagens de lâmpadas comerciais. A equação encontrada apresentou coeficientes de correlação e de determinação próximos da unidade, o que lhe garante boa confiabilidade. Pela obtenção da relação S/P com auxílio da técnica proposta, um projeto luminotécnico típico tem sua rotina alterada, algo que é demonstrado e exemplificado ao final do texto.
The street lighting systems in Brazil are going through a time of significant changes that involve new paradigms, challenges and prospects for the sector. These changes begin with the transfer of street lighting assets to municipalities, demanding that municipal managers are prepared and able to manage this essential public service that previously was not your responsibility. In addition, new lighting technologies such as light-emitting diodes (LED) are an alternative to conventional technologies, resulting in many impacts and changes of concepts in the design, management and maintenance of street lighting systems. Thus, this thesis provides an overview of street lighting in Brazil, covering issues relating to the management and maintenance of the system, emphasizing the challenges linked to the transfer of street lighting assets to the municipalities, in addition to the inherent complexity of LED technology. The discussion is organized into two main areas: the management of system, with emphasis on the challenges associated with the transfer of assets; and the consolidation of new technologies, especially the LED. In this context, in order to contribute to a more efficient use of lighting systems, this thesis proposes the consolidation of mesopic photometry in the development of street lighting projects, since in such cases it is common to encounter poor conditions luminance, in which the spectral sensitivity of human vision is different from the conditions in the classical photometry. In this sense, it is covered in detail the CIE 191:2010 technical report, which proposes correction factors for the adaptation of conventional photometric quantities in mesopic quantities. However, to obtain such factors, it is required to obtain the relationship between the scotopic and photopic luminous flux of light source (S/P ratio), which requires special equipment not readily available to most lighting designers. Thus, this PhD thesis proposes a general equation that provides the S/P ratio as a mathematical function of correlated color temperature and color rendering index of the light source, which are information usually available in catalogs of manufacturers or products packaging. The proposed equation showed correlation coefficient and coefficient of determination parameters closed to unity, which guarantees good reliability. By obtaining the S/P ratio with the aid of proposed technique, a typical lighting design has changed his routine, something that is demonstrated and exemplified in final of the text.

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Olsson, Nathalie, and Hanna Pettersson. "Relationen mellan kontorsarbetares visuella trivsel i ljusmiljöer och en fysikalisk samt en perceptiv utvärdering." Thesis, Jönköping University, JTH, Byggnadsteknik och belysningsvetenskap, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-54162.

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Syfte: Det råder brist på utvärderingar av belysningsanläggningar, vilket är ett viktigt verktyg för att få förståelse för brukares upplevelse, säkerställa en anläggnings kvalitet och förvärva kunskap till kommande projekt. Inomhusmiljön påverkar i hög grad människans hälsa och välbefinnande, där belysningen är en stor påverkningsfaktor. I samverkan med konsultföretaget WSP har utvärderingar genomförts i två kontorsmiljöer på Domstolsverket i Jönköping. Målet med studien var att undersöka hur en kvalitativ och kvantitativ utvärderingsmetod stod i relation till brukarnas uppfattningar av visuell trivsel. Metod: En kombination av kvalitativa och kvantitativa metoder användes för att förstå ljusmiljöns perceptiva och fysikaliska uppbyggnad, samt förstå brukarnas subjektiva uppfattning. Använda metoder var enkät, observation utifrån PERCIFAL och mätning av luminansförhållande. Resultat: Inga tydliga samband återfanns mellan brukarnas uppfattning av visuell trivsel och observation, eller analyserade. Svaga tendenser fanns dock på att i de områden observatörerna upplevde ljusare, var även respondenternas attityd till den visuella miljön mer positiv. Både höga och låga luminansförhållanden resulterade i att respondenterna erhöll en positiv attityd till den visuella miljön och välbefinnande. En positiv inställning till ljusmiljön visade sig gynna den visuella trivseln. Starkast samband fanns mellan inställning till ljusmiljön och upplevelsen av den visuella miljön, där en positiv inställning gynnade upplevelsen av den visuella miljön. Konsekvenser: Studiens slutsats är att varken en mätning eller observation är tillräcklig att användas enskilt för att säkerställa brukarnas visuella trivsel, eller för att beskriva hur ljusmiljön uppfattas av användarna. Därför rekommenderas det att inkludera brukare vid utvärdering, och att utföra mer omfattande utvärderingar för att generera kunskap kring kopplingen mellan mätbart ljus, perceptiv upplevelse och subjektiv uppfattning av visuell trivsel. Om utvärderingar och efterkontroller som även tar hänsyn till brukarnas subjektiva uppfattning prioriteras högre i byggprocessen, kan det säkerställa att ljusmiljöer erhåller ännu högre kvalitet. Begränsningar: Att enkäten utfördes på distans kan ha påverkat resultatet, samt att respondenterna ofta valde det neutrala mittenalternativet. Vissa begrepp kan även ha tolkats på annat sätt än förväntat. Observation och mätning utfördes endast vid ett tillfälle och inte i samtliga zoner där respondenterna var positionerade. Observation och mätning utgick endast från belysningens grundinställningar och bildskärmarna var inte tända vid detta tillfälle. Valet av antalet lokaler och skillnad i användningsfrekvens kan också ha påverkat resultatet. Mätning av luminans visade sig vara mer komplext än vad som förväntats. Intervjuer hade troligtvis givit en djupare förståelse kring det undersökta fenomenet än vad som generades från enkäten. Resultatet är enbart tillämpbart i det undersökta fallet och är därmed inte generellt giltigt.
Purpose: There is a shortage of evaluations of lighting constructions, which are crucial to understand the user, ensure the environmental quality and generate knowledge for future projects. The users’ well-being is affected by the indoor environmental quality, where the lighting has a major impact. In collaboration with the consulting company WSP, evaluations have been executed in two office environments at Domstolsverket in Jönköping. The aim with the study was to investigate how one qualitative and onequantitative evaluation method is related to the users’ perceptions of visual well-being. Method: A combination of qualitative and quantitative methods were used to understand the perceptive and physical construction of the lighting environment, and to understand the users’ subjective experience. Used methods were questionnaire, observation based on PERCIFAL and luminance ratio measuring. Findings: No significant connection were found between the users’ experience of visual well-being and the observation, or between the luminance ratios. There were weak tendencies that those areas of which the observers experienced the brightest, the users experienced the visual environment in a more positive way. Both high and low luminance ratios resulted in a positive attitude to the visual environment and the wellbeing. A positive attitude to the lighting environment favored the visual well-being. The strongest connections were found between the attitude to the lighting environment and the experience of the visual environment, where a positive attitude favored the experience of the visual environment the most. Implications: Since either the measuring or the observation hadn’t any connection to the users’ subjective experience, the conclusion of the study is that either luminance ratios or a visual evaluation individually are sufficient to ensure the users visual wellbeingor to describe how the lighting environment is experienced by the users.Therefore, it is recommended to include users in evaluations, and to execute more comprehensive evaluations to generate more knowledge regarding the connection between measurable light and perceptive and subjective experience of visual wellbeing. If this is included in the process, it might increase the quality of the lighting environment. Limitations: The questionnaire was responded to at a distance and the respondents tended to choose the neutral central option and those factors might have affected the result. Some terms might also have been interpreted in another way than expected. The observation and the measuring were only executed once, and not in all the areas where the respondents were positioned. While measuring and observing, only the most used light setting was used and the computer screens where not on. Luminance measuring was more complex than expected. Interviews might have given a deeper understanding about the investigated phenomenon than what was generated from the questionnaire.The result is only applicable in this specific case and therefore not universal.

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Barnum, Benjamin Heath. "Electromagnetic and optical characteristics of lightning measured in the earth's ionosphere /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/6843.

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Wiid, P. Gideon. "Lightning protection and radio frequency interference mitigation for the Karoo Array Telescope." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/4009.

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Thesis (PhD (Electrical and Electronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South Africa and Australia are now the two remaining countries bidding for the Square Kilometre Array (SKA), the biggest and most sensitive project ever undertaken in radio astronomy. The South African SKA is demonstrating its technology capabilities through the Karoo Array Telescope (KAT or MeerKAT). The development of KAT is taking place in stages to optimise design and minimise risks at each stage. An array of seven 12 m antennas will be complete by the end of 2009, called KAT-7. The following phase will see the construction of MeerKAT, which will lead to eighty arrayed dishes. Lightning and RFI studies for KAT-7 are the focus of this dissertation. Due to the extent and complexity of the South African demonstrator project, these studies have largely been conducted on a single structure. Parameters for the dish antenna and pedestal design changed throughout their development. To be effective, the doctoral research had to track these changes appropriately. A Method of Moments frequency domain computational electromagnetic code, FEKO, is used throughout the study. The consequences of direct and indirect lightning strikes are examined for the KAT-7 structure. Important FEKO model verification is achieved through measurement of physical scale models in an anechoic chamber. The microwave simulation code, CST, gives direct comparison of FEKO results by using a finite volume time domain method of calculation. Using frequency domain analysis on these models, the lightning down conductor design over the dish antenna bearings is optimised with cost-effectiveness as one driving parameter. RFI coupling levels for different designs are compared to each other to identify areas requiring RFI mitigation. Analysis of resonances enables evaluation of the mitigation at frequencies sensitive to radio astronomy. A Sommerfeld integral ground plane is used together with the computational model to investigate the use of the concrete foundation steel reinforcing as part of the lightning earthing electrode system. Different interconnections of the steel reinforcing elements are critically evaluated. The KAT-7 design incorporated clear lightning protection and RFI mitigation policies derived from recommendations contained within this dissertation.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Suid-Afrika en Australie is nou die oorblywende twee lande wat bie vir die Vierkante Kilometer Reeks (SKA), die grootste en mees sensitiewe projek nog ooit in radio astronomie onderneem. Die Suid Afrikaanse SKA demonstreer sy tegnologiese bekwaamheid met die Karoo Reeks Teleskoop (KAT of MeerKAT). Die ontwikkeling van KAT vind plaas in fases om die ontwerp te optimaliseer en risikos te minimaliseer met elke fase. ’n Reeks van sewe 12 m antennas, genaamd KAT-7, sal teen die einde van 2009 klaar wees. Die volgende fase behels die konstruksie van MeerKAT, wat sal lei tot ’n tagtig-skottel reeks. Die fokus van hierdie proefskrif hanteer weerlig en radiofrekwensie steurings (RFS) vir KAT-7. As gevolg van die omvang en kompleksiteit van die Suid-Afrikaanse demonstreerder projek, is die studies hoofsaaklik op een struktuur gedoen. Parameters vir die antenna-skottel en -voetstuk ontwerp het met hul ontwikkeling deurgaans verander. Om effektief te wees, moes die doktorale navorsing hierdie veranderinge toepaslik volg. ’n Metode-van-Momente frekwensiedomein rekenaar elektromagnetiese kode, FEKO, is deurgaans met die studie gebruik. Die gevolge van direkte en indirekte weerligslae vir die KAT-7 struktuur is ondersoek. Belangrike FEKO model bevestiging is bereik met metings van skaalmodelle in ’n anego¨ıse kamer. Die mikrogolf-simulasie kode, CST, gee ’n direkte vergelyking met die FEKO resultate deur ’n eindige-volume-tyd-domein metode van berekening te gebruik. Met behulp van frekwensiedomein analise van hierdie modelle, is die weerligafleierontwerp oor die antenna-skottel laers ge-optimaliseer, met koste-effektiwiteit as een van die drywingsparameters. RFS koppelingsvlakke vir onderskeie ontwerpe is teen mekaar opgeweeg om areas te identifiseer wat RFS tempering benodig. Analise van resonansies stel die evaluering van die tempering in staat teen frekwensies wat sensitief is vir radio astronomie. ’n Sommerfeld integrale grondvlak word saam met die rekenaarmodel gebruik om die insluiting van die beton se staalversterking as deel van die aardingselektrodestelsel te ondersoek. Verskillende bindmetodes van die onderlinge staalversterkingselemente word krities ge¨evalueer. Die KAT-7 ontwerp inkorporeer duidelike weerligbeveiligings- en RFS temperingstrategie ¨e, komende van aanbevelings in hierdie proefskrif omskryf

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Smith, Cassandra M. "Volcanic Electrification: A Multiparametric Case Study of Sakurajima Volcano, Japan." Scholar Commons, 2019. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7950.

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Electrical activity at volcanoes has been recently recognized as a potential new remote sensing technique for plume-forming eruptions. Volcanic electrical activity takes place in the conduit and plume and therefore has the benefit of being a direct indicator of surface activity. This is unlike seismic signals, which indicate magma/gas movement underground, and infrasound signals, which indicate a surface explosion but not necessarily the formation of an ash plume. There are two distinct types of volcanic electrical discharges: volcanic lightning and continual radio frequency (CRF) impulses. This dissertation explores the relationships between these two electrical signals and other commonly monitored volcanic parameters. For volcanic electrical activity to be widely adopted into monitoring platforms it is important to understand how electrical discharges at volcanoes are related to other monitored signals. I present a case study of the electrical activity at Sakurajima Volcano, Japan. The lightning mapping array (LMA) is used to record both lightning and CRF. I relate CRF to ash properties and show that CRF corresponds to eruptions containing more juvenile magma that has undergone milling as it is transported out of the conduit. Seismic, infrasound, and video data are used in conjunction with multivariable statistical methods on a suite of electrical parameters to show that high levels of volcanic electrical activity are related to eruptions with large infrasound signals (> 107 J), high initial velocities (> 55 m/s), and relatively tall plume heights (> 1 km). Finally, an examination of globally detected lightning at Bogoslof Volcano, AK shows the potential for volcanic lightning in plume tracking (0-100 km), even after the end of the explosive phase of the eruption.

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Borges, Fábio Célio Carneiro da Silva. "Estudo e desenvolvimento do índice potencial de impacto de descargas atmosféricas em linhas de transmissão /." Guaratinguetá, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/111063.

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Orientador: Galeno José da Silva
Coorientador: Luiz Fernando de Mattos
Banca: José Roberto Dale Luche
Banca: Nelson Jesuz Ferreira
Resumo : As previsões de descargas elétricas atmosféricas constituem um desafio na fisica e ciências afins. Campanhas de pesquisas em campo e instalação de redes de sensores têm formado um histórico de observações com um ótimo grau de precisão destes eventos. Apesar da grande quantidade de dados gerados, não se observam muitas publicações sobre modelagem de queda de raios nas torres de linhas de transmissão de energia elétrica. Neste trabalho, busca-se começar a preencher esta lacuna com um estudo para obtenção de um índice potencial de impacto de raios em torres de linhas de transmissão de energia elétrica. Um experimento fatorial completo combinado com as saídas de modelos regionais de previsão de tempo foi utilizado na busca deste índice. Os resultados, apesar da descoberta de poderem ser usados no diagnóstico e previsão de tornados, não foram ainda conclusivos para os objetivos deste trabalho. A ampliação na quantidade das amostragens, a realização de mais experimentos e novas pesquisas podem contribuir para a melhoria do índice potencial de impacto de raios em torres de linhas de transmissão de energia elétrica, já que esta técnica mostrou potencial para auxiliar as pesquisas na modelagem deste fenômeno
Abstract: The forecast of atmospheric electrical discharges is a challenge in Physics and related Sciences. It is known that field campaigns and installation of the sensor network have shown great precision degree by the historical of the observation. Despite having large amount of data, we have had many scientific papers on modeling of lightning towers in electric transmission lines. This work aims to do a study for obtaining a Potential Index of Impacts Lightning in Electric Transmission Lines. In order to get this Index, an accurate factorial experiment was combined with regional forecast models output. As a result, although the discovery can be used for diagnosis and tornadoes forecasting, its has not been concluded by this work target yet. Having shown the technique can help the modeling research, an expansion of sample as well as new experiment and news research can contribute more for Index improvement
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Borges, Fábio Célio Carneiro da Silva [UNESP]. "Estudo e desenvolvimento do índice potencial de impacto de descargas atmosféricas em linhas de transmissão." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/111063.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-02T11:16:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-07-28Bitstream added on 2014-12-02T11:21:16Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000792387.pdf: 1875374 bytes, checksum: e4d77eefbcf39679da22cb24779a5e61 (MD5)
As previsões de descargas elétricas atmosféricas constituem um desafio na fisica e ciências afins. Campanhas de pesquisas em campo e instalação de redes de sensores têm formado um histórico de observações com um ótimo grau de precisão destes eventos. Apesar da grande quantidade de dados gerados, não se observam muitas publicações sobre modelagem de queda de raios nas torres de linhas de transmissão de energia elétrica. Neste trabalho, busca-se começar a preencher esta lacuna com um estudo para obtenção de um índice potencial de impacto de raios em torres de linhas de transmissão de energia elétrica. Um experimento fatorial completo combinado com as saídas de modelos regionais de previsão de tempo foi utilizado na busca deste índice. Os resultados, apesar da descoberta de poderem ser usados no diagnóstico e previsão de tornados, não foram ainda conclusivos para os objetivos deste trabalho. A ampliação na quantidade das amostragens, a realização de mais experimentos e novas pesquisas podem contribuir para a melhoria do índice potencial de impacto de raios em torres de linhas de transmissão de energia elétrica, já que esta técnica mostrou potencial para auxiliar as pesquisas na modelagem deste fenômeno
The forecast of atmospheric electrical discharges is a challenge in Physics and related Sciences. It is known that field campaigns and installation of the sensor network have shown great precision degree by the historical of the observation. Despite having large amount of data, we have had many scientific papers on modeling of lightning towers in electric transmission lines. This work aims to do a study for obtaining a Potential Index of Impacts Lightning in Electric Transmission Lines. In order to get this Index, an accurate factorial experiment was combined with regional forecast models output. As a result, although the discovery can be used for diagnosis and tornadoes forecasting, its has not been concluded by this work target yet. Having shown the technique can help the modeling research, an expansion of sample as well as new experiment and news research can contribute more for Index improvement

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Books on the topic "Lighting ratio"

Smith, Jeff. Jeff Smith's guide to head and shoulders portrait photography. Buffalo, N.Y: Amherst Media, 2009.

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Torres-Sánchez, Horacio. El rayo: Mitos, leyendas, ciencia y tecnología. 2nd ed. Bogotá: Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Ingeniería, 2002.

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Kononov, I. I. Radiotekhnicheskie metody mestoopredelenii͡a︡ grozovykh ochagov. Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat, 1986.

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I, Kravchenko V. Grozozashchita radioėlektronnykh sredstv. Moskva: "Radio i svi͡a︡zʹ", 1991.

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Gluckman, Albert Gerard. The invention and evolution of the electrotechnology to transmit electrical signals without wires: An annotated bibliography of 17th, 18th, and 19th century experimental studies of electrostatic induction, spark-gap and lightning discharges, magnetic induction, oscillating circuits, resonance, and electromagnetic wave propagation. [Washington, D.C: Washington Academy of Sciences, 1993.

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Soneff, S. Minerals: Economic and regional development agreement ; preliminary review of a communications system at the Ruttan Mine ; presented at Comm-Lite Seminar, U/G radio communications and mine lighting, Sudbury, November 24-25, 1987 / S. Soneff and S. Vongpaisal. Ottawa, Ont: CANMET, 1987.

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Icc Business Ratio Report (ICC Business Ratio Reports - the Lighting Equipment Industry). ICC Business Ratios, 1991.

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Icc Business Ratio Report (ICC Business Ratio Reports - the Lighting Equipment Industry). ICC Business Ratios, 1992.

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Icc Business Ratio Report (ICC Business Ratio Reports - the Lighting Equipment Industry). ICC Business Ratios, 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "Lighting ratio"

Moody, James L., and Jeff Ravitz. "Contrast Ratios of Displays." In Lighting for Televised Live Events, 87–89. First edition. | New York, NY : Routledge, 2021.: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429288982-14.

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Farrell, William M. "Planetary Radio Emission from Lightning: Discharge and Detectability." In Radio Astronomy at Long Wavelengths, 179–86. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/gm119p0179.

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Lanzerotti, L. J., K. Rinnert, G. Dehmel, F. O. Gliem, E. P. Krider, M. A. Uman, G. Umlauft, and J. Bach. "The Lightning and Radio Emission Detector (LRD) Instrument." In The Galileo Mission, 91–109. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2512-3_4.

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Zhao, Xi, Shishir K. Shah, and Ioannis A. Kakadiaris. "Illumination Normalization Using Self-lighting Ratios for 3D2D Face Recognition." In Computer Vision – ECCV 2012. Workshops and Demonstrations, 220–29. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33868-7_22.

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Zarka, P., W. Farrell, G. Fischer, and A. Konovalenko. "Ground-Based and Space-Based Radio Observations of Planetary Lightning." In Space Sciences Series of ISSI, 257–69. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-87664-1_16.

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"Lighting ratios." In Practical Cinematography, 123–26. Routledge, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780080480152-21.

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"Lighting ratios." In Digital Cinematography, 33–37. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780080494548-14.

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Khalifeh, Ala' Fathi, Hasan Farahneh, Christopher Mekhiel, and Xavier Fernando. "Visible Light Communication Numerous Applications." In Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, Fourth Edition, 6672–83. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2255-3.ch578.

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Visible Light Communication (VLC) is a promising research topic that aims at utilizing the visible light spectrum for data communication, which in turns off-loads the heavily utilized wireless radio spectrum. VLC can take advantage of the increased use of Light Emitting Diodes (LED) for lighting purposes in different fields, such as automotive headlights, traffic signals, advertising, aviation and general lightening. Utilizing solid state lights LEDs for lighting purposes not only saves energy but also can be used for data communication since LEDs can be easily modulated by switching the light ON and Off in frequencies above the human eye perception. This data can be transmitted in addition to the main lightening functionality of these devices. VLC is relatively easy to implement, and safe, as it does not have potential side effects like the radio signals. As such, this new technology has a great potential for adoption in several applications. This book chapter will briefly introduce the technology and discuss some potential indoors and outdoors applications.

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Skaff, Sheila. "‘So, you are a Jewish nun?’." In Studying Ida, 23–34. Liverpool University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781911325628.003.0003.

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This chapter describes how Paweł Pawlikowski's Ida opens with austere images of young novice nuns going about their lives in a convent. It analyses Ida's opening shot of an eighteen-year-old novice named Ida, who is restoring the head of a sculpture of Jesus. It also discusses Ida's striking cinematography, which shows Pawlikowski's intention to make a film of static shots or lack of camera movement that drives the viewer into a meditative state. The chapter covers several aspects of Ida's cinematography that leads the viewer into its calm, silent, relaxed world, such as the film's melancholy monochrome palette, 4:3 aspect ratio, lighting and vertical framing. It explains the meaning of Ida's vertical framing, which is a large amount of space above the characters' head in the film that signify the importance of contemplation and hint the possibility of another world above.

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Khalifeh, Ala' Fathi, Hasan Farahneh, Christopher Mekhiel, and Xavier Fernando. "Visible Light Communication Numerous Applications." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 425–37. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7359-3.ch029.

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Visible light communication (VLC) is a promising research topic that aims at utilizing the visible light spectrum for data communication, which in turn off-loads the heavily utilized wireless radio spectrum. VLC can take advantage of the increased use of light emitting diodes (LED) for lighting purposes in different fields, such as automotive headlights, traffic signals, advertising, aviation, and general lighting. Utilizing solid-state LEDs for lighting purposes not only saves energy but also can be used for data communication since LEDs can be easily modulated by switching the light on and off in frequencies above the human eye perception. This data can be transmitted in addition to the main lighting functionality of these devices. VLC is relatively easy to implement and safe, as it does not have potential side effects like the radio signals. As such, this new technology has a great potential for adoption in several applications. This chapter will briefly introduce the technology and discuss some potential indoors and outdoors applications.

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Conference papers on the topic "Lighting ratio"

Tulbure, Adrian, Gheorghe Marc, Marian Vladescu, Radu Voina, and George Muscalu. "Price-performance ratio analysis of advanced LED lighting applications." In Advanced Topics in Optoelectronics, Microelectronics and Nanotechnologies 2020, edited by Marian Vladescu, Ionica Cristea, and Razvan D. Tamas. SPIE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2572099.

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Zhao, Xi, Shishir K. Shah, and Ioannis A. Kakadiaris. "Illumination alignment using lighting ratio: Application to 3D-2D face recognition." In 2013 10th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face & Gesture Recognition (FG 2013). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/fg.2013.6553782.

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Maziarka, Joanna, Lubomir Bena, and Henryk Wachta. "Meaning of Scotopic/Photopic Ratio of Light Sources in Lighting of Outdoor Spaces." In 2018 VII. Lighting Conference of the Visegrad Countries (Lumen V4). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lumenv.2018.8521093.

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J., Lokesh, and Harshendra N. Shet K. "Energy performance, S/P ratio and psychological analysis of light sources: Road lighting." In PROCEEDINGS OF ADVANCED MATERIAL, ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY. AIP Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0024518.

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Bezbradica, Milan, and Zeljen Trpovski. "Advanced street lighting maintenance using GPS, light intensity measuring and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio." In 2014 International Conference on High Performance Computing & Simulation (HPCS). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/hpcsim.2014.6903752.

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Krarti, Moncef. "Estimation of Lighting Energy Savings From Atrium Daylighting for Office Buildings." In ASME 2014 8th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2014 12th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2014-6614.

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Atria can offer several benefits to deep plan commercial and office buildings. This includes passive heating and cooling, ventilation, and daylighting. In order to use daylight effectively in atrium buildings, the characteristics that affect the light levels and distribution must be taken into account and analyzed. These elements include roofs, shapes, well geometries, surface finishes, and glazing types. The analysis outlined in this paper shows that a larger atrium area, higher window-to-wall ratio, clear windows, and a multi-story building provide the highest energy savings. The paper also presents a simplified calculation method to determine the percent lighting energy reduction attributed to atria in office buildings with continuous dimming. The lighting energy savings due to daylighting from atria can be up to 40%.

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Kim, In-Tae, An-Seop Choi, and Seong-Kwan Hong. "A STUDY ON THE LEDS COMBINATION RATIO OF WINDOW LIGHTING FOR COLOUR TEMPERATURE AND CIRCADIAN ACTION FACTOR OF REAL SKY." In CIE 2017 Midterm Meetings and Conference on Smarter Lighting for Better Life. International Commission on Illumination, CIE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.25039/x44.2017.po74.

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Cho, Mi-Young, and Young-Sook Jeong. "Skin color difference measurement between real faces and face images from display according to lighting ratio." In 2016 16th International Conference on Control, Automation and Systems (ICCAS). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccas.2016.7832419.

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Kissock, Kelly. "A Hybrid Method for Estimating Natural Lighting Potential in Buildings." In ASME 2004 International Solar Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isec2004-65168.

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This paper describes data and algorithms to estimate typical average interior illuminance from daylighting using a hybrid of Hay, Davies, Klucher, Reindl (HDKR) method for calculating total solar radiation on a tilted surface and the Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) Lumen Method for estimating interior illuminance from daylighting. This hybrid algorithm, in conjunction with typical meteorological data, directly accounts for shading and typical local cloud cover effects on an hour-by-hour basis, which is difficult to do using the IES sky-cover or sky-ratio methods. Several experiments show reasonable agreement between measured and calculated results. Case study examples demonstrate of use of the method, when incorporated into software, to quickly analyze daylighting potential in industrial facilities, and the use of this information to develop specific recommendations for cost-effectively reducing lighting energy use in industrial facilities by improving the utilization of natural lighting.

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Wisessing, Pisut, Katja Zibrek, Douglas W. Cunningham, and Rachel Mcdonnell. "A psychophysical model to control the brightness and key-to-fill ratio in CG cartoon character lighting." In SAP '19: ACM Symposium on Applied Perception 2019. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3343036.3343127.

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