Relevant bibliographies by topics / Lignin modification

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Academic literature on the topic 'Lignin modification'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 April 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Lignin modification"

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Wang, Yun-Yan, Xianzhi Meng, Yunqiao Pu, and Arthur J. Ragauskas. "Recent Advances in the Application of Functionalized Lignin in Value-Added Polymeric Materials." Polymers 12, no. 10 (October 3, 2020): 2277. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12102277.

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The quest for converting lignin into high-value products has been continuously pursued in the past few decades. In its native form, lignin is a group of heterogeneous polymers comprised of phenylpropanoids. The major commercial lignin streams, including Kraft lignin, lignosulfonates, soda lignin and organosolv lignin, are produced from industrial processes including the paper and pulping industry and emerging lignocellulosic biorefineries. Although lignin has been viewed as a low-cost and renewable feedstock to replace petroleum-based materials, its utilization in polymeric materials has been suppressed due to the low reactivity and inherent physicochemical properties of lignin. Hence, various lignin modification strategies have been developed to overcome these problems. Herein, we review recent progress made in the utilization of functionalized lignins in commodity polymers including thermoset resins, blends/composites, grafted functionalized copolymers and carbon fiber precursors. In the synthesis of thermoset resins such as polyurethane, phenol-formaldehyde and epoxy, they are covalently incorporated into the polymer matrix, and the discussion is focused on chemical modifications improving the reactivity of technical lignins. In blends/composites, functionalization of technical lignins is based upon tuning the intermolecular forces between polymer components. In addition, grafted functional polymers have expanded the utilization of lignin-based copolymers to biomedical materials and value-added additives. Different modification approaches have also been applied to facilitate the application of lignin as carbon fiber precursors, heavy metal adsorbents and nanoparticles. These emerging fields will create new opportunities in cost-effectively integrating the lignin valorization into lignocellulosic biorefineries.
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Lauberte, Liga, Gabin Fabre, Jevgenija Ponomarenko, Tatiana Dizhbite, Dmitry V. Evtuguin, Galina Telysheva, and Patrick Trouillas. "Lignin Modification Supported by DFT-Based Theoretical Study as a Way to Produce Competitive Natural Antioxidants." Molecules 24, no. 9 (May 9, 2019): 1794. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24091794.

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The valorization of lignins as renewable aromatic feedstock is of utmost importance in terms of the use of sustainable resources. This study provides a deductive approach towards market-oriented lignin-derived antioxidants by ascertaining the direct effect of different structural features of lignin on the reactivity of its phenolic OH groups in the radical scavenging reactions. The antioxidant activity of a series of compounds, modeling lignin structural units, was experimentally characterized and rationalized, using thermodynamic descriptors. The calculated O–H bond dissociation enthalpies (BDE) of characteristic lignin subunits were used to predict the modification pathways of technical lignins. The last ones were isolated by soda delignification from different biomass sources and their oligomeric fractions were studied as a raw material for modification and production of optimized antioxidants. These were characterized in terms of chemical structure, molecular weight distribution, content of the functional groups, and the antioxidant activity. The developed approach for the targeted modification of lignins allowed the products competitive with two commercial synthetic phenolic antioxidants in both free radical scavenging and stabilization of thermooxidative destruction of polyurethane films.
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Meister, John J. "MODIFICATION OF LIGNIN*." Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part C: Polymer Reviews 42, no. 2 (June 27, 2002): 235–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/mc-120004764.

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Komisarz, Karolina, Tomasz M. Majka, and Krzysztof Pielichowski. "Chemical and Physical Modification of Lignin for Green Polymeric Composite Materials." Materials 16, no. 1 (December 20, 2022): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16010016.

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Lignin, a valuable polymer of natural origin, displays numerous desired intrinsic properties; however, modification processes leading to the value-added products suitable for composite materials’ applications are in demand. Chemical modification routes involve mostly reactions with hydroxyl groups present in the structure of lignin, but other paths, such as copolymerization or grafting, are also utilized. On the other hand, physical techniques, such as irradiation, freeze-drying, and sorption, to enhance the surface properties of lignin and the resulting composite materials, are developed. Various kinds of chemically or physically modified lignin are discussed in this review and their effects on the properties of polymeric (bio)materials are presented. Lignin-induced enhancements in green polymer composites, such as better dimensional stability, improved hydrophobicity, and improved mechanical properties, along with biocompatibility and non-cytotoxicity, have been presented. This review addresses the challenges connected with the efficient modification of lignin, which depends on polymer origin and the modification conditions. Finally, future outlooks on modified lignins as useful materials on their own and as prospective biofillers for environmentally friendly polymeric materials are presented.
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Younesi-Kordkheili, Hamed, and Antonio Pizzi. "A Comparison among Lignin Modification Methods on the Properties of Lignin–Phenol–Formaldehyde Resin as Wood Adhesive." Polymers 13, no. 20 (October 12, 2021): 3502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13203502.

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The research aim of this work is to determine the influence of lignin modification methods on lignin–phenol–formaldehyde (LPF) adhesive properties. Thus, glyoxal (G), phenol (P), ionic liquid (IL), and maleic anhydride (MA) were used to modify lignin. The modified lignins were used for phenol substitution (50 wt%) in phenol–formaldehyde adhesives. The prepared resins were then used for the preparation of wood particleboard. These LPF resins were characterized physicochemically, namely by using standard methods to determine gel time, solids content, density, and viscosity, thus the physicochemical properties of the LPF resins synthesized. The panels dimensional stability, formaldehyde emission, bending modulus, bending strength, and internal bond (IB) strength were also measured. MA-modified lignin showed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) the lowest temperature of curing than the resins with non-modified lignin and modified with IL, phenolared lignin, and glyoxal. LPF resins with lignin treated with maleic anhydride presented a shorter gel time, higher viscosity, and solids content than the resins with other lignin modifications. Equally, the particleboard panels prepared with LPF resins with maleic anhydride or with ionic liquid had the lowest formaldehyde emission and the highest mechanical strength among all the synthesized resins. The dimensional stability of all panels bonded with modified lignin LPF resins presented no difference of any significance.
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Bujanovic, Biljana, Sally A. Ralph, Richard S. Reiner, and Rajai H. Atalla. "Lignin modification in the initial phase of softwood kraft pulp delignification with polyoxometalates (POMs)." Holzforschung 61, no. 5 (August 1, 2007): 492–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2007.102.

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Abstract Commercial softwood kraft pulp with kappa number 30.5 (KP30.5) was delignified with polyoxometalates (POM, Na5(+2)[SiV1(-0.1)MoW10(+0.1)O40]), and POM-treated kraft pulp of kappa number 23.6 was obtained (KPPOM,23.6). Residual lignin from pulps was isolated by mild acid hydrolysis and characterized by analytical and spectral methods to gain insight into lignin reactions taking place during the initial delignification phase. Lignin from POM-delignified pulp was isolated in lower yield. Comparative analysis of residual lignins (RL-KP30.5, RL-KPPOM,23.6) showed that POM leads to products enriched in carbonyl/carboxyl groups and carbohydrates. POM lignins have a lower molecular mass and a lower content of phenolic hydroxyl and methoxyl groups. Based on these results and FTIR spectra, we suggest that aromatic ring cleavage and quinone formation occur during POM delignification. The degree of lignin-cellulose association increases after POM delignification. Lignin-cellulose association was found to be partially unstable under mild alkaline conditions, as residual lignin isolated after alkaline extraction of KPPOM,23.6 pulp (RL-KPPOM/NaOH) exhibited lower glucose content, higher Klason lignin content, and less extraneous material.
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Alinejad, Mona, Christián Henry, Saeid Nikafshar, Akash Gondaliya, Sajad Bagheri, Nusheng Chen, Sandip Singh, David Hodge, and Mojgan Nejad. "Lignin-Based Polyurethanes: Opportunities for Bio-Based Foams, Elastomers, Coatings and Adhesives." Polymers 11, no. 7 (July 18, 2019): 1202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11071202.

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Polyurethane chemistry can yield diverse sets of polymeric materials exhibiting a wide range of properties for various applications and market segments. Utilizing lignin as a polyol presents an opportunity to incorporate a currently underutilized renewable aromatic polymer into these products. In this work, we will review the current state of technology for utilizing lignin as a polyol replacement in different polyurethane products. This will include a discussion of lignin structure, diversity, and modification during chemical pulping and cellulosic biofuels processes, approaches for lignin extraction, recovery, fractionation, and modification/functionalization. We will discuss the potential of incorporation of lignins into polyurethane products that include rigid and flexible foams, adhesives, coatings, and elastomers. Finally, we will discuss challenges in incorporating lignin in polyurethane formulations, potential solutions and approaches that have been taken to resolve those issues.
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Duarte, A. P., D. Robert, and D. Lachenal. "Eucalyptus globulus Kraft Pulp Residual Lignin. Part 2. Modification of Residual Lignin Structure in Oxygen Bleaching." Holzforschung 55, no. 6 (November 6, 2001): 645–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2001.105.

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Summary Residual lignins were isolated from unbleached and oxygen-bleached Eucalyptus kraft pulps by acid hydrolysis. The structural changes and degradation of residual lignin occurring during kraft pulping and oxygen bleaching were followed and identified by elemental analysis, residual carbohydrate analysis, molecular mass distribution, as well as qualitative and quantitative solution 13C NMR. The dissolved lignins in the kraft cooked and oxygen bleached liquors were also studied and compared with the corresponding residual lignins. Milled wood lignin treated under acid hydrolysis conditions served as a reference for the structural comparison. The results show that etherified syringyl structures were quite resistant towards degradation in the oxygen bleaching, causing little depolymerisation in residual lignin and a small increase in carboxylic acid content, but producing appreciable amounts of saturated aliphatic methylene groups.
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Sutton, Jordan T., Kalavathy Rajan, David P. Harper, and Stephen C. Chmely. "Improving UV Curing in Organosolv Lignin-Containing Photopolymers for Stereolithography by Reduction and Acylation." Polymers 13, no. 20 (October 10, 2021): 3473. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13203473.

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Despite recent successes in incorporating lignin into photoactive resins, lignin photo-properties can be detrimental to its application in UV-curable photopolymers, especially in specialized engineered resins for use in stereolithography printing. We report on chemical modification techniques employed to reduce UV absorption by lignin and the resulting mechanical, thermal, and cure properties of these modified lignin materials. Lignin was modified using reduction and acylation reactions and incorporated into a 3D printable resin formulation. UV–Vis absorption at the 3D printing range of 405 nm was reduced in all modified lignins compared to the unmodified sample by 25% to ≥ 60%. Resins made with the modified lignins showed an increase in stiffness and strength with lower thermal stability. Studying these techniques is an important step in developing lignin for use in UV-curing applications and further the effort to valorize lignin towards commercial use.
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Podkościelna, Beata, Magdalena Sobiesiak, Yadong Zhao, Barbara Gawdzik, and Olena Sevastyanova. "Preparation of lignin-containing porous microspheres through the copolymerization of lignin acrylate derivatives with styrene and divinylbenzene." Holzforschung 69, no. 6 (August 1, 2015): 769–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2014-0265.

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Abstract A novel method for synthesizing microspheres from lignin or lignin acrylate derivatives through copolymerization with styrene (St) and divinylbenzene (DVB) has been developed. The copolymers were obtained by the emulsion-suspension polymerization with a constant molar ratio of DVB to St of 1:1 (w/w) and different amounts of lignin or its derivatives. The morphologies of the obtained materials were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Two types of lignin modifications were performed to introduce vinyl groups into the lignin molecules: modification with acrylic acid and modification with epichlorohydrin plus acrylic acid. The course of modification was confirmed by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The thermal stability and degradation behavior of the obtained microspheres were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis, and the pore structure was characterized via nitrogen sorption experiments. Owing to the presence of specific functional groups and the well-developed pore structure, the obtained Lignin-St-DVB microspheres may have potential application as specific sorbents for the removal of phenolic pollutants from water, as demonstrated by the solid-phase extraction technique.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Lignin modification"

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Kozik, Patrycja. "Prépolymères à base de lignines pour la rigidification de formulations d'élastomères." Thesis, Reims, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REIMS023.

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Le cadre industriel de ce projet est de trouver une alternative à la résine phénol-formaldéhyde (RFP) et à son durcisseur, utilisée actuellement en pneumatique pour améliorer les performances aussi bien des compositions de caoutchouc que celles des produits semi-finis. Un des aspects essentiels de la pneumatique est d’augmenter la rigidité à faible déformation des pneus sans augmenter l'hystérésis des élastomères durcis chargés de noir de carbone. Ainsi, l'objectif de ce travail de thèse est de proposer un système thermodurcissable alternatif aux résines RFP actuelles. Ce nouveau système doit être riche en carbone renouvelable et doit être chimiquement modifié au moyen de procédés écologiques. La lignine a été choisie comme source de carbone renouvelable. Une étude préliminaire a souligné les potentialités d'une classe de lignines époxy pour l'application visée. Notre approche consiste en la conception de lignines modifiées par des époxy par une méthode originale évitant l'utilisation de l'épichlorhydrine suivie de son durcissement par des agents de réticulation appropriés. Des tests préliminaires avec un composé modèle de lignine ont donné la gamme des composés époxy et les conditions à tester pour la réaction avec la lignine. Les expériences avec la lignine ont alors confirmé le potentiel de l’ester diglycidylique de l’acide 4, 5-époxytetrahydrophthalique, un composé époxy contenant à la fois un groupement cycloaliphatique et deux types de groupements époxy glycidyliques, comme alternative à l'épichlorohydrine pour la préparation de lignines modifiées. Dans les conditions que nous avons définies, la réaction donne des prépolymères de type lignine-époxy sous forme de poudre avec un niveau d’époxydation de 1,2 mol/kg déterminé par spectroscopie FTIR. La série de tests effectuée sur des mélanges de caoutchouc a montré que la nouvelle lignine époxy associée à la p-xylylènediamine peut être mélangée avec succès avec le caoutchouc naturel et peut atteindre les propriétés de notre mix de référence
The industrial framework of this project is the substitution of phenol formaldehyde resin (RFP) and its methyl donor hardener currently used for improving the performances of rubber compositions of tires or semi-finished products for tires. A critical aspect is the need for an increase of rigidity at low deformation without enhancement of the hysteresis of the cured elastomers filled with carbon black. The specific aim of this PhD work was to propose an alternative thermosetting system to the current RFP resins. This new system should be rich in renewable carbon and chemically modified by environmentally friendly processes. Lignin was chosen as the source of the renewable carbon. A preliminary study emphasized the potentialities of a class of epoxy-modified lignins for the targeted application. The main approach was the design of epoxy modified lignin to be obtained by an original method avoiding the use of epichlorohydrine and to be subsequently cured by appropriate cross-linkers. A preliminary screening with a lignin model compound gave the range of the epoxy compounds and the conditions to be tested for the reaction with lignin. Then various experiments with lignin confirmed the potential of 4, 5-epoxytetrahydrophthalic acid diglycidylester, an epoxy compound containing both one cycloaliphatic and two glycidyl type of epoxy groups, as an alternative for epichlorohydrine for the preparation of modified lignin. In the conditions we have defined, the reaction yielded epoxy lignin-based prepolymers as a powder with epoxy level as high as 1,2 mol/kg determined by FTIR spectroscopy. The series of evaluation campaigns in rubber blends showed that the new epoxy-modified lignin associated with p-xylylenediamine can be successfully mixed with natural rubber and enable to reach the properties of our reference mix
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Baucher, Marie. "Modification of lignin quality in transgenic poplar and alfalfa." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212365.

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Buono, Pietro. "Chemical modification of lignin for the elaboration of novel biobased aromatic polymers and additives." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAE015/document.

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Parmi les composants de la biomasse, la lignine est considérée comme l'un des plus prometteurs polymères naturels qui convient à la conversion de la biomasse en valable produits chimiques et matériaux. Malgré une grande quantité de lignine est générée dans l'industrie papetière, seule 2% est exploitée dans l'industrie chimique. La présence de soufre et la grande diversité moléculaire sont les principaux obstacles pour l'utilisation de la lignine. La modification chimique a été reconnue comme un outil pour contourner ces limites. Dans cette thèse, différentes stratégies de synthèse ont été appliquées pour introduire de nouveaux groupes chimiques sur une soude lignine que présents une haute fonctionnalisation de groups hydroxyles. Les dérivés correspondants de lignine ont été utilisés soit pour l’élaboration des matériaux par click polymérisations, soit pour augmenter l’hydrophobicité de la lignine à la fine de faciliter son traitement avec des matrices polymériques
Among biomass components, lignin is considered one of the most promising natural polymers suitable for the conversion of biomass into renewable added-value chemicals and materials. However, large amount of lignin generated from wood pulping industry is burn as low cost energy source, and only 2% is exploited in the chemical industry. The presence of sulphur moieties and the large molecular diversity are the most reasons impeding the use of lignin as building blocks for the production of chemicals and materials. Chemical modifications have been acknowledged to be an important tool to circumvent these limitations. In the current work, taking advantage of the high hydroxyl groups content of a sulphur free soda lignin (SL), different synthetic strategies have been applied to introduce new chemical groups and used either to produce lignin derivatives suitable for “click” polymerization either to increase lignin hydrophobicity, facilitating its processing in polymeric matrices
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Hamzah, Muhammad Hazwan Bin. "Extraction and modification of lignin to support enhanced utilisation using critical fluids." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2018. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/8356/.

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Lignin is abundant naturally occurring biopolymer currently produced as a by-product from the pulping and paper industry, where the process generates lignin in the form of lignosulphonates. While there are many applications for lignin there are all low value and attempts to add value to lignin are hindered by its complex physico-chemical nature and the presence of sulphur. Adopting the biorefining concept the study evaluates the impact of direct (DE) and sequential extraction (SE) of Miscanthus x giganteus using sub-critical water with associated modifiers on the physical and chemical properties of the extracted lignin. Even though higher delignification was achieved by DE (81.5%) than SE (58.0%), the lignin recovered from the SE process showed significantly higher purity (91.5%). Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis also revealed the abundance of free hydroxyl groups (OH) within the lignin derived from SE. Further it was demonstrated that lignin agglomerates, which are widely known to form post extraction, could be de-agglomerated by simply reducing the ethanol concentration from 50% to 1% and therefore intramolecular forces. Although the finding does not offer an adequate explanation regards to the driving forces of lignin aggregates at different ethanol concentration, the esterification reaction to attach C12 fatty acids to lignin derived from SE at 50% ethanol concentration (5 mg/mL) demonstrated that the amount of hydroxyl groups available increased the level of fatty acid incorporated onto the lignin macromolecule with 81.2% esterification conversion. A modified lignin produced has the potential to be used as a precursor for added value bio-based materials.
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Nasiri, Anahita. "The Use of Lignin in Pressure Sensitive Adhesives and Starch-Based Adhesives." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/39853.

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After cellulose, lignin is the second most abundant natural polymer in the world. It has multiple functional groups, providing great potential for polymer production. In this project, we explored the use of this renewable and valuable resource in two different adhesive applications to displace petroleum-based additives, thereby providing a more sustainable and “green” product. In this regard, two types of lignin, water-soluble (Amalin LPH) and non-water-soluble lignin (Amalin HPH) provided by the British Columbia Research Institute (BCRI) were used. In the first case, lignin was added to a pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA) formulation via in-situ seeded semi-batch emulsion polymerization. It was seen that lignin does not readily take part in the polymerization reaction; rather, its presence results in reaction inhibition. Therefore, Amalin LPH lignin was modified via acrylation to overcome this issue. In another modification approach, maleic anhydride was used to produce maleated Amalin HPH lignin. Both the acrylated and maleated lignins were used in butyl acrylate/methyl methacrylate emulsion copolymerizations to produce PSA films. A series of controlled experiments with different lignin loadings was conducted. Adhesive properties of the PSA films were measured and compared with the corresponding acrylic base case formulation. The incorporation of lignin in the PSA formulation was a “green” solution to conventional PSA production and led to a simultaneous increase in tack and shear strength. Further characterization of the latex films via transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that lignin was successfully incorporated into the polymer particles. It also showed that the use of maleated lignin at a higher concentration led to a core-shell morphology. In the second application, unmodified Amalin LPH lignin was used to create a starch-based adhesive through the Stein-Hall process, a two-step process involving a “carrier” portion and a “slurry” portion. Several formulations with lignin loadings up to 35 wt% distributed in varying ratios in the carrier and slurry portions were prepared. It was shown that the addition of lignin to the starch-based adhesive formulation increases the water-resistance of the adhesive. Therefore, lignin addition is a solution for a common issue in starch-based adhesives, their lack of water-resistance due to the high affinity of starch toward water. Lignin incorporation solely in the slurry portion significantly increased the strength of the glued joints in a paper board adhesive test. The use of lignin as a renewable replacement of petroleum-based components in two different adhesive formulations was demonstrated successfully. This research strongly suggests that lignin can be used as a high value-added property modifier in adhesive applications.
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Bardot, Fanny. "Modification de lignines issues de la fabrication des pâtes lignocellulosiques en vue de leur incorporation dans des formulations d'encres." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAI100.

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L’originalité de ce travail est d’utiliser de la lignine, une macromolécule aromatique extraite de la biomasse lignocellulosique, en remplacement de résines pétrosourcées pour la formulation d’encres à destination de l’emballage alimentaire. Différentes modifications chimiques ont été réalisées sur des lignines commerciales afin de les rendre compatibles avec les composants utilisés dans la formulation des encres. Les réactifs et les procédés mis en place ont été choisis afin de limiter l’impact environnemental sur l’ensemble de la chaîne de valeur. Les modifications chimiques ont été mesurées par différentes techniques analytiques telles que la GPC SEC pour la distribution des masses molaires et la spectrométrie RMN et FTIR pour la mesure des groupements fonctionnels de la lignine. Les propriétés des encres obtenues ont été caractérisées par des mesures rhéologiques et colorimétriques (système CIE L*a*b*) sur des essais d’impression. Parmi les résultats notables, des changements au niveau de l’équilibre hydrophile/hydrophobe ont été particulièrement remarqués. Qui plus est, les encres à base de lignines modifiées chimiquement ont permis une amélioration du gamut de couleur par rapport à celles contenant de la lignine brute. A l’issue de ces travaux, deux applications ont été proposées Des encres biosourcées à base de lignine qui répondent à la majorité des exigences industrielles ont été formulées. De plus, une formule d’enduction à base de lignine modifiée améliorant les propriétés barrières des papiers recyclés a été développée avec succès
The originality of this work is to use lignin, an aromatic macromolecule from lignocellulosic biomass, in replacement of petroleum-based resins for the formulation of inks for food contact packaging applications. Different chemical modifications were carried out on commercial lignins, in order to make them compatible with the ink components. Used reagents and processes were chosen in order to limit the environmental impact of the whole value chain. Chemical modifications were monitored by several analytical techniques such as GPC SEC for the molar mass distribution and NMR and FTIR spectrometry for the monitoring of lignin functional groups. Ink properties were characterized by rheological and colorimetric (CIE L*a*b* system) measurements on printed samples. Among the significant results, changes in hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance were particularly noticed. Furthermore, the colour gamut of modified lignin-based inks was enhanced, compared to the one of unmodified lignin-based inks. Two applications emerged from this work: (1) formulation of lignin-based bio-sourced inks, which meet most of the industrial requirements, and (2), development of a modified lignin-based coating which improved barrier properties of recycled paperboard
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Fukushima, Romualdo S. "Modification of a colorimetric analysis for lignin and its use in studying the inhibitory effect of lignin on forage digestion by rumen microorganisms /." The Ohio State University, 1989. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487673114114632.

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Pouzet, Martial. "Modification de l’énergie de surface du bois par fluoration." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne‎ (2017-2020), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017CLFAC086/document.

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La disponibilité, les aspects écologiques et économiques du bois sont autant d’avantages qui expliquent le large champ d’applications de ce matériau dans plusieurs domaines tels que la papeterie, l’ameublement, la menuiserie ou la construction. Cependant, le bois est un matériau hygroscopique très sensible aux variations d’humidité et de température ambiante. Le gonflement et le retrait causés par l’adsorption et la désorption de l’eau engendrent des fissures et des déformations dans le bois, le rendant incompatible avec certaines applications.Dans cette étude, une méthode originale a été appliquée sur des échantillons de bois (douglas et sapin) pour diminuer leur caractère hydrophile : la fluoration directe par du fluor moléculaire F2. Le greffage covalent des atomes de fluor sur la surface du bois, grâce à une substitution des groupements C-OH par des liaisons C-F, a été validé par spectroscopie infrarouge et par Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire du 19F.Le bois, qui est intrinsèquement hydrophile, acquiert un caractère hydrophobe comparable à celui du Téflon grâce à la fluoration. Des études de vieillissements sous atmosphère ambiante et irradiation UV ont permis de déterminer une bonne durabilité du traitement. De plus, ce traitement permet d’obtenir un caractère hydrophobe sans changements structuraux (morphologie, densité et couleur) ou mécaniques majeurs. Grâce au caractère surfacique de la fluoration, la conservation de ces propriétés après la fluoration s’avère être un remarquable avantage par rapport aux autres traitements physiques et chimiques classiquement utilisés dans l’industrie du bois
The availability, the ecological and economic characteristics of wood are advantages which explain the very wide scope of applications of this material in several domains such as the paper industry, furniture, carpentry and construction. However, wood is a hygroscopic material, highly sensitive to ambient humidity and temperature. The swelling and the shrinking caused by water adsorption and desorption cycles lead to cracking and deformation in the wood volume, making it incompatible for some applications.In this study an original surface treatment was applied to wood samples (douglas and silver fir species) to decrease their hydrophilic character: direct fluorination using F2 gas. The covalent grafting of fluorine atoms onto extreme wood surfaces through a conversion of C-OH groups into C-F was evidenced by Fourier-Transform infrared spectroscopy and 19F solid state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance.The wood which is initially hydrophilic acquires a hydrophobic character comparable to that of Teflon, thanks to fluorination. Good durability of this treatment under ambient atmosphere and UV irradiation was also highlighted. Moreover, because it affects only the extreme surface, this treatment allowed us to obtain a hydrophobic character without major structural (morphology, density and colour) or mechanical changes. The maintaining of these properties after fluorination appears to be a remarkable advantage over other traditional physical and chemical wood treatments
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Gray-Mitsumune, Madoka. "Towards genetic modification of the lignin biosynthetic pathway in interior spruce (Picea glauca x engelmanni complex)." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ61100.pdf.

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Liu, Enshi. "FRACTIONATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF LIGNIN STREAMS FROM GENETICALLY ENGINEERED SWITCHGRASS." UKnowledge, 2017. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/bae_etds/49.

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Development of biomass feedstocks with desirable traits for cost-effective conversion is one of the main focus areas in biofuels research. As suggested by techno-economic analyses, the success of a lignocellulose-based biorefinery largely relies on the utilization of lignin to generate value-added products, i.e. fuels and chemicals. The fate of lignin and its structural/compositional changes during pretreatment have received increasing attention; however, the effect of genetic modification on the fractionation, depolymerization and catalytic upgrading of lignin from genetically engineered plants is not well understood. This study aims to fractionate and characterize the lignin streams from a wild-type and two genetically engineered switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) species (low lignin content with high S/G ratio and high lignin content) using three different pretreatment methods, i.e. dilute sulfuric acid, ammonia hydroxide, and aqueous ionic liquid (cholinium lysinate). The structural and compositional features and impact of lignin modification on lignin-carbohydrate complex characteristics and the deconstruction of cell-wall compounds were investigated. Moreover, a potential way to upgrade low molecular weight lignin to lipids by Rhodococcus opacus was evaluated. Results from this study provide a better understanding of how lignin engineering of switchgrass influences lignin fractionation and upgrading during conversion processes based on different pretreatment technologies.
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Books on the topic "Lignin modification"

1

Service, Alberta Forest, Canadian Forestry Service, Canada-Alberta Forest Resource Development Agreement., and Alberta Research Council. Biotechnology Dept., eds. Biotechnological modification of lignin. [Ottawa, Ont: Forestry Canada, 1989.

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Q, Hu Thomas, ed. Chemical modification, properties, and usage of lignin. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2002.

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Hu, Thomas Q., ed. Chemical Modification, Properties, and Usage of Lignin. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0643-0.

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Hussin, Mohd Hazwan. Modification of lignin extracted from oil palm fronds (OPF) as mild steel corrosion inhibitors. Pulau Pinang, Malaysia: Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia, 2020.

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Hu, Thomas Q. Chemical Modification, Properties, and Usage of Lignin. Springer London, Limited, 2012.

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Hu, Thomas Q. Chemical Modification, Properties, and Usage of Lignin. Springer, 2002.

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Hu, Thomas Q. "Chemical Modification, Properties, and Usage of Lignin". Springer, 2013.

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Allen, Stephen Glen. Organosolv lignin characterization, modification and application in phenol-formaldehyde adhesives. 1993.

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Huang, Caoxing, Chunlin Xu, Xianzhi Meng, Lei Wang, and Xin Zhou, eds. Isolation, Modification, and Characterization of the Constituents (Cellulose, Hemicellulose, Lignin, et al.) in Biomass and Their Bio-based Applications. Frontiers Media SA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88976-277-4.

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Book chapters on the topic "Lignin modification"

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Lopez-Camas, Karen, Muhammad Arshad, and Aman Ullah. "Chemical Modification of Lignin by Polymerization and Depolymerization." In Lignin, 139–80. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40663-9_5.

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Toriz, G., F. Denes, and R. A. Young. "Plasma Modification of Lignin." In ACS Symposium Series, 367–89. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2000-0742.ch019.

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Baumberger, Stéphanie. "Starch-Lignin Films." In Chemical Modification, Properties, and Usage of Lignin, 1–19. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0643-0_1.

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Hatakeyama, Hyoe. "Polyurethanes Containing Lignin." In Chemical Modification, Properties, and Usage of Lignin, 41–56. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0643-0_3.

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Kadla, John F., Satoshi Kubo, Richard D. Gilbert, and Richard A. Venditti. "Lignin-Based Carbon Fibers." In Chemical Modification, Properties, and Usage of Lignin, 121–37. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0643-0_7.

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Paulsson, Magnus, and Arthur J. Ragauskas. "Chemical Modification of Lignin-Rich Paper." In ACS Symposium Series, 490–504. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2000-0742.ch025.

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Paulsson, Magnus, and Rune Simonson. "Acetylation of Lignin and Photostabilization of Lignin-Rich Mechanical Wood Pulp and Paper." In Chemical Modification, Properties, and Usage of Lignin, 221–45. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0643-0_12.

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Feldman, Dorel. "Lignin and Its Polyblends — A Review." In Chemical Modification, Properties, and Usage of Lignin, 81–99. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0643-0_5.

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Chiang, Vincent L. "Modification of Lignin Biosynthesis in Forest Trees." In Plant Biotechnology 2002 and Beyond, 445–52. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2679-5_92.

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Kuusela, Tuula A., J. Johan Lindberg, Kiran Levon, and J. E. Österholm. "Modification of Lignin to Electrically Conducting Polymers." In ACS Symposium Series, 219–27. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1989-0397.ch016.

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Conference papers on the topic "Lignin modification"

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Panamgama, L. A., and P. R. U. S. K. Peramune. "Extraction and modification of lignin biopolymer." In 2017 Moratuwa Engineering Research Conference (MERCon). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mercon.2017.7980448.

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Osbert, Ashaba, Samson Rwahwire, and Yvonne Tusiimire. "Re-Engineering Plastic Waste for the Modification of Bitumen Blends." In International Conference on Advances in Materials Science 2021. Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-31t6r8.

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The increase in the production and utilization of plastics has created a never-ending problem of plastic waste. Developing countries face challenges with plastic waste disposal that in due process negatively impacts the environmental ecosystem. That notwithstanding, it suffices to mention that most developing countries have poor road networks that pose a burden towards smooth economic and social development. The problem is further exacerbated by the limited availability of bitumen which is usually imported but also has environmental concerns. It is against this background that we proposed alternative binders from plastic waste which can help developing countries to manage plastic waste as well as build road networks, thereby leading to sustainable development. We explored the 80/100 penetration grade bitumen modification (Penetration grade 85 and Softening temperature 46°C) using polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste (2 – 12%) and lignin (0.2%) as a crosslinking agent by weight for every PET waste – Bitumen sample. The research showed that Plastic waste and lignin improved the performance of bitumen. The modified bitumen with 10% waste PET and 0.2% lignin enhanced the softening point and penetration points to 55°C and 46, respectively; hence the incorporation of PET and lignin provided better properties compared to the neat bitumen.
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Hossain, Mohammad K., Mohammad R. Karim, Mahmudur R. Chowdhury, Muhammad A. Imam, Mahesh Hosur, Shaik Jeelani, and Ramsis Farag. "Tensile Properties Evaluation of Chemically Treated/Untreated Single Sugarcane Fiber." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-65664.

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Natural fiber as a reinforcing constituent can play a dominant role in the field of fiber reinforced polymer composites (FRPC) due to its eco-friendliness, renewability, abundance in nature, co2-neutrality, flexibility, low density, and low cost. Hence, sugarcane fiber can be a potential candidate to replace the synthetic FRPC. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of chemical treatment on the tensile properties of single sugarcane fiber. Sugarcane collected from the local market was cut into some specific length and fibers were extracted from the juicy section. These fibers were then dried in an oven to remove the moisture. Surface modification was accomplished by performing alkali treatment and neutralizing by acetic acid solution. The fiber was then rinsed with water and dried at 80°C for about twenty four hours using an oven. Untreated and treated fibers were characterized using tensile testing according to the ASTM D 3822-01 standard. Optical microscopy (OM) was employed to measure the diameter of the fiber and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to evaluate the fracture morphology of failed samples. Tensile tests were carried out on the span length of 25 mm of the single fiber. The resultant data showed that maximum improvement in the tensile strength and modulus was observed to be 87% and 29%, respectively, compared to those of untreated ones due to chemical treatments using 5% NaOH solution and 2% acetic acid solution, respectively. Strain to maximum strength was enhanced by about 16% compared to that of the untreated one. A small initial weight loss was observed in the temperature ranging from 25 to 150 °C due to the evaporation of water. However, untreated fiber started to decompose at around 200 °C while treated fiber started to become decomposed at around 250°C. It might be due to the removal of non-cellulosic substances including hemicellulose, lignin, and pectin as a result of the chemical treatment. Fracture morphology of the treated fiber revealed rougher fracture surfaces compared to untreated fiber surfaces. This is an indication of more energy absorption by the treated fibers during the tensile loading.
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Kakaras, Emmanuel, Panagiotis Grammelis, George Skodras, and Panagiotis Vourliotis. "Experience on Combustion and Co-Combustion of Greek Brown Coal in Fluidized Bed Facilities." In 17th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2003-128.

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The paper aims to present the experience gained from the combustion trials of Greek brown coal in different installations, both in semi-industrial and laboratory scale. Specifically, these research activities are separated in two parts, i.e. combustion tests using only brown coal and co-combustion tests with brown coal and biomass. Combustion tests with Greek lignite were realised in three different Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion (CFBC) facilities. Low rank lignite was burned in a pilot scale facility of approx. 100kW thermal capacity, located in Athens (NTUA) and a semi-industrial scale of 1.2 MW thermal capacity, located at RWE’s power station Niederaussem in Germany. The results include the determination of operating conditions to achieve proper fuel burnout, the examination of the influence of air staging on the temperature distribution inside the reactor and the investigation of the combustion behaviour of the particular fuel type and emitted pollutants. Several conclusions are drawn concerning the necessary modifications and requirements of the plant layout when a large scale CFBC installation is designed to utilize low grade brown coal. Co-combustion tests with Greek xylitic lignite and waste wood were carried out in the 1 MWth CFBC installation of AE&E, in Austria. During the tests, oxygen concentration and CO, SO2, N2O and NOX emissions were continuously monitored. Ash samples were collected and analysed for heavy metals content in ICP-AES spectrophotometer. The improved combustion behaviour of this lignite type was more than evident, since it has lower moisture content and increased calorific value. In all co-combustion tests, low emissions of gaseous pollutants were obtained and metal element emissions were lower than the corresponding values anticipated by the guidelines. In addition, lab-scale co-combustion tests of Greek pre-dried lignite with biomass were accomplished in a bubbling fluidised bed. The main purpose of these experiments was to examine ash melting problems and differentiation to the emitted pollutants due to biomass addition. The obtained results of all aforementioned activities showed that fluidised bed is the appropriate combustion technology to efficiently exploit the low quality Greek brown coal either alone or in conjunction with other biomass materials.
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Nelson, Matt, Pannalal Vimalchand, WanWang Peng, Tim Lieuwen, Diane Revay Madden, Paul Miller, Tim Pinkston, and Steve Wilson. "Syngas Production and Combustion Turbine Operation With Hydrogen-Rich Fuel at the Kemper County IGCC." In ASME 2018 Power Conference collocated with the ASME 2018 12th International Conference on Energy Sustainability and the ASME 2018 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2018-7173.

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The Kemper County Project has demonstrated Transport Integrated Gasification (TRIG™) at a 2-on-1 Integrated Gasification Combined-Cycle (IGCC) facility located in Kemper County, Mississippi. Kemper is the largest IGCC project in the world, the first to use lignite as fuel, the first to capture and sell CO2, and the first to produce multiple byproducts from initial startup. The facility features two Siemens SGT6-5000F gas turbines, each capable of operating on a high-hydrogen syngas produced in the Transport Gasifiers from locally mined lignite. Using high-hydrogen syngas requires unique modifications to the combustion turbine design. Flame-diffusion combustors, rather than dry low-NOX designs, prevent flashback caused by the high hydrogen content of the syngas. Also, ports added to the turbine compressor casing allow air to be extracted from the compressor and used elsewhere in the plant, supplying up to one half of the air required by the gasifier. The Kemper facility has achieved the integrated operation of both gasifiers, including the production of electricity from syngas by both combustion turbines. Turbine operation on the high hydrogen syngas was smooth both during normal operations and during transitions, with efficiencies meeting or exceeding expectations. This paper describes the Kemper plant design, focusing on the combustion turbine design unique to Kemper. The paper also discusses turbine design challenges specific to Kemper, provides an overview of the robust control scheme used on both syngas and natural gas co-firing operations, and provides preliminary operational and performance results, including inspection findings.
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Le Guevel, Thierry, and Philippe Thomas. "Fuel Flexibility and Petroleum Coke Combustion at Provence 250 MW CFB." In 17th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2003-094.

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The Provence 250 MWe CFB boiler was originally designed in 1992 for a local coal (Provence lignite) with a high sulfur and high ash content. This large CFB, features a pant leg bottom furnace, 4 cyclones and 4 fluid bed heat exchangers to provide the active temperature control of the furnace and reheated steam final temperature. After start up in 1995 with this local coal, several other fuel types were burnt. Mainly 3 fuels were tested over the last 5 years, on a long term basis, with various degrees of combination with the Gardanne coal up to full firing alone: • a lean coal (Gard, France), low volatile bituminous type, not far from semi anthracite type coals, • an imported coal, representative of low ash low sulfur content imported coal, • a petroleum coke, with a high sulfur content. This last test demonstrates the widest flexibility with regards to fuel reactivity range of a CFB plant with this architecture. The fuel, limestone and ash handling/injection systems were able to cope with this fuel diversity without equipment modifications. Since these tests were conclusive both on the pollutant emissions and on the operating concern, a permit to burn petroleum coke in commercial operation in a 250 MWe CFB boiler has been obtained in December 2001. This paper presents the main features and the results of the petroleum coke tests performed and compare them with the feedback on operating conditions of the boiler and emissions performances for Provence lignite and imported coal. These positive results demonstrate the wide fuel capability of large CFB boilers with this boiler architecture. First, they emphasize the critical role of advanced cyclones to accept fuels with very different reactivities and minimize limestone consumption. Second, these results show the role of the Fluid Bed Heat Exchangers system to control actively the furnace temperature, while controlling the reheated steam temperature without using spray.
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Green, Alex E. S., M. S. Sankar, and P. Venkatachalam. "Feedstock Blending of Domestic Fuels in Gasifier/Liquifiers." In ASME Turbo Expo 2002: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2002-30009.

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In early studies addressing national energy/environmental (EE) problems we concluded that co-utilization of domestic fuels can significantly reduce national reliance on imported fuels, mitigate NOx, SOx, CO2 and other undesirable emissions and provide valuable waste disposal services. Co-firing of coal and biomass for steam turbine power generation is a near-term co-utilization approach that can make use of existing facilities with relatively minor modifications. However, co-gasification by providing fuel for more efficient combustion turbines and fuel cells and co-liquification to produce transportation fuels have greater long-term EE potential. The development of optimum thermo-chemical co-conversion systems can be fostered by developing a common systematics for the pyrolysis of biomass and coal. Towards this goal we have used the large data bases from ASTM standard ultimate and proximate analyses for all fuels along natures coalification path from biomass to peat, lignite, bituminous and anthracite coal. With this composite data we find systematics in the weight percentages of carbon, hydrogen, total volatiles, fixed carbon and feedstock HHVs vs the weight percentage of oxygen. To meet the need for knowledge of the volatile constituents we have used sparsely available slow pyrolysis data in the literature and our own data to further develop a plausible semi-empirical model (SEM) that relates feedstock and product compositions. We here extend these analytic correlations to lower temperatures with the help of CCTL measurements of yields from the pyrolysis of rice hulls. We have recently applied this SEM to exam the systematic yields of a short list (SL) of products (five gases and five liquids) vs [O], the weight percentage of oxygen in the feedstock. Here anchored to the rice hull data we use our analytical relationships to estimate the yields of a long list (LL) of products including many organic compounds that are known to be slow pyrolysis products of coals and biomass. These relations are put forth as a heuristic challenge to ourselves and to specialists in biomass and coal pyrolysis to obtain more and better data and to seek improved engineering formulas that are needed to advanced co-utilization technology. Then energy debtor nations could utilize all of their available domestic fuels, including opportunity fuels, to mitigate their national EE problems. These preliminary results point to a path towards the development of a co-utilization science and technology for optimizing feedstock blends in many co-firing, co-gasifying or co-liquifying applications.
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Reports on the topic "Lignin modification"

1

Tien, Ming. Modification of Lignin by Protein Cross-linking to Facilitate Production of Biofuels From Poplar. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1129008.

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