Academic literature on the topic 'Lightweight aggregates'

Master of Science<br>Department of Civil Engineering<br>Mustaque A. Hossain<br>Pavement preservation by adopting low-cost maintenance techniques is increasing among transportation agencies day by day. Chip seal, also known as seal coat, is widely used as a low-cost, thin surface treatment in preventive maintenance of asphalt pavements in many states, including Kansas. Loosening of aggregate particles from chip-sealed pavement and associated windshield damage to vehicles is a common problem. Thus the Kansas Department of Transportation (KDOT) uses lightweight aggregates as cover materials for chip seals. Although this has decreased windshield damage problems extensive chip loss on seal-coated pavements in the state has been reported. In this study, lightweight aggregates along with polymer-modified asphalt emulsion were used to determine proper aggregate and emulsion application rates to minimize chip loss in chip seals. Again, lightweight aggregates were studied in the laboratory to determine the effect of moisture content and electrical charge on chip loss. Evaluation of chip seal was performed by statistical analysis based on rutting potential, chip embedment, and retention. Results show that aggregate retention and embedment depth depend on aggregate-emulsion interaction, whereas rutting depends on the type of aggregate. Proper selection of aggregate and asphalt emulsion is important to maximize aggregate retention in chip seal. Chip loss also results from a lack of compatibility between the aggregate and asphalt emulsion. Results indicate that retention of aggregate depends on the prevailing charges of aggregate and emulsion particles. Moisture condition of the aggregate does not have any effect on chip loss. A new sweep test machine has been developed to assess chip loss, and it was found to be better than the sweep test currently recommended by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM).

Ce travail examine les propriétés mécaniques du béton léger (LWAC) fabriqué avec des granulats commercialement connus par Stalite et renforcé avec des fibres. Les paramètres étudiés comprenaient la résistance à la compression (25 et 40 MPa), le type de fibres (acier, synthétique, basalte-minibars ou BMB et hybrides) et la fraction volumique des fibres (0,5 et 1%). Les essais effectués comprenaient des essais de compression, de déformation axiale, de traction sous pression, de module d'élasticité, de flexion, de retrait et de perte de masse. De plus, des tests de pénétration des ions chlorure et de résistivité de surface ont été effectués pour examiner la durabilité du béton. Les résultats des essais ont montré que le coefficient d'efficacité du LWAC, défini comme le rapport entre la résistance à la compression et la densité, était supérieur de 16% à celui du béton de poids normal (NWC). De plus, le module d'élasticité de LWAC a chuté de 8,5 à 15,2% par rapport à celui de NWC alors que son coefficient de Poisson variait entre 0,2 et 0,24. L'ajout de fibres a amélioré les propriétés mécaniques du LWAC. L'absorption d'énergie de LWAC a augmenté de 129% en augmentant la fraction volumique des fibres BMB de 0,5 à 1%. De plus, le module de rupture du LWAC était plus élevé que celui prévu avec les formulations ACI 318 (2014). Les résultats des tests de durabilité ont montré que la pénétration des ions chlorure de LWAC était « très faible » selon la classification ASTM C1202 (2012). De plus, l'utilisation d'agrégats légers a augmenté la résistivité de surface du béton jusqu'à 150%. Cependant, l'ajout de fibres d'acier a augmenté la pénétration des ions chlorure et diminué la résistivité de surface du mélange, tandis que l'ajout de fibres BMB n'a montré aucune influence sur les deux paramètres.<br>This study investigates the mechanical properties and durability of lightweight aggregate concrete (LWAC) made with expanded slate coarse aggregates (commerciallyknown as Stalite aggregates) and reinforced with different types of fibers. The parameters investigated included the compressive strength (25 and 40 MPa), the type of fibers (steel, synthetic, and basalt-minibars or BMB, and hybrid fibers), and the volume fraction of the fibers used (0.5 and 1%). The experimental tests conducted to characterize the obtained LWAC included compression tests, axial deformation tests, pressure tension tests, modulus of elasticity tests, flexure tests, shrinkage tests, and mass-loss tests. Furthermore, both chloride-ion penetration and surface resistivity tests were carried out to examine the durability of LWAC mixes. Test results showed that the efficiency ratio of LWAC, defined as the ratio of compressive strength to density, was 16% higher than that of normal weight concrete (NWC). Moreover, the modulus of elasticity of LWAC dropped by 8.5 to 15.2% compared to that of NWC whereas its Poisson’s ratio ranged between 0.2 and 0.24. The addition of fibers significantly enhanced the mechanical properties of the LWAC. For instance, the energy absorption of LWAC increased by 129% by increasing the volume fraction of BMB fibers from 0.5 to 1%. Furthermore, the modulus of rupture of LWAC was higher than that predicted using ACI 318 (2014) formulations. In terms of durability, test results showed that the chloride penetration of LWAC was “very low” according to ASTM C1202 (2012) classification. Moreover, using lightweight aggregates increased the surface resistivity of concrete up to 150%. However, the addition of steel fibers increased the chloride penetration and decreased the surface resistivity of the mix while the addition of BMB fibers showed no influence on both parameters.

La presente tesi sperimentale si focalizza sulla produzione e successiva analisi, tramite test prescritti dalla normativa europea, di conglomerati bituminosi costituiti da aggregati leggeri che vadano a sostituire il 12% degli aggregati naturali, presenti in un tipico strato d’usura. Questi aggregati leggeri sono stati originati partendo da due differenti polveri di scarto ad attivazione alcalina, quali polvere di basalto e bentonite esausta impiegati come principali precursori. Infatti, l’utilizzo di materiali di riciclo come prodotti sostenibili desta molto interesse nell’ambito ingegneristico, nello specifico in applicazioni su pavimentazioni stradali, in quanto essi possono rappresentare un modo per risparmiare energia e ridurre gli impatti ambientali. Lo studio sperimentale si pone come ulteriore obiettivo la comparazione dei materiali leggeri sopracitati con l’argilla espansa, in modo da comprovare la loro efficacia e poterli considerare degli ottimi e più sostenibili sostituti.

The objective of this thesis is to create an innovative approach to the development of flexible pavements with the use of synthetic aggregates for the production of porous layers. The synthetic aggregates are produced by the alkali-activation process. The potential application of artificial aggregates in the pavement, paves a way to reduce the use of natural materials to certain extends. This also helps to utilize the increasing growth of waste by-products generated from different kinds of industries. Furthermore, in this research the conventional Bitumen for asphalt concrete was substituted with a transparent binder. Hence this will hope to decrease the impact of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide which are emitted from the production of traditional mixtures with Bitumen in the road industry. The first part of experimental phase includes the recipe of making the geopolymer aggregates. The precursors concerned with this production are basalt powder and metakaolin. These powders are activated by the mixture of reagents such as Sodium hydroxide and Sodium Silicate. After discovering the optimum percentage of each precursors and solid-liquid ratio, the productions of synthetic lightweight aggregates start. The next experimental phase involves the Mix design and characterization of a porous mixture. In this part, it has been decided to replace the natural white aggregates by 21% with the synthetic lightweight aggregates to form a semi-porous pavement design as per the European Standards. This design also replaces the traditional bitumen with a transparent binder named ‘EVIzero-28’ which is a synthetic binder used to produce eco-friendly asphalt. After the selection of mix design, the samples are produced to find out the optimum percentage of transparent binder content. Once it gets, then the samples are prepared for the further experimental phases like testing as per European Standards.

DIPLOMA THESIS IN THEIR THEORETICAL PART ARE FOCUSE , USE LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATES FOR THE PRODUCE OF VERY LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE, FOCUSES PRIMARILY ON FOAM GLASS AGGREGATES. THERE ARE ALSO MENTIONED OTHERS LIGHTWEIGHT AGREGATES, WHICH WE ARE USE FOR PRODUCE O VERY LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE. THEN THERE ARE RISKS UNITED WITH VERY LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE. IN THE PRACTICAL PART IS THE PROPERTY ANALLYSIS OF FOAM GLASS AGGREGATES, DESIGN RECIPE VERY LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE AND MONITORED MECHANICAL A THERMAL PROPERTIES OF THESE CONCRETE.

L’obiettivo del progetto è stato quello di realizzare ed analizzare aggregati artificiali creati attraverso geopolimerizzazione e macro-incapsulazione di paraffina in aggregati leggeri espansi, discutendo i loro possibili impieghi nelle pavimentazioni stradali. Dopo un'accurata calibrazione delle miscele geopolimeriche, sono stati realizzati degli aggregati artificiali, in seguito caratterizzati in accordo con la norma UNI EN 10343, con l'intento di sostituire materiali stradali vergini. Contemporaneamente, sono stati prodotti aggregati leggeri impregnati di paraffina (PCM), in grado di cambiare fase una volta raggiunti all'incirca i 3 °C, e successivamente rivestiti da due strati di resina poliestere e polvere di granito, denominati PLA: sfruttandone le proprietà termiche, si è valutato il loro possibile utilizzo come soluzione anti-icing. L’ultima fase della ricerca è stata incentrata nella realizzazione di aggregati geopolimerici espansi e molto porosi che potessero contenere una elevata quantità di PCM, sostituendo l'argilla espansa utilizzata nella produzione degli PLA.

The current usage of both classical and fluid combustion ashes is not sufficient and they are deposited in large quantities. The focus of this master´s thesis is to determine and verify some possibilities of their suitable applications in construction industry, specifically as the alternative aggregates for concrete. After the performed analysis several systems based on both classical and fluid combustion ashes have been proposed. Portland cement and hydrated lime were used as admixtures and binding properties of fluid combustion ashes were also tested. The most important properties were compressive strength and bulk density. The aim was to appropriate an optimal ratio between the addition of modifying substance and resulting strength of prepared aggregate in order to correspond to standards for aggregates for concrete.