Academic literature on the topic 'Ligne de bus'
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Journal articles on the topic "Ligne de bus"
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Strubel, Armand. "Le pastiche à l’épreuve du manuscrit Paris, BnF fr. 146 : le dépit amoureux de Fauvel." Études françaises 46, no. 3 (December 21, 2010): 123–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/045121ar.
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Le cheval Fauvel, synthèse des Vices, s’est lancé dans une aventure insensée : demander la main de Fortune, qui le repousse brutalement et l’agonit de sarcasmes. La version du Roman de Fauvel contenue dans le manuscrit Bnf fr. 146 place à ce moment-clef du poème réécrit à partir de Gervais du Bus une longue interpolation de plus de 700 vers, qui amplifie le dépit amoureux du soupirant éconduit. Même si ce n’est pas, littéralement, l’âne à la lyre, la situation paraît idéale pour identifier les traces du pastiche, d’autant plus que la complainte est enrichie de citations lyriques et de pièces musicales insérées. L’enjeu est de repérer les indices textuels, iconographiques et autres, les marqueurs de l’imitation décalée. On constate, en cours d’analyse, que malgré l’évidence globale, le pointage précis se heurte à de nombreuses difficultés : entre le pastiche, la parodie et la satire, la ligne de partage est malaisée à tracer, et la part subjective de l’interprétation reste irréductible.
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Brugère, Fabienne, and Guillaume le Blanc. "À propos d’un bus." Lignes 58, no. 1 (2019): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/lignes.058.0195.
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Kampf, Rudolf, Karel Zeman, and Pavel Beneš. "The Determination of the Optimal Variant of Public Bus Line Transport Vehicles in the Daily Circulation." Naše more 62, SI (October 2015): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17818/nm/2015/si6.
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Wei, Junjun, Kejun Long, Jian Gu, Qingling Ju, and Piao Zhu. "Optimizing Bus Line Based on Metro-Bus Integration." Sustainability 12, no. 4 (February 17, 2020): 1493. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12041493.
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Metros are usually built and added on the basis of a completed bus network in Chinese cities. After the metro construction, it is faced with the problem of how to adjust and optimize the original bus lines based on the new metro system. This research mainly proposes a bus line optimization method based on bus and metro integration. In the consideration of the geographical space, the cooperation and competition relationship between bus and metro lines is qualitatively introduced according to the geographical location and service range of metro (800 m radius) and bus (500 m radius) stations. The competition and cooperation indexes are applied to define the co-opetition relationship between bus and metro lines. The bus line optimization model is constructed based on the co-opetition coefficient and Changsha Metro Line Number 2 is chosen as a case study to verify the optimization model. The results show that the positive competition, efficient cooperation, and travel efficiency between metro and bus has been significantly enhanced after optimization. Moreover, this paper provides a reasonable reference for public transport network planning and resource allocation.
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Liu, Shu Xin, Yun Dong Cao, Chun Guang Hou, Yang Liu, and Xiao Ming Liu. "Development of On-Line Monitoring System and Aging Characteristics Research of Switchgear." Applied Mechanics and Materials 330 (June 2013): 364–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.330.364.
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For improving reliable operation of switchgear in power system, an approach for on-line monitoring the insulation characteristic and bus-bar temperature rising of the switchgear is proposed in this paper. Through comparing several existing temperature measurement methods for monitoring temperature rising elevation at bus-bas, a new design of temperature monitoring method is proposed. It adopts quick-magnetic saturated current transformer, temperature sensor and infrared transmission to solve the problem of high voltage isolation. The epoxy resin insulation material which is commonly used in switchgear its aging mechanism data is not complete, seriously restrict on-line monitoring for switchgear, so thousands hours of aging experiment is done on switchgear, systematic study various electrical characteristics variation law on the gradual aging process of epoxy resin insulation materials. Therefore, study on the aging characteristics of switchgearinsulation and its lifetime estimation method is the key technology to understand agingmechanism better, search for new fault diagnostic method and the way to extend theuseful lifetime of switchgear. At last, the system runs in real system and the result shows the on-line monitoring system is stable and reliable which can be provide reference for on-line monitoring system design of switchgear.
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Zhou, Wang, Ji, and Cottrill. "Coordinated Control Strategy for Multi-Line Bus Bunching in Common Corridors." Sustainability 11, no. 22 (November 6, 2019): 6221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11226221.
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Improving the sharing rate of public transportation is an important content for the sustainable development of urban transportation. However, bus bunching, a common phenomenon during transit operation, makes negative effects on reliability and service level of the bus system. In most urban centers in China, many bus lines usually serve in a corridor. Different buses may interact with each other in the corridor, which may aggravate the bus bunching. However, previous studies on bus bunching focused on single bus service. In addition, with the popularization of bus data acquisition and the maturity of data processing methods, the accuracy of bus bunching research meets more opportunities. In this paper, we proposed a holding strategy based on two-bus cooperative control. A simulation was carried out after preliminarily processing and analyzing the bus operation data of Foshan, Guangdong City. In the simulation, we compared the performance of three different scenarios, which are before control strategy, under the strategy for a single bus line and under the coordinated strategy for multiple bus lines. We contrastively analyze the results of the two strategies from different aspects. The results show that in aspects, such as holding a frequency, holding time, the total running time and the influence on the other bus line, the cooperative holding strategy manifests better. It illustrates that it is meaningful to do such a research on the effect of corridor service on bus bunching and add this effect into traditional holding strategy to build a multi-bus cooperative control strategy. The results have important theoretical significance for enriching and completing existing theory and methods of transit system and practical value for improving the service level and attractiveness of buses, increasing the share rate of public transportation, and thus, promoting the sustainable development of cities.
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Wang, Wei, Shu Min Qin, Xing Ke Tian, Jian Wei Zhang, and Fu Xin Li. "Queue Delay Model and Simulation for TTCAN." Advanced Materials Research 1006-1007 (August 2014): 707–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1006-1007.707.
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This paper analyzes the transmission characteristics of TTCAN bus and builts TTCAN bus delay equation. TTCAN bus line on average delay modeling analysis, through analyzing the TTCAN bus line average delay modeling analysis, using computer simulation tools, creates a transport simulation model TTCAN bus.
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Chung, Wan-Sup, and Jin-Geun Shon. "On-line Remote Diagnosis System for DC Bus Capacitor of Power Converters Using Zigbee Communication." Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers P 64, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5370/kieep.2015.64.1.029.
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Ning, Hong Long, Chang Oh Jeong, Ki Yong Song, Sung Hen Cho, Jae Hong Kim, Dong Ju Yang, Jean Ho Song, and Shi Yul Kim. "Half-Buried Structure Cu Bus Line in TFT LCD." Key Engineering Materials 428-429 (January 2010): 329–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.428-429.329.
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As we know, we normally used stacked aluminum bus line as the Gate or Source/Drain layer in LCD now, but the next general LCD needs larger display area, higher resolution, and faster response time, so we need develop the new TFT bus line structure and select the appropriate metallization materials to decrease the resistance of bus line. There are many new kinds of structure and material were used, for example copper, silver and their alloys, pure copper have some advantages among them because of its low electric resistance and cost, but it is restricted by the problem of pure copper’s lifting and etching. In this paper, we not only use electroless copper plating to decrease the resistance and cost of bus line but also use the half-buried structure to increase the thickness of bus line, it can combine these two new technologies well in LCD. We use the half-buried structure copper bus line to make some panel samples, it can decrease the delay of RC greatly (it is lower than 1/4 of normal aluminum bus line panel in the same size).
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Yao, Baozhen, Qingda Cao, Lu Jin, Mingheng Zhang, and Yibing Zhao. "Circle Line Optimization of Shuttle Bus in Central Business District without Transit Hub." PROMET - Traffic&Transportation 29, no. 1 (February 14, 2017): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v29i1.2015.
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The building density of Central Business District (CBD) is usually high. Land for a bus terminal is insufficient. In this situation, passengers in CBD have to walk far to take a bus, or take a long time to wait for a taxi. To solve this problem, this paper proposes an indirect approach: the design of a circle line of shuttle bus as a dynamic bus terminal in CBD. The shuttle bus can deliver people to the bus station through a circle line. This approach not only reduces the traffic pressure in CBD, but also saves travel time of the passenger. A bi-objective model is proposed to design a circle line of a shuttle bus for CBD. The problem is solved by non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II). Furthermore, the Dalian city in China has been chosen as the case study to test the proposed method. The results indicate that the method is effective for circle line optimization of shuttle bus in central business district without a bus terminal.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Ligne de bus"
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Hans, Etienne. "Modélisation des lignes de bus pour la prévision temps réel et la régulation dynamique." Thesis, Vaulx-en-Velin, Ecole nationale des travaux publics, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENTP0006/document.
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Le bus est le moins cher des transports en commun. En contrepartie, il est beaucoup plus difficile à exploiter que le tramway ou le métro qui sont mieux protégés des influences extérieures. Un exemple typique est l’apparition de trains de bus, groupes de véhicules appartenant à la même ligne et arrivant ensemble à un arrêt. Ce phénomène augmente le temps d’attente moyen des usagers aux arrêts et induit un mauvais usage des bus disponibles. Cette thèse développe les outils permettant de garantir la régularité des lignes. Les recherches menées au cours de cette thèse s’articulent suivant deux directions.Un premier constat est que les modèles de lignes de bus existants ne prennent pas en compte les éléments extérieurs que sont les feux de circulation et le trafic environnant. L’absence d’une modélisation mixte intégrant aussi bien les dynamiques internes des lignes que les influences extérieures contraint fortement la diversité des stratégies de contrôle qui ont été proposées jusqu’ici. En effet, les régulations s’appliquent principalement au niveau des arrêts par l’intermédiaire des conducteurs et ne cherchent jamais à réguler le trafic à l’aide des feux de circulation. Un premier axe de recherche développé dans cette thèse est le raffinement des modèles de bus pour prendre en compte le trafic.Plusieurs méthodes d’estimation de temps de parcours sur un boulevard à feu sont proposées. Elles sont basées sur le modèle LWR, compromis fort satisfaisant entre simplicité d’usage et robustesse pour reproduire des situations réelles.Un second constat est que les stratégies de régulation classiques ne sont que rarement basées sur une prévision à court-terme de l'état du système. Elles sont donc souvent actionnées une fois que la situation est trop dégradée, ce qui les rend parfois inaptes à compenser l'instabilité des lignes. Le deuxième axe de recherche consiste à appliquer les modèles raffinés dans un contexte d’exploitation en temps-réel. Le modèle prévoit l'évolution des lignes de bus à court terme, ce qui permet d’actionner préventivement une stratégie de régulation adaptée. En particulier, une méthode de prévision à court terme est développée et testée sur des données réelles. Elle est ensuite combinée à une méthode récente de contrôle des busBus is cheaper than other transport modes. However, maintaining optimal operations is harder than for streetcars or subways since buses are surrounded by traffic flows. Sometimes, buses of the same route bunch and travel together instead of keeping constant time headways. This phenomenon increases the average waiting time of passengers. As a result, they may tend to shift to other transport modes. This thesis proposes some methods to keep bus routes regular. Two main lines of research are investigated.First, classical models of bus routes do not account for external events like traffic signals and traffic flows. Due to this gap, existing control strategies only apply on buses through their drivers.Traffic flows are not controlled to favor buses compared to cars. Thus, the first area of research consists in refining bus models to account for external events. Several travel time estimation methods on urban arterials are proposed. They are based on the kinematic wave model (LWR). It is known to be a fine trade-off between simplicity and robustness to properly reproduce traffic dynamics.Second, control strategies are often applied once the bus route is too disrupted to be restored to regularity. Predictions of future bus route states could improve the efficiency of regulations. The second area of research consists in using the refined bus models in real time operations. The model forecasts the evolution of buses on their route for short-term. The predictions are evaluated thanks to real data to guarantee their quality. Then it enables regulations to be applied before bunching. In particular, height holding control methods are presented and compared in simulation
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Kamoun, Mohamed. "Conception d’un système d’information pour l’aide au déplacement multimodal : une approche multi-agents pour la recherche et la composition des itinéraires en ligne." Ecole Centrale de Lille, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/14/28/46/PDF/these_kamoun.pdf.
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Afin d’éviter au voyageur de consulter plusieurs sites web d’opérateurs de transport en commun pour planifier son déplacement, ce travail vise à concevoir un Système d’Information Coopératif de Mobilité (SICM) pour l’aide au déplacement multimodal. Il s’agit d’automatiser cette démarche de recherche et de composition d’itinéraires, pour fournir une information multimodale via un système intégrateur, en s’appuyant sur la théorie des systèmes multi agents (SMA) pour l’intégration et la médiation des systèmes d’information des différents opérateurs de transport. Pour produire l’information multimodale et multi-opérateurs nécessaire à l’aide au déplacement, le SICM doit accéder aux différents systèmes d’information des opérateurs de transport et intégrer des résultats de recherche qui sont générés par les différents algorithmes des différents opérateurs. Dans cette approche, le SICM est un intergiciel (middleware) qui devient un client parmi d’autres usagers des systèmes d’information existants. Le SICM devient alors l’intermédiaire entre les différentes sources d’informations hétérogènes et distribuées d’une part et les clients d’autre part. Ce système doit être capable à la fois de trouver la bonne source d’information pour l’interroger selon les différentes requêtes des utilisateurs, et de regrouper les informations de manière cohérente pour répondre aux requêtes. Pour fournir un itinéraire composé mais surtout optimisé selon les critères de l’utilisateur, le recours à des algorithmes de plus courts chemins distribués « en-ligne », et adaptés à des graphes dynamiques a été retenu pour réaliser ce moteur de recherche et de composition en ligne d’itinéraires multimodauxTo plan his travel, a traveller has to consult several web sites of different public transport operators. To avoid this time consuming task, this work consists in conceiving a Mobility Cooperative information system (SICM) providing a multi-modal and a multi-operators travel information. This integration system automates the itineraries search and the multi-operators routes composition. Its design is based on the multiagent system theory (MAS). The SICM tries, in fact, to make the existing operators’ information systems cooperating efficiently together, so that it can provide users with the optimized route to follow, by compiling the needed information from the different operators information sources. In this approach, the SICM is a middleware which becomes a customer among other users of the existing information systems. It can be considered as a mediator between the various distributed information sources on the one hand and the travellers on the other hand. The system should be able, at the same time, to find the needed information sources which are able to answer an itinerary request, and to gather this information in a coherent way to compose an optimized itinerary. To provide an optimized route, according to the criterion of the user, distributed and time-dependent shortest path algorithms were adopted and adapted to realize an on-line itinerary composition
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Bergqvist, Oscar, and Mikaela Åstrand. "Bus Line Optimisation Using Autonomous Minibuses." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-210838.
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Due to demographic changes, the transportationdemand is predicted to increase significantly in the next decades.Considering the transport sector’s impact on society and theenvironment, the development of a sustainable transport systemis of great importance. Two possible building blocks in such asystem are connectivity and automation, and this project aims tostudy a way of combining these two.The purpose of this project is to investigate how the introductionof autonomous minibuses to a pre-existing bus systemwould affect its operational cost and environmental impact. Thisis done using a linear programming model that finds the optimalcombination of conventional buses and autonomous minibuseswith respect to cost. The model is implemented in the modellingsystem GAMS for bus lines 1–4 in Stockholm using data ontravel demand. Two scenarios are analysed; the first allowingan arbitrary number of minibuses, and the second being morerealistic and restricting the number of minibuses. The solutionsare then compared to the corresponding solutions using onlyconventional buses.In both cases, the results indicate that considerable savingscan be obtained while maintaining or even improving availability.From this, we draw the conclusion that when such technologyis truly available, it would be advisable to investigate if thesesavings can weigh up the costs related to necessary investments.
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Ólafsdóttír, Ásdís. "Bus service performance analysis. : Case study: Bus line 1 in Stockholm, Sweden." Thesis, KTH, Trafik och logistik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-96504.
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Transit reliability is one of the key factors in running a successful transit system from both passengers’ and operators’ perspective. To improve the reliability of a transit service a performance analysis is necessary. There are several service measures that can be applied to evaluate the performance of a transit service, both in relation to service punctuality and service regularity. Punctuality can be considered of higher importance on low frequency lines and regularity on high frequency lines. Bunching is used to describe how vehicles occupying the same bus route tend to bunch up and consequently the reliability decreases. For improving reliability several holding control strategies can be applied such as schedulebased holding, where early vehicles are held at time points, and headway ‐based holding, where vehicles are held to retrieve even headways between consecutive vehicles. This thesis provides an overview of several different performance measures that can be analyzed using Automatic Vehicle Location data (AVL) and Automatic Passenger Counters data (APC) collected from bus vehicles. As a case study, bus line 1 in Stockholm was analyzed. The line is a high frequency, inner city bus line, where schedule based holding is the current holding control strategy. The performance analysis included an analysis of service regularity, service punctuality, dwell times, passenger boarding/alighting and load, and run times. A linear regression analysis was applied to evaluate the effects of passenger activity on the dwell times. The results showed that the overall service performance decreased along the line for both directions. Vehicle trajectories revealed increased bunching along the line. The drivers’ compliance to holding analysis showed that there was room for improvement. Overall, the analysis showed that the current holding control strategy does not retrieve headway regularity and that the schedule for vehicle run times was too tight and needs revision. Furthermore, switching to headway ‐based holding was suggested.
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Hatzenbühler, Jonas. "Transition Towards Fixed-Line Autonomous Bus Transportation Systems." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Transportplanering, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-272008.
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In the last years the steady development of autonomous driving technology has enabled the deployment of more mature autonomous vehicles. These vehicles have been applied in several pilot projects worldwide, most commonly in the form of small buses. At the same time, the amount of people traveling in especially urban areas is continuously growing, resulting in more trips in the transportation system. An efficient transportation system is therefore required to serve the growing passenger demand. Autonomous buses (AB) are assumed to have lower operational costs and with that public transport (PT) systems can potentially be designed more efficiently to facilitate the increased demand better. In this study, an AB specific simulation-based optimization framework is proposed which allows analyzing the impacts AB have on line-based PT systems. The thesis focuses on the transition from existing PT systems towards line-based PT systems operated partially or exclusively by AB. Existing work on PT service design is extended so that realistic AB systems can be investigated. This is achieved by (i) using AB specific operator cost formulations, (ii) integrating infrastructure costs required for AB operations, (iii) utilizing a dynamic, stochastic and schedule-based passenger assignment model for the simulation of PT networks and by (iv) formulating a multi-objective optimization problem allowing to investigate the stakeholder-specific impacts of AB. In Paper I the effects of AB, concerning service frequency and vehicle capacity, on fixed-line PT networks are investigated. Among other metrics, the changes are evaluated based on differences in level of service and passenger flow. Additionally, the sequential introduction of AB in existing PT systems is studied. The framework addresses a case study in Kista, Sweden. The study confirmed the initial hypothesis that the deployment of AB leads to an increase in service frequency and a marginal reduction in vehicle capacity. Furthermore, it could be seen that the deployment of AB increases the passenger load on AB lines and that passengers can shift from other PT modes towards the AB services. Paper II incorporates a multi-objective heuristic optimization algorithm in the simulation framework. The study investigates changes in transport network design based on the deployment of AB. The differences in user-focused and operator-focused network design are analyzed and the impact of AB on these is quantified. This study is applied to a case study in Barkarby, Sweden where a full-sized, line-based PT network is designed to exclusively operate AB. Among other findings, we show that the autonomous technology reduces the number of served bus stops and reduces the total PT network size. Additionally, average passenger waiting time can be reduced when deploying AB on user-focused PT networks, which in turn leads to a further reduction of user cost.De senaste årens framsteg inom autonom körteknik har lett till mer mogna autonoma fordon. Dessa fordon har setts tillämpas i flera pilotprojekt över hela världen, oftast i form av små bussar. Samtidigt växer mängden människor som reser, särskilt i stadsområden, kontinuerligt vilket resulterar i fler resor i transportsystemet. Därför krävs ett effektivt transportsystem för att tillgodose det växande antalet passagerare. Autonoma bussar (AB) antas ha lägre driftskostnader och därmed kan system för kollektivtrafik (public transport, PT) potentiellt utformas mer effektivt för att underlätta den ökade efterfrågan bättre. I denna studie föreslås ett AB-specifikt simuleringsbaserat optimeringsramverk som gör det möjligt att analysera effekterna AB har på linjebaserade PT-system. Avhandlingen fokuserar på övergången från befintliga PT-system till linjebaserade PT-system som delvis eller uteslutande drivs av AB. Befintligt arbete med PT-tjänstdesign utvidgas så att realistiska AB-system kan undersökas. Detta uppnås genom att (i) använda AB-specifika operatörskostnadsformuleringar, (ii) integrera infrastrukturkostnader som krävs för AB-verksamhet, (iii) använda en dynamisk, stokastisk och schemabaserad modell för att tilldela passagerare vid simulering av PT-nät samt genom att (iv) formulera ett multifunktionellt optimeringsproblem som gör det möjligt att undersöka AB: s intressespecifika effekter. I artikel I undersöks effekterna av AB, med avseende på servicefrekvens och fordonskapacitet, på fasta linjer i PT-nät. Förändringar utvärderas bland annat utifrån skillnader i servicenivå och passagerarflöde. Dessutom studeras den sekventiella introduktionen av AB i befintliga PT-system. Det föreslagna ramverket tillämpas på en fallstudie i Kista, Sverige. Studien bekräftade den initiala hypotesen att utplaceringen av AB leder till en ökning av servicefrekvensen och en marginell minskning av fordonens kapacitet. Vidare kunde man se att utplaceringen av AB ökar passagerarbelastningen på AB-linjer och att passagerare kan skifta från andra PT-former mot AB-tjänsterna. Artikel II integrerar en multifunktionell heuristisk optimeringsalgoritm i ramverket för simuleringen. Studien undersöker förändringar i transportnätverkets design baserat på implementeringen av AB. Skillnaderna i användarfokuserad och operatörsfokuserad nätverksdesign analyseras och AB: s inverkan på dessa kvantifieras. Denna studie tillämpas på en fallstudie i Barkarby, Sverige, där ett fullstort linjebaserat PT-nät är utformat för att exklusivt driva AB. Vi visar bland annat att den autonoma tekniken reducerar antalet använda busshållplatser och reducerar den totala PT-nätstorleken. Dessutom kan implementeringen av AB på användarfokuserade PT-nät ytterligare förbättra servicenivån främst genom att minska den genomsnittliga väntetiden per passagerare.
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Guihaire, Valérie. "Modélisation et Optimisation pour le Graphicage des Lignes de Bus." Phd thesis, Université d'Angers, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00477743.
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Cette thèse a été réalisée dans le cadre d'une collaboration entre l'université d'Angers et la société Perinfo. Elle porte sur le développement de nouveaux modèles et algorithmes dédiés à la détermination des horaires de lignes dans les réseaux de bus. Le coeur de ce manuscrit est la qualité de service perçue par l'usager. Nous réalisons dans un premier temps un état de l'art des étapes relatives à la planification du réseau. Nous proposons ensuite un modèle et des fonctions d'évaluation pour les objectifs de synchronisation des correspondances et de régularité du cadencement. Ces éléments sont utilisés au sein d'une méthode de recherche locale basée sur un ensemble de voisinages que nous définissons pour le problème. Notre troisième contribution est la modélisation d'un problème original et intégré qui résout simultanément le problème de fixation des horaires et de création des affectations de véhicules. Pour ce problème complexe, nous proposons une méthode de résolution hybride basée sur une recherche locale itérée et un algorithme exact par enchères, ainsi que deux voisinages spécifiques. Les tests réalisés sur données réelles valident la supériorité de l'approche simultanée par comparaison avec la situation existante et l'approche séquentielle, tant au niveau de la qualité de service que des coûts économiques. Enfin, nous étudions une problématique originale qui prend à contre-courant le processus traditionnel de planification. Ce problème de fixation des horaires, visant des objectifs liés aux correspondances, prend pour contraintes les séquences de courses affectées aux véhicules et aux conducteurs. Cette approche permet d'améliorer la qualité de service sans remettre en cause les plannings d'exploitation. Une méthode tabou basée sur deux voisinages adaptés est développée et testée sur un cas d'étude.
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Kang, Ning. "ADVANCEMENTS IN TRANSMISSION LINE FAULT LOCATION." UKnowledge, 2010. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/69.
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In modern power transmission systems, the double-circuit line structure is increasingly adopted. However, due to the mutual coupling between the parallel lines it is quite challenging to design accurate fault location algorithms. Moreover, the widely used series compensator and its protective device introduce harmonics and non-linearities to the transmission lines, which make fault location more difficult. To tackle these problems, this dissertation is committed to developing advanced fault location methods for double-circuit and series-compensated transmission lines.
Algorithms utilizing sparse measurements for pinpointing the location of short-circuit faults on double-circuit lines are proposed. By decomposing the original network into three sequence networks, the bus impedance matrix for each network with the addition of the fictitious fault bus can be formulated. It is a function of the unknown fault location. With the augmented bus impedance matrices the sequence voltage change during the fault at any bus can be expressed in terms of the corresponding sequence fault current and the transfer impedance between the fault bus and the measured bus. Resorting to VCR the superimposed sequence current at any branch can be expressed with respect to the pertaining sequence fault current and transfer impedance terms. Obeying boundary conditions of different fault types, four different classes of fault location algorithms utilizing either voltage phasors, or phase voltage magnitudes, or current phasors, or phase current magnitudes are derived. The distinguishing charactristic of the proposed method is that the data measurements need not stem from the faulted section itself. Quite satisfactory results have been obtained using EMTP simulation studies.
A fault location algorithm for series-compensated transmission lines that employs two-terminal unsynchronized voltage and current measurements has been implemented. For the distinct cases that the fault occurs either on the left or on the right side of the series compensator, two subroutines are developed. In additon, the procedure to identify the correct fault location estimate is described in this work. Simulation studies carried out with Matlab SimPowerSystems show that the fault location results are very accurate.
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Richnavský, Jakub. "Verejná autobusová doprava v Prešovskom kraji so zameraním na organizáciu pracovného času vodičov." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-203771.
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The aim of the master thesis is to analyse the legislation of the European Union concerning organization of working time of drivers in road transportation as well as functions and options of tachographs. The issue of working time of drivers will be applied to one of the suppliers of bus public transportation in Prešov Region, specifically SAD Prešov, a. s.. At first, there will be an introduction of the company, its history and offered transportation services. The work will also review a new-implemented IT software in a department of central control station (dispatching). Regarding the mentioned legislation, there will be a description of effectiveness of certain bus lines within 50 km, up to 50 km and one international line. The last part of the work will provide an overview of the most frequented matters of absence from work, fulfilling of working hours and availability of working capacity of the company's drivers. The results of the analysis will contribute to final conclusion and improvement suggestions in this area.
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Gen-Kuong, Fernando, and Alex Karolys. "Smart Sensor Network System." International Foundation for Telemetering, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/607534.
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International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 27-30, 1997 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, NevadaThis paper describes a Smart Sensor Network System for applications requiring sensors connected in a multidrop configuration in order to minimize interconnecting cables. The communication protocol was optimized for high speed data collection. The Smart Sensor Network System was developed with the following goals in mind: cost reduction, reliability and performance increase.
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Chapman, David. "Dark signalling and code division multiple access in an optical fibre LAN with a bus topology." Thesis, Open University, 2002. http://oro.open.ac.uk/22800/.
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This thesis describes an optical fibre network that uses a bus topology and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA). Various potential configurations are analysed and compared and it is shown that a serious limitation of optical CDMA schemes using incoherent correlators is the effect of optical beating due to the presence of multiple incoherent optical signals at the receiver photodiode. The network proposed and analysed in this thesis avoids beating between multiple optical fields because it only uses a single, shared, optical source. It does this through the SLIM (Single Light-source with In-line Modulation) configuration in which there is a continuously-operating light source at the head-end of a folded bus, and modulators at the nodes to impose signals on the optical field in the form of pulses of darkness which propagate along the otherwise continuously bright bus. Optical CDMA can use optical-fibre delay-line correlators as matched filters, and these may be operated either coherently or incoherently.Coherent operation is significantly more complex than incoherent operation, but incoherent correlators introduce further beating even in a SLIM network. A new design of optical delay-line correlator, the hybrid correlator, is therefore proposed, analysed and demonstrated. It is shown to eliminate beating. A model of a complete network predicts that a SLIMbus using optical CDMA with hybrid correlators can be operated at TeraBaud rates with the number of simultaneous users limited by multiple access interference (MAI), determined only by the combinatorics of the code set.
Books on the topic "Ligne de bus"
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Binchy, Maeve. Dublin 4: The lilac bus ; Victoria Line, Central Line. London: Cresset Editions, 1998.
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Schiavone, John J. Transit bus service line and cleaning functions. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 1995.
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Javor, K. Investigation into effects of microsecond power line transients on line-connected capacitors. [Marshall Space Flight Center], Ala: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Marshall Space Flight Center, 2000.
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1942-, Gerber Margaret, ed. Lishman Coach Lines, 1916-1980: Elmira, Kitchener and beyond. Waterloo, ON: Marion Roes and Margaret Gerber, 2009.
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Commission, Monopolies and Mergers. National Express Group PLC and Midland Main Line Limited: A report on the merger situation. London [England]: H.M.S.O., 1996.
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United States. Environmental Protection Agency. U.S. EPA nonpoint source information exchange computer bulletin board system (BBS): User's manual. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, 1992.
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Fischler, Stan. Goalies: Legends from the NHL's toughest job. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1994.
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Roermund, Arthur H. M. van., Steyaert Michiel 1959-, and Huijsing Johan H. 1938-, eds. Analog circuit design: Fractional-N synthesizers, design for robustness, line and bus drivers. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003.
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Messina, John A. California commercial lease option purchase agreements line by line: A detailed look at California commercial lease option purchase agreements and how to change them to meet your needs. [Boston, Mass.]: Aspatore, 2009.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Ligne de bus"
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Kirchhof, Jörg Christian, Michael Nieke, Ina Schaefer, David Schmalzing, and Michael Schulze. "Variant and Product Line Co-Evolution." In Model-Based Engineering of Collaborative Embedded Systems, 333–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62136-0_18.
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AbstractIndividual collaborative embedded systems (CESs) in a collaborative system group (CSG) are typically provided by different manufacturers. Variability in such systems is pivotal for deploying a CES in different CSGs and environments. Changing requirements may entail the evolution of a CES. Such changed requirements can be manifold: individual variants of a CES are updated to fix bugs, or the manufacturer changes the entire CES product line to provide new capabilities. Both types of evolution, the variant evolution and the product line evolution, may be performed in parallel. However, neither type of evolution should lead to diverging states of CES variants and the CES product line, otherwise both would be incompatible, it would not be possible to update the CES variants, and it would not be possible to reuse bug fixes of an individual variant for the entire product line. To avoid this divergence, we present an approach for co-evolving variants and product lines, thus ensuring their consistency.
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Suh, In-Soo. "Energy Efficiency Consideration of an OLEV Bus System." In The On-line Electric Vehicle, 315–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51183-2_21.
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Cho, Dong Ho. "Overview of Wireless Power Transfer System for Bus." In The On-line Electric Vehicle, 97–114. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51183-2_6.
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Simic, Milan, Maria Spichkova, and Reza N. Jazar. "New CAN Bus Line Coding Scheme." In Innovation in Medicine and Healthcare Systems, and Multimedia, 435–45. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8566-7_40.
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Ji, Jinhua, Yiming Bie, and Bin Shen. "Vehicle Scheduling Model for an Electric Bus Line." In Smart Transportation Systems 2020, 29–39. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5270-0_3.
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Suquet, Jean-Baptiste. "Are You a True Offender? Bus Ticket Inspection as Deviance Enactment." In Inspectors and Enforcement at the Front Line of Government, 59–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04058-1_4.
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Li, Yaohua, Zhongyu Li, Qizhi Gou, Tianyuan Ren, Pandeng Shao, and Peng Liu. "Driving Cycle Construction of Xi’an Bus Line Based on Cluster Analysis." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 713–28. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8506-2_48.
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Yordanov, Hristomir, and Peter Russer. "Computing the Transmission Line Parameters of an On-chip Multiconductor Digital Bus." In Springer Proceedings in Physics, 69–78. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68768-9_6.
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Reichel, Egbert-E., and Norbert H. Siegrist. "Nutzung von Informationsdiensten (externe On-Line-Datenbanken)." In Bürokommunikation Von der Planung bis zur Erfolgskontrolle, 181–83. Wiesbaden: Gabler Verlag, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-92191-8_10.
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Wang, Zhaoyang, Beihong Jin, Fusang Zhang, Ruiyang Yang, and Qiang Ji. "Discovering Trip Patterns from Incomplete Passenger Trajectories for Inter-zonal Bus Line Planning." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 160–71. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47099-3_13.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Ligne de bus"
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Mishler, Richard. "Power Line vs. Mixed Media." In International Truck & Bus Meeting & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/973173.
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Ghoneima, Maged, and Yehea Ismail. "Delayed line bus scheme." In the 2004 international symposium. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1013235.1013257.
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Kimura, Jouji, Ryoji Kai, and Satoshi Shibata. "Six-Cylinder-In-Line Turbo-Charged Diesel Engine Crankshaft Torsional Vibration Characteristics." In International Truck & Bus Meeting & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2001-01-2719.
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Madan, Pradip. "Use of Power Line Communications with LONWORKS® Technology in Transportation Applications." In International Truck & Bus Meeting & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/973171.
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Schindel, William D., and Vernon R. Smith. "Results of Applying a Families-of-Systems Approach to Systems Engineering of Product Line Families." In International Truck & Bus Meeting & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2002-01-3086.
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Abraham, Charles. "The Use of Power Line Carrier (PLC) Communication System for Video and Data Distribution on Trucks, Trailers and Buses." In International Truck & Bus Meeting & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/973174.
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Rau, J. L., W. L. Callahan, and L. L. Miller. "Electronically Controlled Steering Systems for Line Haul Vehicles." In SAE International Truck and Bus Meeting and Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/872270.
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Park, Byunghoon, and Jaegeol Yim. "Passenger's Bus Line Recognition Method for Smartphone Based Bus Information System." In Networking and Communication 2014. Science & Engineering Research Support soCiety, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/astl.2014.66.16.
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Lam, Chan-Tong, Benjamin Ng, and Su Hou Leong. "Prediction of Bus Arrival Time Using Real-Time on-Line Bus Locations." In 2019 IEEE 19th International Conference on Communication Technology (ICCT). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icct46805.2019.8947251.
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Hohn, M. E., A. E. Radunskaya, H. V. Kojouharov, and M. D. Todorov. "Which bug bugs you more? Microbiome competition and toxin interference." In APPLICATION OF MATHEMATICS IN TECHNICAL AND NATURAL SCIENCES: 12th International On-line Conference for Promoting the Application of Mathematics in Technical and Natural Sciences - AMiTaNS’20. AIP Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0034570.
Full textReports on the topic "Ligne de bus"
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Andrabi, Tahir, Benjamin Daniels, and Jishnu Das. Human Capital Accumulation and Disasters: Evidence from the Pakistan Earthquake of 2005. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), May 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-risewp_2020/039.
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We trace the effects of a devastating earthquake that occurred in Northern Pakistan in 2005. Using a new dataset from a survey conducted four years after the earthquake, we first show that the distance of the household from the fault line was not correlated with pre-existing household characteristics, while it was strongly predictive of earthquake-related damage and mortality. Through emergency relief aid, households living close to the fault line reported receiving substantial cash compensation that amounted to as much as 150% of their annual household consumption expenditure. Four years after the earthquake, there were no differences in public infrastructure, household or adult outcomes between areas close to and far from the fault line. However, children in their critical first thousand days at the time of the earthquake accumulated large height deficits, with the youngest the most affected. Children aged 3 through 15 at the time of the earthquake did not suffer growth shortfalls, but scored significantly worse on academic tests if they lived close to the fault line. Finally, children whose mothers completed primary education were fully protected against the emergence of a test score gap. We estimate that if these deficits continue to adult life, the affected children could stand to lose 15% of their lifetime earnings. Even when disasters are heavily compensated, human capital accumulation can be critically interrupted, with greater losses for already disadvantaged populations.
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Johanna, Jacobi, Kiteme Boniface, and Ottiger Fabian. Highly Hazardous Pesticides (HHPs) in Agro-industrial and Smallholder Farming Systems in Kenya. Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), May 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46446/publication_r4d.2020.3.en.
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Farms in the global South show heavy use of pesticides such as herbicides, insecticides and fungicides. Some of these substances are banned in Switzerland and the European Union but are often produced and exported from there. Our messages draw on research findings from Kenya. They make the link to international conventions, highlight alternatives to pesticide-intensive agricultural practices, and call for phasing out “highly hazardous” substances in line with human rights and the precautionary principle.
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Dime, Roselle, Juzhong Zhuang, and Edimon Ginting. Estimating Fiscal Multipliers in Selected Asian Economies. Asian Development Bank, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps210309-2.
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The surge of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has driven countries worldwide to launch substantial stimulus packages to support economic recovery. This paper estimates effects of fiscal measures on output using data from 2000 to 2019 for a panel of nine developing Asian economies and a vector autoregression model. Results show that (i) the 4-quarter and 8-quarter cumulative fiscal multipliers for general government spending range between 0.73 and 0.88 in baselines, in line with recent estimates for developed countries but larger than those for developing countries; (ii) government spending is more effective than tax cuts in boosting the economy; and (iii) an accommodative monetary policy regime can make fiscal measures more effective.
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Kodupuganti, Swapneel R., Sonu Mathew, and Srinivas S. Pulugurtha. Modeling Operational Performance of Urban Roads with Heterogeneous Traffic Conditions. Mineta Transportation Institute, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.1802.
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The rapid growth in population and related demand for travel during the past few decades has had a catalytic effect on traffic congestion, air quality, and safety in many urban areas. Transportation managers and planners have planned for new facilities to cater to the needs of users of alternative modes of transportation (e.g., public transportation, walking, and bicycling) over the next decade. However, there are no widely accepted methods, nor there is enough evidence to justify whether such plans are instrumental in improving mobility of the transportation system. Therefore, this project researches the operational performance of urban roads with heterogeneous traffic conditions to improve the mobility and reliability of people and goods. A 4-mile stretch of the Blue Line light rail transit (LRT) extension, which connects Old Concord Rd and the University of North Carolina at Charlotte’s main campus on N Tryon St in Charlotte, North Carolina, was considered for travel time reliability analysis. The influence of crosswalks, sidewalks, trails, greenways, on-street bicycle lanes, bus/LRT routes and stops/stations, and street network characteristics on travel time reliability were comprehensively considered from a multimodal perspective. Likewise, a 2.5-mile-long section of the Blue Line LRT extension, which connects University City Blvd and Mallard Creek Church Rd on N Tryon St in Charlotte, North Carolina, was considered for simulation-based operational analysis. Vissim traffic simulation software was used to compute and compare delay, queue length, and maximum queue length at nine intersections to evaluate the influence of vehicles, LRT, pedestrians, and bicyclists, individually and/or combined. The statistical significance of variations in travel time reliability were particularly less in the case of links on N Tryon St with the Blue Line LRT extension. However, a decrease in travel time reliability on some links was observed on the parallel route (I-85) and cross-streets. While a decrease in vehicle delay on northbound and southbound approaches of N Tryon St was observed in most cases after the LRT is in operation, the cross-streets of N Tryon St incurred a relatively higher increase in delay after the LRT is in operation. The current pedestrian and bicycling activity levels seemed insignificant to have an influence on vehicle delay at intersections. The methodological approaches from this research can be used to assess the performance of a transportation facility and identify remedial solutions from a multimodal perspective.
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Gundacker, Roman. The Names of the Kings of the Fifth Dynasty According to Manetho. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, December 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/erc_stg_757951_r._gundacker_the_names_of_the_kings_of_the_fifth_dynasty.
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The names of the kings of the Fifth Dynasty may serve as a prototypical example for the re-evaluation of Manetho’s king-list: Userkaf, Sahure, Neferirkare, Shepseskare, Reneferef, Nirewoser, Djedkare-Isesi and Unas are all recorded in the king-list of Manetho as transmitted by Sextus Julius Africanus according to the Ecloga chronographiae of George Syncellus. Although the names as preserved have obviously suffered on a long way of copying manuscripts over and over again, a closer look at the Greek transcriptions reveals the high quality and the still unbroken relevance of Manetho’s Aegyptiaca for modern Egyptological scholarship, when dealing with chronology, onomastics and linguistics. As will be shown, there is a line, identifiable with variable degrees of difficultly but finally clearly discernible, which leads all the way down from the Old Kingdom to Manetho’s Aegyptiaca.
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Wissink, Andrew, Jude Dylan, Buvana Jayaraman, Beatrice Roget, Vinod Lakshminarayan, Jayanarayanan Sitaraman, Andrew Bauer, James Forsythe, Robert Trigg, and Nicholas Peters. New capabilities in CREATE™-AV Helios Version 11. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/40883.
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CREATE™-AV Helios is a high-fidelity coupled CFD/CSD infrastructure developed by the U.S. Dept. of Defense for aeromechanics predictions of rotorcraft. This paper discusses new capabilities added to Helios version 11.0. A new fast-running reduced order aerodynamics option called ROAM has been added to enable faster-turnaround analysis. ROAM is Cartesian-based, employing an actuator line model for the rotor and an immersed boundary model for the fuselage. No near-body grid generation is required and simulations are significantly faster through a combination of larger timesteps and reduced cost per step. ROAM calculations of the JVX tiltrotor configuration give a comparably accurate download prediction to traditional body-fitted calculations with Helios, at 50X less computational cost. The unsteady wake in ROAM is not as well resolved, but wake interactions may be a less critical issue for many design considerations. The second capability discussed is the addition of six-degree-of-freedom capability to model store separation. Helios calculations of a generic wing/store/pylon case with the new 6-DOF capability are found to match identically to calculations with CREATE™-AV Kestrel, a code which has been extensively validated for store separation calculations over the past decade.
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Roye, Thorsten. Unsettled Technology Areas in Deterministic Assembly Approaches for Industry 4.0. SAE International, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2021018.
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Increased production rates and cost reduction are affecting manufacturing in all sectors of the mobility industry. One enabling methodology that could achieve these goals in the burgeoning “Industry 4.0” environment is the deterministic assembly (DA) approach. The DA approach is defined as an optimized assembly process; it always forms the same final structure and has a strong link to design-for-assembly and design-for-automation methodologies. It also looks at the whole supply chain, enabling drastic savings at the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) level by reducing recurring costs and lead time. Within Industry 4.0, DA will be required mainly for the aerospace and the space industry, but serves as an interesting approach for other industries assembling large and/or complex components. In its entirety, the DA approach connects an entire supply chain—from part manufacturing at an elementary level to an OEM’s final assembly line level. Addressing the whole process of aircraft design and manufacturing is necessary to develop further collaboration models between OEMs and the supply chain, including addressing the most pressing technology challenges. Since all parts aggregate at the OEM level, the OEM—as an integrator of all these single parts—needs special end-to-end methodologies to drastically decrease cost and lead time. This holistic approach can be considered in part design as well (in the design-for-automation and design-for-assembly philosophy). This allows for quicker assembly at the OEM level, such as “part-to-part” or “hole-to-hole” approaches, versus traditional, classical assembly methods like manual measurement or measurement-assisted assembly. In addition, it can increase flexibility regarding rate changes in production (such as those due to pandemic- or climate-related environmental challenges). The standardization and harmonization of these areas would help all industries and designers to have a deterministic approach with an end-to-end concept. Simulations can easily compare possible production and assembly steps with different impacts on local and global tolerances. Global measurement feedback needs high-accuracy turnkey solutions, which are very costly and inflexible. The goal of standardization would be to use Industry 4.0 feedback and features, as well as to define several building blocks of the DA approach as a one-way assembly (also known as one-up assembly, or “OUA”), false one-way assembly, “Jig-as-Master,” etc., up to the hole-to-hole assembly approach. The evolution of these assembly principles and the link to simulation approaches are undefined and unsolved domains; they are discussed in this report. They must be discussed in greater depth with aims of (first) clarifying the scope of the industry-wide alignment needs and (second) prioritizing the issues requiring standardization. NOTE: SAE EDGE™ Research Reports are intended to identify and illuminate key issues in emerging, but still unsettled, technologies of interest to the mobility industry. The goal of SAE EDGE™ Research Reports is to stimulate discussion and work in the hope of promoting and speeding resolution of identified issues. SAE EDGE™ Research Reports are not intended to resolve the challenges they identify or close any topic to further scrutiny.
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Jorgensen, Frieda, Andre Charlett, Craig Swift, Anais Painset, and Nicolae Corcionivoschi. A survey of the levels of Campylobacter spp. contamination and prevalence of selected antimicrobial resistance determinants in fresh whole UK-produced chilled chickens at retail sale (non-major retailers). Food Standards Agency, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.xls618.
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Campylobacter spp. are the most common bacterial cause of foodborne illness in the UK, with chicken considered to be the most important vehicle for this organism. The UK Food Standards Agency (FSA) agreed with industry to reduce Campylobacter spp. contamination in raw chicken and issued a target to reduce the prevalence of the most contaminated chickens (those with more than 1000 cfu per g chicken neck skin) to below 10 % at the end of the slaughter process, initially by 2016. To help monitor progress, a series of UK-wide surveys were undertaken to determine the levels of Campylobacter spp. on whole UK-produced, fresh chicken at retail sale in the UK. The data obtained for the first four years was reported in FSA projects FS241044 (2014/15) and FS102121 (2015 to 2018). The FSA has indicated that the retail proxy target for the percentage of highly contaminated raw whole retail chickens should be less than 7% and while continued monitoring has demonstrated a sustained decline for chickens from major retailer stores, chicken on sale in other stores have yet to meet this target. This report presents results from testing chickens from non-major retailer stores (only) in a fifth survey year from 2018 to 2019. In line with previous practise, samples were collected from stores distributed throughout the UK (in proportion to the population size of each country). Testing was performed by two laboratories - a Public Health England (PHE) laboratory or the Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Belfast. Enumeration of Campylobacter spp. was performed using the ISO 10272-2 standard enumeration method applied with a detection limit of 10 colony forming units (cfu) per gram (g) of neck skin. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to selected antimicrobials in accordance with those advised in the EU harmonised monitoring protocol was predicted from genome sequence data in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolates The percentage (10.8%) of fresh, whole chicken at retail sale in stores of smaller chains (for example, Iceland, McColl’s, Budgens, Nisa, Costcutter, One Stop), independents and butchers (collectively referred to as non-major retailer stores in this report) in the UK that are highly contaminated (at more than 1000 cfu per g) with Campylobacter spp. has decreased since the previous survey year but is still higher than that found in samples from major retailers. 8 whole fresh raw chickens from non-major retailer stores were collected from August 2018 to July 2019 (n = 1009). Campylobacter spp. were detected in 55.8% of the chicken skin samples obtained from non-major retailer shops, and 10.8% of the samples had counts above 1000 cfu per g chicken skin. Comparison among production plant approval codes showed significant differences of the percentages of chicken samples with more than 1000 cfu per g, ranging from 0% to 28.1%. The percentage of samples with more than 1000 cfu of Campylobacter spp. per g was significantly higher in the period May, June and July than in the period November to April. The percentage of highly contaminated samples was significantly higher for samples taken from larger compared to smaller chickens. There was no statistical difference in the percentage of highly contaminated samples between those obtained from chicken reared with access to range (for example, free-range and organic birds) and those reared under standard regime (for example, no access to range) but the small sample size for organic and to a lesser extent free-range chickens, may have limited the ability to detect important differences should they exist. Campylobacter species was determined for isolates from 93.4% of the positive samples. C. jejuni was isolated from the majority (72.6%) of samples while C. coli was identified in 22.1% of samples. A combination of both species was found in 5.3% of samples. C. coli was more frequently isolated from samples obtained from chicken reared with access to range in comparison to those reared as standard birds. C. jejuni was less prevalent during the summer months of June, July and August compared to the remaining months of the year. Resistance to ciprofloxacin (fluoroquinolone), erythromycin (macrolide), tetracycline, (tetracyclines), gentamicin and streptomycin (aminoglycosides) was predicted from WGS data by the detection of known antimicrobial resistance determinants. Resistance to ciprofloxacin was detected in 185 (51.7%) isolates of C. jejuni and 49 (42.1%) isolates of C. coli; while 220 (61.1%) isolates of C. jejuni and 73 (62.9%) isolates of C. coli isolates were resistant to tetracycline. Three C. coli (2.6%) but none of the C. jejuni isolates harboured 23S mutations predicting reduced susceptibility to erythromycin. Multidrug resistance (MDR), defined as harbouring genetic determinants for resistance to at least three unrelated antimicrobial classes, was found in 10 (8.6%) C. coli isolates but not in any C. jejuni isolates. Co-resistance to ciprofloxacin and erythromycin was predicted in 1.7% of C. coli isolates. 9 Overall, the percentages of isolates with genetic AMR determinants found in this study were similar to those reported in the previous survey year (August 2016 to July 2017) where testing was based on phenotypic break-point testing. Multi-drug resistance was similar to that found in the previous survey years. It is recommended that trends in AMR in Campylobacter spp. isolates from retail chickens continue to be monitored to realise any increasing resistance of concern, particulary to erythromycin (macrolide). Considering that the percentage of fresh, whole chicken from non-major retailer stores in the UK that are highly contaminated (at more than 1000 cfu per g) with Campylobacter spp. continues to be above that in samples from major retailers more action including consideration of interventions such as improved biosecurity and slaughterhouse measures is needed to achieve better control of Campylobacter spp. for this section of the industry. The FSA has indicated that the retail proxy target for the percentage of highly contaminated retail chickens should be less than 7% and while continued monitoring has demonstrated a sustained decline for chickens from major retailer stores, chicken on sale in other stores have yet to meet this target.
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Brophy, Kenny, and Alison Sheridan, eds. Neolithic Scotland: ScARF Panel Report. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, June 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.06.2012.196.
Full textAbstract:
The main recommendations of the Panel report can be summarised as follows: The Overall Picture: more needs to be understood about the process of acculturation of indigenous communities; about the Atlantic, Breton strand of Neolithisation; about the ‘how and why’ of the spread of Grooved Ware use and its associated practices and traditions; and about reactions to Continental Beaker novelties which appeared from the 25th century. The Detailed Picture: Our understanding of developments in different parts of Scotland is very uneven, with Shetland and the north-west mainland being in particular need of targeted research. Also, here and elsewhere in Scotland, the chronology of developments needs to be clarified, especially as regards developments in the Hebrides. Lifeways and Lifestyles: Research needs to be directed towards filling the substantial gaps in our understanding of: i) subsistence strategies; ii) landscape use (including issues of population size and distribution); iii) environmental change and its consequences – and in particular issues of sea level rise, peat formation and woodland regeneration; and iv) the nature and organisation of the places where people lived; and to track changes over time in all of these. Material Culture and Use of Resources: In addition to fine-tuning our characterisation of material culture and resource use (and its changes over the course of the Neolithic), we need to apply a wider range of analytical approaches in order to discover more about manufacture and use.Some basic questions still need to be addressed (e.g. the chronology of felsite use in Shetland; what kind of pottery was in use, c 3000–2500, in areas where Grooved Ware was not used, etc.) and are outlined in the relevant section of the document. Our knowledge of organic artefacts is very limited, so research in waterlogged contexts is desirable. Identity, Society, Belief Systems: Basic questions about the organisation of society need to be addressed: are we dealing with communities that started out as egalitarian, but (in some regions) became socially differentiated? Can we identify acculturated indigenous people? How much mobility, and what kind of mobility, was there at different times during the Neolithic? And our chronology of certain monument types and key sites (including the Ring of Brodgar, despite its recent excavation) requires to be clarified, especially since we now know that certain types of monument (including Clava cairns) were not built during the Neolithic. The way in which certain types of site (e.g. large palisaded enclosures) were used remains to be clarified. Research and methodological issues: There is still much ignorance of the results of past and current research, so more effective means of dissemination are required. Basic inventory information (e.g. the Scottish Human Remains Database) needs to be compiled, and Canmore and museum database information needs to be updated and expanded – and, where not already available online, placed online, preferably with a Scottish Neolithic e-hub that directs the enquirer to all the available sources of information. The Historic Scotland on-line radiocarbon date inventory needs to be resurrected and kept up to date. Under-used resources, including the rich aerial photography archive in the NMRS, need to have their potential fully exploited. Multi-disciplinary, collaborative research (and the application of GIS modelling to spatial data in order to process the results) is vital if we are to escape from the current ‘silo’ approach and address key research questions from a range of perspectives; and awareness of relevant research outside Scotland is essential if we are to avoid reinventing the wheel. Our perspective needs to encompass multi-scale approaches, so that ScARF Neolithic Panel Report iv developments within Scotland can be understood at a local, regional and wider level. Most importantly, the right questions need to be framed, and the right research strategies need to be developed, in order to extract the maximum amount of information about the Scottish Neolithic.
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Saville, Alan, and Caroline Wickham-Jones, eds. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Scotland : Scottish Archaeological Research Framework Panel Report. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, June 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.06.2012.163.
Full textAbstract:
Why research Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Scotland? Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology sheds light on the first colonisation and subsequent early inhabitation of Scotland. It is a growing and exciting field where increasing Scottish evidence has been given wider significance in the context of European prehistory. It extends over a long period, which saw great changes, including substantial environmental transformations, and the impact of, and societal response to, climate change. The period as a whole provides the foundation for the human occupation of Scotland and is crucial for understanding prehistoric society, both for Scotland and across North-West Europe. Within the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods there are considerable opportunities for pioneering research. Individual projects can still have a substantial impact and there remain opportunities for pioneering discoveries including cemeteries, domestic and other structures, stratified sites, and for exploring the huge evidential potential of water-logged and underwater sites. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology also stimulates and draws upon exciting multi-disciplinary collaborations. Panel Task and Remit The panel remit was to review critically the current state of knowledge and consider promising areas of future research into the earliest prehistory of Scotland. This was undertaken with a view to improved understanding of all aspects of the colonization and inhabitation of the country by peoples practising a wholly hunter-fisher-gatherer way of life prior to the advent of farming. In so doing, it was recognised as particularly important that both environmental data (including vegetation, fauna, sea level, and landscape work) and cultural change during this period be evaluated. The resultant report, outlines the different areas of research in which archaeologists interested in early prehistory work, and highlights the research topics to which they aspire. The report is structured by theme: history of investigation; reconstruction of the environment; the nature of the archaeological record; methodologies for recreating the past; and finally, the lifestyles of past people – the latter representing both a statement of current knowledge and the ultimate aim for archaeologists; the goal of all the former sections. The document is reinforced by material on-line which provides further detail and resources. The Palaeolithic and Mesolithic panel report of ScARF is intended as a resource to be utilised, built upon, and kept updated, hopefully by those it has helped inspire and inform as well as those who follow in their footsteps. Future Research The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarized under four key headings: Visibility: Due to the considerable length of time over which sites were formed, and the predominant mobility of the population, early prehistoric remains are to be found right across the landscape, although they often survive as ephemeral traces and in low densities. Therefore, all archaeological work should take into account the expectation of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic ScARF Panel Report iv encountering early prehistoric remains. This applies equally to both commercial and research archaeology, and to amateur activity which often makes the initial discovery. This should not be seen as an obstacle, but as a benefit, and not finding such remains should be cause for question. There is no doubt that important evidence of these periods remains unrecognised in private, public, and commercial collections and there is a strong need for backlog evaluation, proper curation and analysis. The inadequate representation of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic information in existing national and local databases must be addressed. Collaboration: Multi-disciplinary, collaborative, and cross- sector approaches must be encouraged – site prospection, prediction, recognition, and contextualisation are key areas to this end. Reconstructing past environments and their chronological frameworks, and exploring submerged and buried landscapes offer existing examples of fruitful, cross-disciplinary work. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology has an important place within Quaternary science and the potential for deeply buried remains means that geoarchaeology should have a prominent role. Innovation: Research-led projects are currently making a substantial impact across all aspects of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology; a funding policy that acknowledges risk and promotes the innovation that these periods demand should be encouraged. The exploration of lesser known areas, work on different types of site, new approaches to artefacts, and the application of novel methodologies should all be promoted when engaging with the challenges of early prehistory. Tackling the ‘big questions’: Archaeologists should engage with the big questions of earliest prehistory in Scotland, including the colonisation of new land, how lifestyles in past societies were organized, the effects of and the responses to environmental change, and the transitions to new modes of life. This should be done through a holistic view of the available data, encompassing all the complexities of interpretation and developing competing and testable models. Scottish data can be used to address many of the currently topical research topics in archaeology, and will provide a springboard to a better understanding of early prehistoric life in Scotland and beyond.