Relevant bibliographies by topics / Lignin

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Lignin'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 11 January 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Lignin"

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Sujan, SMA, MA Kashem, and ANM Fakhruddin. "Lignin: a valuable feedstock for biomass pellet." Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 55, no. 1 (April 21, 2020): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v55i1.46735.

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Pelletization and briquettization have been extensively used for mass and energy densification of biomass. As the demand for pellets increases, the biorefinery waste lignin can be used with the conventional raw materials for pellet preparation. Sugarcane bagasse (20-40 mesh) is treated with NaOH (8% & 16%) for bioethanol production and obtained lignin is used to prepare pellet along and with sugarcane bagasse (SB). SB, Lignin1 (8% NaOH treated SB), Lignin2 (16% NaOH treated SB) and various composition of SB and Lignin1 were used to produce pelletswith different applied pressures (5kN, 10kN, 15kN and 20kN). Pellet density and heating value were gradually increase with the applied pelletization pressure. Among the samples Lignin1 showed highest heating value at 20kN (3581.54 kcal/kg). Results revealed that 5kN is enough to produce pellet from different composition of SB and Lignin1 and the pellet composition of SB (40%) and Lignin1(60%) showed the highest heating value (3456.21 kcal/kg). Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res.55(1), 83-88, 2020
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2

Vikman, Minna, Olesya Fearon, and Anna Kalliola. "Biodegradation of alkali-O2 oxidized lignins used as dispersants." BioResources 17, no. 4 (September 13, 2022): 6079–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.17.4.6079-6093.

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Large quantities of lignin are produced as by-streams via chemical pulping and emerging biorefinery processes. These lignins are typically water-insoluble; however, they can be converted into a water-soluble form by chemical modifications. A novel LigniOx technology solubilizes lignin using alkali-O2 oxidation. The product can be used for bio-based dispersants. This study evaluated the biodegradability of alkali-O2 oxidized kraft, organosolv, and hydrolysis lignin. The oxidized lignins exhibited higher biodegradation in soil and in aquatic environments in comparison to a commercial kraft lignin and a commercial lignosulfonate. In soil, the biodegradabilities of oxidized lignins were 19 to 44%, whereas the reference lignins exhibited only 5 to 12% conversion to CO2. Biodegradation of the oxidized lignins and references in the aquatic environment increased in a similar order as in the soil environment, although the degradation in each sample was slightly smaller than in the soil. The improved biodegradability of the oxidized lignins was due to the altered chemical structure of lignin. Compared to the untreated lignin, the oxidized lignin contained structures formed in aromatic ring opening reactions, making the lignin more accessible to microbial degradation. In addition, the oxidized lignin contained carbon originating from small organic compounds, which are easily biodegradable.
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Markovic, Jordan, Jasmina Radovic, Ratibor Strbanovic, Danica Bajic, and Miroslav Vrvic. "Changes in the infrared attenuated total reflectance (ATR) spectra of lignins from alfalfa stem with growth and development." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 74, no. 8-9 (2009): 885–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc0909885m.

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Lignin is a poorly characterized polymer and its exact properties vary depending on both the species of the plant and its location within the plant. Three classes of lignins taken from alfalfa stem were examined. The investigation was concentrated on the determination of chemical changes in the lignins during growth and development by the attenuated total reflectance (ATR) infrared (IR) spectrometric technique. The spectrum of permanganate lignin was comparable to that of acid detergent lignin. The main differences were in the different relative absorbance of the peaks. The predominant component of acid detergent lignin and permanganate lignin was guaiacyl-type lignin. The predominant component of Klason lignin was syringyl-type lignin. A comparison between the signals from lignin in different development stages revealed the appearance of new peaks, which are indications of new bonds and changes in the structure of the lignins.
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Capanema, Ewellyn A., Mikhail Yu Balakshin, Chen-Loung Chen, Josef S. Gratzl, and Hanna Gracz. "Structural Analysis of Residual and Technical Lignins by 1H-13C Correlation 2D NMR-Spectroscopy." Holzforschung 55, no. 3 (April 25, 2001): 302–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2001.050.

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Summary Structural analysis was conducted on residual lignin from pine Kraft AQ pulp, Eucalyptus Kraft lignin from Eucalyptus globulus and Repap Organosolv lignin by 2D 13C-1H correlation NMR spectroscopic techniques such as HMQC sequence. These lignins contain a rather wide variety of saturated aliphatic groups. The HMQC NMR spectra of the lignins do not verify the presence of diarylmethane moieties in any lignin investigated. The type and amount of other condensed structures depend on the nature of lignin preparation. All the lignins investigated still contained β-O-4′, pino- and syringayresinol (β-β′) and phenylcoumarane (β-5′) structures. Stilbene structures were also identified. Vinyl ether structures were present only in Eucalyptus Kraft lignin. All the lignins contain α-carbonyl groups conjugated to aromatic moieties as terminal side chains rather than involving β-O-4′ structures. No coniferyl alcohol and coniferyl aldehyde type structures are detected in the lignins after pulping. The spectra of kraft lignins show some new signals, the origin of which is discussed.
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Jahan, M. Sarwar, and Sung Phil Mun. "Isolation and Characterization of Lignin from Tropical and Temperate Hardwood." Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 44, no. 3 (February 15, 2010): 271–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v44i3.4399.

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Dioxane and milled wood lignins (MWL) were isolated from tropical hardwood, Nalita (Trema orientalis) and temperate hardwood, aspen. These lignins were characterized by UV, FTIR, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectroscopy, alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation, molecular weight determination, elemental and methoxyl analysis. The structural analysis revealed that Nalita and aspen lignin is syringyl-guaiacyl type. Aspen lignin had higher syringyl unit than Nalita lignin. The β-O-4 type linkages are the main interunit linkages and more abundant in aspen than Nalita. Dioxane lignin showed higher free phenolic hydroxyl group than MWL in both species. The weight average molecular weight of aspen lignin was lower than that of Nalita lignin. Nalita and aspen lignins contained both erythro and threo configuration, but erythro proton gave stronger peak. A UV absorption maximum of aspen lignin was at 274 nm, whereas it was shifted to 280 nm for Nalita lignin. Keywords: Trema orientalis, Aspen, Dioxane lignin, Milled wood lignin, Syringyl-guaiacyl, β-O-4 linkages DOI: 10.3329/bjsir.v44i3.4399 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 44(3), 271-280, 2009
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El Mansouri, Nour-Eddine, Qiaolong Yuan, and Farong Huang. "Synthesis and characterization of kraft lignin-based epoxy resins." BioResources 6, no. 3 (May 10, 2011): 2492–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.6.3.2492-2503.

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Epoxidization is an interesting way to develop a new application of lignin and therefore to improve its application potential. In this work, kraft lignin-based epoxy resins were obtained by the epoxidization reaction, using the kraft lignin recovered directly from pulping liquor and modified by a methylolation reaction. The methylolated lignins were obtained by the reaction of original kraft lignin with formaldehyde and glyoxal, which is a less volatile and less toxic aldehyde. 1H-NMR spectroscopy showed that methylolated kraft lignin has more hydroxymethyl groups than glyoxalated kraft lignin. For the epoxidization reaction we studied the influence of the lignin:NaOH (w/w) ratio, temperature, and time of the reaction on the properties of the prepared epoxidized lignins. The structures of lignin-based epoxy resins were followed by epoxy index test and FTIR spectroscopy. Optimal conditions were obtained for lignin-based epoxy resin produced at lignin/NaOH = 1/3 at 70 ºC for 3h. Thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) revealed that the epoxidization enhances the thermal stability of lignins and may allow a wider temperature range for applications with lignin epoxy-PF blends.
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Beis, Sedat H., Saikrishna Mukkamala, Nathan Hill, Jincy Joseph, Cirila Baker, Bruce Jensen, Elizabeth A. Stemmler, et al. "Fast pyrolysis of lignins." BioResources 5, no. 3 (May 14, 2010): 1408–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.5.3.1408-1424.

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Three lignins: Indulin AT, LignoboostTM, and Acetocell lignin, were characterized and pyrolyzed in a continuous-fed fast pyrolysis process. The physical and chemical properties of the lignins included chemical composition, heat content, ash, and water content. The distributed activation energy model (DAEM) was used to describe the pyrolysis of each lignin. Activation energy distributions of each lignin were quite different and generally covered a broad range of energies, typically found in lignins. Process yields for initial continuous-fed fast pyrolysis experiments are reported. Bio-oil yield was low, ranging from 16 to 22%. Under the fast pyrolysis conditions used, the Indulin AT and LignoboostTM lignin yielded slightly more liquid product than the Acetocell lignin. Lignin kinetic parameters and chemical composition vary considerably and fast pyrolysis processes must be specified for each type of lignin.
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Liu, Zhichang, Ziwei Wang, Yichen Li, Wanxia Wang, Xiongbin Liu, Hao Shu, and Jungang Jiang. "Comparison of the Effects of NaOH and Deep Eutectic Solvent Catalyzed Tobacco Stock Lignin Isolation: Chemical Structure and Thermal Characteristics." Catalysts 14, no. 11 (October 23, 2024): 744. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal14110744.

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Uncovering the structure of lignin from biorefinery has an important effect on lignin catalytic depolymerization and the production of bioenergy. In this study, two biorefinery lignins were isolated from tobacco stalks via alkaline and deep eutectic solvent (DES) catalyzed delignification processes, and the lignin heterogeneity structural characteristics were elucidated by gel permeation chromatography, 2D-HSQC, FT-IR, etc., to understand the relationship between the structure and the thermal characteristics of lignin. It was found that the lignins presented various structural characteristics and components, in which the predominant interunit linkages of black liquor lignin are β-O-4 and β-β linkages, and the β-O-4 linkages disappeared by DES treatment. DES lignins exhibited lower molecular weights and yields than black liquor lignin. Thermogravimetric analysis and fixed-bed pyrolysis were also performed to investigate the lignin thermal behavior. The results show that the DES approach can improve the bio-oil production from lignin and highlight the potential of DES lignin as a promising feedstock in the lignin pyrolysis process. This work provides a valuable example of the conversion of biorefinery lignin into pyrolysis products.
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Jardim, Juliana M., Peter W. Hart, Lucian A. Lucia, Hasan Jameel, and Hou-min Chang. "The Effect of the Kraft Pulping Process, Wood Species, and pH on Lignin Recovery from Black Liquor." Fibers 10, no. 2 (February 9, 2022): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fib10020016.

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Lignin has shown a great potential to produce fuels, value-added chemicals, and functional materials due to its high-energy density and intrinsic aromatic-based structure. Yet, the lignin precipitation of different biomasses needs investigation because most of the work has been performed on softwood and much less is known about hardwoods. In fact, the lignin from these two wooden biomasses vary in composition and pulping performance, which can reflect on lignin precipitation. Therefore, the present study investigated the precipitation and composition of 40 distinct kraft lignins obtained from pine, acacia, sweetgum, and eucalyptus black liquors. Two lignin fractions were precipitated at different pHs, according to known industrial lignin separation practices (pH = 9.5 and 2.5) from black liquors taken at different levels of pulping. Overall, lignin recovery increased with increasing lignin concentration in the black liquor, i.e., higher amounts of lignin were obtained at higher levels of delignification. In addition, pine lignins showed superior yields than the hardwoods and were around five times purer. Among the hardwoods, lignin recovery increased with the S–G ratio of the native lignin, and eucalyptus showed the best performance by achieving the highest yields and purities. Finally, the present work compared the lignin recovery yield and the purity of softwood and different hardwood lignins in a systematic way, which will increase awareness of this underutilized green material and could potentially increase the interest in establishing new lignin plants across the globe.
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Fu, Shiyu, and Lucian A. Lucia. "TMAH-pyrolysis – gas chromatography – mass spectrometry analysis of residual lignin changes in softwood kraft pulp during oxygen delignification." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 82, no. 7 (July 1, 2004): 1197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v04-085.

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The residual lignins from pulps and effluent lignins from oxygen delignification effluents were characterized using pyrolysis – gas chromatography – mass spectrometry in the presence of tetramethylammonium hydroxide. The results indicated that oxidation under alkali oxygen conditions can induce fragmentation in lignin and produce more acid groups, but the lignin maintains most of its C6–C3 units. Oxygen delignification also led to a decrease in diphenyl structures in the residual lignin and an enrichment in concentration of lignin carbohydrate complex structures.Key words: residual lignin, pyrolysis, oxygen delignification.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Lignin"

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Madikane, Mzekelo. "Biosulphidogenic hydrolysis of lignin and lignin model compounds." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003976.

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Lignin degradation under biosulphidogenic conditions has not been extensively reported in the literature. Although aerobic degradation of lignin is well documented, anaerobic biodegradation has focused mainly on methanogenic systems with biosulphidogenic systems receiving less attention. Sulphate reducing bacteria are known to generate moderately high levels of both sulphide and alkalinity at room temperatures, and these conditions draw some comparison with the Kraft pulping process. In the Kraft pulping process, lignin is degraded chemically at ±170°C under high sulphide and alkaline conditions and may provide a model for understanding biosulphidogenic lignin degrading activity. The aim of this study was to investigate the biosulphidogenic hydrolysis of lignin within the context of the chemical and biological conditions generated by a mixed sulphate reducing bacteria consortia. Bioreactor studies with a mixed sulphate reducing consortia and pine wood powder (both untreated and depectinated) resulted in the generation of comparable levels of sulphide and alkalinity used in the chemical hydrolysis studies. Aromatic compound yields were between 20 to 50% of the chemical hydrolysis studies. This fluctuation may have been due to the utilization of these aromatic compounds as electron donors by the sulphate reducing consortia as evidenced by the high rate of sulphate reduction in both the untreated and depectinated wood bioreactors. Biodegradation of lignin model compounds was investigated in order to elucidate lignin degradation mechanisms. Both mono-aromatic and dimeric lignin model compounds were used as electron donors and carbon sources for the mixed sulphate reducing consortia. Biodegradation and mass spectrometer analysis of mono-aromatic compounds, ferulic acid and ferulic acid ethyl ester resulted in the production of intermediates such as catechol, cyclohexane carboxylic acid and adipic acid. These intermediates were also observed in the degradation of dimeric ferulic acid. Biodegradation of salicin resulted in the production of salicyl alcohol, ortho-cresol and acetate. Biodegradation of benzylic ether resulted in the production of vanillin and acetate as end products. The results of these studies provide evidence for a biosulphidogenic hydrolysis of lignin, and also the utilisation of lignin-derived aromatic compounds as electron donor sources, by a mixed sulphate reducing consortia.
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Betts, Walter B. "Microbial degradation of lignin and lignin related aromatic compounds." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1987. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/12210.

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Galkin, Maxim. "Palladium-catalyzed lignin valorization : Towards a lignin-based biorefinery." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Syntetisk organisk kemi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-265315.

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The work described in this thesis focuses on the cleavage of the β-O-4′ bond, which is the most abundant interunit linkage in the lignin polymer. In the first part, three methods based on palladium catalysis have been developed and their applicability has been verified using lignin model compounds. A transfer hydrogenolysis of the β-O-4′ bond using formic acid as a mild hydrogen donor together with a base. An aerobic oxidation of the benzylic alcohol motif in the β-O-4′ linkage to generate a key intermediate in the cleavage reaction was performed. A redox neutral cleavage of the β-O-4′ bond was accomplished in which no stoichiometric reducing or oxidizing agents were added. In the second part of the thesis, a mechanistic study is presented. The corresponding ketone from a dehydrogenation reaction of the benzylic alcohol motif was identified to be the key intermediate. This ketone and its enol tautomer was found to be responsible for the β-O-4′ bond cleavage reaction under the employed reaction conditions. In the final part of this thesis, the methodologies have been applied to native lignin. The depolymerization reaction was combined with organosolv pulping. This approach was successful, and together with cellulose and hemicellulose, propenyl aryls were generated in excellent yields directly from wood. In this transformation, the lignin derived molecules have been reduced by an endogenous hydrogen donor from the wood.
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Johal, Amrit. "Chemicals from lignin." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.716671.

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This Thesis investigates the production of high-value chemicals, such as vanillin and guaiacol, by the decomposition and oxidation of lignin in high temperature water. Currently, there is significant global interest in developing chemical production methods that utilise biorenewable feedstocks in place of crude oil and natural gas. Lignin, a complex set of biopolymers found in wood, straw and similar plant materials, is a viable biorenewable raw material for the production of aromatic chemicals. However, currently lignin is mostly used as a low-value fuel in pulp mills. Chapter 1 highlights the concerns that have led to the current demand for greater utilisation of biomass. In that respect, the potential uses of lignin are described. Supercritical water is discussed in relation to green chemistry and specifically as a medium for carrying out oxidation reactions on methyl aromatics. The equipment and methodology used for carrying out experiments and the instruments used for product analysis are described in Chapter 2. Preliminary work that was carried out is described in Chapter 3. These experiments look at the stabilities and oxidation of monomeric aromatic aldehydes, acids and phenols in high temperature water. These substrates each contained either a p-hydroxyphenyl, guaiacyl or syringyl unit. The work in Chapter 4 examined the use of metal bromides and hydrobromic acid as catalysts in the oxidation of three lignin model compounds; 2-methoxy-4-methylphenol, 4-ethyl-2-methoxyphenol and eugenol. These reactions were performed in the near-critical to supercritical region of water. Lignin samples from both Kraft pulping and sulfite pulping sources were shown to breakdown to vanillin, vanillic acid and guaiacol through oxidative treatment in a high temperature water continuous-flow reactor. This work is described in Chapter 5. The overall conclusions of this Thesis are summarised in Chapter 6.
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Kvainauskas, Darius, and Martin Johansson. "Biodrivmedel från lignin." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-232835.

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Lignin är en molekyl som finns i alla växter och kan användas för att framställa nya generationens biodrivmedel. Ligninbaserade biodrivmedel är bra från en miljöaspekt för att det minskar växthuseffekten, men också för att utvinningen av svartlut kan effektivisera tillverkning av pappersmassa. Vid tillverkning av massa fås en restprodukt vid namnet svartlut. Svartlut har ett högt energiinnehåll och kan vara ganska besvärlig att hantera. Det kan användas till värme eller energi internt i massabruken, men fås ofta i större mängder än massa- och pappersbrukens sodapannor kan ta hand om. Det är från svartlut som lignin kan utvinnas. Idag finns det processer som bland annat LignoBoost som utvinner lignin från svartlut. Lignin behöver därefter omvandlas till en flytande form för att sedan blandas in som en komponent i bensin och diesel. Detta kandidatexamensarbete utforskar möjligheter att använda svartlut för utvinning av lignin till ligninbaserade biobränslen. Utöver det har hela råvaruflödet av lignin kartlagts. Kartläggningen av råvaruflödet har utförts med hjälp av en litteraturstudie och intervjuer. Vidare har uppskattningar gjorts på hur stor del av energianvändningen i transportsektorn som kan ersättas med energi från lignin. Energipotentialen från ligninet har baserats på tre olika fall där olika stora andelar av det tillgängliga ligninet används. För Fall 2, där 50% av ligninet utvinns, beräknades även kostnaden för en energikälla (skogsflis) som kan ersätta den energi i svartlutet som annars används som bränsle i massa- och pappersbruken. Från litteraturstudien och intervjuerna är slutsatsen att det i nuläget inte finns ett färdigt råvaruflöde för lignin, däremot är det tre steg som behöver gå ihop för att ett fungerande råvaruflöde ska skapas; utvinning av lignin, omvandling till flytande lignin och distribution. Samtliga aktörer i detta råvaruflöde behöver samarbeta för att hitta en lösning alla kan dra fördel av och subventioner kan behövas för att drivmedlet ska ha ett rimligt pris. Resultatet visar att det finns 3,1 miljoner ton lignin tillgängligt under ett års tid från massa- och pappersbruken i Sverige. Från detta lignin är energipotentialen 12,81 TWh ifall det antas att 30% av allt svartlut används. Detta motsvarar 13,6 % av energibehovet i transportsektorn och räcker till bränsle för 1,56 miljoner personbilar årligen. Ifall 50 % av svartluten används är energipotentialen 21,34 TWh, vilket motsvarar 22,7 % av energibehovet i transportsektorn. I detta fall skulle 25 miljoner ton trädbränsle behöva användas för att ersätta energin, med ett beräknat pris på 1,56 miljarder SEK.
Lignin is a molecule found in all plants and can be used to produce new generation biofuels. Lignin-based biofuels are beneficial from an environmental aspect because they help to reduce the greenhouse effect, but also because the extraction of black liquor can streamline the production of pulp. In the manufacturing process of pulp, a residual product is obtained by the name of black liquor. Black liquor has a high energy content and can be quite difficult to handle after extraction. It can be used for heat or energy internally in the pulp mill, but it is often available in larger quantities than infrastructure at the pulp- and paper mills can handle. It is from black liquor that lignin can be extracted. Today, there are processes such as LignoBoost that extract lignin from black liquors. The lignin then needs to be converted into a liquid form and then mixed as a component of gasoline and diesel. This Bachelor's Degree Project explores the possibilities of using black liquor and making ligninbased biofuels. In addition, the entire raw material flow of lignin has been mapped. The mapping of the raw material flow has been carried out using a literature study and interviews. Furthermore, estimates have been made of how much of the energy consumption in the transport sector that can be replaced by the energy that is obtainable from lignin. The energy potential of the lignin is based on three different cases, with different proportions of available lignin. For Case 2, where 50% of the lignin is recovered, the cost of a replacement source (wood chips) is also calculated. This energy source can replace the energy in black liquor that is used as fuel in the pulp- and paper mills. From the literature study and the interviews, it is concluded that there is currently no raw material flow for lignin, but there are three steps that need to work together to create a functioning one; recovery of lignin, conversion into liquid lignin and distribution to consumers. All stakeholders in this raw material flow need to work together to find a solution everyone can benefit from and subsidies may be needed for the fuel to have a reasonable price. The result shows that there are 3.1 million tonnes of lignin available for one year from pulp and paper mills in Sweden. From this lignin the energy potential is 12.81 TWh if it is assumed that 30% of all black liquor is used, which is equivalent to the energy used by 1.56 million cars. This corresponds to 13.6% of the energy demand in the transport sector. If 50% of the black liquor is used, the energy potential is 21.34 TWh, which corresponds to 22.7% of the energy demand in the transport sector. In this case, 25 million tons of wood fuel would need to be used to replace energy, which costs 1.56 billion SEK.
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Nakatsubo, Tomoyuki. "Characterization of O-methyltransferases and pinoresinol reductases involved in lignin and lignan biosynthesis." Kyoto University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/123964.

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Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(農学)
甲第14173号
農博第1734号
新制||農||964(附属図書館)
学位論文||H20||N4412(農学部図書室)
UT51-2008-N490
京都大学大学院農学研究科応用生命科学専攻
(主査)教授 梅澤 俊明, 教授 宮川 恒, 教授 矢﨑 一史
学位規則第4条第1項該当
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Dodson, A. P. J. "The use of lignin peroxidases to degrade lignin in plant cell walls." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/46747.

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Tan, Xin. "Effect of Organosolv Lignin and Extractable Lignin on Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Lignocelluloses." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1613752000022518.

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9

Jennings, John Adam. "HETEROGENEOUS BASE METAL CATALYZED OXIDATIVE DEPOLYMERIZATION OF LIGNIN AND LIGNIN MODEL COMPOUNDS." UKnowledge, 2017. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/chemistry_etds/81.

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With the dwindling availability of petroleum, focus has shifted to renewable energy sources such as lignocellulosic biomass. Lignocellulosic biomass is composed of three main constituents, lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose. Due to the low value of cellulosic ethanol, utilization of the lignin component is necessary for the realization of an economically sustainable biorefinery model. Once depolymerized, lignin has the potential to replace petroleum-derived molecules used as bulk and specialty aromatic chemicals. Numerous lignin depolymerization strategies focus on cleavage of β-aryl ether linkages, usually at high temperatures and under reductive conditions. Alternatively, selective benzylic oxidation strategies have recently been explored for lignin and lignin models. In this work, heterogeneous catalytic methods using supported base metals and layered-double hydroxides were evaluated for the oxidation of lignin models both before and after benzylic oxidation. Additionally, by studying putative reaction intermediates, insights were gained into the mechanisms of oxidative fragmentation of the model compounds. Generally, it was found that after benzylic oxidation models were more susceptible to oxidative fragmentation. Indeed, several heterogeneous oxidation systems were found to convert lignin models to oxygenated aryl monomers (mainly benzoic acids and phenols) using inexpensive primary oxidants (i.e., hydrogen peroxide and molecular oxygen). Reactions were conducted at relatively mild temperatures and at low oxygen concentrations for the purpose of an easy transition to large-scale experiments. Finally, the catalytic systems that resulted in significant cleavage of lignin models were applied to a Kraft lignin. Oxidation of Kraft lignin resulted a mixture of products for which analytical data and increased solubility are consistent with interunit cleavage within the lignin macromolecule.
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Dodge, Luke A. "FRACTIONATION OF LIGNIN DERIVED COMPOUNDS FROM THERMOCHEMICALLY PROCESSED LIGNIN TOWARDS ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES." UKnowledge, 2018. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/bae_etds/54.

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The overuse of antibiotics in agriculture is an emerging concern, due to their potential detrimental impact to the environment. This study focuses on exploring antimicrobial properties of lignin derived compounds. Lignin is of interest as a feedstock to replacing some petroleum-based chemicals and products because it is the most abundant source of renewable aromatic compounds on the planet. Two lignin rich streams, residues from the enzymatic hydrolysis of dilute acid and alkaline pretreated corn stover, were decomposed via pyrolysis and hydrogenolysis, respectively. The resulting liquid oils were subjected to sequential extractions using a series of solvents with different polarities. Chemical compositions of the extracted fractions were characterized through HPLC and GC/MS. These extracted compounds were screened against Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae), Escherichia coli, and Lactobacillus amylovorus for antimicrobial properties. Six lignin model monomers: guaiacol, vanillin, vanillic acid, syringaldehyde, 2,6-dimethoxyphenol, and syringic acid were compared to the oils and extracted fractions for antimicrobial properties. Development of lignin-derived chemicals with antimicrobial properties could provide a novel use for this underutilized natural resource.
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Books on the topic "Lignin"

1

Lewis, Norman G., and Simo Sarkanen, eds. Lignin and Lignan Biosynthesis. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1998-0697.

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Boye, Fred. Utilization of lignins and lignin derivatives. Appleton, Wis: Institute of Paper Chemistry, 1985.

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Schmidt, John A., Cyril Heitner, and Don Dimmel. Lignin and lignans: Advances in chemistry. Edited by Heitner Cyril 1941-, Dimmel Don, and Schmidt John A. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis, 2010.

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Glasser, Wolfgang G., and Simo Sarkanen, eds. Lignin. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1989-0397.

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Sharma, Swati, and Ashok Kumar, eds. Lignin. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40663-9.

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Heitner, Cyril. Lignin and lignans: Advances in chemistry. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis, 2010.

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7

1957-, Northey Robert A., Glasser Wolfgang G. 1941-, Schultz Tor P. 1953-, and American Chemical Society Meeting, eds. Lignin: Historical, biological, and materials perspectives. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2000.

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Serrano, Luis, Rafael Luque, and Bert F. Sels, eds. Lignin Chemistry. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00590-0.

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Beckham, Gregg T., ed. Lignin Valorization. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781788010351.

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Calvo-Flores, Francisco G., José A. Dobado, Joaquín Isac-García, and Francisco J. Martín-MartíNez. Lignin and Lignans as Renewable Raw Materials. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118682784.

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Book chapters on the topic "Lignin"

1

Sharma, Swati, Abhishek Sharma, Sikandar I. Mulla, Deepak Pant, Tanvi Sharma, and Ashok Kumar. "Lignin as Potent Industrial Biopolymer: An Introduction." In Lignin, 1–15. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40663-9_1.

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Bhat, Rajeev, Aziz Ahmad, and Ivi Jõudu. "Applications of Lignin in the Agri-Food Industry." In Lignin, 275–98. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40663-9_10.

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Lu, Yong-Chao, Yao Lu, and Xing Fan. "Structure and Characteristics of Lignin." In Lignin, 17–75. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40663-9_2.

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Ahuja, Vishal, and Raya Roy. "Lignin Synthesis and Degradation." In Lignin, 77–113. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40663-9_3.

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Nayak, Kush Kumar, Piyush Parkhey, and Reecha Sahu. "Analysis of Lignin Using Qualitative and Quantitative Methods." In Lignin, 115–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40663-9_4.

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Lopez-Camas, Karen, Muhammad Arshad, and Aman Ullah. "Chemical Modification of Lignin by Polymerization and Depolymerization." In Lignin, 139–80. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40663-9_5.

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Ghozali, Muhammad, Evi Triwulandari, Witta Kartika Restu, Sri Fahmiati, and Yenny Meliana. "Lignin and Its Composites." In Lignin, 181–202. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40663-9_6.

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Kumar, Raj, Abhishek Gupta, Mohit Chawla, Keshaw Ram Aadil, Sunil Dutt, Vijay Bhooshan Kumar, and Abhishek Chaudhary. "Advances in Nanotechnology based Strategies for Synthesis of Nanoparticles of Lignin." In Lignin, 203–29. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40663-9_7.

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Chandna, Sanjam, Sanjeev Kumar Bhardwaj, Shatabdi Paul, and Jayeeta Bhaumik. "Synthesis and Applications of Lignin-Derived Hydrogels." In Lignin, 231–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40663-9_8.

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Terzioğlu, Pınar, Fatma Nur Parın, and Yusuf Sıcak. "Lignin Composites for Biomedical Applications: Status, Challenges and Perspectives." In Lignin, 253–73. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40663-9_9.

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Conference papers on the topic "Lignin"

1

Li, Feng. "Biodegradation characteristics of pine lignin by Raoultella ornithinolytica MP-132." In Fifth International Conference on Green Energy, Environment, and Sustainable Development, edited by Mohammadreza Aghaei, Hongyu Ren, and Xiaoshuan Zhang, 30. SPIE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.3044414.

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Kent, Michael, Daniella Martinez, Miranda Juarros, Nelson Bell, Estevan Martinez, Todd Alam, Kenneth Sale, and Blake Simmons. "Polyacids from lignin." In Proposed for presentation at the ACS Spring Meeting 2021 held April 5-30, 2021 in virtual, virtual, virtual. US DOE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1863495.

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Popa-Tudor, Ioana, Victor Alexandru Faraon, Diana Constantinescu-Aruxandei, and Florin Oancea. "Differences and Similarities of Acid-Extracted Lignin versus DES-Extracted Lignin." In NeXT-Chem 2023. Basel Switzerland: MDPI, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023090036.

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Teeka, Wikoramet, Khemthat Srisujaritpanich, Pattara Somnuake, and Sirirat Wacharawichanant. "Development of Biodegradable Poly(Lactic Acid)/Lignin Treated Alkyl Ketene Dimer Properties for Packaging Applications." In The Silpakorn International Conference on Total Art and Science (2nd SICTAS 2023) jointly with the International Conference on Engineering and Industrial Technology 2023 (3rd ICEIT 2023). Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-8xjsrk.

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In this work, PLA/lignin treated AKD composites have been developed for packaging applications. The composites were prepared by a thermal processing. The lignin was prepared from the black liquor which is the waste of paper industry by extracting acetic acid and filtering. The resulting lignin has a structure of syringlyl unit (S) and guaiacyl unit (G) because use eucalyptus is a shaft wood use in the paper industry. The lignin contents the PLA matrix were 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 phr and the improvement of lignin properties by using AKD in ratio 10:1 of lignin and AKD is caused by the reaction between the AKD and the OH group of lignin to from bond called β-ketone ester bond. The treatment of lignin with AKD showed the increase of hydrophobicity and good dispersion in PLA. SEM results of PLA/lignin and PLA/lignin treated AKD showed that when the lignin content increased, the surface roughness was observed except 0.5 phr of PLA/lignin treated AKD composites. The lignin addition decreased the tensile strength of PLA/lignin composites, whereas the PLA/lignin treated AKD at 0.5 phr had similar mechanical properties with neat PLA. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy found to be non-crystalline, consistent with differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) results indicated that the enthalpy of crystallization was equal to the enthalpy of melting. Moreover, X-ray diffraction (XRD) result did not appear the peaks. UV-vis analysis indicated the light transmission was protected with increasing lignin contents. Water contact angle test (WCA) results indicated that lignin had a decreasing effect on the waterproofing of the material, but the lignin treated with AKD has a water contact angle similar to that neat PLA.
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Aili, Ma, Du Wuqing, Li Chengqian, and Chang Jie. "Characterization of lignin and study on mechanical properties of lignin/PVC blends." In 2012 International Conference on Biobase Material Science and Engineering (BMSE). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bmse.2012.6466166.

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Livcha, Sandra, Galia Shulga, Elina Zhilinska, Brigita Neiberte, Anrijs Verovkins, Sanita Vitolina, and Arturs Viksna. "Lignin from Hydrolyzed Wood By-Product as an Eco-Friendly Emulsion Stabilizer." In Environmental Engineering. VGTU Technika, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2017.033.

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Aspen sulfur-free soda lignin was obtained as a result of alkaline delignification of hydrolyzed sawdust, a by-product of wood mechanical processing. The pre-hydrolysis of aspen sawdust was performed for enhancing the yield of lignin from the wood residue as well as to decrease the energy consumption of its milling for obtaining a filler for composites. The obtained lignin was characterized by a chemical composition, particle sizes and zeta potential values as well as by the surface-active properties at the air-water and oil-water interfaces. The surface tension of the lignin solutions at the air-water interface decreases with dropping 34 values and increasing lignin concentration due to hydrophobization of the lignin macromolecules, which is strengthened in the presence of a low molecular salt. The study of the obtained lignin as an emulsion stabilizer has shown that the O/W emulsion stabilized with alkaline lignin solutions with a concentration less than 0.1% demonstrates the highest stability with the formed smallest emulsion particles, having the highest negative charge, but the stabilization proceeds via the electrostatic mechanism. With decreasing pH values and increasing lignin concentration in the emulsion, the stabilization mechanism is more complicated with a growing role of steric factors.
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Joelsson, Tove, Amanda Mattsson, Jukka A. Ketoja, Gunilla Pettersson, and Per Engstrand. "Lignin Interdiffusion– A Mechanism Behind Improved Wet Strength." In Advances in Pulp and Paper Research. Pulp & Paper Fundamental Research Committee (FRC), Manchester, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/frc.2022.1.105.

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We have studied ways of improving strength properties of paper made from high yield pulps and lignin-rich chemical pulps by utilizing the thermoplastic properties of the lignin present in the fibre walls. Both dry and wet strength can be improved by hot pressing of sheets made from lignin-rich pulps. In this paper, we focus on aspects of the wet-strength development as a function of lignin content and temperature. Here we apply an activation energy evaluation approach to study lignin intermixing or interdiffusion. By means of hot pressing, it is possible to reach wet strength levels up to 50% of the dry strength level, provided that we use pulps with high enough lignin content. Our study included hot pressing of high yield pulps such as thermomechanical pulp (TMP), chemithermomechanical pulp (CTMP), high-temperature chemithermomechanical pulps (HTCTMP), unbleached northern softwood kraft (NSK) and northern bleached softwood kraft (NBSK). The sheet pressing trials were performed for varied temperatures from room temperature up to 270°C. As the activation energy for the high yield pulps and the lignin-rich NSK were all in the range of 20-32 kJ/mol, we suggest that the wet strength development as function of temperature has a similar mechanism as long as the pulp fibres contain enough lignin. We also suggest that the phenomenon involves intermixing and/or interdiffusion of wood polymers between adjacent fibres when they are in a close contact. Most probably both the amorphous wood polymers, i.e. the linear hemicelluloses and the cross-linked lignin, mix with each other across the fibre-fibre or even more probable over the fibril-fibril contact surface. While the hemicellulose can intermix already at room temperature under moist conditions, the lignin intermixes more easily at the higher temperature we use. We do not know how far the hemicellulose or lignin could move within the fibre walls, but it seems that the amount of lignin present on the fibre surfaces plays an important role.
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Copca Granados, Abigail. "PREDICTIVE LIGNIN DEGRADATION STATISTICAL MODEL." In MOL2NET 2018, International Conference on Multidisciplinary Sciences, 4th edition. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mol2net-04-05511.

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Changqing Dong, Lei He, Junjiao Zhang, Dalong Jiang, and Yongping Yang. "Modeling of straw lignin molecule." In 2009 International Conference on Sustainable Power Generation and Supply. SUPERGEN 2009. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/supergen.2009.5348039.

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"Elemental composition of lignin preparations." In Seventh International Conference on Humic Innovative Technologies "Humic substances and technologies for resilience" (HIT – 2022). NP CBR "Humus Sapiens", 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36291/hit.2022.009.

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Reports on the topic "Lignin"

1

Lalvani, S. B. Lignin-assisted coal depolymerization. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5795190.

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Chung-Jui Tsai, Mark F. Davis, and Vincent L. Chiang. Genetic Augmentation of Syringyl Lignin in Low-lignin Aspen Trees, Final Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/883338.

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Dilworth, G. L. Biochemical genetics of Lignin degradation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/471447.

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Lewis, N. G. Unravelling lignin formation and structure. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6001554.

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Carlson, John E. ''The control of lignin synthesis''. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/838425.

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Author, Not Given. (Characterization of lignin peroxidases from Phanerochaete). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6015628.

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Yuan, Joshua S., Arthur Ragauskas, and Zhihua Liu. Synthetic Design of Microorganisms for Lignin Fuel. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1472013.

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Malito, M. L., and L. A. Jeffers. Development of a prototype lignin concentration sensor. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6744692.

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Malito, M. L., and L. A. Jeffers. Development of a prototype lignin concentration sensor. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10133829.

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Lagrimini, L. (Molecular characteristics of the lignin forming peroxidase). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7138283.

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