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Journal articles on the topic 'Lightning network'
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1
Poelman, Dieter R., Wolfgang Schulz, and Christian Vergeiner. "Performance Characteristics of Distinct Lightning Detection Networks Covering Belgium." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 30, no. 5 (2013): 942–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-12-00162.1.
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Abstract This study reports results from electric field measurements coupled to high-speed camera observations of cloud-to-ground lightning to test the performance of lightning location networks in terms of its detection efficiency and location accuracy. The measurements were carried out in August 2011 in Belgium, during which 57 negative cloud-to-ground flashes, with a total of 210 strokes, were recorded. One of these flashes was followed by a continuing current of over 1 s—one of the longest ever observed in natural negative cloud-to-ground lightning. Lightning data gathered from the lightning detection network operated by the Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium [consisting of a network employing solely Surveillance et Alerte Foudre par Interférométrie Radioélectrique (SAFIR) sensors and a network combining SAFIR and LS sensors], the European Cooperation for Lightning Detection (EUCLID), Vaisala’s Global Lightning Detection network GLD360, and the Met Office’s long-range Arrival Time Difference network (ATDnet) are evaluated against this ground-truth dataset. It is found that all networks are capable of detecting over 90% of the observed flashes, but a larger spread is observed at the level of the individual strokes. The median location accuracy varies between 0.6 and 1 km, except for the SAFIR network, locating the ground contacts with 6.1-km median accuracy. The same holds for the reported peak currents, where a good correlation is found among the networks that provide peak current estimates, apart from the SAFIR network being off by a factor of 3.
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Liu, Anjiang, Ruifa Feng, Yang Zhang, et al. "Lightning Fault Location of 10kV Distribution Network With Multistage Branch Lines." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2427, no. 1 (2023): 012029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2427/1/012029.
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Abstract With the continuous expansion of the distribution network scale, the multi-level branch line of the distribution network has been widely used because of its economic and flexible power supply. However, multi-level branch lines also make fault location more challenging. This paper proposes a lightning fault location method for distribution networks with multi-level branch lines. Firstly, the distribution network is divided into several areas, and the lightning strike area is judged by the polarity of the lightning current on the line. Then, according to the number of current monitoring terminals in the lightning strike area, the appropriate lightning location determination matrix is selected. This method not only takes into account the shunting effect of many branch lines in the distribution network on the lightning current of the main line, but also considers the lightning fault location on the secondary branch line. It is beneficial to improve the lightning fault location finding, patrol inspection, and rapid power supply recovery of complex distribution lines in mountainous areas, reduce the burden of personnel, and improve the intelligent and digital level of distribution lines.
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Zhu, Yanan, Michael Stock, Jeff Lapierre, and Elizabeth DiGangi. "Upgrades of the Earth Networks Total Lightning Network in 2021." Remote Sensing 14, no. 9 (2022): 2209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14092209.
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The Earth Networks Total Lightning Network (ENTLN) launched a new processor (P2021) in December 2021. Some major upgrades were made in the new processor, including a new classification algorithm, a new propagation model, and regional data processing architecture. Ground-truth datasets of natural and rocket-triggered lightning acquired in Florida were used to evaluate the performance characteristics of the new processor. Compared to the last processor launched in 2015 (P2015), the stroke classification accuracy increased from 91% to 94% for natural lightning and from 86% to 88% for rocket-triggered lightning. The location accuracy improved significantly with the median location error decreasing from 215 m to 92 m. On a global scale, we found the number of pulses detected by the ENLTN increased in all regions with an overall detection gain of 149%. One can see modest gains in detection in regions with a fairly dense network of sensors and significant gains in regions where sensor density is much lower. Each of the major upgrades as well as their influences on the performance characteristics of the ENLTN are discussed.
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Li, Jie, Bingzhe Dai, Jiahao Zhou, et al. "Preliminary Application of Long-Range Lightning Location Network with Equivalent Propagation Velocity in China." Remote Sensing 14, no. 3 (2022): 560. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14030560.
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The equivalent propagation method adopts a variable propagation velocity in lightning location, minimizing the location error caused by various factors in the long-range lightning location network. To verify the feasibility of this method, we establish a long-range lightning location network in China. A new method is used to extract the ground wave peak points of the lightning sferics and is combined with the equivalent propagation velocity method for lightning location. By comparing with the lightning data detected by the lightning locating system called advanced direction and time-of-arrival detecting (ADTD) that has been widely used for tens of years in China, the feasibility of this method is initially verified. Additionally, it is found that the relative detection efficiency of our long-range lightning location network can reach 53%, the average location error is 9.17 km, and the detection range can reach more than 3000 km. The equivalent propagation method can improve the average location accuracy by ~1.16 km, compared with the assumed light speed of lightning-radiated sferic from the lightning stroke point to the observation station. The 50th percentile of the equal propagation velocity is 0.998c, which may be used in the long-range lightning location networks.
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Shcherbina, E. S., and V. І. Mesyura. "Finding the Optimal Payment Route in the Lightning Network." Visnyk of Vinnytsia Politechnical Institute 153, no. 6 (2020): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.31649/1997-9266-2020-153-6-93-99.
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Hoole, Paul Ratnamahilan Polycarp, Nur Farah Aziz, Velappa Ganapathy, Kanesan Jeevan, Ramiah Harikrishnan, and Samuel Ratnajeevan Herbert Hoole. "Aircraft Mounted Neural Network Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) Location." Materials Science Forum 721 (June 2012): 331–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.721.331.
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Abstract. Cloud to ground and cloud to cloud lightning flashes pose a threat to the aircraft body and the electronic systems inside the aircraft. In this paper we present a single unit, as opposed to a three unit, lightning locator mounted on the aircraft that uses the wave-shapes of electromagnetic fields radiated by lightning and electrical activity ahead of the aircraft to locate the distance range of lightning activity. A three element array antenna scans the area ahead of the aircraft to narrow down the area ahead where the lightning or threatening electrical activity is. Moreover, the unique shape of the electric fields depending on the distance from the lightning activity is used by a neural network to train and recognize the distance range of the lightning activity from the aircraft on which the lightning detector is mounted. The combined use of the three element array antenna and the neural network provides the required knowledge of lightning activity for the pilot to take evasive action.
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Bourriez, F., J. A. Sauvaud, J. L. Pinçon, J. J. Berthelier, and M. Parrot. "A statistical study over Europe of the relative locations of lightning and associated energetic burst of electrons from the radiation belt." Annales Geophysicae 34, no. 1 (2016): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-157-2016.
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Abstract. The DEMETER (Detection of Electro-Magnetic Emissions Transmitted from Earthquake Regions) spacecraft detects short bursts of lightning-induced electron precipitation (LEP) simultaneously with newly injected upgoing whistlers. The LEP occurs within < 1 s of the causative lightning discharge. First in situ observations of the size and location of the region affected by the LEP precipitation are presented on the basis of a statistical study made over Europe using the DEMETER energetic particle detector, wave electric field experiment, and networks of lightning detection (Météorage, the UK Met Office Arrival Time Difference network (ATDnet), and the World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN)). The LEP is shown to occur significantly north of the initial lightning and extends over some 1000 km on each side of the longitude of the lightning. In agreement with models of electron interaction with obliquely propagating lightning-generated whistlers, the distance from the LEP to the lightning decreases as lightning proceed to higher latitudes.
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Orville, Richard E. "Development of the National Lightning Detection Network." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 89, no. 2 (2008): 180–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-89-2-180.
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The development of the National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) can be traced from the initial funding by the Electric Power Research Institute in June 1983. This support, when coupled with a small National Science Foundation-sponsored research program at the State University of New York at Albany, would lead in just six years to the coverage of 48 states by a network of lightning detectors providing the location and physical characteristics of nearly all cloud-to-ground lightning flashes in the continental United States. The generous sharing of data from existing federal lightning detection networks provided one-third of this national coverage. The measured lightning characteristics included stroke location to an accuracy of roughly 2 km, polarity and peak current estimates, and flash multiplicity or number of strokes within the flash. The development of satellite communications during this period ensured the receipt of data and the transmission of flash characteristics to consumers in the university, government, and private sectors. The history of the NLDN development is a story driven by technology with its roots in the 1970s. The future of lightning detection is embodied within the current satellite plans for a Geostationary Lightning Mapper to observe total lightning in the Western Hemisphere as part of the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite-R (GOESR) program, with launch dates as early as 2014.
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Poelman, Dieter R., Françoise Honoré, Graeme Anderson, and Stéphane Pedeboy. "Comparing a Regional, Subcontinental, and Long-Range Lightning Location System over the Benelux and France." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 30, no. 10 (2013): 2394–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-12-00263.1.
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Abstract Increasing possibilities for using lightning data—for instance, in monitoring and tracking applications—necessitate proper spatial and temporal mapping of lightning events. It is therefore of importance to assess the capabilities and limitations of a ground-based lightning network of interest to locate electromagnetic signals emitted by lightning discharges. In this paper, data covering two storm seasons, between May and September 2011 and 2012, are used to compare the spatial and temporal lightning observations of three different lightning location systems over an area covering the Benelux and France. The lightning datasets from a regional network employing Surveillance et Alerte Foudre par Interférométrie Radioélectrique (SAFIR) sensors operated by the Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium (RMIB), a subcontinental network operated by Météorage (MTRG), and the Met Office's long-range Arrival Time Difference network (ATDnet) are considered. It is found that the median location difference among corresponding strokes and flashes between ATDnet and MTRG is 1.9 and 2.8 km, respectively, and increases by a factor of ~3 when comparing ATDnet and/or MTRG to SAFIR. The absolute mean time difference between shared events fluctuates between approximately 25 and 100 μs. Furthermore, lightning data are correlated in terms of relative detection efficiency, quantifying the number of detections that coincide between two different networks. The highest relative values are found among ATDnet and MTRG. In addition, a lower limit of ~25% of ATDnet's flashes are of type inter/intracloud. Finally, it is demonstrated that all three networks are competent in mapping the electrical activity in thunderstorms.
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Gilbert, David E., Bruce R. Johnson, and Cedric Zala. "A reliability study of the lightning locating network in British Columbia." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 17, no. 9 (1987): 1060–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x87-162.
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To combat the major problem of lightning-caused forest fires in British Columbia, the British Columbia Ministry of Forests operates a lightning locating system developed by Lightning Location and Protection Inc. As of 1985, this network consisted of 18 magnetic direction finders located throughout the province. Lightning strike data collected by the network over three fire seasons (1983–1985) were analyzed to estimate the distribution of lightning signal strength and the component detection efficiencies. The analysis was based on more than 165 000 lightning strike records. In the mountainous terrain of British Columbia, the detection efficiencies of the lightning sensors were found to be somewhat lower than earlier results obtained from similar networks in Florida and Oklahoma. Corrective actions have been taken on five detector sites found to have significantly worse than average detection efficiencies. A long-range program to improve the system by refurbishing with upgraded equipment and adding several new detector sites is under way. The statistical results vividly demonstrate the importance of archiving and analyzing the lightning strike data to provide comprehensive local-environment field tests. In future years the data preparation and analysis techniques will be implemented annually.
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Shen, Ji, and Qiuwen Zhang. "Online Monitoring and Transmission System for Lightning Detection Network." International Journal of Online Engineering (iJOE) 11, no. 7 (2015): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijoe.v11i7.4758.
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Lightning detection data is a kind of distributed information with high real-timeliness. After the lightning events are detected by the lightning detection network, the original detection data need to be collected and concentrated rapidly and timely for unified management and processing. In this paper, an online monitoring and transmission system for lightning detection information is presented. The system consists of two major components: the remote monitoring module and the response & transmission module. File system watcher (FSW) tool and the trigger mechanism are applied to the remote monitoring module to watch the generation of lightning detection data both in file directory or database. And then the newest origin detection data can be transmitted to the detection center of the lightning detection network by the response & transmit module based on the communication network. The proposed system is developed and exemplified in Wuhan lightning detection network, China. The application results indicates that the system is reliable and reasonable in the online monitoring and transmission for lightning detection data, which can provide a strong support to the lightning detection network
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Barradas, Raphael Pablo de Souza, Gabriel Vianna Soares Rocha, João Rodrigo Silva Muniz, Ubiratan Holanda Bezerra, Marcus Vinícius Alves Nunes, and Jucileno Silva e. Silva. "Methodology for Analysis of Electric Distribution Network Criticality Due to Direct Lightning Discharges." Energies 13, no. 7 (2020): 1580. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13071580.
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Direct lightning discharges in overhead distribution networks invariably cause serious insulation damage, frequently leading to the electric system’s partial or total shutdown. Installing lightning arresters can be very effective, and it is commonly used to minimize this problem; however, considering that typically, electric distribution grids exhibit a very large number of electrical nodes, the massive use of lightning arresters may not be economically viable. In this way, this article proposes a methodology for allocating lightning arresters that can significantly reduce the number of lightning arresters installed, but at the same time maintaining an adequate protection level for the distribution grid. The proposed methodology, named Direct Discharge Crossing (DDC), analyzes the network criticality based on two main factors, which are the overvoltage magnitudes and the number of flashovers provoked by lightning discharges, and defines a feeder lightning performance function that is used to indicate the recommended location for lightning arresters’ installation. The simulation studies are accomplished using the IEEE 34 bus distribution grid and ATP software to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed solution, which is confirmed by the results presented.
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Sakurai, Namiko, Koyuru Iwanami, Shingo Shimizu, et al. "3D Total Lightning Observation Network in Tokyo Metropolitan Area (Tokyo LMA)." Journal of Disaster Research 16, no. 4 (2021): 778–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2021.p0778.
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The National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience deployed a lightning mapping array (LMA) in the Tokyo metropolitan area in March 2017. Called the “Tokyo LMA,” it obtains detailed three-dimensional observations of the total lightning activity (cloud-to-ground and intracloud flashes) in storms. The network initially consisted of 8 receiving stations, expanded to 12 stations in March 2018. Real-time total lightning images were first opened on the webpage in Japan. Real-time observations from the Tokyo LMA will be used in nowcasting lightning hazards and mitigating lightning disasters. Archived data will be used to develop lightning prediction techniques and a lightning climatology for the Tokyo metropolitan area.
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Abreu, D., D. Chandan, R. H. Holzworth, and K. Strong. "A performance assessment of the World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) via comparison with the Canadian Lightning Detection Network (CLDN)." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 3, no. 4 (2010): 1143–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-3-1143-2010.
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Abstract. The World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) uses globally-distributed Very Low Frequency (VLF) receivers in order to observe lightning around the globe. Its objective is to locate as many global lightning strokes as possible, with high temporal and spatial (< 10 km) accuracy. Since detection is done in the VLF range, signals from high peak current lightning strokes are able to propagate up to ~104 km before being detected by the WWLLN sensors, allowing for receiving stations to be sparsely spaced. Through a comparison with measurements made by the Canadian Lightning Detection Network (CLDN) between May and August 2008 over a 4° latitude by 4° longitude region centered on Toronto, Canada, this study found that WWLLN detection was most sensitive to high peak current lightning strokes. Events were considered shared between the two networks if they fell within 0.5 ms of each other. Using this criterion, 19 128 WWLLN strokes (analyzed using the Stroke_B algorithm) were shared with CLDN lightning strokes, producing a detection efficiency of 2.8%. The peak current threshold for WWLLN detection is found to be ~20 kA, with its detection efficiency increasing from 11.3% for peak currents greater than 20 kA to 75.8% for peak currents greater than 120 kA. The detection efficiency is seen to have a clear diurnal dependence, with a higher detection efficiency at local midnight than at local noon; this is attributed to the difference in the thickness of the ionospheric D-region between night and day. The mean time difference (WWLLN − CLDN) between shared events was −6.44 μs with a standard deviation of 35 μs, and the mean absolute location accuracy was 7.24 km with a standard deviation of 6.34 km. These results are generally consistent with previous comparison studies of the WWLLN with other regional networks around the world. Additional receiver stations are continuously being added to the network, acting to improve this detection efficiency.
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Maduranga, Uruvitiya Gamage Dilaj, Mahesh Edirisinghe, Niranga Alahacoon, and Manjula Ranagalage. "Spatiotemporal Variability of Lightning Activity over the Railway Network in Sri Lanka with Special Attention to the Proposed Suburban Railway Electrification Network." Infrastructures 7, no. 7 (2022): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures7070092.
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This study is oriented towards the investigation of the spatiotemporal variability of the lightning activity over the railway network in Sri Lanka using -lightning data from 1998 to 2014 that were downloaded from the database of Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) onboard NASA’s Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM). The study has also been extended to study the lightning activity over the proposed suburban railway electrification network. GIS was used to conduct an annual and seasonal analysis of the railway network, which consists of nine major railway lines, to identify vulnerable stations and segments. The average annual lightning flash density over a 1447 km-long railway network of Sri Lanka varies between 5.08–16.58 flashes/(km2 year). The railway lines run across the western and southern regions of the country have been identified as being in areas with higher lightning activity. In comparison to other railway lines, the Kelani Valley line in the Colombo district and Colombo-Maradana to Polgahawela segment of the Mainline are particularly vulnerable to lightning activity. These areas have also been recognized as regions with higher population density. The proposed 102 km long railway electrification network in Sri Lanka is also within higher population density segments, with higher lightning flash density values between 10.55–16.53 flashes/(km2⋅year). As a result, to improve the operational efficiency of the proposed electrification network, a fully coordinated lightning protection system in accordance with the findings of this study is strongly suggested.
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Abreu, D., D. Chandan, R. H. Holzworth, and K. Strong. "A performance assessment of the World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) via comparison with the Canadian Lightning Detection Network (CLDN)." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 3, no. 2 (2010): 1861–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-3-1861-2010.
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Abstract. The World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) uses globally-distributed Very Low Frequency (VLF) receivers in order to observe lightning around the globe. Its objective is to locate as many global strokes as possible, with high temporal and spatial (<10 km) accuracy. Since detection is done in the VLF range, signals from high peak current lightning strokes are able to propagate up to ~104 km before being detected by the WWLLN sensors, allowing for receiving stations to be sparsely spaced. Through a comparison with measurements made by the Canadian Lightning Detection Network (CLDN) between May and August 2008 over a 4° latitude by 4° longitude region centered on Toronto, Canada, this study found that WWLLN detection was most sensitive to high peak current lightning strokes. Events were considered shared between the two networks if they fell within 0.5 ms of each other. Using this criterion, 19 128 WWLLN strokes (analyzed using the Stroke_B algorithm) were shared with CLDN lightning strokes, producing a detection efficiency of 2.8%. The peak current threshold for WWLLN detection is found to be ~20 kA, with the detection efficiency increasing to ~70% at peak currents of ±120 kA. The detection efficiency is seen to have a clear diurnal dependence, with a higher detection efficiency at local midnight than at local noon; this is attributed to the difference in the thickness of the ionospheric D-region between night and day. The mean time difference (WWLLN – CLDN) between shared events was −6.44 μs with a standard deviation of 35 μs, and the mean absolute location accuracy was 7.24 km with a standard deviation of 6.34 km. These results are generally consistent with previous comparison studies of the WWLLN with other regional networks around the world. Additional receiver stations are continuously being added to the network, acting to improve this detection efficiency.
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Lang, Timothy J., Steven A. Rutledge, Brenda Dolan, Paul Krehbiel, William Rison, and Daniel T. Lindsey. "Lightning in Wildfire Smoke Plumes Observed in Colorado during Summer 2012." Monthly Weather Review 142, no. 2 (2014): 489–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-13-00184.1.
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Abstract Pyrocumulus clouds above three Colorado wildfires (Hewlett Gulch, High Park, and Waldo Canyon; all during the summer of 2012) electrified and produced localized intracloud discharges whenever the smoke plumes grew above 10 km MSL (approximately −45°C). Vertical development occurred during periods of rapid wildfire growth, as indicated by the shortwave infrared channel on a geostationary satellite, as well as by incident reports. The lightning discharges were detected by a three-dimensional lightning mapping network. Based on Doppler and polarimetric radar observations, they likely were caused by ice-based electrification processes that did not involve significant amounts of high-density graupel. Plumes that did not feature significant amounts of radar-inferred ice at high altitudes did not produce lightning, which means lightning observations may assist in diagnosing pyrocumulus features that could affect the radiative characteristics and chemical composition of the upper troposphere. The lightning was not detected by the National Lightning Detection Network, implying that pyrocumulus lightning may occur more frequently than past studies (which lacked access to detailed intracloud information) might suggest. Given the known spatial and temporal advantages provided by lightning networks over radar and satellite data, the results also indicate a possible new application for lightning data in monitoring wildfire state.
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Loboda, Marek, Hans D. Betz, Piotr Baranski, Jan Wiszniowski, and Zdzislaw Dziewit. "New Lightning Detection Networks in Poland – LINET and LLDN." Open Atmospheric Science Journal 3, no. 1 (2009): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874282300903010029.
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Lightning detection in Poland is performed by means of a PERUN (Safir 3000) system operated by the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Poland is also partly covered by a VLF/LF lightning detection system (CLDN, Central Lightning Detection Network). Both sources of lightning data have their limitations resulting from detection technique, limited number of sensors and geographical configuration, with the consequence of shortcomings in the data quality. For this reason, a new network has been installed in Poland and started continuous real-time operation in May 2006. It is LINET that covers entire Poland and is complemented by numerous sensors positioned in surrounding countries. In 2007 additional LINET sensors have been installed in Poland in order to allow exploitation of reduced baselines for efficient achievement of total lightning. In the frame of the COST P18 Action “Physics of Lightning Flash and Its Effects” another new Polish project started in 2006 related to regional lightning location. At present, the Local Lightning Detection Network (LLDN) undergoes installation in the region of Warsaw. LLDN will consist of six individual stations equipped with E-field antennae and digital recorders synchronized with GPS time signals. The aim of LLDN installation is complement other networks covering region of Warsaw (PERUN, LINET) and to provide an additional source of lightning CG data with high sensitivity in a relatively small area. In the paper are described general characteristics of LINET in Poland, as well as basic characteristics and assumed performance of LLDN, which will start operation in 2008.
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Rodger, C. J., S. Werner, J. B. Brundell, et al. "Detection efficiency of the VLF World-Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN): initial case study." Annales Geophysicae 24, no. 12 (2006): 3197–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-24-3197-2006.
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Abstract. An experimental Very Low Frequency (VLF) World-Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) has been developed through collaborations with research institutions across the world, providing global real-time locations of lightning discharges. As of April 2006, the network included 25 stations providing coverage for much of the Earth. In this paper we examine the detection efficiency of the WWLLN by comparing the locations from this network with lightning location data purchased from a commercial lightning location network operating in New Zealand. Our analysis confirms that WWLLN favours high peak current return stroke lightning discharges, and that discharges with larger currents are observed by more stations across the global network. We then construct a first principles detection efficiency model to describe the WWLLN, combining calibration information for each station with theoretical modelling to describe the expected amplitudes of the VLF sferics observed by the network. This detection efficiency model allows the prediction of the global variation in WWLLN lightning detection, and an estimate of the minimum CG return stroke peak current required to trigger the network. There are strong spatial variations across the globe, primarily due to station density and sensitivity. The WWLLN is currently best suited to study the occurrence and impacts of high peak-current lightning. For example, in 2005 about 12% of the global elve-producing lightning will have been located by the network. Since the lightning-EMP which produce elves has a high mean rate (210 per minute) it has the potential to significantly influence the ionosphere on regional scales.
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Jurnal, Redaksi Tim. "PEMASANGAN ARRESTER DAN ARCING HORN PADA PENGHANTAR BERISOLASI DI SUTM 20 kV." Sutet 7, no. 1 (2018): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.33322/sutet.v7i1.165.
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Temporary disturbance in medium-voltage air ducts is a disturbance mainly caused by lightning. This disorder is divided into two kinds according to the occurrence of lightning strikes, namely direct strike and indirect strike (induction). This disorder is very difficult to predict, therefore it needs good protection. To protect the equipment from a lightning strike then mounted arresters and arcing horn mounted on a 20kV SUTM network simultaneously. The combination of arresters and arcing horns in medium voltage networks can improve the reliability of the disturbances caused by tighter lightning. Lightning strikes an isolated conductor causing a flashover and causing a disruption to the network, and can damage the conductor, in which case the arrester and arcing horn secure the conductor so as not to break due to the spark jump followed by the current follow-up, in this paper discussed how Arresters and arcing horns installed simultaneously at medium voltage.
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Feudale, L., A. Manzato, and S. Micheletti. "A cloud-to-ground lightning climatology for north-eastern Italy." Advances in Science and Research 10, no. 1 (2013): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/asr-10-77-2013.
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Abstract. This study analyzes the spatial distribution and temporal characteristics of cloud-to-ground lightnings (C2G) in the North East of Italy and the neighboring areas of Austria, Slovenia and Croatia. The dataset consists of about 6.5 millions C2G flash records, both positive and negative, observed between January 1995 and December 2011 by the "Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano-Sistema Italiano Rilevamento Fulmini'' (CESI/SIRF), part of the European Cooperation for Lightning Detection (EUCLID) Network. The results show that C2G lightnings concentrate in the foothill regions on the southern flank of the Eastern Alps with a maximum of discharge frequency of 10 lightnings per km2 per year. The number of C2G strokes varies with the period of the year: the most active period for lightning starts in April and lasts through November with the highest number of C2G strokes happening during the summer months of July and August, with maximum spatial density slightly moving from the mountain to the coastal area. The least frequency of C2G strokes is observed during wintertime. The mean diurnal C2G lightning activity for the whole domain shows a peak around 16:00–17:00 UTC and reaches a minimum around 07:00–09:00 UTC; the mean spatial distribution follows different patterns depending on the period of the day.
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Huang, Zhidu, Wei Zhang, Shan Li, Zhimei Cui, and Siyuan Tan. "Lightning Disturbance Analysis and Improvement Measures for “Generation-Grid-Load-Storage” Type Distribution Line." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2247, no. 1 (2022): 012044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2247/1/012044.
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Abstract For economy, the traditional lightning protection method is simple and the lightning protection effect is unsatisfactory. With China’s call and demand for energy transformation, a new distribution network based on “Generation-Grid-Load-Storage” will be the general direction of China’s distribution network development. The new distribution network puts forward higher requirements for the stability, and its lightning protection problem must be solved. In this paper, the overhead ground wire is proposed as the main lightning protection measure of the new distribution network, and the optimal erection range of the overhead ground wire of the distribution line is proposed through simulation, which can effectively reduce the amplitude of lightning overvoltage by 24.1%, which provides an application reference for the lightning protection concept of the new distribution line in the future.
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Conoscenti, Marco, Antonio Vetrò, and Juan Carlos De Martin. "CLoTH: A Lightning Network Simulator." SoftwareX 15 (July 2021): 100717. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.softx.2021.100717.
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Lin, Jian-Hong, Emiliano Marchese, Claudio J. Tessone, and Tiziano Squartini. "The weighted Bitcoin Lightning Network." Chaos, Solitons & Fractals 164 (November 2022): 112620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2022.112620.
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Dowd, P., J. Perreault, J. Chu, et al. "LIGHTNING network and systems architecture." Journal of Lightwave Technology 14, no. 6 (1996): 1371–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/50.511668.
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Zhou, Kanghui, Yongguang Zheng, Wansheng Dong, and Tingbo Wang. "A Deep Learning Network for Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Nowcasting with Multisource Data." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 37, no. 5 (2020): 927–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-19-0146.1.
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AbstractPrecise and timely lightning nowcasting is still a great challenge for meteorologists. In this study, a new semantic segmentation deep learning network for cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning nowcasting, named LightningNet, has been developed. This network is based on multisource observation data, including data from a geostationary meteorological satellite, Doppler weather radar network, and CG lightning location system. LightningNet, with an encoder–decoder architecture, consists of 20 three-dimensional convolutional layers, pooling and upsampling layers, normalization layers, and a softmax classifier. The central–eastern and southern China was selected as the study area, with considerations given to the topography and spatial coverage of the weather radar and lightning observation networks. Brightness temperatures (TB) of six infrared bands from the Himawari-8 satellite, composite reflectivity mosaic, and CG lightning densities were used as the predictors because of their close relationships with lightning activity. The multisource data were first interpolated into a uniform spatial/temporal resolution of 0.05° × 0.05°/10 min, and then training and test datasets were constructed, respectively. LightningNet was trained to extract the features of lightning initiation, development, and dissipation. The evaluation results demonstrated that LightningNet was able to achieve good performance of 0–1-h lightning nowcasts using the multisource data. The probability of detection, the false alarm ratio, the area under relative operating characteristic curve, and the threat score (TS) of LightningNet with all three types of data reached 0.633, 0.386, 0.931, and 0.453, respectively. Because geostationary meteorological satellite and radar both possess the capability of capturing lightning initiation (LI) features, LightningNet also showed good performance in LI nowcasting. When all three types of data were used, more than 50% LI was predicted accurately and the TS exceeded 0.36. LightningNet’s nowcast performance using triple-source data was clearly superior to that using only single-source or dual-source data, and these findings indicate that LightningNet has good capability of combining multisource data effectively to produce more reliable lightning nowcasts.
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A. O., Melodi A. O., and Olayinka Matthew Oyeleye. "Modeling of Lightning Strike Events, and it’s Correlational with Power Outages in South-West Coast, Nigeria." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 7, no. 6 (2017): 3262. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v7i6.pp3262-3270.
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This paper aimed to model lightning strike events and evaluate its correlation with power outages in a Nigerian power distribution system. A specified coastal distribution network of southwest Nigeria was selected as a case study. Zone-specific records of cloud-to-ground lightning strikes for 84 months were obtained from the Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NiMet); records of power outage frequencies and durations for 36 months were obtained at the substations of the selected distribution network. Using numerical statistical analysis techniques, lightning activity in the system area were characterized in relative frequency terms, and correlation statistics were evaluated and analyzed for power outages and lightning events on the 11kV, 33kV, and 132kV voltage levels. An analysis of the results shows that the modelled lightning strike events patterns are closely related but the expected frequencies vary from one zone to another; and there is correlation between lightning strike and power outages in the distribution networks, which is strong and positive at the 33 kV and 132 kV circuits. In essence, the results provided salient information, useful for power systems lightning protection review, management and planning in the area.
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Selivanov, Vasilii N., Anton V. Burtsev, Viktor V. Ivonin, and Vitalii V. Kolobov. "Lightning analysis for the Murmansk region in 2021." Transactions of the Kоla Science Centre of RAS. Series: Engineering Sciences 13, no. 3/2022 (2022): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.37614/2949-1215.2022.13.3.006.
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The article presents the results of the analysis of data on lightning discharges, registered in 2021 on the territory of the Murmansk region by the non-commercial lightning detection network Blitzortung. Despite the relatively low percentage of registered lightning discharges, the Blitzortung network is the only available source of information on lightning activity in the Murmansk region. The analysis of lightning activity in 2021 on the territory of the Murmansk region is carried out, data on the impact of lightning on the objects of the Kola Power System are presented.
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Poelman, Dieter R., Wolfgang Schulz, Rudolf Kaltenboeck, and Laurent Delobbe. "Analysis of lightning outliers in the EUCLID network." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 10, no. 11 (2017): 4561–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-4561-2017.
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Abstract. Lightning data as observed by the European Cooperation for Lightning Detection (EUCLID) network are used in combination with radar data to retrieve the temporal and spatial behavior of lightning outliers, i.e., discharges located in a wrong place, over a 5-year period from 2011 to 2016. Cloud-to-ground (CG) stroke and intracloud (IC) pulse data are superimposed on corresponding 5 min radar precipitation fields in two topographically different areas, Belgium and Austria, in order to extract lightning outliers based on the distance between each lightning event and the nearest precipitation. It is shown that the percentage of outliers is sensitive to changes in the network and to the location algorithm itself. The total percentage of outliers for both regions varies over the years between 0.8 and 1.7 % for a distance to the nearest precipitation of 2 km, with an average of approximately 1.2 % in Belgium and Austria. Outside the European summer thunderstorm season, the percentage of outliers tends to increase somewhat. The majority of all the outliers are low peak current events with absolute values falling between 0 and 10 kA. More specifically, positive cloud-to-ground strokes are more likely to be classified as outliers compared to all other types of discharges. Furthermore, it turns out that the number of sensors participating in locating a lightning discharge is different for outliers versus correctly located events, with outliers having the lowest amount of sensors participating. In addition, it is shown that in most cases the semi-major axis (SMA) assigned to a lightning discharge as a confidence indicator in the location accuracy (LA) is smaller for correctly located events compared to the semi-major axis of outliers.
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Rodger, C. J., J. B. Brundell, R. L. Dowden, and N. R. Thomson. "Location accuracy of long distance VLF lightning locationnetwork." Annales Geophysicae 22, no. 3 (2004): 747–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-22-747-2004.
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Abstract. An experimental VLF WorldWide Lightning Location (WWLL) network is being developed to provide realtime locations of cloud to ground lightning discharges occurring throughout the globe. This network has expanded from a limited number of stations in the Western Pacific to its current state of 11 stations, in most longitude sectors, with additional stations planned in the near future. As part of the initial testing phase of the WWLL the network has operated in a simple mode, sending the station trigger times into a central processing point rather than using the sferic Time of Group Arrival (TOGA). During this initial stage, a significant quantity of lightning location data has been collected, some of which is being applied to research questions. In this paper the operation of the WWLL network is described, and the location accuracy of the pre-TOGA WWLL network is characterised. This is performed by contrasting commercial lightning location data from an Australian network, Kattron, over 2 days in January 2002, with 4 WWLL stations covering the same region. It was found that there were 426 matched lightning events, corresponding to lightning discharges with large lightning return stroke peak currents (mean absolute peak current of ~26kA compared with ~12kA for all Kattron events). By considering the random errors in the difference locations between the matching lightning events, an appropriate Gaussian timing error for the WWLL network of receiving stations is determined, and hence an estimate for the global location errors for the existing 11-station network is found. The "worst-case" global location error for the existing network ranges spatially from 7.5–100km, with the global median being 15km, and the global mean 30km. When the TOGA method is implemented, the station timing errors will decrease, allowing for an increase in the location accuracies. Hence, the location accuracy estimates determined in this paper will be very conservative for the future WWLL network employing the TOGA technique. Key words. Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (lightning, atmospheric electricity, instruments and techniques)
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Mahomed, Maqsooda, Alistair D. Clulow, Sheldon Strydom, Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi, and Michael J. Savage. "Assessment of a Ground-Based Lightning Detection and Near-Real-Time Warning System in the Rural Community of Swayimane, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa." Weather, Climate, and Society 13, no. 3 (2021): 605–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-20-0116.1.
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AbstractClimate change projections of increases in lightning activity are an added concern for lightning-prone countries such as South Africa. South Africa’s high levels of poverty, lack of education, and awareness, as well as a poorly developed infrastructure, increase the vulnerability of rural communities to the threat of lightning. Despite the existence of national lightning networks, lightning alerts and warnings are not disseminated well to such rural communities. We therefore developed a community-based early warning system (EWS) to detect and disseminate lightning threats and alerts in a timely and comprehensible manner within Swayimane, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The system is composed of an electrical field meter and a lightning flash sensor with warnings disseminated via audible and visible alarms on site and with a remote server issuing short message services (SMSs) and email alerts. Twelve months of data (February 2018–February 2019) were utilized to evaluate the performance of the EWS’s detection and warning capabilities. Diurnal variations in lightning activity indicated the influence of solar radiation, causing convective conditions with peaks in lightning activity occurring during the late afternoon and early evening (between 1400 and 2100) coinciding with students being released from school and when most workers return home. In addition to detecting the threat of lightning, the EWS was beneficial in identifying periods that exhibited above-normal lightning activity, with two specific lightning events examined in detail. Poor network signals in rural communities presented an initial challenge, delaying data transmission to the central server until rectified using multiple network providers. Overall, the EWS was found to disseminate reliable warnings in a timely manner.
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Wang, Guoming, Woo-Hyun Kim, Gyung-Suk Kil, Dae-Won Park, and Sung-Wook Kim. "An Intelligent Lightning Warning System Based on Electromagnetic Field and Neural Network." Energies 12, no. 7 (2019): 1275. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12071275.
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Prediction of lightning occurrence has significant relevance for reducing potential damage to electric installations, buildings, and humans. However, the existing lightning warning system (LWS) operates using the threshold method and has low prediction accuracy. In this paper, an intelligent LWS based on an electromagnetic field and the artificial neural network was developed for improving lightning prediction accuracy. An electric field mill sensor and a pair of loop antennas were designed to detect the real-time electric field and the magnetic field induced by lightning, respectively. The change rate of electric field, temperature, and humidity acquired 2 min before lightning strikes, were used for developing the neural network using the back propagation algorithm. After observing and predicting lightning strikes over six months, it was verified that the proposed LWS had a prediction accuracy of 93.9%.
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Ajadi, Sodiq A., and Richard A. Balogun. "Diurnal and Monthly Variability of Lightning Observation Over West Africa." European Journal of Environment and Earth Sciences 3, no. 5 (2022): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejgeo.2022.3.5.316.
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This study examines in detail lightning activities over West Africa using the worldwide lightning location network (WWLLN). The Worldwide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN; operated by the University of Washington) is a developing, experimental lightning detection network increasingly used for applications. In West Africa, there are many studies on the diurnal process of lightning activity at the regional level, but there is a shortage of literature examining the diurnal variation of lightning observation in this region. Therefore the main objective of the study is to examine the lightning activities over West Africa by presenting an evaluation of the WWLLN data as ground truth to improve the knowledge of ground-based lightning location system. For this study, the diurnal variability of flash counts (frequency) was measured over West Africa for the three climatic sub-region (Guinea, Savannah and Sahel) sub-regions using a line graph to plot the flash counts (frequency) over time. All regions exhibit a strong diurnal variation, with lightning activity peaking in the late afternoon between 1500 and 1700 WAT and decreased in the late morning between 0900 and 1100 WAT. The diurnal amplitude varies by location throughout West Africa.
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Wang, Jiaquan, Qiming Ma, Xiao Zhou, et al. "Asia-Pacific Lightning Location Network (APLLN) and Preliminary Performance Assessment." Remote Sensing 12, no. 10 (2020): 1537. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12101537.
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The Asia-Pacific Lightning Location Network (APLLN) is a lightning location system consisting of a series of very low-frequency signal detection sites. Since 2018, 16 detection sites have been deployed with an average baseline longer than 1000 km. The detection site used a trigger sampling method to record the lightning signal with a duration of 2 ms and calculates the lightning arrival time based on digital filtering and the Hilbert envelope method. APLLN used a time difference location algorithm and improved Levenberg–Marquardt non-linear least squares iterative algorithm to calculate and optimize the lightning location results. The analysis results of a strong thunderstorm process show that the average detection efficiency of APLLN was 55.34% for intracloud (IC) strokes, 63.55% for cloud-to-ground (CG) strokes and 61.83% for all strokes (IC + CG). The average location error of APLLN for this thunderstorm is 5–10 km.
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Javor, Vesna, Leonid Stoimenov, Nikola Dzakovic, Nikola Dinkic, Dario Javor, and Hans-Dieter Betz. "LINETGIS analysis of lightning flash density in Serbia based on ten years data." Serbian Journal of Electrical Engineering 15, no. 2 (2018): 201–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sjee1802201j.
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Lightning detection networks installed throughout the world provide data for obtaining flash density maps and information about lightning discharges characteristics. According to the IEC 62858 Standard, lightning data for at least ten years is required to ensure that short time scale variations in lightning parameters are accounted for. LINET (European Lightning Detection Network) was installed in Serbia in 2008, so its data for the last ten years period are used for the analysis in this paper. LINETGIS is a new software application based on geographical information system (GIS) technology in order to obtain regional flash density maps of Serbia. LINETGIS application may be used for up-to-date regional flash density maps of Serbia, but also for any other GIS covered area.
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Gvozdas, Vitalijus, and Povilas Valatka. "Experimental Research of the Overvoltage in the Insulated Neutral Network." Scientific Journal of Riga Technical University. Power and Electrical Engineering 26, no. 1 (2010): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10144-010-0012-4.
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Experimental Research of the Overvoltage in the Insulated Neutral Network The isolated neutral network isolation resistance is often affected by the lightning discharge surge to the line cables or towers. Several overvoltage waves are maid at the moment of the lightning discharge surge. It is dangerous for the devices because at the very short time period the isolation of the device is affected by the surge impact twice or even more. The analysis of the experimentally registered lightning discharge induced overvoltage transients effect from the lightning influence to the power line till the power line disconnection were analyzed in this work. Estimation of the overvoltage characteristics to the isolation resistance was made.
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Mikeš, Jan, Ondrej Kreibich, and Jan Neužil. "A LIGHTNING CONDUCTOR MONITORING SYSTEM BASED ON A WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK." Acta Polytechnica 53, no. 6 (2013): 878–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/ap.2013.53.0878.
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Automated heating, lighting and irrigation systems are nowadays standard features of industrial and commercial buildings, and are also increasingly found in ordinary housing. In addition to the benefits of user comfort, automated technology for buildings saves energy and, above all, it provides enhanced protection against leakage of water and hazardous gases, and against fire hazards. Lightning strikes are a natural phenomenon that poses a significant threat to the safety of buildings. The statistics of the Fire and Rescue Service of the Czech Republic show that buildings are in many cases inadequately protected against lightning strikes, or that systems have been damaged by previous strikes. A subsequent strike can occur within the period between regular inspections, which are normally made at intervals of 2–4 years. Over the whole of Europe, thousands of buildings are subjected to the effects of direct lightning strikes each year. This paper presents ways to carry out wireless monitoring of lightning strikes on buildings and to deal with their impact on lightning conductors. By intervening promptly (disconnecting the power supply, disconnecting the gas supply, sending an engineer to inspect the structure, submitting a report to ARC, etc.) we can prevent many downstream effects of direct lightning strikes on buildings (fires, electric shocks, etc.) This paper introduces a way to enhance contemporary home automation systems for monitoring lightning strikes based on wireless sensor networks technology.
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Nie, Zhiping, Wenguang Zhao, Ping Zhang, Yinping Wen, and Weijiang Chen. "Power network lightning accident quick inquiry with the lightning location system." Geo-spatial Information Science 11, no. 1 (2008): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11806-007-0153-6.
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Kaplan, Jed O., and Katie Hong-Kiu Lau. "World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) Global Lightning Climatology (WGLC) and time series, 2022 update." Earth System Science Data 14, no. 12 (2022): 5665–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5665-2022.
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Abstract. Here we describe the 2022 update to the World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) Global Lightning Climatology (WGLC) and time series (Kaplan and Lau, 2021), which extends the dataset with global lightning observations from 2021. This addition of new data means that the WGLC now contains 12 complete years of global lightning stroke observations covering 2010–2021. Slightly more lightning strokes (3 %) were recorded in 2021 compared to the 2012–2020 mean of 218 million strokes per year. In 2021, above-average lightning was recorded around the Gulf of Mexico, the central Andes and Amazon Basin, western Africa, and over the central Mediterranean. Lower-than-average lightning density occurred in much of southern and eastern Africa, subtropical eastern South America, western Australia, and especially over the Strait of Malacca and the South China Sea. Because below-average global lightning captured by the WWLLN in 2010 and 2011 related to the build-out of the sensor network, we reprocessed the WGLC to cover the 10-year period from 2012 to 2021 and recommend these for applications needing climatological mean lightning fields. The updated WGLC datasets are available for download from Zenodo (Kaplan and Lau, 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6007052).
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Hu, Z. X., W. G. Zhao, and H. P. Zhu. "A source location algorithm of lightning detection networks in China." Annales Geophysicae 28, no. 10 (2010): 1981–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-28-1981-2010.
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Abstract. Fast and accurate retrieval of lightning sources is crucial to the early warning and quick repairs of lightning disaster. An algorithm for computing the location and onset time of cloud-to-ground lightning using the time-of-arrival (TOA) and azimuth-of-arrival (AOA) data is introduced in this paper. The algorithm can iteratively calculate the least-squares solution of a lightning source on an oblate spheroidal Earth. It contains a set of unique formulas to compute the geodesic distance and azimuth and an explicit method to compute the initial position using TOA data of only three sensors. Since the method accounts for the effects of the oblateness of the Earth, it would provide a more accurate solution than algorithms based on planar or spherical surface models. Numerical simulations are presented to test this algorithm and evaluate the performance of a lightning detection network in the Hubei province of China. Since 1990s, the proposed algorithm has been used in many regional lightning detection networks installed by the electric power system in China. It is expected that the proposed algorithm be used in more lightning detection networks and other location systems.
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Fan, Penglei, Dong Zheng, Yijun Zhang, et al. "A Performance Evaluation of the World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) over the Tibetan Plateau." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 35, no. 4 (2018): 927–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-17-0144.1.
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AbstractA systematic evaluation of the performance of the World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) over the Tibetan Plateau is conducted using data from the Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Location System (CGLLS) developed by the State Grid Corporation of China for 2013–15 and lightning data from the satellite-based Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) for 2014–15. The average spatial location separation magnitudes in the midsouthern Tibetan Plateau (MSTP) region between matched WWLLN and CGLLS strokes and over the whole Tibetan Plateau between matched WWLLN and LIS flashes were 9.97 and 10.93 km, respectively. The detection efficiency (DE) of the WWLLN rose markedly with increasing stroke peak current, and the mean stroke peak currents of positive and negative cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning detected by the WWLLN in the MSTP region were 62.43 and −56.74 kA, respectively. The duration, area, and radiance of the LIS flashes that were also detected by the WWLLN were 1.27, 2.65, and 4.38 times those not detected by the WWLLN. The DE of the WWLLN in the MSTP region was 9.37% for CG lightning and 2.58% for total lightning. Over the Tibetan Plateau, the DE of the WWLLN for total lightning was 2.03%. In the MSTP region, the CG flash data made up 71.98% of all WWLLN flash data. Based on the abovementioned results, the ratio of intracloud (IC) lightning to CG lightning in the MSTP region was estimated to be 4.05.
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Michaelides, S., K. Savvidou, and K. Nicolaides. "Relationships between lightning and rainfall intensities during rainy events in Cyprus." Advances in Geosciences 23 (August 25, 2010): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-23-87-2010.
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Abstract. The objective of this work is to study the relationship between the number of lightning recorded by a network of lightning detectors and the amount of rainfall recorded by the network of automatic rain gauges, during rainy events in Cyprus. This study aims at revealing possible temporal and spatial "relationships" between rainfall and lightning intensities. The data used are based on the available records of hourly rainfall data and the "associated" lightning data, with respect to both time and space. The search for temporal and spatial relationships between lightning and rainfall is made by considering various time-lags between lightning and rainfall, and by varying the area around the rain gauge which the associated lightning data set refers to. The methodology adopted in this paper is a statistical one and rainy events registered under the European Project "FLASH" are examined herein.
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Iudin, Dmitry. "Lightning as an asymmetric branching network." Atmospheric Research 256 (July 2021): 105560. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2021.105560.
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Orville, Richard E., Richard B. Pyle, and Ronald W. Henderson. "The East Coast Lightning Detection Network." IEEE Power Engineering Review PER-6, no. 11 (1986): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mper.1986.5527498.
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Orville, Richard, and Herbert Songster. "The East Coast Lightning Detection Network." IEEE Power Engineering Review PER-7, no. 7 (1987): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mper.1987.5526999.
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Orville, Richard, and Herbert Songster. "The East Coast Lightning Detection Network." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 2, no. 3 (1987): 899–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.1987.4308194.
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Tollefson, Jeff. "Lightning network tested out in Guinea." Nature 502, no. 7473 (2013): 604–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/502604a.
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Orville, Richard E., Richard B. Pyle, and Ronald W. Henderson. "The East Coast Lightning Detection Network." IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 1, no. 4 (1986): 243–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrs.1986.4335053.
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Hutchins, Michael L., Robert H. Holzworth, Craig J. Rodger, and James B. Brundell. "Far-Field Power of Lightning Strokes as Measured by the World Wide Lightning Location Network." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 29, no. 8 (2012): 1102–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-11-00174.1.
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Abstract The World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) is a long-range network capable of locating lightning strokes in space and time. While able to locate lightning to within a few kilometers and tens of microseconds, the network currently does not measure any characteristics of the strokes themselves. The capabilities of the network are expanded to allow for measurements of the far-field power from the root-mean-square electric field of the detected strokes in the 6–18-kHz band. This is accomplished by calibrating the network from a single well-calibrated station using a bootstrapping method. With this technique the global median stroke power seen by the network is 1.0 × 106 W, with an average uncertainty of 17%. The results are validated through comparison to the return-stroke peak current as measured by the New Zealand Lightning Detection Network and to the previous ground wave power measurements in the literature. The global median stroke power herein is found to be four orders of magnitude lower than that reported earlier for the measurements, including the nearby ground and sky wave. However, it is found that the far-field waveguide mode observations herein are consistent with the previous literature because of differences in observational techniques and the efficiency of coupling into a propagation wave in the Earth–ionosphere waveguide. This study demonstrates that the WWLLN-determined powers can be used to estimate the return-stroke peak currents of individual lightning strokes occurring throughout the globe.
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Srivastava, Abhay, Ye Tian, Xiushu Qie, et al. "Performance assessment of Beijing Lightning Network (BLNET) and comparison with other lightning location networks across Beijing." Atmospheric Research 197 (November 2017): 76–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2017.06.026.
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