Log in

Relevant bibliographies by topics / Lignin hydrothermal liquefaction / Journal articles

To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Lignin hydrothermal liquefaction.

Journal articles on the topic 'Lignin hydrothermal liquefaction'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2025

Last updated: 23 June 2025

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles

Select a source type:

Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Lignin hydrothermal liquefaction.'

Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.

You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.

Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.

1

Schuler, Julia, Ursel Hornung, Andrea Kruse, Nicolaus Dahmen, and Jörg Sauer. "Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Lignin." Journal of Biomaterials and Nanobiotechnology 08, no. 01 (2017): 96–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jbnb.2017.81007.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Kang, Shimin, Biao Li, Jie Chang, and Juan Fan. "Antioxidant abilities comparison of lignins with their hydrothermal liquefaction products." BioResources 6, no. 1 (2010): 243–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.6.1.243-252.

Full text

Abstract:

Black liquor alkaline lignin and magnesium lignosulfonate were liquefied at 320 oC. The antioxidant abilities of the liquefaction products were compared with the raw materials. Results showed that the total phenol content and unit antioxidant power of both alkaline lignin liquefaction products (ALLP) and magnesium lignosulfonate liquefaction products (MLLP) were improved, and ALLP had a larger increase than MLLP. The influence of reaction time and temperature on oil yield, total phenol content, and antioxidant power of ALLP was evaluated. The total phenol content was found to have certain relationships with the antioxidant abilities. These results explore a new approach for further studies and applications of liquid antioxidant from lignins.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Guo, Shengjun, Jiachen Zuo, Xiao Yang, Hui Wang, Lihua Cheng, and Libo Zhang. "Investigation of Component Interactions During the Hydrothermal Process Using a Mixed-Model Cellulose/Hemicellulose/Lignin/Protein and Real Cotton Stalk." Energies 18, no. 5 (2025): 1290. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18051290.

Full text

Abstract:

Converting agricultural and forestry waste into high-value-added bio-oil via hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) reduces incineration pollution and alleviates fuel oil shortages. Current research focuses on adjusting HTL parameters like temperature, time, catalyst, and pretreatment. Few studies explore raw material composition and its interactions with bio-oil properties, limiting guidance for future multi-material hydrothermal co-liquefaction. In view of the above problems, the lignocellulosic model in this paper used cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and protein as raw materials. At a low hydrothermal temperature (220 °C), the yield and properties of hydrothermal bio-oil were used as indicators to explore the influence of the proportional content of different model components on the interaction in the hydrothermal process through its simple binary blending and multivariate blending. Then, compared with the hydrothermal liquefaction process of cotton stalk, the interaction between components in the hydrothermal process of real lignocellulose was explored. The results demonstrated significant interactions among cellulose, lignin, and hemicellulose in cotton stalks. The relative strength of component interactions was ranked by yield (wt.%) and property modulation as follows: cellulose–lignin (C-L, 6.82%, synergistic enhancement) > cellulose–hemicellulose (C-X, 1.83%, inhibitory effect) > hemicellulose–lignin (X-L, 1.32%, non-significant interaction). Glycine supplementation enhanced bio-oil yields, with the most pronounced effect observed in cellulose–glycine (C-G) systems, where hydrothermal bio-oil yield increased from 2.29% to 4.59%. Aqueous-phase bio-oil exhibited superior high heating values (HHVs), particularly in hemicellulose–glycine (X-G) blends, which achieved the maximum HHV of 29.364 MJ/kg among all groups. Meanwhile, the characterization results of hydrothermal bio-oil under different mixing conditions showed that the proportion of model components largely determined the composition and properties of hydrothermal bio-oil, which can be used as a regulation method for the synthesis of directional chemicals. Cellulose–lignin (C-L) interactions demonstrated the strongest synergistic enhancement, reaching maximum efficacy at a 3:1 mass ratio. This study will deepen the understanding of the composition of lignocellulose raw materials in the hydrothermal process, promote the establishment of a hydrothermal product model of lignocellulose, and improve the yield of bio-oil.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Briand, Morgane, Geert Haarlemmer, Anne Roubaud, and Pascal Fongarland. "Evaluation of the Heat Produced by the Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Wet Food Processing Residues and Model Compounds." ChemEngineering 6, no. 1 (2022): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering6010002.

Full text

Abstract:

Hydrothermal liquefaction has proven itself as a promising pathway to the valorisation of low-value wet food residues. The chemistry is complex and many questions remain about the underlying mechanism of the transformation. Little is known about the heat of reaction, or even the thermal effects, of the hydrothermal liquefaction of real biomass and its constituents. This paper explores different methods to evaluate the heat released during the liquefaction of blackcurrant pomace and brewers’ spent grains. Some model compounds have also been evaluated, such as lignin, cellulose and glutamic acid. Exothermic behaviour was observed for blackcurrant pomace and brewers’ spent grains. Results obtained in a continuous reactor are similar to those obtained in a batch reactor. The heat release has been estimated between 1 MJ/kg and 3 MJ/kg for blackcurrant pomace and brewers’ spent grains, respectively. Liquefaction of cellulose and glucose also exhibit exothermic behaviour, while the transformation of lignin and glutamic acid present a slightly endothermic behaviour.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Cao, Yang, Cheng Zhang, Daniel C. W. Tsang, Jiajun Fan, James H. Clark, and Shicheng Zhang. "Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Lignin to Aromatic Chemicals: Impact of Lignin Structure." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 59, no. 39 (2020): 16957–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.0c01617.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Kang, S., J. Chang, and J. Fan. "Phenolic Antioxidant Production by Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Lignin." Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects 37, no. 5 (2015): 494–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2011.585386.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Ahlbom, Anders, Marco Maschietti, Rudi Nielsen, Merima Hasani, and Hans Theliander. "Towards understanding kraft lignin depolymerisation under hydrothermal conditions." Holzforschung 76, no. 1 (2021): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2021-0121.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract Kraft lignin depolymerisation using hydrothermal liquefaction suffers from the formation of char, resulting in a decreased product yield as well as causing operational problems. While this may be mitigated by the addition of capping agents such as phenol and isopropanol, other reaction parameters, for example reaction time and temperature, are also important for the product yields. In this work, the effect of short reaction times on the hydrothermal liquefaction of kraft lignin in an alkaline water and isopropanol mixture was investigated at 1–12 min and 290 °C. The results show that there were swift initial reactions: the major ether bonds in the lignin were broken within the first minute of reaction, and the molecular weight of all product fractions was halved at the very least. Longer reaction times, however, do not cause as pronounced structural changes as the initial reaction, indicating that a recalcitrant carbon-carbon skeleton remained in the products. Nevertheless, the yields of both char and monomers increased slowly with increasing reaction time. The swift initial depolymerising reactions were therefore followed by slower repolymerisation as well as a slow formation of monomers and dimers, which calls for careful tuning of the reaction time.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Shah, Ayaz Ali, Kamaldeep Sharma, Tahir Hussain Seehar, et al. "Sub-Supercritical Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Lignocellulose and Protein-Containing Biomass." Fuels 5, no. 1 (2024): 75–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fuels5010005.

Full text

Abstract:

Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is an emerging technology for bio-crude production but faces challenges in determining the optimal temperature for feedstocks depending on the process mode. In this study, three feedstocks—wood, microalgae spirulina (Algae Sp.), and hydrolysis lignin were tested for sub-supercritical HTL at 350 and 400 °C through six batch-scale experiments. An alkali catalyst (K2CO3) was used with wood and hydrolysis lignin, while e (Algae Sp.) was liquefied without catalyst. Further, two experiments were conducted on wood in a Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) at 350 and 400 °C which provided a batch versus continuous comparison. Results showed Algae Sp. had higher bio-crude yields, followed by wood and lignin. The subcritical temperature of 350 °C yielded more biocrude from all feedstocks than the supercritical range. At 400 °C, a significant change occurred in lignin, with the maximum percentage of solids. Additionally, the supercritical state gave higher values for Higher Heating Values (HHVs) and a greater amount of volatile matter in bio-crude. Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) analysis revealed that phenols dominated the composition of bio-crude derived from wood and hydrolysis lignin, whereas Algae Sp. bio-crude exhibited higher percentages of N-heterocycles and amides. The aqueous phase analysis showed a Total Organic Carbon (TOC) range from 7 to 22 g/L, with Algae Sp. displaying a higher Total Nitrogen (TN) content, ranging from 11 to 13 g/L. The pH levels of all samples were consistently within the alkaline range, except for Wood Cont. 350. In a broader perspective, the subcritical temperature range proved to be advantageous for enhancing bio-crude yield, while the supercritical state improved the quality of the bio-crude.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Jensen, Mads M., Demi T. Djajadi, Cristian Torri, et al. "Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Enzymatic Hydrolysis Lignin: Biomass Pretreatment Severity Affects Lignin Valorization." ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 6, no. 5 (2018): 5940–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b04338.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Phromphithak, Sanphawat, Thossaporn Onsree, Ruetai Saengsuriwong, and Nakorn Tippayawong. "Compositional analysis of bio-oils from hydrothermal liquefaction of tobacco residues using two-dimensional gas chromatography and time-of-flight mass spectrometry." Science Progress 104, no. 4 (2021): 003685042110644. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00368504211064486.

Full text

Abstract:

Sustainable energy from biomass is one of the most promising alternative energy sources and is expected to partially replace fossil fuels. Tobacco industries have normally rid their processing residues by landfilling or incineration, affecting the environment negatively. These residues can be used to either extract high-value chemicals or generate bio-energy via hydrothermal liquefaction. The main liquid product or bio-oil consists of highly complicated chemicals. In this work, the bio-oil from hydrothermal liquefaction of tobacco processing residues was generated in a batch reactor at biomass-to-deionized water ratio of 1:3, temperature of 310°C, and 15 min residence time, yielding the maximum liquid products for more than 50% w/w. The liquid products were analyzed, using two-dimensional gas chromatography and time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC/TOF MS). This technique allowed for a highly efficient detection of numerous compounds. From the results, it was found that hydrothermal liquefaction can cleave biopolymers (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) in tobacco residues successfully. The hydrothermal liquefaction liquid products can be separated into heavy organic, light organic, and aqueous phase fractions. By GC × GC/TOF MS, the biopolymers disintegrated into low molecular weight compounds and classified by their chemical derivatives and functional groups could be detected. The major chemical derivative/functional groups found were cyclic ketones and phenols for heavy organic and light organic, and carboxylic acids and N-containing compounds for the aqueous phase. Additionally, by the major compounds found in this work, simple pathway reactions occurring in the hydrothermal liquefaction reaction were proposed, leading to a better understanding of the hydrothermal liquefaction process for tobacco residues.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Nguyen Lyckeskog, Huyen, Cecilia Mattsson, Lars Olausson, Sven-Ingvar Andersson, Lennart Vamling, and Hans Theliander. "Accelerated aging of bio-oil from lignin conversion in subcritical water." March 2017 16, no. 03 (2017): 123–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj16.3.123.

Full text

Abstract:

Accelerated aging of bio-oil derived from lignin was investigated at different aging temperatures (50°C and 80°C) and times (1 hour, 1 day, 1 week, and 1 month). The bio-oil used was produced by the hydrothermal liquefaction of kraft lignin, using phenol as the capping agent, and base (potassium carbonate and potassium hydroxide) and zirconium dioxide as the catalytic system in subcritical water. Elemental composition, molecular weight (by using gel permeation chromatography), and chemical composition (by using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance [18.8 T, DMSO-d6]) of the bio-oil were measured to gain better understanding of the changes that occurred after being subjected to an accelerated aging process. The ligninderived hydrothermal liquefaction bio-oil was quite stable compared with biomass-pyrolysis bio-oil. The yield of the low molecular weight fraction (light oil) decreased from 64.1% to 58.1% and that of tetrahydrofuran insoluble fraction increased from 16.5% to 22.2% after aging at 80°C for 1 month. Phenol and phenolic dimers (Ar–CH2–Ar) had high reactivity compared with other aromatic substituents (i.e., methoxyl and aldehyde groups); these may participate in the polymerization/condensation reactions in the hydrothermal liquefaction bio-oil during accelerated aging. Moreover, the 2D heteronuclear single quantum coherence nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of the high molecular weight fraction (heavy oil) in the aged raw oil in the aromatic region showed that the structure of this fraction was a combination of phenol-alkyl patterns, and the guaiacol cross-peaks of Ar2, Ar5, and Ar6 after aging indicate that a new polymer was formed during the aging process.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

LOU, Jing, Wei-ting LIAO, Zhi-yu WANG, Lu LI, Yan LI, and Xin-an XIE. "Hydrothermal liquefaction of lignin to aromatics over the perovskite catalysts." Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology 50, no. 8 (2022): 984–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1872-5813(22)60004-5.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Park, Seong-Jae, Masud Rana, Dong Shin, and Jeong-Hun Park. "Lignin Decomposition in Hydrothermal Liquefaction Process using Red-Mud Catalyst." Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers 41, no. 3 (2019): 132–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2019.41.3.132.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Mansuri, Sahir Q., and V. P. S. Shekhawat. "Hydrothermal liquefaction: exploring feedstock for sustainable biofuel production." Environmental and Experimental Biology 22, no. 3 (2024): 135–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/eeb.22.13.

Full text

Abstract:

A number of technological strategies utilizing various types of biomass for the production of hydrocarbons have been put forth but their energy intensive methods are a concern for improved efficiency of biofuel production. Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) has emerged as a promising and feasible technology towards utilization of lignocellulosic biomass. The suitability of different biomass feedstock for HTL is intricately tied to their macromolecular composition and process parameters. The comprehensive analysis of feedstock for hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) signal towards the immense potential of various biomass feedstock, such as corn stover, Miscanthus, pine biomass, Spirulina, sugarcane bagasse, rice bran etc. in contributing significantly to renewable energy production. The study emphasizes that the composition of biomass is critical in influencing bio-oil yield during the HTL process. Biomass components like cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, each play distinct roles in determining the efficiency of conversion. Specifically, feedstock with higher cellulose and hemicellulose content, such as Miscanthus and sugarcane bagasse, demonstrate superior bio-oil yields. The analysis of proximate factors affecting HTL efficiency reveals that moisture content, ash content and high heating value (HHV) are pivotal in optimizing the process. In addition to composition and physical characteristics, the article underscores the significance of growth conditions and nutrient utilization in cultivating biomass feedstock. Integrating HTL with biomass cultivation can create a sustainable, closed-loop system where nutrients from the HTL process are recycled back into cultivation. Biomass offers a renewable energy alternative, however it also poses challenges related to land use and potential competition with food production. Sustainable practices, such as utilizing agricultural and forestry residues and optimizing collection as well as storage processes, can alleviate some of these concerns. By optimizing feedstock selection, process parameters, and integrating sustainable practices, HTL can play a decisive role in advancing biofuel production and contributing to a more sustainable energy future. The interplay between biomass composition, processing efficiency, environmental impacts, and economic feasibility is essential for realizing the full potential of HTL technology in the bio-economy. The current analysis sheds light on the relationship of bio-oil yield with macromolecular components including cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin as well as process parameters like ash content, moisture content, higher heating value, fixed carbon and volatiles. Focusing on process optimization, this study embodies a closer analysis of literature aimed at defining optimum strategies for enhancement of HTL.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Miliotti, Edoardo, Stefano Dell’Orco, Giulia Lotti, Andrea Rizzo, Luca Rosi, and David Chiaramonti. "Lignocellulosic Ethanol Biorefinery: Valorization of Lignin-Rich Stream through Hydrothermal Liquefaction." Energies 12, no. 4 (2019): 723. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12040723.

Full text

Abstract:

Hydrothermal liquefaction of lignin-rich stream from lignocellulosic ethanol production at an industrial scale was carried out in a custom-made batch test bench. Light and heavy fractions of the HTL biocrude were collected following an ad-hoc developed two-steps solvent extraction method. A full factorial design of experiment was performed, investigating the influence of temperature, time and biomass-to-water mass ratio (B/W) on product yields, biocrude elemental composition, molecular weight and carbon balance. Total biocrude yields ranged from 39.8% to 65.7% w/w. The Temperature was the main influencing parameter as regards the distribution between the light and heavy fractions of the produced biocrude: the highest amount of heavy biocrude was recovered at 300 °C, while at 350 and 370 °C the yield of the light fraction increased, reaching 41.7% w/w at 370 °C. Instead, the B/W ratio did not have a significant effect on light and heavy biocrude yields. Feedstock carbon content was mainly recovered in the biocrude (up to 77.6% w/w). The distribution between the light and heavy fractions followed the same trend as the yields. The typical aromatic structure of the lignin-rich stream was also observed in the biocrudes, indicating that mainly hydrolysis depolymerization occurred. The weight-average molecular weight of the total biocrude was strictly related to the process temperature, decreasing from 1146 at 300 °C to 565 g mol−1 at 370 °C.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Lui, Matthew Y., Bun Chan, Alexander K. L. Yuen, Anthony F. Masters та Thomas Maschmeyer. "Hydrothermal Liquefaction of α‐O‐4 Aryl Ether Linkages in Lignin". ChemSusChem 13, № 8 (2020): 2002–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201903263.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Lappalainen, Jukka, David Baudouin, Ursel Hornung, et al. "Sub- and Supercritical Water Liquefaction of Kraft Lignin and Black Liquor Derived Lignin." Energies 13, no. 13 (2020): 3309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13133309.

Full text

Abstract:

To mitigate global warming, humankind has been forced to develop new efficient energy solutions based on renewable energy sources. Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is a promising technology that can efficiently produce bio-oil from several biomass sources. The HTL process uses sub- or supercritical water for producing bio-oil, water-soluble organics, gaseous products and char. Black liquor mainly contains cooking chemicals (mainly alkali salts) lignin and the hemicellulose parts of the wood chips used for cellulose digestion. This review explores the effects of different process parameters, solvents and catalysts for the HTL of black liquor or black liquor-derived lignin. Using short residence times under near- or supercritical water conditions may improve both the quality and the quantity of the bio-oil yield. The quality and yield of bio-oil can be further improved by using solvents (e.g., phenol) and catalysts (e.g., alkali salts, zirconia). However, the solubility of alkali salts present in black liquor can lead to clogging problem in the HTL reactor and process tubes when approaching supercritical water conditions.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Parakh, Pranav D., Sonil Nanda, and Janusz A. Kozinski. "Eco-friendly Transformation of Waste Biomass to Biofuels." Current Biochemical Engineering 6, no. 2 (2020): 120–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2212711906999200425235946.

Full text

Abstract:

Background: The development of viable alternative fuel sources is assuming a new urgency in the face of climate change and environmental degradation linked to the escalating consumption of fossil fuels. Lignocellulosic biomass is composed primarily of high-energy structural components such as cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. The transformation of lignocellulosic biomass to biofuels requires the application of both pretreatment and conversion technologies. Methods: Several pretreatment technologies (e.g. physical, chemical and biological) are used to recover cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin from biomass and begin the transformation into biofuels. This paper reviews the thermochemical (e.g. pyrolysis, gasification and liquefaction), hydrothermal (e.g. subcritical and supercritical water gasification and hydrothermal liquefaction), and biological (e.g. fermentation) conversion pathways that are used to further transform biomass feedstocks into fuel products. Results: Through several thermochemical and biological conversion technologies, lignocellulosic biomass and other organic residues can produce biofuels such as bio-oils, biochar, syngas, biohydrogen, bioethanol and biobutanol, all of which have the potential to replace hydrocarbon-based fossil fuels. Conclusions: This review paper describes the conversion technologies used in the transformation of biomass into viable biofuels. Biofuels produced from lignocellulosic biomass and organic wastes are a promising potential clean energy source with the potential to be carbon-neutral or even carbonnegative.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Forchheim, Daniel, Ursel Hornung, Philipp Kempe, Andrea Kruse, and David Steinbach. "Influence of RANEY Nickel on the Formation of Intermediates in the Degradation of Lignin." International Journal of Chemical Engineering 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/589749.

Full text

Abstract:

Lignin forms an important part of lignocellulosic biomass and is an abundantly available residue. It is a potential renewable source of phenol. Liquefaction of enzymatic hydrolysis lignin as well as catalytical hydrodeoxygenation of the main intermediates in the degradation of lignin, that is, catechol and guaiacol, was studied. The cleavage of the ether bonds, which are abundant in the molecular structure of lignin, can be realised in near-critical water (573 to 673 K, 20 to 30 MPa). Hydrothermal treatment in this context provides high selectivity in respect to hydroxybenzenes, especially catechol. RANEY Nickel was found to be an adequate catalyst for hydrodeoxygenation. Although it does not influence the cleavage of ether bonds, RANEY Nickel favours the production of phenol from both lignin and catechol. The main product from hydrodeoxygenation of guaiacol with RANEY Nickel was cyclohexanol. Reaction mechanism and kinetics of the degradation of guaiacol were explored.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Chan, Yi Herng, Suzana Yusup, Armando T. Quitain, and Yoshimitsu Uemura. "Bio-Oil Production under Sub- and Supercritical Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch and Kernel Shell." Applied Mechanics and Materials 625 (September 2014): 881–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.625.881.

Full text

Abstract:

Two types of Malaysian oil palm biomass; namely Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) and Palm Kernel Shell (PKS) are liquefied using sub-and supercritical water to produce bio-oil. Effects of temperatures (360, 390 and 450 °C) and pressures (25, 30 and 35 MPa) of the liquefaction of biomass on the bio-oil yields are investigated. The optimum liquefaction conditions for EFB and PKS using water are at supercritical conditions. PKS which consists of higher lignin content yields maximum bio-oil of about 41.3 wt % at temperature of 450 °C and the bio-oil yield from EFB is about 37.4 wt % at temperature of 390 °C.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Ahlbom, Anders, Marco Maschietti, Rudi Nielsen, Huyen Lyckeskog, Merima Hasani, and Hans Theliander. "Using Isopropanol as a Capping Agent in the Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Kraft Lignin in Near-Critical Water." Energies 14, no. 4 (2021): 932. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14040932.

Full text

Abstract:

In this study, Kraft lignin was depolymerised by hydrothermal liquefaction in near-critical water (290–335 °C, 250 bar) using Na2CO3 as an alkaline catalyst. Isopropanol was used as a co-solvent with the objective of investigating its capping effect and capability of reducing char formation. The resulting product, which was a mixture of an aqueous liquid, containing water-soluble organic compounds, and char, had a lower sulphur content than the Kraft lignin. Two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance studies of the organic precipitates of the aqueous phase and the char indicated that the major lignin bonds were broken. The high molar masses of the char and the water-soluble organics, nevertheless, indicate extensive repolymerisation of the organic constituents once they have been depolymerised from the lignin. With increasing temperature, the yield of char increased, although its molar mass decreased. The addition of isopropanol increased the yield of the water-soluble organic products and decreased the yield of the char as well as the molar masses of the products, which is indicative of a capping effect.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Tai, Lingyu, Roya Hamidi, Laura Paglia, Paolo De Filippis, Marco Scarsella, and Benedetta de Caprariis. "Lignin-enriched waste hydrothermal liquefaction with ZVMs and metal-supported Al2O3 catalyst." Biomass and Bioenergy 165 (October 2022): 106594. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2022.106594.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Schuler, Julia, Ursel Hornung, Nicolaus Dahmen, and Jörg Sauer. "Lignin from bark as a resource for aromatics production by hydrothermal liquefaction." GCB Bioenergy 11, no. 1 (2018): 218–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12562.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Halleraker, Hilde V., and Tanja Barth. "Quantitative NMR analysis of the aqueous phase from hydrothermal liquefaction of lignin." Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 151 (October 2020): 104919. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2020.104919.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Lui, Matthew Y., Bun Chan, Alexander K. L. Yuen, Anthony F. Masters, Alejandro Montoya, and Thomas Maschmeyer. "Unravelling Some of the Key Transformations in the Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Lignin." ChemSusChem 10, no. 10 (2017): 2140–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201700528.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Luo, Zhongyang, Qian Qian, Haoran Sun, Qi Wei, Jinsong Zhou, and Kaige Wang. "Lignin-First Biorefinery for Converting Lignocellulosic Biomass into Fuels and Chemicals." Energies 16, no. 1 (2022): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010125.

Full text

Abstract:

Driven by the excessive consumption of fossil resources and environmental pollution concerns, a large amount of biorefinery research efforts have been made for converting lignocellulosic biomass into fuels and chemicals. Recently, a strategy termed “lignin-first,” which allows for realizing high-yield and high-selectivity aromatic monomers, is regarded as one of the best prospective strategies. This review summarizes recent research advances in lignin-first biorefinery, starting from the raw lignocellulose through lignin-first processing and moving to downstream processing pathways for intermediate compounds. In particular, for the core purpose of producing liquid fuels, the corresponding downstream processing strategies are discussed in detail. These are based on the structural properties of the intermediates derived from lignin-first biorefinery, including the catalytic conversion of lignin and its derivatives (aqueous phase system and pyrolysis system) and the cascade utilization of carbohydrate residues (fermentation, pyrolysis, and hydrothermal liquefaction). We conclude with current problems and potential solutions, as well as future perspectives on lignin-first biorefinery, which may provide the basis and reference for the efficient utilization of lignocellulosic biomass.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Bala, Emmanuel, Ursel Hornung, and Nicolaus Dahmen. "Hydrothermal Liquefaction (HTL) of Lignin: The Adsorption Separation of Catechol Guaiacol and Phenol." Energies 18, no. 9 (2025): 2181. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18092181.

Full text

Abstract:

The complex nature of the hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of lignin product downstream requires an effective separation strategy. In this study, the use of adsorption separation was undertaken using deep eutectic solvent (DES)-modified amberlite XAD-4 adsorbents to achieve this goal. XAD-4 was modified with a choline chloride: ethylene glycol DES and characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) test. In addition, the HTL product was characterized using Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detection (GC-FID). The performance of unmodified and DES-modified adsorbents was initially tested on the model compounds of guaiacol, phenol and catechol, followed by the HTL product in a batch adsorption system. The Freundlich model best described the model compound adsorption system with a preferential affinity for guaiacol (kf = 12.52), outperforming phenol and catechol. Adsorption experiments showed an increase in capacity and selectivity for all species when the DES-modified adsorbents were used at all mass loadings. GC-FID analytics showed the DES-modified XAD-4 (300 mg) as having the highest selectivity for guaiacol, with an equilibrium concentration of 121.45 mg/L representing an 85.25% uptake, while catechol was the least favorably adsorbed. These results demonstrate the potential of DES-functionalized XAD-4 adsorbents in selectively isolating high-value aromatics from the HTL of the lignin product stream.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Jayathilake, Madhawa, Souman Rudra, Naureen Akhtar, and Alfred Antony Christy. "Characterization and Evaluation of Hydrothermal Liquefaction Char from Alkali Lignin in Subcritical Temperatures." Materials 14, no. 11 (2021): 3024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14113024.

Full text

Abstract:

An evaluation of hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) char is investigated in this work. Morphological studies, N2 adsorption behavior, FTIR analysis, thermal behavior, and elemental composition are studied. The HTL char yield showed an increase with higher operating temperatures. It increased from 11.02% to 33% when the temperature increased from 573 K to 623 K. At lower temperatures, the residence time showed an impact on the yield, while close to the critical point, residence time became less impactful. Elemental analysis showed that both higher operating temperatures and longer residence times increased the nitrogen content of the chars from 0.32% to 0.51%. FTIR analysis suggested the char became more aromatic with the higher temperatures. The aliphatic groups present diminished drastically with the increasing temperature. Residence time did not show a significant impact as much as the temperature when considering the functional group elimination. An increase in operating temperatures and residence times produced thermally stable chars. HTL char produced at the lowest operating temperature and showed both the highest surface area and pore volume. When temperature and residence time increase, more polyaromatic char is produced due to carbonization.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Biswas, Bijoy, Avnish Kumar, Ramandeep Kaur, Bhavya B. Krishna, and Thallada Bhaskar. "Catalytic hydrothermal liquefaction of alkali lignin over activated bio-char supported bimetallic catalyst." Bioresource Technology 337 (October 2021): 125439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125439.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Kulikova, Yuliya, Sviatoslav Klementev, Alexander Sirotkin, et al. "Aqueous Phase from Hydrothermal Liquefaction: Composition and Toxicity Assessment." Water 15, no. 9 (2023): 1681. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15091681.

Full text

Abstract:

The main obstacle to the widespread use of hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) for waste and wet biomass recycling is the formation of a significant amount of highly polluted wastewaters. This paper presents an analysis of the chemical composition and toxicity of aqueous phase from the HTL (HTL-AP) of primary and secondary sludge. It was shown that HTL-AP has a high level of organic pollution (total organic carbon (TOC) = 4.2–9.6 g/dm3, chemical oxygen demand (COD) = 7.9–14.0 g/dm3, BOD5 = 6.0–8.1 g/dm3) and high biological toxicity for traditional test organisms (so that dilution ratio, ensuring the death of no more than 50% of organisms (DR50), varied within 64.7–142.2 and 44.9–81.7 for Artemia salina and Paramecium caudatum, respectively). An analysis of HTL-AP composition with NMR-spectroscopy method allowed us to establish that the share of carbon in aliphatic chains was 34.05–41.82% and the content of carbon in carboxyl groups and aromatic rings was 26.42–34.44%. As a result, we can conclude that the main HTL-AP components are fatty carboxylic acids and their derivatives, aromatic carboxylic acids. The content of aldehydes, ketones, and lignin is less than 8%. Biological treatment of HTL-AP in a lab-scale aerobic reactor turned out to be successful, so average COD reduction was 67–95%. Sludge from an industrial waste water treatment plant (petrochemical sector) with a microorganism concentration of 2.7 g/dm3 was used as inoculum. HTP-AP was diluted 1:10 with tap water. The duration of the process was 18 h.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Jayathilake, Madhawa, Souman Rudra, and Lasse A. Rosendahl. "Numerical modeling and validation of hydrothermal liquefaction of a lignin particle for biocrude production." Fuel 305 (December 2021): 121498. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2021.121498.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Belkheiri, Tallal, Sven-Ingvar Andersson, Cecilia Mattsson, Lars Olausson, Hans Theliander, and Lennart Vamling. "Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Kraft Lignin in Subcritical Water: Influence of Phenol as Capping Agent." Energy & Fuels 32, no. 5 (2018): 5923–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.8b00068.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Wu, Haijun, Usama Shakeel, Quan Zhang, Kai Zhang, Xia Xu, and Jian Xu. "Ethanol-Assisted Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Poplar Using Fe-Co/Al2O3 as Catalyst." Energies 15, no. 9 (2022): 3057. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15093057.

Full text

Abstract:

Although the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into bio-oil with high yield/quality through hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is promising, it still faces many challenges. In this study, a Fex-Co(1-x)/Al2O3 catalyst was prepared with the coprecipitation method and low-content ethanol was used as the cosolvent for the HTL of poplar. The results showed that the Fex-Co(1-x)/Al2O3 catalyst significantly promoted the yield and energy recovery rate (ERR) of bio-oil compared with the control (10% ethanol content). At 260 °C for 30 min, 60Fe-40Co/Al2O3 had the best catalytic effect, achieving the highest bio-oil yield (67.35%) and ERR (93.07%). As a multifunctional bimetallic catalyst, Fex-Co(1-x)/Al2O3 could not only increase the degree of hydrogenation deoxidization of the product but also promote the diversity of phenolic compounds gained from lignin. The bio-oil obtained from HTL with Fex-Co(1-x)/Al2O3 as catalyst contained lower heterocyclic nitrogen, promoting the transfer of more bio-oil components to substances with lower boiling point.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Kristianto, Ivan, Susan Olivia Limarta, Young-Kwon Park, et al. "Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Concentrated Acid Hydrolysis Lignin in a Bench-Scale Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor." Energy & Fuels 33, no. 7 (2019): 6421–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.9b00954.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Feng, Li, Xuhao Li, Zizeng Wang, and Bingzhi Liu. "Catalytic hydrothermal liquefaction of lignin for production of aromatic hydrocarbon over metal supported mesoporous catalyst." Bioresource Technology 323 (March 2021): 124569. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124569.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

YANG, Tian-hua, Zheng LIU, Bing-shuo LI, Hai-jun ZHANG, and He-yi WANG. "Experimental study on preparation of bio-oil by hydrothermal liquefaction of three kinds of lignin." Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology 51, no. 8 (2023): 1084–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1872-5813(23)60345-7.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Jiménez, Luis, and Alejandro Rodríguez. "Valorization of Agricultural Residues by Fractionation of their Components." Open Agriculture Journal 4, no. 1 (2010): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874331501004010125.

Full text

Abstract:

The combined production of the most abundant agricultural residues in Spain (viz. cereal straw, sunflower stalks, vine shoots, cotton stalks, olive, orange and peach tree prunings, and horticultural and related residues) amounts to over 50 million tons per year, more than 20% of which is generated by Andalusia alone. Agricultural residues must be disposed of for various reasons including the facts that they promote contamination and pest growth, occupy large expanses of land and hinder agricultural work. Ideally, the disposal method used should allow their major components (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) or their chemical potential energy to be exploited. Agricultural residues can be valorized by converting their components jointly (combustion, pyrolysis, gasification, liquefaction) or separately (fractionation). The most useful method for exploiting such components separately involves isolating cellulose fibres for papermaking purposes. In recent times, this valorization method has led to the development of the biorefining concept. Biorefining involves the fractionation or separation of the different lignocellulosic components of agricultural residues with a view to their integral exploitation rather than the mere use of cellulose fibre to obtain paper products. Biorefining replaces the classical pulping methods based on Kraft, sulphite and soda reagents with a hydrothermal treatment followed by organosolv pulping. The hydrothermal treatment provides a liquid phase containing hemicellulose decomposition products [both oligomers and monomers (glucose, xylose, arabinose)] and a solid phase rich in cellulose and lignin. By contrast, the organosolv process gives a solid fraction (pulp) and a residual liquid fraction containing lignin and other useful substances for various purposes.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

do Couto Fraga, Adriano, Marlon Brando Bezerra de Almeida, and Eduardo Falabella Sousa-Aguiar. "Hydrothermal liquefaction of cellulose and lignin: a new approach on the investigation of chemical reaction networks." Cellulose 28, no. 4 (2021): 2003–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03658-w.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Lu, Jianwen, Zhidan Liu, Yuanhui Zhang, and Phillip E. Savage. "Synergistic and Antagonistic Interactions during Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Soybean Oil, Soy Protein, Cellulose, Xylose, and Lignin." ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 6, no. 11 (2018): 14501–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b03156.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Collett, James R., Justin M. Billing, Pimphan A. Meyer, et al. "Renewable diesel via hydrothermal liquefaction of oleaginous yeast and residual lignin from bioconversion of corn stover." Applied Energy 233-234 (January 2019): 840–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.09.115.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Jia, Pengfei, Juan Wang, and Weiliang Zhang. "Catalytic hydrothermal liquefaction of lignin over carbon nanotube supported metal catalysts for production of monomeric phenols." Journal of the Energy Institute 94 (February 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joei.2020.09.014.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Truong, Thi Be Ta, Tuong Ha Do, Khanh-Quang Tran, and Thuat T. Trinh. "The role of heating rate in hydrothermal liquefaction of lignin: Insights from reactive molecular dynamics simulations." Industrial Crops and Products 229 (July 2025): 120973. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.120973.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Agbo, Philip, Abhijeet Mali, Dongyang Deng, and Lifeng Zhang. "Bio-Oil-Based Epoxy Resins from Thermochemical Processing of Sustainable Resources: A Short Review." Journal of Composites Science 7, no. 9 (2023): 374. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs7090374.

Full text

Abstract:

Epoxy is the most prevalent thermosetting resin in the field of polymer composite materials. There has been a growing interest in the development of bio-based epoxy resins as a sustainable alternative to conventional petrochemical epoxy resins. Advances in this field in recent years have included the use of various renewable resources, such as vegetable oils, lignin, and sugars, as direct precursors to produce bio-based epoxy resins. In the meantime, bio-oils have been produced via the decomposition of biomass through thermochemical conversion and mainly being used as renewable liquid fuels. It is noteworthy that bio-oils can be used as a sustainable resource to produce epoxy resins. This review addresses research progress in producing bio-oil-based epoxy resins from thermochemical processing techniques including organic solvent liquefaction, fast pyrolysis, and hydrothermal liquefaction. The production of bio-oil from thermochemical processing and its use to inject sustainability into epoxy resins are discussed. Herein, we intend to provide an overall picture of current attempts in the research area of bio-oil-based epoxy resins, reveal their potential for sustainable epoxy resins, and stimulate research interests in green/renewable materials.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Moser, Leonard, Christina Penke, and Valentin Batteiger. "An In-Depth Process Model for FUEL Production via Hydrothermal Liquefaction and Catalytic Hydrotreating." Processes 9, no. 7 (2021): 1172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9071172.

Full text

Abstract:

One of the more promising technologies for future renewable fuel production from biomass is hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL). Although enormous progress in the context of continuous experiments on demonstration plants has been made in the last years, still many research questions concerning the understanding of the HTL reaction network remain unanswered. In this study, a unique process model of an HTL process chain has been developed in Aspen Plus® for three feedstock, microalgae, sewage sludge and wheat straw. A process chain consisting of HTL, hydrotreatment (HT) and catalytic hydrothermal gasification (cHTG) build the core process steps of the model, which uses 51 model compounds representing the hydrolysis products of the different biochemical groups lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, lignin, extractives and ash for modeling the biomass. Two extensive reaction networks of 272 and 290 reactions for the HTL and HT process step, respectively, lead to the intermediate biocrude (~200 model compounds) and the final upgraded biocrude product (~130 model compounds). The model can reproduce important characteristics, such as yields, elemental analyses, boiling point distribution, product fractions, density and higher heating values of experimental results from continuous experiments as well as literature values. The model can be applied as basis for techno-economic and environmental assessments of HTL fuel production, and may be further developed into a predictive yield modeling tool.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Belkheiri, Tallal, Sven-Ingvar Andersson, Cecilia Mattsson, Lars Olausson, Hans Theliander, and Lennart Vamling. "Hydrothermal liquefaction of kraft lignin in sub-critical water: the influence of the sodium and potassium fraction." Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery 8, no. 3 (2018): 585–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13399-018-0307-9.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Funkenbusch, LiLu T., Michael E. Mullins, Lennart Vamling, et al. "Technoeconomic assessment of hydrothermal liquefaction oil from lignin with catalytic upgrading for renewable fuel and chemical production." Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment 8, no. 1 (2018): e319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wene.319.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

Shie, Je-Lueng, Wei-Sheng Yang, Yi-Ru Liau, Tian-Hui Liau, and Hong-Ren Yang. "Subcritical Hydrothermal Co-Liquefaction of Process Rejects at a Wastepaper-Based Paper Mill with Waste Soybean Oil." Energies 14, no. 9 (2021): 2442. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14092442.

Full text

Abstract:

This study used the subcritical hydrothermal liquefaction technique (SHLT) in the co- liquefaction of process rejects at a wastepaper-based paper mill (PRWPM) and waste soybean oil (WSO) for the production of biofuels and bio-char material. PRWPM emits complicated waste composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and plastic from sealing film. The waste is produced from the recycled paper process of a mill plant located in central Taiwan. The source of WSO is the rejected organic waste from a cooking oil factory located in north Taiwan. PRWPM and WSO are suitable for use as fuels, but due to their high oxygen content, their use as commercial liquid fuels is not frequent, thus making deoxygenation and hydrogenation necessary. The temperature and pressure of SHLT were set at 523–643 K and 40–250 bar, respectively. The experimental conditions included solvent ratios of oil–water, temperature, reaction time, and ratios of solvent to PRWPM. The analysis results contained approximated components, heating values, elements, surface features, simulated distillations, product compositions, and recovery yields. The HHV of the product occurred at an oil–water ratio of 75:25, with a value of 38.04 MJ kg−1. At an oil–water ratio of 25:75, the liquid oil-phase product of SHTL has the highest heating value 42.02 MJ kg−1. Higher WSO content implies a lower heating value of the oil-phase product. The simulated distillation result of the oil-phase product with higher content of alcohol and alkanes obtained at the oil–water ratio of 25:75 is better than the other ratios. Here, the carbon number of the oil product is between C8–C36. The product conversion rate rises with an increase of the WSO ratio. It is proved that blending soybean oil with water can significantly enhance the quality of liquefied oil and the conversion rate of PRWPM. Therefore, the solid and liquid biomass wastes co-liquefaction to produce gas and liquid biofuels under SHLT are quite feasible.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Guan, Chunxing, Ying Wang, Xiuyu Zong, et al. "Liquefaction performances of the mixture of paper fibre and LDPE in subcritical water." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2208, no. 1 (2022): 012002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2208/1/012002.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract The waste Tetra pack impose a great pressure on environment. In this paper, we use hydrothermal liquefaction technique to convert it into valuable crude oil. The paper fibre and LDPE were studied in supercritical water at 420 °C, 25 MPa and residence time of 30 min. Effect of paper fibre: LDPE on the crude oil yield, components distribution and high heat value were investigated in depth. Results showed that maximum crude oil yield of 27.33 wt% was obtained at paper fibre to LDPE of 8:2, minimum O/C of 0.094 was obtained at paper fibre to LDPE of 5:5, which reflect that HTL of paper fibre and LDPE had a synergetic effect. And the highest high heat value of the crude oil reach 37.7 MJ/kg at the ratio of 5:5• The CH radicals produced from LDPE chain can promote the hydrogenation reaction that then decrease the production of oxygen-containing groups, and also the broken of C-C bond in lignin will be accelerate, which increased the diesel (C16-C47) compound.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

Arturi, Katarzyna R., Morten Strandgaard, Rudi P. Nielsen, Erik G. Søgaard, and Marco Maschietti. "Hydrothermal liquefaction of lignin in near-critical water in a new batch reactor: Influence of phenol and temperature." Journal of Supercritical Fluids 123 (May 2017): 28–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2016.12.015.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

Liiv, Jüri, Uno Mäeorg, Neeme Vaino, and Ergo Rikmann. "Low-temperature and Low-pressure HydroThermal Liquefaction (L-HTL) of biomass using ultrasonic cavitation to achieve a local supercritical state in water." Science and Technology for Energy Transition 79 (2024): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.2516/stet/2023043.

Full text

Abstract:

HydroThermal Liquefaction (HTL) is a process that involves the reaction of polymer compounds such as cellulose, lignin, synthetic plastics, etc. with near-critical or supercritical water to form low molecular weight liquid compounds, similar to natural oil which is believed to have formed over millions of years. Compared to other biomass recovery methods such as pyrolysis or anaerobic digestion, HTL is highly efficient with an energy efficiency of up to 90%, while the others have an efficiency of only around 30%. However, traditional HTL requires extremely high temperatures (250–450 °C) and pressures (100–350 bar), which are challenging to achieve using large-scale industrial equipment. This study proposes the use of ultrasonic cavitation to induce a supercritical state in water locally, rather than throughout the entire reactor, making it possible to perform HTL reactions using inexpensive and simple devices. The study demonstrates the successful conversion of pure cellulose to low molecular weight liquid compounds using potassium hydroxide as a catalyst.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

We offer discounts on all premium plans for authors whose works are included in thematic literature selections. Contact us to get a unique promo code!