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Journal articles on the topic 'Lightning impulse test'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

KHAN, MOHAMMED ZAID, SURENDER SINGH TANWAR, RAVINDRA DAYAMA, RAHUL RAJ CHOUDHARY, and RAVINDRA MANGAL. "CONVERSION OF IMPULSE VOLTAGE GENERATOR INTO STEEP WAVE IMPULSE TEST-EQUIPMENT." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 22 (January 2013): 637–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194513010787.

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This paper demonstrates the alternative measures to generate the Steep wave impulse by using Impulse Voltage Generator (IVG) for high voltage testing of porcelain insulators. The modification of IVG by incorporating compensation of resistor, inductor, and capacitor has been achieved and further performance of the modified system has been analyzed by applying the generated lightning impulse and analyzing the electrical characteristics of impulse waves under standard lightning and fast rise multiple lightning waveform to determine the effect to improve rise time. The advantageous results have been received and being reported such as increase in overshoot compensation, increase in capacitive and inductive load ranges. Such further reduces the duration of oscillations of standard impulse voltages. The reduction in oscillation duration of steep front impulse voltages may be utilized in up gradation of Impulse Voltage Generator System. Stray capacitance could further be added in order to get the minimized difference of measurement between simulation and the field establishment.

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2

Quan, Yu Sheng, Zi Sen Ning, Hua Gui Chen, and Bo Yi. "Study on Detection Method of Transformer Winding Insulation Defects Based on Lightning Impulse Test." Advanced Materials Research 805-806 (September 2013): 847–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.805-806.847.

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Lightning impulse test for power transformer is a highly theoretical and empirical analysis tests for insulation assessment attaches great importance to the power transformer. Facing the problems of detection and diagnostic method based on lightning impulse test for power transformers, this paper proposes a new method of diagnosing the winding insulation defects using two groups of voltage and current with the half-wave and full-wave. This method treats parts of the lightning impulse voltage and current as the signal source, constructs recognition criterion which is closely related to the voltage and current, and diagnose transformer winding insulation defects. Whether the insulation damage exists in the transformer winding which has passed the lightning impulse test can also be diagnosed by the method.

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3

Velandy, Jeyabalan. "Nonlinear Interpretation Technique for Lightning Impulse Test." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 30, no. 3 (June 2015): 1623–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2015.2412681.

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4

Quan, Yu Sheng, Dai Juan Wang, Hua Gui Chen, and Zong Cheng Zhang. "Study on the Methodology of Detection for Transformer Winding Insulation Defects Based on Impulse Test." Advanced Materials Research 805-806 (September 2013): 863–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.805-806.863.

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A methodology of diagnosing the winding insulation defect according to data of transient voltage and current from the impulse voltage test is put forward in this paper. Lightning impulse test for transformer is divided into half-wave and full-wave at the moment. According to the full voltage and reduced voltage at two pressure processes. The transient voltage and current from the impulse voltage test can be divided into Series of harmonics. The insulation defect is diagnosed by dividing impulse voltage and current into series of harmonic and structuring discriminant function according to the longitudinal ratio method and cross ratio method for the corresponding period of harmonic voltage and current. The methodology is also applicable to diagnose whether there are insulation damage in the windings those have passed the lightning impulse test.

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5

Ye, Qi Ming, Liang Xie, Xiao Qing Luo, and Feng Huo. "Test Research on Phase-to-Ground Air-Gap Discharge Characteristics of UHV Substation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 492 (January 2014): 162–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.492.162.

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In order to optimize the design of UHV substation and reduce its construction investment, it is necessary to take further research of UHV substation air-gap discharge characteristics. In this paper, by using sub-conductor and tower to simulate UHV substation air-gap, lightning and switching impulse discharge characteristics tests of UHV substation are taken in the UHV AC test base of SGCC. The results show that, when the distance of conductor between tower is in range of 4m to 7m, the 50% lightning impulse and switching impulse discharge voltage rise along with the rise of air gap distance. As the air-gap increases, the switching impulse discharge voltage presents the trend of saturation. According to the analysis of test results, we can draw a conclusion that the gap factor of switching impulse discharge can be 1.22 when the minimum distance between conductors and tower is 5~8m.

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6

Yang, Jing Gang, Yong Yong Jia, Zhi Cheng Zhou, and Jun Hao Li. "The Study of Oscillating Lightning Impulse Voltage Generator for a 110kV GIS Field Test." Applied Mechanics and Materials 543-547 (March 2014): 625–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.543-547.625.

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The impulse voltage test for power equipment such as GIS is not performed in the field for the impulse voltage generator huge and difficult to operate. The oscillating impulse voltage that proposed by IEC60060-3 is a higher generation efficiency impulse waveform and suitable used in field. The oscillating lightning impulse voltage generator for a 110kV GIS field test is studied in this paper. The generator structure is described and the waveform parameter computer formula is derivate. Simulation and test shown the generator can produce impulse voltage that meet IEC60060-3 requirement.

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7

Matsumoto, Satoshi, Nobuaki Nishimura, Kazunori Kasajima, and Tatsuo Kawamura. "Relationship between Oscillating Impulse Waveform and the Base-Curve under Lightning Impulse Test." IEEJ Transactions on Power and Energy 129, no. 6 (2009): 809–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejpes.129.809.

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8

Okabe, Shigemitsu, Jun Takami, Toshihiro Tsuboi, Genyo Ueta, Akihiro Ametani, and Kunihiko Hidaka. "Discussion on standard waveform in the lightning impulse voltage test." IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation 20, no. 1 (February 2013): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdei.2013.6451353.

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9

Hatano, Ryosuke, Yasuhisa Ishikawa, Toshiaki Ueda, Kenichi Nojima, and Hideki Motoyama. "Result of Lightning Impulse Test for 275kV Full GIS Subetation." IEEJ Transactions on Power and Energy 122, no. 10 (2002): 1110–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejpes1990.122.10_1110.

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10

Okabe, Shigemitsu, Toshihiro Tsuboi, and Genyo Ueta. "Uncertainty in K-factor measurement for lightning impulse voltage test." IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation 22, no. 1 (February 2015): 266–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdei.204.004692.

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11

Kluss, J., M. Chalaki-Rostaghi, K. Yousefpour, Z. Ahmed, and F. Haque. "Influence of Standard Lightning Impulse Front Time Tolerances on the Flashover Voltage of Suspension Insulators." Proceedings of the Nordic Insulation Symposium, no. 26 (August 8, 2019): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5324/nordis.v0i26.3282.

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For high voltage impulse testing, a standard lightning impulse is defined in IEEE Std. 4 and IEC 60060-1 as a double exponential waveform having a front time T1 = 1.2 μs ± 30% and time to half-value T2 = 50 μs ± 20%. It has been noticed that for a given specimen, it is possible to successfully pass a flashover test at one end of the T1 tolerance range while failing the same test at the opposite end of the tolerance spectrum. Consequently, a systematic approach was adopted to investigate this observation. Up-and-down tests were performed to define the disruptive discharge voltage (critical flashover voltage CFO, U50) for 1, 5, 10, and 15 unit glass insulator strings standard lightning impulses using the minimum acceptance front time value (T1 ≈ 0.84 μs). Tests were repeated using the maximum tolerance value (T1 ≈ 1.56 μs) to investigate the degree of divergence in the flashover value. Particular attention is given to the steepness (voltage-time characteristics) of the applied impulse to consider if tolerance criteria amendment is merited in a future standard revision. As the steepness impact is more renowned in non-uniform geometries, field homogeneity as a function of string length is also incorporated into the analysis.

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12

Florkowski, Marek, Jakub Furgał, and Maciej Kuniewski. "Lightning Impulse Overvoltage Propagation in HVDC Meshed Grid." Energies 14, no. 11 (May 24, 2021): 3047. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14113047.

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This paper reports on the propagation of lightning overvoltage in a high-voltage direct current (HVDC) meshed grid. Since several topologies of meshed grids have been elaborated in the last decade, we used a common comprehensive reference test platform. The lightning impulse propagation was investigated with regard to the impact of surge arresters and the polarity of the lightning stroke concerning the DC line polarity (±500 kV). Various scenarios were considered, including a direct lightning strike to the DC+ conductor, to the tower, and to the shielding wire in the middle of the span, including backflash on the insulators. The influence of tower footing impedance on overvoltage levels at various nodes was assessed, depicting the critical value. A description of the models used in the simulations was provided. The main focus of the paper was on the wide-area propagation of the overvoltages in the meshed grid, at distant terminals and inside the feeders. An interesting observation was the effects of lightning at the far end of the analyzed grid, propagating through multiterminal and long-distance connections. The presented analysis, based on an exemplary meshed HVDC grid, underlines the importance of the insulation coordination studies and system security studies with respect to the localization of overvoltage protection systems.

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13

Sasimma, Watthanapong, Tanakorn Wongwuttanasatian, and Amnart Suksri. "Non-Linear Insulator Performance of Wind Turbine Blade Surface against Lightning Strike." Advanced Materials Research 1119 (July 2015): 383–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1119.383.

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This research work investigates the surface degradation of blade specimen which is made from epoxy resin mixed with non-linear fillers of Zinc oxide, Aluminium oxide and Sodium silicate in different ratio percentage. Test on surface trackability of each specimen according to IEC 60587 standard. Then, choose the best specimen which has achieved a high tracking resistance to test against lightning impulse voltage according to IEC 60243-3 at ± 60 kVpeak. A comparison has been made with the pure epoxy resin specimen as a controlled sample. The results showed that, the epoxy resin specimen with the ratio of 40% by weight of Aluminium oxide filler slow down the tracking process better than other specimen type. And from the result of lightning impulse withstand voltage test, it is found that all of the specimen were not affected.

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14

Liu, Shao Bo, Weng Ting Li, Yan Zheng, Zhao Zhi Long, and Shu Han Zhang. "Research of Process Procedures in Lighting Impulse Measurement Software." Advanced Materials Research 986-987 (July 2014): 1554–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.986-987.1554.

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According to the new processing requirements of lightning full-wave with oscillation in IEC60060-1 Ed.3.0, a impulse measurement calculation program based on Labview has been designed. The method of starting point determination and curve fitting has been introduced. Ordered sample mean clustering thinking was used to find the chopping point of lighting impulse tail-chopping waveform. Waveforms in TDG(test data generator)2.0.6 in IEC61083-2Ed2.0 were used to check the accuracy of the calculation program. The uncertainty of test results has also been estimated. Test results show that this calculation program meets the requirements in IEC61083-2. When the calculation program was used with oscilloscope or data capture card,the accuracy of impulse measurement system can be ensured. It is of significant importance in impulse measurement research.

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15

Miyazaki, Satoru, Hisashi Goshima, Takatoshi Shindo, Etsuhiro Hino, Tomoki Banno, Junzo Kida, Haruhisa Wada, Takayuki Wakimoto, and Masaru Ishii. "Comparison Test of High-Voltage Measuring Systems for Lightning Impulse in Japan." IEEJ Transactions on Power and Energy 135, no. 11 (2015): 675–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejpes.135.675.

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16

Okabe, S., T. Tsuboi, and G. Ueta. "Study on lightning impulse test waveform for UHV-class electric power equipment." IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation 19, no. 3 (June 2012): 803–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdei.2012.6215083.

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17

Pattanadech, Norasage, and Peerawut Yutthagowith. "Fast curve fitting algorithm for parameter evaluation in lightning impulse test technique." IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation 22, no. 5 (October 2015): 2931–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdei.2015.005165.

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18

Zhang, Xuanrui, Minxia Shi, Cong He, and Junhao Li. "On Site Oscillating Lightning Impulse Test and Insulation Diagnose for Power Transformers." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 35, no. 5 (October 2020): 2548–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2020.2965804.

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19

Widyastuti, Diah Suwarti, and Sugiarto Sugiarto. "DAMPAK PEMBERIAN IMPULS ARUS TERHADAP TINGKAT PERLINDUNGAN ARRESTER TEGANGAN RENDAH." Angkasa: Jurnal Ilmiah Bidang Teknologi 7, no. 2 (September 13, 2017): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.28989/angkasa.v7i2.151.

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Arrester is a device used to protect equipment and electrical systems against overvoltage that one reason is the surge of lightning. Because lightning is a natural phenomenon that the process can not be predicted about time and magnitude of the impulse currents, and if arrester hit by lightning impulse with high peak current value and than arrester is feared can not operate as it should. This research use three impulse current peak value there are 533.33A (0.03 pu), 3866.6A (0.3 pu) and 6858.7A (0.5 pu) tested at low voltage arresters. The test results shown the highest value of leakage current arrester at a maximum voltage of operation (Uc) after buffeted by the current impulse has a value of leakage current 0,32 mA, 0,33 mA and 0,33 mA respectively, still below 1 mA (corresponding international standard IEC 61643-1 Edition 2.0 03/2005). Based on the value of leakage current, it can be said that the arresters in good condition and have not changed the characteristics of volt-ampere (current leaking still relatively the same) and still have good insulating properties even after the current impulse overwritten. The highest value of residual voltage arresters at the peak impulse voltage 10 kV, 15 kV, 20 kV and 24 kV, is 1124 Volt meaning that the margin has exceeded the limit of endurance voltage VW1 class (1000 Volts) amounted to 112.4%, and not exceed the VW2 (2000 Volt) amounted to 43.5%, according to ISO standard 04-7021.21-2004, arresters can be used to protect the electrical equipment with voltage endurance on VW2 class.

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20

Glushko, V. I., and E. A. Deryugina. "DETERMINATION OF THE LEVEL OF OVERVOLTAGE IN THE SECONDARY CIRCUITS OF SUBSTATIONS WHEN LIGHTNING IMPULSE VOLTAGE IS DISTRIBUTED IN HIGH-VOLTAGE BUSES." ENERGETIKA. Proceedings of CIS higher education institutions and power engineering associations 60, no. 3 (May 17, 2017): 211–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1029-7448-2017-60-3-211-227.

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Lightning voltage impulse due to the waves of storm surge rolling out the high voltage line to a substation causes current to flow in the buses that, due to magnetic effect, induces overvoltage in the secondary circuit. Overvoltage in the system “wire – ground” is considered as obstructions which are hazard in relation to the possibility of electrical damage of the devices of relay protection and automation of substations. With the use of the inverse Laplace transformation, the solution of the problem the magnetic influence of the primary circuits to secondary circuits in the time domain depending on time of transition, which always occurs during the distribution of the voltage impulse in the buses, has been obtained. Estimation of the level of overvol tage in the system “wire – ground” for the case of failure of a bus nonlinear surges and arresters when lightning impulse of voltage is distributed on the buses along their length without deformation has been fulfilled. Solutions are obtained for overvoltage in the secondary circuits, according to which the levels of overvoltage can be estimated as “extremely stepped-up”, “lowered” and “averagely stepped-up” levels. With a method of computational experiment the levels of overvol tage for distribution substations with voltage 110 and 220 kV were assessed. The results are compared with the normalized values of the interference voltage. The suggested method of calculation of impulse magnetic influence of the primary circuits on the secondary circuits of substations while lightning impulse voltage is being distributed in high voltage buses for the case of failure of a nonlinear surge and arresters at the stage of design and operation of substations can be used as a test method for estimation of electrical durability of relay protection and automatic equipment from lightning and switching overvoltage.

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21

Sun, Jinru, Xuanjiannan Li, Xiangyu Tian, Jingliang Chen, and Xueling Yao. "Dynamic electrical characteristics of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composite under low intensity lightning current impulse." Advanced Composites Letters 29 (January 1, 2020): 2633366X2094277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2633366x20942775.

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The distribution and conduction path of lightning current inside carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites subjected to lightning strikes are determined by their dynamic conductive characteristics. An experimental platform that generates lightning current impulses with variable parameters was established to obtain the equivalent conductivities of CFRPs with different laminated structures. The experimental results indicated that the through-thickness conductivity (10−3 S/mm) was much lower than the in-plane conductivity (100 S/mm). Then, the dynamic conduction model of CFRPs was analyzed based on the anisotropic nonlinear conductivities of CFRPs under lightning currents of 50–1000 A. The CFRP laminate could be regarded as a series circuit of resistance and inductance. The dynamic conductance of the CFRP laminate first increased and then decreased during the single lightning current strike process, which was closely related to the conductive properties of the interlaminar resin. The inductive properties of the CFRP material were manifested in the test results, which showed that the voltage reached the peak value prior to the current waveform and the equivalent conductivities of the CFRPs increased as the rate of increase decreased and the duration increased. In addition, the equivalent inductance of the carbon fiber network was found to be an important part of the inductive effect of CFRP laminates. This research is helpful for understanding the complicated relationships in the lightning current conducting process and can provide experimental and theoretical support for CFRP coupled electrical–thermal simulation studies of lightning direct effects.

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22

Ueta, Genyo, Toshihiro Tsuboi, and Shigemitsu Okabe. "Evaluation Techniques of Lightning Impulse Test Waveform for UHV-class Electric Power Equipment." IEEJ Transactions on Power and Energy 134, no. 3 (2014): 218–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejpes.134.218.

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23

Meng, Jiadong, Tianxiang Chen, Dajin Chen, Rongquan Wang, and Lei Wang. "Study on Influence Factors of Lightning Impulse Test Waveform of UHV GIS Equipment." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 192 (November 5, 2018): 012025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/192/1/012025.

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24

Mirzaei, Hassan Reza. "A Simple Fast and Accurate Simulation Method for Power Transformer Lightning Impulse Test." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 34, no. 3 (June 2019): 1151–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2019.2904864.

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25

Filipović-Grčić, Božidar, Dalibor Filipović-Grčić, and Petar Gabrić. "Estimation of load capacitance and stray inductance in lightning impulse voltage test circuits." Electric Power Systems Research 119 (February 2015): 439–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2014.11.007.

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26

Tuethong, Piyapon, Krit Kitwattana, Peerawut Yutthagowith, and Anantawat Kunakorn. "An Algorithm for Circuit Parameter Identification in Lightning Impulse Voltage Generation for Low-Inductance Loads." Energies 13, no. 15 (July 31, 2020): 3913. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13153913.

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This paper presents an effective technique based on an artificial neural network algorithm utilized for circuit parameter identification in lightning impulse generation for low inductance loads such as low voltage windings of a power transformer, a large distribution transformer and an air core reactor. The limitation of the combination between Glaninger’s circuit and the circuit parameter selection from Feser’s suggestions in term of producing an impulse waveform to be compliant with standard requirements when working with a low inductance load is discussed. In Feser’s approach, the circuit parameters of the generation circuit need to be further adjusted to obtain the waveform compliant with the standard requirement. In this process, trial and error approaches based on test engineers’ experience are employed in the circuit parameter selection. To avoid the unintentional damage from electrical field stress during the voltage waveform adjustment process, circuit simulators, such as Pspice and EMTP/ATP, are very useful to examine the generated voltage waveform before the experiments on the test object are carried out. In this paper, a system parameter identification based on an artificial neural network algorithm is applied to determine the appropriate circuit parameters in the test circuit. This impulse voltage generation with the selected circuit parameters was verified by simulations and an experiment. It was found that the generation circuit gives satisfactory impulse voltage waveforms in accordance with the standard requirement for the maximum charging capacitance of 10 µF and the load inductance from 400 µH to 4 mH. From the simulation and experimental results of all cases, the approach proposed in this paper is useful for test engineers in selection of appropriate circuit components for impulse voltage tests with low inductance loads instead of employing conventional trial and error in circuit component selection.

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Okabe, Shigemitsu, Toshihiro Tsuboi, Genyou Ueta, Jun Takami, and Hideo Hirose. "Basic study of fitting method for base curve extraction in lightning impulse test techniques." IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation 17, no. 1 (February 2010): 2–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdei.2010.5411995.

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Wen, Tao, Qiaogen Zhang, Lingli Zhang, Jingtan Ma, Can Guo, Ming Chen, Yuan Li, Naoyuki Shimomura, and Weijiang Chen. "Discussion on lightning impulse test waveform according to breakdown characteristics of SF6 gas gaps." IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation 24, no. 4 (2017): 2306–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdei.2017.006605.

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29

Cheng, Andrew. "Lightning Plays the Stadium." Mechanical Engineering 124, no. 02 (February 1, 2002): 60–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2002-feb-6.

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This article highlights proper electrical grounding when roof structures have no fixed connections to the ground. The roof’s mechanization designers, at Uni-Systems Inc. in Minneapolis, decided to study the effects of an electrical impulse through a machine-bearing surface. Uni-Systems had been confident that implementing conventional copper shunt grounding to bypass the nonconductive points would solve one problem. However, once the path was shunted, current was routed to the wheels and bearings. Testing would be required to identify the effects of a lightning strike in a greased bearing. Uni-Systems returned to Neetrac to test a new assembly, consisting of a plain spherical bearing with fibriloid liner, an axle, and spacers, installed to an eye bracket machined to house the bearing and a clevis bracket. The tests showed that with shunt wires installed, a current with up to 20,000 amperes passing through the hinge has no adverse effect—either short or long term—on the hinge bearing. Thus, the hinge bearing assembly can be used as a part of the grounding path for lightning protection.

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Sun, Jinru, Xueling Yao, Wenjun Xu, Jingliang Chen, and Yi Wu. "Evaluation method for lightning damage of carbon fiber reinforced polymers subjected to multiple lightning strikes with different combinations of current components." Journal of Composite Materials 54, no. 1 (June 29, 2019): 111–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998319860562.

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The aircraft lightning environment consists of four lightning current components with different parameters, which are known as lightning components A, B, C and D. The lightning damage of aeronautic carbon fiber reinforced polymer laminates subjected to multiple continuous sequential lightning current components with different timing combinations was experimentally evaluated. The experimental results indicated that the carbon fiber reinforced polymer laminates suffered serious lightning damage, including carbon fiber fracture, resin pyrolysis and delamination. Through an analysis of the lightning damage properties of carbon fiber reinforced polymers, the influential factors and evaluation methods of the lightning damage in carbon fiber reinforced polymer laminates were studied. Because the lightning damage evaluation method under a single lightning impulse was found to be inapplicable for the multiple continuous lightning strikes, a multi-factor evaluation method was proposed. In the multiple continuous lightning strike test, the damage depth was found to be closely related to lightning components A, B and D and could be estimated based on the amplitudes and rise rates of the applied lightning components. Increases in the damaged area after a lightning strike were driven by lightning component C due to its substantial thermal effects. The damaged area was evaluated on the basis of the parameters of the electrical action integral and the transfer charge. The research on the evaluation methods for carbon fiber reinforced polymer laminate lightning damage presented herein may provide experimental support and a theoretical basis for studying the lightning effect mechanism and optimizing material formulations, manufacturing processes and structural designs to achieve performance improvements for carbon fiber reinforced polymer laminates in the future.

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Katim, Nurul, Mohd Ishak, Nur Mohamad Amin, Mardhiah Abdul Hamid, Khairol Amali Ahmad, and Norhafiz Azis. "Lightning Breakdown Voltage Evaluation of Palm Oil and Coconut Oil as Transformer Oil under Quasi-Uniform Field Conditions." Energies 11, no. 10 (October 9, 2018): 2676. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11102676.

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This paper presents lightning (1.2/50 µs) breakdown voltages of palm oil (PO), coconut oil (CO) and mineral oil (MO) in a quasi-uniform sphere to sphere electric field at two gap distances. The type of PO used in this study is Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Oil (RBDPO) Olein type. The effect of voltage polarities (positive and negative) and testing methods (rising voltage, up and down and multiple level) on the lightning breakdown performance were investigated. The results indicated that lightning breakdown voltages of CO and RBDPO are comparable to those of MO under various test conditions. The results indicated that there is no polarity effect for lightning impulse breakdown tests in a quasi-uniform field. The testing methods, including rising voltage method, up and down method and multiple level method have a notable influence on the breakdown voltages. The effect of the 50% breakdown voltage on rising voltage method, up and down method and multiple level method for RBDPO and CO is comparable to MO. The withstand voltage at 1% and 50% breakdown probabilities were obtained using the Normal distribution fitting on the cumulative probability plot of impulse shots. Based on a normal distribution fitting, withstand voltages 1% breakdown probability of POA were close to the MO. Finally, based on statistical studies and simulation using ANSYS software, the prediction formulas for breakdown voltage for larger gap distances for all samples were derived.

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32

Chen, Jiaqi, Potao Sun, Wenxia Sima, Qianqiu Shao, Lian Ye, and Chuang Li. "A Promising Nano-Insulating-Oil for Industrial Application: Electrical Properties and Modification Mechanism." Nanomaterials 9, no. 5 (May 23, 2019): 788. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9050788.

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Despite being discovered more than 20 years ago, nanofluids still cannot be used in the power industry. The fundamental reason is that nano-insulating oil has poor stability, and its electrical performance decreases under negative impulse voltage. We found that C60 nanoparticles can maintain long-term stability in insulating oil without surface modification. C60 has strong electronegativity and photon absorption ability, which can comprehensively improve the electrical performance of insulating oil. This finding has great significance for the industrial application of nano-insulating oil. In this study, six concentrations of nano-C60 modified insulating oil (CMIO) were prepared, and their breakdown strength and dielectric properties were tested. The thermally stimulated current (TSC) curves of fresh oil (FO) and CMIO were experimentally determined. The test results indicate that C60 nanoparticles can simultaneously improve the positive and negative lightning impulse and power frequency breakdown voltage of insulating oil, while hardly increasing dielectric loss. At 150 mg/L, the positive and negative lightning impulse breakdown voltages of CMIO increased by 7.51% and 8.33%, respectively, compared with those of FO. The AC average breakdown voltage reached its peak (18.0% higher compared with FO) at a CMIO concentration of 200 mg/L. Based on the test results and the special properties of C60, we believe that changes in the trap parameters, the strong electron capture ability of C60, and the absorption capacity of C60 for photons enhanced the breakdown performance of insulating oil by C60 nanoparticles.

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Lin, Wenhua, Yeqing Wang, Youssef Aider, Mojtaba Rostaghi-Chalaki, Kamran Yousefpour, Joni Kluss, David Wallace, Yakun Liu, and Weifei Hu. "Analysis of damage modes of glass fiber composites subjected to simulated lightning strike impulse voltage puncture and direct high voltage AC puncture." Journal of Composite Materials 54, no. 26 (May 22, 2020): 4067–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998320927736.

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Understanding the damage mechanisms of fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composite materials under high voltage conditions is of great significance for lightning strike protection and high voltage insulation applications of composite structures. In this paper, we investigated effects of the lightning impulse (LI) voltage and high voltage alternating current (HVAC) puncture on damage modes of the electrically nonconductive glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) matrix composite materials through experimental tests and numerical simulations. The LI and HVAC tests represent the lightning strike and high voltage insulation cable puncture conditions, respectively. Our experimental examinations showed that GFRP composite specimens subjected to the LI voltage test exhibited distinct damage modes compared with those in the HVAC puncture test. The GFRP composite material suffered more charring and fiber vaporization in the HVAC puncture test, whereas less matrix charring and fiber vaporization but severe fiber breakage and delamination in response to the LI voltage tests. The findings indicate that the thermal effect dominates the damage of GFRP composites inflicted by the HVAC puncture test, whereas the mechanical impact effect governs the GFRP composite damage in the LI voltage test. In addition, the electric arc plasma formation during the puncture of the GFRP composite material was modeled through solving Maxwell’s equations and the heat generation equations using finite element analysis. Simulation results provided insights on the effects of duration and intensity of the high voltage electric discharge on the composite damage.

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Murata, Koichi, Nobuhiro Kuroda, and Hiroyuki Mabuchi. "The Performance Evaluation of Surge Absorber Contained Low Voltage Distribution Equipments by Lightning Impulse Test." IEEJ Transactions on Power and Energy 124, no. 9 (2004): 1117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejpes.124.1117.

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Sato, Shuji, Seisuke Nishimura, Hiroyuki Shimizu, and Hisatoshi Ikeda. "Influence of the Test Voltage Function over Lightning Impulse Response Parameters Measured by Long Cable." IEEJ Transactions on Power and Energy 138, no. 3 (2018): 242–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejpes.138.242.

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Okabe, Shigemitsu, Toshihiro Tsuboi, and Jun Takami. "Basic study of possible waveforms generated in lightning impulse withstand voltage test on UHV equipment." IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation 16, no. 4 (August 2009): 1127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdei.2009.5211866.

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Wen, Tao, Qiaogen Zhang, Yifan Qin, Junping Zhao, Jingtan Ma, Zhicheng Wu, Naoyuki Shimomura, et al. "On-site standard lightning impulse test for 1,100-kV gas-insulated switchgear with large capacitance." IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine 32, no. 6 (November 2016): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mei.2016.7656809.

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Diaz, Ricardo R., and Adan A. Segovia. "A physical approach of the test voltage function for evaluation of the impulse parameters in lightning impulse voltages with superimposed oscillations and overshoots." IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation 23, no. 5 (October 2016): 2738–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdei.2016.7736833.

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39

Wang, Guoming, Woo-Hyun Kim, Jong-Hyuk Lee, and Gyung-Suk Kil. "Condition monitoring and deterioration analysis of metal oxide varistor." Journal of Electrical Engineering 69, no. 5 (September 1, 2018): 352–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jee-2018-0051.

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Abstract With the growing demand for application of metal-oxide varistor (MOV) in low-voltage electronic circuits for overvoltage protection, it is necessary to ensure its performance to avoid the short-circuit and the line-to-ground fault during operation. In this paper, a precise leakage current analyzer was developed to detect the total leakage current and third harmonic component of MOV for its condition monitoring. The voltage- and temperature-dependent measuring uncertainties were compensated using the multipliers. In addition, the deterioration characteristics of the MOV and the newly developed thermally protected metal-oxide varistor (TMOV) were investigated in the accelerated aging test. From the experimental results, the MOV deteriorated much faster under the lightning current impulse synchronized with power-frequency voltage. The thermally activated fuse of TMOV exploded under two types of impulses, which indicated that the TMOV is much more vulnerable and that it is difficult to diagnose the condition of energized TMOV in advance.

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Ueta, Genyo, Toshihiro Tsuboi, Jun Takami, Shigemitsu Okabe, and Akihiro Ametani. "Study on the K-factor function in the lightning impulse test for UHV-class electric power equipment." IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation 19, no. 4 (August 2012): 1383–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdei.2012.6260015.

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Wen, Tao, Qiaogen Zhang, Jingtan Ma, Xuandong Liu, Zhicheng Wu, Lingli Zhang, Junping Zhao, Naoyuki Shimomura, and Weijiang Chen. "Research on the detecting effectiveness of on-site lightning impulse test for GIS equipment with insulation defects." IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation 25, no. 2 (April 2018): 551–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdei.2018.006961.

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Hsu, Chang-Hung. "Experimental results of electromechanical structure properties of noise and vibration on power transformers after lightning impulse test." International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 134 (January 2022): 107458. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2021.107458.

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Shih, Chien-Fu, Liann-Be Chang, Ming-Jer Jeng, Yu-Li Hsieh, Ying-Chang Li, and Zi-Xin Ding. "GaN 2DEG Varactor-Based Impulse Suppression Module for Protection Against Malicious Electromagnetic Interference." Journal of Electronic Materials 49, no. 11 (April 10, 2020): 6798–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11664-020-08110-0.

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Abstract A GaN-based metal–semiconductor–metal varactor with a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) layer is proposed and fabricated. The capacitance variation of this fabricated varactor biased at different external voltages is studied and measured, and the frequency-dependent capacitance and resistance of the varactor are simulated by a corresponding empirical formula. A high-frequency protective filter is further constructed and placed under a large pulsed-current injection in a malicious electromagnetic interference immunity test. The results show that the proposed GaN-based module can reduce the large pulsed current to an acceptably small level. Thus, the GaN-based 2DEG varactor is an attractive candidate for applications designed to protect the upcoming 5G high-frequency system from risks such as electrostatic discharge, lightning, and electromagnetic pulses.

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Miyazaki, Satoru, Hisashi Goshima, Takaaki Amano, Hiroyuki Shinkai, Masafumi Yashima, Takayuki Wakimoto, and Masaru Ishii. "Application of Step-response Test for Evaluation of Uncertainty of Standard Measuring System for Lightning-Impulse High Voltage." IEEJ Transactions on Power and Energy 131, no. 5 (2011): 455–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejpes.131.455.

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Ueta, Genyo, Toshihiro Tsuboi, Jun Takami, Shigemitsu Okabe, and Hideo Hirose. "Evaluation of overshoot rate of lightning impulse withstand voltage test waveform based on new base curve fitting methods." IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation 17, no. 4 (August 2010): 1336–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdei.2010.5539706.

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46

Miyazaki, Satoru, Hisashi Goshima, Takaaki Amano, Hiroyuki Shinkai, Masafumi Yashima, Takayuki Wakimoto, and Masaru Ishii. "Application of step-response test for evaluation of uncertainty of standard measuring system for lightning-impulse high voltage." Electrical Engineering in Japan 180, no. 2 (April 24, 2012): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eej.21279.

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Jang, Jae-Kyeong, Jong-Min Hyun, Dae-Sung Son, and Jung-Ryul Lee. "Nondestructive and electromagnetic evaluations of stealth structures damaged by lightning strike." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 30, no. 17 (July 12, 2019): 2567–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x19862366.

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Stealth technology is very important for the survival of military aircraft. A stealth aircraft structure has both electromagnetic and mechanical functions. Lightning can cause failure on both the points. In this study, we claim that the stealth structure should be evaluated nondestructively and electromagnetically, and we propose a method for full-field evaluations of both the functions. First, a radar absorbing structure was designed and fabricated with stealth capability in the X-band. The radar absorbing structure consisted of a carbon nanotube layer (glass/epoxy dispersed with multiwalled carbon nanotubes), a spacer layer (glass/epoxy) and a perfect electrical conductor layer. A lightning test was performed using an impulse current generator according to standard regulations. Then, nondestructive damage and electromagnetic performance evaluations were performed using a pulse-echo laser ultrasonic propagation imager and a scanning free-space measurement system, respectively. The results showed that neither structural damage nor changes in the electromagnetic properties were observed during the two evaluations. In general, the composites were severely damaged by lightning. However, it turned out that the radar absorbing structure with the carbon nanotube layer could prevent serious damage to stealth function as well as material damage owing to the high conductivity of the carbon nanotubes dispersed in its surface layer.

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Kossowski, Tomasz, and Łukasz Matuszewski. "Non-Real-Time Wireless System for Lightning Effect Measurements." Applied Sciences 11, no. 9 (May 5, 2021): 4204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11094204.

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This article presents the results of experimental tests of a measuring system dedicated to the study of lightning phenomena. A wireless non-real-time communication arrangement was used as a prototype to protect the system by overvoltage and electromagnetic noise generated by high-current pulses. All data were collected after analog-to-digital conversion in the RAM of the measuring probe and then transmitted to the recorder after the surge current disappeared. The current generator creates electromagnetic disturbances resulting from its work and those arising from the impulse generated at the output. The wireless measuring system ensures safe operation and avoids measurement disturbances by resigning from the physical connection of the probe and the recorder. The proposed solution enables simultaneous (synchronous) measurement at many points, regardless of the location (for convenient change of the measurement site without cables or optical fibers). Long battery life allows measurements in the laboratory or on the test site without a power source. High accuracy of the measured signal value was obtained thanks to the 16 bit resolution, and the device parameters can be remotely modified. The wireless connection guarantees the safety of people and equipment throughout the laboratory.

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Wu, Dong, and Ju-feng Wang. "Lightning Protection of the Explosion Airflow Arc-Quenching Gap for 110 kV Transmission Lines." Energies 14, no. 16 (August 19, 2021): 5126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14165126.

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With the increase in the voltage level and number of transmission lines, the probability of lightning strikes on transmission lines is significantly increased, while lightning breakage accidents occur frequently. Therefore, an explosion airflow arc-quenching gap for 110 kV transmission lines was developed based on the idea of rapid extinction. A mathematical model of the detonation wave based on the CJ (Chapman–Jouget) detonation wave theory was developed to calculate the detonation air pressure and analyze its influencing factors. ANSYS software and the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model were used to simulate the process of detonation airflow coupled with an arc, and the simulation results indicated that the power frequency arc was evidently suppressed with the influence of airflow, which can effectively prevent arcing. A combined impulse and power frequency test and arc-quenching tests were performed to verify the effectiveness of the arc-quenching gap. The results of the combined test indicated that the arc burn time was 0.1 ms and that no power frequency continuous current was displayed. The results ensured the accuracy of the simulation model. The results of the arc-quenching tests proved that the explosion airflow can extinguish a power frequency arc with an amplitude of 40 kA in half of a power frequency arc cycle.

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Ueta, Genyo, Toshihiro Tsuboi, Shigemitsu Okabe, Yoshinori Shimizu, and Etsuhiro Hino. "K-factor value and front time related characteristics of UHV-class air insulation for positive polarity lightning impulse test." IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation 19, no. 3 (June 2012): 877–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdei.2012.6215090.

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