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Journal articles on the topic 'Lightweight construction'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 26 July 2025

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1

Sarmin, Siti Noorbaini. "Lightweight Building Materials of Geopolymer Reinforced Wood Particles Aggregate – A Review." Applied Mechanics and Materials 802 (October 2015): 220–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.802.220.

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Lightweight constructions materials provide better thermal insulations properties for buildings. Using lightweight’s aggregates, such like wood particles is one of the most common ways for making lightweight building materials. The low cost and availability of wood particles made it the best ultimate materials preference in production of composites construction materials. Geopolymer, the alkali-activation cement-based materials have been proven can be used to produce lightweight materials. In additional, geopolymer possess excellent mechanical properties and significant reduction in CO2 emissi

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2

Bai, Jian, Yao Sun, Ting Li, and Dingkang Wang. "Applying Horner's Rule to Optimize Lightweight MDS Matrices." International Journal of Digital Crime and Forensics 11, no. 4 (2019): 82–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijdcf.2019100106.

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This article is concerned with the problem of constructing lightweight MDS matrices. The authors present a new construction of 4 × 4 MDS matrices over GL(F2, m) for any integer m. They give sufficient and necessary conditions to determine whether the construction is an MDS matrix. Further, for any even number m ≥ 4, they construct lightweight MDS matrices in this structure. Applying Horner's rule to implement MDS matrices, the authors constructions need only 8+4×3×m XOR operations.

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3

Sobek, Werner. "Ultra-lightweight construction." International Journal of Space Structures 31, no. 1 (2016): 74–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0266351116643246.

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4

Alawlaqi, Hashed. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN RC CONSTRUCTION AND LIGHTWEIGHT STEEL CONSTRUCTION." InterConf, no. 13(109) (May 20, 2022): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.51582/interconf.19-20.05.2022.001.

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The construction of lightweight steel has been remarkable in multiple applications including residential, commercial and industrial buildings. Many studies focus on the advantages of building lightweight from several aspects. This article highlights a comparative study of the construction of lightweight steel and construction by reinforced concrete in technical and economic aspects such as the weight of the building, construction time and construction conditions. In this article, the construction of lightweight steel appears to be the big difference in the weight of the building compared with

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5

Chatti, Sami, Daniel Pietzka, Nooman Ben Khalifa, Andreas Jäger, Alessandro Selvaggio, and A. Erman Tekkaya. "Lightweight Construction by Means of Profiles." Key Engineering Materials 504-506 (February 2012): 369–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.504-506.369.

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This paper shows some product and process developments at the Institute of Forming Technology and Lightweight Construction of the TU Dortmund University supporting the lightweight construction. It presents the manufacturing of lightweight profiles by hot extrusion and their benefits as well as their design, material, and manufacturing potential for lightweight construction. Examples of process extensions in hot extrusion like curved profile extrusion, twisted profile extrusion and manufacturing of functional graded profiles and profiles with variable cross-sections during extrusion are shown.

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6

Zhao, Haoyang. "Lightweight Model-Based Intrusion Detection in Construction Scenes." Journal of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence 3, no. 1 (2025): 58–60. https://doi.org/10.54097/ejhnrv33.

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Intrusion detection in construction scenes can effectively reduce the occurrence of hazardous incidents. Current detection methods, while effective, are often too complex. This paper proposes a lightweight monitoring model based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs). First, the model is trained using a dataset to achieve high accuracy. Then, the model is lightweighted using CNNs. Simulation results show that the model can maintain accuracy while occupying a smaller volume.

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7

Dunaevskaya, Julia, Daria Zaborova, Artemy Churakov, and Artem Korsun. "Influence of Cladding Material on the Vapor Permeability of Lightweight Expanded Clay Aggregate (LECA) Concrete." Applied Mechanics and Materials 725-726 (January 2015): 529–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.725-726.529.

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The demand for town houses using the constructions of lightweight conrete is growing rapidly in recent time. One of the most common building materials for cottage construction is lightweight aggregate blocks. An important role for lightweight expanded clay aggregate (LECA) concrete plays such a property as vapor permeability. This paper presents the results of vapor permeability test of the samples, the analysis and recommendations for construction of the building. These samples were taken from the LECA concrete blocks covered by unidentified cladding, of which one of the town houses was under

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8

Abed, Huda. "Production of Lightweight Concrete by Using Construction Lightweight Wastes." Engineering and Technology Journal 37, no. 1A (2019): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.30684/etj.37.1a.3.

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9

Hornung, Martin, and Michael Hajj. "Structural Bonding for Lightweight Construction." Materials Science Forum 618-619 (April 2009): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.618-619.49.

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The demand for safer, lighter and more fuel efficient vehicles has led to the market entry of light weight construction, with the use of advanced high strength steels, engineering plastic and light weight metals. Maximum weight savings potential will be limited if these are used in isolation. Chemistry based structural adhesives and foams enable the intelligent use of all three weight saving methodologies to overcome the problems of safety, quality and high processing cost.

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10

Fahrenholz, Helmut. "Composites Testing in Lightweight Construction." Auto Tech Review 1, no. 11 (2012): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1365/s40112-012-0173-y.

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11

Knorra, Ulrich. "Lightweight Construction is Gaining Momentum." Lightweight Design 9, S3 (2016): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s35725-016-0087-8.

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12

Shatov, S., I. Matsyuk, and E. Shlyahov. "Construction of closed lightweight gears." Collection of Research Papers of the National Mining University 62 (2020): 187–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.33271/crpnmu/62.187.

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13

Brendecke, Thomas, Ole Götz, Marcel Groß, and Frank Schneider. "Lightweight construction of chassis components." ATZ worldwide 110, no. 10 (2008): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03225035.

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14

Zach, J., J. Bubeník, and M. Sedlmajer. "Development of lightweight structural concrete with the use of aggregates based on foam glass." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1205, no. 1 (2021): 012014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1205/1/012014.

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Abstract Lightweight concretes are increasingly being used in the construction industry, either for the overall lightweighting of the structure itself, reducing material consumption for construction and thus CO2 emissions, or for specific reasons such as improving the thermal insulation properties of the structure or acoustic properties. Today, lightweight concretes with lightweight expanded aggregates (expanded clay, agloporite) are most commonly used. This paper deals with the production of lightweight concretes lightweighted with foamed glass-based aggregates. Foamed glass is a lightweight

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15

Junek, Vladimír, Jiří Kolísko, Martin Kroc, and Isabela Bradáčová. "Developing Fire Resistant Construction for Tunnel Construction Using Lightweight Aggregate Concrete." Advanced Materials Research 1106 (June 2015): 172–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1106.172.

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The article describes partial results of the research of fire and technical properties of lightweight concrete with regard to the possibility of the application of lightweight concrete in tunnel structure wall lining. The article summarises partial results of individual parts of the project focused on the specification of material properties, execution of temperature analysis of the fire resistance, calculation of structure heat transmission and specification of the thermal response of the material as subject-matter to the research.

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16

Grygo, Robert, and Victor Pranevich. "Lightweight sintered aggregate as construction material in concrete structures." MATEC Web of Conferences 174 (2018): 02008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201817402008.

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The paper presents the result of testing a new patented lightweight aggregates. The only solid material used to manufactured these aggregate is fly ash. Lightweight sintered aggregate is durable, lightweight and high-strength material. It is environmentally friendly material. It has chance to by future material in concrete use. The laboratory test shown that the concrete made from the this special lightweight sintered aggregate possesses low porosity, high strength and high durability potential. The bulk density, depending on the product fraction, oscillates between 550- 830 kg/m3. This specia

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17

Parry-Jones, Joel. "Lightweight modular construction of school classrooms, reverberation time prediction versus field testing." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 154, no. 4_supplement (2023): A214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0023320.

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Lightweight modular schools are in the early phases of being designed and constructed throughout NSW as part of Schools Infrastructure “Modern Methods of Construction (MMC).” This method proposes the use of CLT (Cross Laminated Timber) panels, timber floor and wall cassettes, and/or hybrid systems. Schools Infrastructure NSW has developed, along with PKA Acoustic Consulting’s acoustic input, the “Kit of Parts” catalogue which utilises predetermined set of components that can easily be assembled and constructed. The classroom layout is therefore defined and can be incorporated into the acoustic

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18

Sumit, S. Khandare, and P. Jaiswal Shyamali. "Comparative Study of Seismic Analysis of Building with Light Weight and Conventional Material." International Journal of Engineering and Management Research 9, no. 2 (2019): 162–65. https://doi.org/10.31033/ijemr.9.2.21.

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In recent decades, the lightweight materials are used in construction instead of conventional material. Lightweight construction is considered to be favourable due to the saving in construction cost and materials. AAC block is a lightweight structural material with excellent acoustic and thermal insulation properties. Due to the use of lightweight material in construction in seismic zone reduce the percentage of damages. In this paper the attempt has been made to carry out the project comparative study of seismic analysis of building with lightweight and conventional material. Structural model

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19

Medveď, Juraj, Bart Ingeleare, and Lieven de Geetere. "Mockup Investigation of Lightweight Timber Floor." Advanced Materials Research 899 (February 2014): 499–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.899.499.

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This paper dealt with measurement and analysis of different floor structures and their acoustic optimization towards the improvement of the impact sound insulation. Special attention goes to light weight timber frame constructions with taking in account the low frequency bands. The aim of the research is to create or design acoustic optimized lightweight floor constructions and mainly to find a good solution to achieve the best possible impact sound insulation for lightweight floors with the lowest possible thickness and low cost. Following contribution is first part of mentioned investigation

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20

Dhengare, Sagar W., Ajay L. Dandge, and H. R. Nikhade. "Cellular Lightweight Concrete." Journal of Advance Research in Mechanical & Civil Engineering (ISSN: 2208-2379) 2, no. 4 (2015): 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.53555/nnmce.v2i4.332.

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Cellular Light weight Concrete (CLWC) is not a new invention in concrete world. It has been known since ancient times. It was made using natural aggregates of volcanic origin such as pumice, scoria, etc. The Greeks and the Romans used pumice in building construction. Lightweight concrete can be defined as a type of concrete which includes an expanding agent in that it increases the volume of the mixture while giving additional qualities such as inability and lessened the dead weight. The usage of Cellular Light-weight Concrete (CLC) blocks gives a prospective solution to building construction

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21

Ksonshkevych, L. M., I. V. Barabash, K. O. Streltsov, and O. M. Krantovska. "Lightweight concrete for frame-monolithic construction." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1164, no. 1 (2021): 012042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1164/1/012042.

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22

Dugan, Erin L. "Acoustical performance of lightweight construction materials." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 130, no. 4 (2011): 2388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.3654566.

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23

Arleth, Matthias. "Trends in Lightweight Construction of Roofs." Auto Tech Review 4, no. 6 (2015): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1365/s40112-015-0930-9.

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24

周, 敏. "The Construction of Lightweight MDS Matrix." Advances in Applied Mathematics 07, no. 04 (2018): 429–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/aam.2018.74054.

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25

Arleth, Matthias. "Trends in Lightweight Construction of Roofs." ATZ worldwide 117, no. 3 (2015): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s38311-015-0166-y.

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26

Wichmann, Helmut. "Lightweight construction criteria in wiring harnesses." ATZelektronik worldwide 3, no. 4 (2008): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03242185.

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27

Kleiner, M., S. Chatti, and A. Klaus. "Metal forming techniques for lightweight construction." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 177, no. 1-3 (2006): 2–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2006.04.085.

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28

Junk, Stefan, and Tobias Grün. "Innovative lightweight construction in exhaust technology." ATZ worldwide 109, no. 4 (2007): 17–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03224926.

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29

Wagenführ, André. "A Lightweight Natural Fibre Composite Construction." Lightweight Design worldwide 10, no. 1 (2017): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41777-017-0017-1.

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30

Garg, A. K., Radhika Keerthi N., and Vijay Shanker G. "Lightweight Construction - A Real Model Study." Journal of Real Estate, Construction & Management 25, no. 4 (2010): 35–47. https://doi.org/10.1177/2977657020100403.

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31

Kruger, Deon, and Michael van der Westhuizen. "Development of an Ultra-Lightweight Thin Film Polymer Modified Concrete Material." Key Engineering Materials 466 (January 2011): 131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.466.131.

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Certain construction situations call for the use of ultra-lightweight concrete materials. The properties of such materials allow for the utilisation of concrete in weight critical applications, for example precast elements, roofing panels, flooring and cladding of structures. The weight saving benefits of lightweight concrete are evident, yet a trade-off in the strength and durability characteristics of the concrete are made. This paper sets out to develop an ultra-lightweight thin filmed polymer modified concrete material for such applications. This material may incorporate specialised aggreg

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32

Yadav, Mr Rajesh Kumar. "Seismic Analysis of Lightweight and Conventional Buildings: A Comparative Study." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 10 (2021): 1079–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.38500.

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Abstract: In recent decades, the use of light-weight materials over heavy-weight materials has increased at a faster rate. When it comes to cost and resource savings, lightweight construction is considered to be more essential. AAC block is a lightweight construction material that provides good acoustic and thermal insulation. In seismic zones, the use of lightweight materials in building reduces the percentage of damages. The goal of this research is to conduct a project comparison study of seismic analysis of buildings composed of lightweight and conventional materials. RSM creates a structu

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33

Agrawal, Yash, Trilok Gupta, Ravi Sharma, Narayan Lal Panwar, and Salman Siddique. "A Comprehensive Review on the Performance of Structural Lightweight Aggregate Concrete for Sustainable Construction." Construction Materials 1, no. 1 (2021): 39–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/constrmater1010003.

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Lightweight aggregate concrete is an innovative building material used to reduce the self-weight of a high-rise building. Recently, the use of lightweight aggregate in construction is increasing immensely due to its performance during an earthquake. Lightweight aggregate concrete (LWAC) is a solution for the achievement of sustainability in the construction sector, which helps us cut down the overall cost of a project in massive construction work (tall buildings and bridges). Additionally, using various industrial by-products and waste instead of natural aggregate allows us to reduce the negat

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34

Wei, Jiaying, Tianyu Wang, Ying Zhong, Yi Zhang, and Christopher K. Y. Leung. "Performance Evaluation of Foamed Concrete with Lightweight Aggregate: Strength, Shrinkage, and Thermal Conductivity." Materials 17, no. 15 (2024): 3869. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17153869.

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Lightweight concrete offers numerous advantages for modular construction, including easier construction planning and logistics, and the ability to offset additional dead loads induced by double-wall and double-slab features. In a previous study, authors proposed incorporating lightweight aggregate into foamed concrete instead of adding extra foam to achieve lower density, resulting in lightweight concrete with an excellent strength-to-density ratio. This paper further investigated the performance aspects of foamed concrete with lightweight aggregate beyond mechanical strength. To evaluate the

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35

Medveď, Juraj, Bart Ingeleare, and Lieven de Geetere. "Impact Sound Insulation Concept for Lightweight Timber Floor." Advanced Materials Research 855 (December 2013): 245–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.855.245.

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This paper is the second continuation of lightweight timber frame floor construction investigation with a respect to impact noise isolation. We will log on to previous article which dealt with mockup investigation of new LWTF floor conception. The main objectives of research is to design lightweight floor with good impact sound insulation performance to achieve low cost and reduce thickness of construction. In the following chapters well outline results of new floor model on lightweight timber frame construction implemented in laboratory conditions in Belgian Building Research Institute in Lim

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36

Takács, Lajos Gábor. "Fire Protection Aspects of Low-Energy Buildings." Advanced Materials Research 899 (February 2014): 543–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.899.543.

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Structures of low energy buildings and passive houses are different from traditional buildings: thick thermal insulations often made of combustible materials -, lightweight skeleton frame loadbearing structures, timber frame constructions are common. Based on laboratory tests of lightweight building products, building structure design principles and the first fire events in passive houses, this article summarizes the main fire protection problems of passive house structures and gives recommendations for appropriate construction of these houses in fire protection aspects.

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37

Harinarayanan, N., and Dr K. Sudha. "Advanced Drone Surveillance System for Traffic Management." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 08, no. 02 (2024): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem28537.

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The growing need for sustainable and efficient construction practices has spurred a surge in the development of advanced building materials. Lightweight wall panels have emerged as a promising solution to address the challenges of traditional construction methods. This abstract delves into the design, composition, and benefits of lightweight wall panels, highlighting their contributions to sustainability, energy efficiency, and ease of installation. The lightweight wall panel comprises a combination of materials such as foam cores, composite materials, and reinforcements, carefully engineered

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38

Suryani, F. M., S. Rizal, Abdullah, and M. Isya. "Lightweight concrete in cement-treated subbase construction." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1087, no. 1 (2021): 012038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1087/1/012038.

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39

Licciulli, Antonio, Ehsan Ul Haq, Muhammad Suhaib Ashraf, Khurram Rashid, and Sanosh Kunjalukkal Padmanabhan. "Thermally Aerated Geopolymers as Lightweight Construction Material." Applied Sciences 10, no. 19 (2020): 6697. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10196697.

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In this research work, thermal foaming of bottom ash and sodium silicate geopolymer is proposed as a production process for light weight bricks. The composition and temperatures were studied and optimized to get the most suitable intumescence properties for the lightweight construction applications. For this purpose, four different compositions (i.e., 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% bottom ash (BA)) were cured at four different curing temperatures (CT) (i.e., 200, 400, 500, and 600 °C). Sodium silicate (SS) to sodium hydroxide (SH) ratio was kept constant in order to keep the activation capacity of the

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40

Davies, Luke, Jamie Bull, and Tomasz Kucki. "Lightweight backfill materials in integral bridge construction." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Bridge Engineering 167, no. 1 (2014): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/bren.10.00051.

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41

Werner, Markus, Verena Psyk, André Albert, et al. "New lightweight construction prospects enabled by hydroforming." MATEC Web of Conferences 21 (2015): 06004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/20152106004.

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42

Terzi, Antonia, and Wubbo Ockels. "Superbus concept relies on lightweight composite construction." Reinforced Plastics 52, no. 2 (2008): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0034-3617(08)70275-3.

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43

Manzini, Giovanni, and Paolo Ferragina. "Engineering a Lightweight Suffix Array Construction Algorithm." Algorithmica 40, no. 1 (2004): 33–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00453-004-1094-1.

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44

Warnock, A. C. C., and M. J. Morin. "Reduction of plumbing noise in lightweight construction." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 88, S1 (1990): S135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2028608.

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45

Yestemessova, A. S., Z. N. Altayeva, and A. G. Yesselbayeva. "ENERGY-EFFICIENT LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE FOR GREEN CONSTRUCTION." Bulletin of Kazakh Leading Academy of Architecture and Construction 88, no. 2 (2023): 153–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.51488/1680-080x/2023.2-17.

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This article presents the results of studies of energy-efficient wood concrete using ash Astana-Energy CHPP-2. It was found that the use of ash improves the adhesion of rice husks with cement and has a positive effect on the workability of the wood concrete mixture. The optimal ash content of lightweight concrete is 10%, since a further increase in its amount reduces strength by 30-41%. As a result the composition of energy-efficient wood concrete on rice husk for energy-efficient construction was obtained. It was also found that when rice husks are treated with chemical additives, the strengt

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46

Walberg, Dietmar. "Massive versus lightweight construction in residential building." Mauerwerk 21, no. 1 (2017): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dama.201700720.

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47

Seif, E., J. Langner, M. Stonis, and B. Behrens. "Folgeverbundhybridschmieden eines Querlenkers*/Hybrid forging process within progressive dies of a suspension arm – Lightweight structural construction and heat subjection of hybrid forged parts." wt Werkstattstechnik online 109, no. 10 (2019): 765–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.37544/1436-4980-2019-10-69.

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Folgeverbundhybridgeschmiedete Bauteile haben großes Potenzial im Leichtbau. Am Beispiel eines Querlenkers wird der Vorteil des Hybridschmiedens in Struktur- und Stoffleichtbau betrachtet. Zusätzlich zeigt die Betrachtung des Wärmeeintrags, dass beim nachträglichen Vergüten das Potenzial des Stoffleichtbaus nicht gefährdet wird. &nbsp; Components manufactured by hybrid forging in progressive dies have a high potential for lightweight construction. The example of a suspension arm shows the advantage of hybrid forged parts creating new possibilities for structural and material lightweight co

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48

M. Shaju, Pragash. "Bio-based lightweight building blocks: A review." i-manager's Journal on Structural Engineering 11, no. 4 (2023): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jste.11.4.19806.

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This paper explores the development and utilization of bio-based lightweight building blocks as a sustainable solution in the construction industry. With increasing concerns about the environmental impact of traditional building materials, there is a growing need for eco-friendly alternatives. This study investigates the potential of natural and renewable materials, such as agricultural waste fibers, bamboo, or hemp, in combination with binders to create lightweight building blocks that offer both structural integrity and environmental sustainability. The research focuses on the formulation of

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49

Ohochuku, Chinwennwo P., Kelechukwu Dimkpa, and Ikpendu N. Chima. "Sustainable Lightweight Architecture for Economic Growth: A Forward-Thinking Approach." AMERICAN Journal of Science on Integration and Human Development Volume 02, Issue 04, 2024 ISSN (E): 02, no. 4 (2024): 39–50. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10998156.

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In response to urgent socio-economic challenges in Nigeria, this journal paper investigates the transformative potential of sustainable lightweight architecture in fostering economic growth and addressing migration issues. Situated within the Nigerian socio-economic landscape, the study explores how optimized lightweight construction methods offer a promising solution to the country's pressing concerns. Through an extensive literature review, the paper examines the intricate relationship between the built environment and economic opportunities, emphasizing the role of lightweight construction

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50

Petr, Junga, Vondráčková Terezie, and Mareček Jan. "Conceptual design and evaluation of the alternative construction of lightweight hall building with polygonal ground plan and canvas roofing." Research in Agricultural Engineering 64, No. 1 (2018): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/2/2017-rae.

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The paper presents the results of a conceptual study of lightweight wooden construction hall building with polygonal ground plan, suitable for agriculture. It comprises evaluation of chosen technical and functional characteristics and possibilities for animal production. The results of the study confirm advantages (mainly lower material and costs demandingness, environmentally friendliness, light-weight construction, fast assembly operations) and disadvantages (mainly larger range of groundwork, higher demandingness on roof structure, foundation of slab constructions and anchoring of vertical

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