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Journal articles on the topic 'Lignite granules'
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1
Böhmer, Ulrike, Claudia Kirsten, Thomas Bley, and Michael Noack. "White-rot fungi combined with lignite granules and lignitic xylite to decolorize textile industry wastewater." Engineering in Life Sciences 10, no. 1 (February 2010): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elsc.200900024.
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Pansuk, Chayada, and Soydoa Vinitnantharat. "Investigations on the Fixed-Bed Column Performance of Acid Brown 75 Adsorption by Surface Modified Fly Ash Granules." Advanced Materials Research 931-932 (May 2014): 241–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.931-932.241.
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Adsorption potential of surface modified granule (SM-G) to remove acid brown 75 (AB 75) from aqueous solution was investigated using fixed-bed column mode. To produce SMG, lignite fly ash was agglomerated into porous granules by an extruder at 800°C and surfacemodified with a cationic surfactant, Hexadecyltrimetylammonium Bromide (HDTMABr). The performance of the fixed-bed column was evaluated to assess the effect of various process variables, viz., of bed height, flow rate and initial feed concentration on breakthrough time and adsorption capacity. The bed depth service time (BDST) model was applied to the data for predicting breakthrough curves and to determine the characteristic parameters. The highest experimental and theoretical bed capacities were obtained to be 55.3 mg of AB 75 adsorbed per gram of SM-G. The results indicated that the SM-G is a suitable adsorbent for the removal of AB 75 from aqueous solution.
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Borowski, Gabriel, and Małgorzata Ozga. "Comparison of the processing conditions and the properties of granules made from fly ash of lignite and coal." Waste Management 104 (March 2020): 192–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2020.01.024.
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Korinchevska, T. V., and V. A. Mykhailyk. "THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF GRANULAR BIOFUEL OBTAINED BY DIFFERENT METHODS OF ACTIVATION." Thermophysics and Thermal Power Engineering 42, no. 4 (November 4, 2020): 50–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31472/ttpe.4.2020.6.
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The article considers the effect of the granulometric composition of pine wood sawdust and granulation modes on the thermal decomposition of biofuel. Mechanical activation and thermal activation of raw materials before pressing were used in the study. Thermal decomposition of granular fuel was carried out by the methods of thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis. The temperature ranges of dehydration, thermal decomposition of organic and mineral substances, moisture and ash content of the fuel have been determined. The rates of thermal decomposition of organic substances in granular fuel were also determined. The thermal effects of thermal decomposition of the granule samples were compared. It is registered that the equilibrium moisture content of granules obtained after thermal activation of the raw material is lower than that for granules made by cold pressing. This is indirect evidence of their increased density. It has been determined that most of the heat of thermal decomposition of organic substances in granular fuels is released in the high-temperature period at a decomposition rate of 1,12 to 1,37 % dry matter per minute. It was revealed that the thermal effect of thermal decomposition of granules depends on the fractional composition of the ground raw materials. This may be due to the difference in the chemical composition of the fractions. The analysis of obtained results made it possible to determine that the mechanical activation of raw materials increases the average rate of granule decomposition, and thermal activation reduces it. That is, the mechanical activation of raw materials has a positive effect on the thermal decomposition process. Grinding wood sawdust to particles smaller than 0,2 mm can lead to partial destruction of complex macromolecular compounds (hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin). Thus, this leads to a decrease in the degree of intermolecular interaction and intensification of the decomposition process.
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BEL’KOV, V. M. "Damping of dynamic forces by materials used in the construction of ballast and ballastless railway tracks. Crushed stone." Vestnik of the Railway Research Institute 78, no. 2 (June 5, 2019): 114–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21780/2223-9731-2019-78-2-114-121.
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Strength properties of mineral materials used in the track operation, which are crushed stone and sand, do not depend on the ambient temperature (up to 500 °C) and humidity, but gradually degrade when its pore space becomes clogged with fines, oil products and plant residues. Polymeric materials used in the construction of railway tracks for damping dynamic loads, when exposed to significant stresses, are gradually destroyed. The main operating conditions that determine the performance of polymer products include the ambient temperature, its humidity, the presence of a chemically aggressive external effect and a stress fields. Cuts or scratches — stress concentrators on polymer products — significantly change the thermal dependence of its mechanical properties. Therefore, hemispherical grooves, cylindrical cuts in the central areas of pads, made to reduce wear in the peripheral areas, lead to a significant narrowing of the temperature range of the effective operation of these products. Granular media have strong non-linear properties, the main causes of which are microcracks, boundaries and areas of contact of the granules a well as physic-mechanical properties of substances that fill the pore space of crushed stone layer. Coefficient of energy absorption in a granular medium is directly proportional to the viscosity of the polymer layer between the granules. Filling the pore space of the crushed stone layer with sand and viscous-plastic medium (polymers, organic binders and materials based on them, solid polyurethane foam, water or oil products) leads to decrease in the strength of crushed stone prism. An increase in the ambient temperature, especially above 30 °C, reduces the elastic properties and structural viscosity of viscousplastic materials that fill the pore space of a crushed stone prism, thereby reducing its strength. But at the same time, the energy absorption coefficient of vibration in a wide frequency range sharply increases and the dynamic loads on the track gauge profile are decreased. Most often, cheap organic-based compositions are used as dynamic load absorbers in the crushed stone layer: synthetic resins, acrylic acid amide polymers, latexes, lignin sulfonates and bitumen. When filling the pore space of crushed stone, an adhesive interaction occurs between the polymer molecules and the surfaces of the granules. Polymer molecules fill not only the pore space, but also penetrate into the contact area of the granules, reduce friction and decrease the angle of internal friction of crushed stone and the adhesion index of the bulk material. However the operation of railways is associated with permanent deformation and destruction of the surface layers of the polymer. Multiple repetition of the deformation process leads to an increase in mechanical hysteresis losses, causing friction and wear of the polymer in contact with the granules. Therefore, one should not expect a long service life when using a polymeric material for hardening the ballast layer.
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Malakahmad, Amirhossein, Noor Ezlin Ahmad Basri, and Sharom Md Zain. "Study on Performance and Characteristic of Microorganisms in a Waste-to-Energy System." Advanced Materials Research 626 (December 2012): 625–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.626.625.
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Performance and characterization of microorganisms in a laboratory-scale anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) was studied. The ABR was fed continuously at organic loading rate (OLR) of 15.2 g COD/l.d with a substrate containing pre-tested combination of kitchen waste and activated sludge. The HRT (hydraulic retention time), C/N (carbon/nitrogen) and F/M (food/microorganisms) ratios were maintained at 3 d, 31.4 and 0.35 gCOD/gVSS.d, respectively. The amounts of fat, protein, cellulose, hemi-cellulose and lignin which are significant polymers for anaerobic digestion start-up were found to be in appropriate ranges. Results show reduction of pH in front compartments and its boost in successive compartments. This indicates proper placement of acidogens and methanogens in the ABR. Also, significant growth in height of ABR granule bed was observed in the system based on formation and retention of granules. Microorganism characterization reveals large population ofMethanosarcinain front part of the reactor although toward the end the amount forMethanosaetaincreased. WhileMethanobacterium,Methanosprilium,MethanococcusandMethanobrevibacterwere observed in the ABR, higher percentage ofMethanosarcinaandMethanotrixindicates production of methane from acetate conversion.
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Khan, Moonis Ali, Yong-Tae Ahn, Mahendra Kumar, Wontae Lee, Booki Min, Gyoobum Kim, Dong-Wan Cho, Won Bae Park, and Byong-Hun Jeon. "Adsorption Studies for the Removal of Nitrate Using Modified Lignite Granular Activated Carbon." Separation Science and Technology 46, no. 16 (November 2011): 2575–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2011.601782.
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Zhang, Xian-mei, Yi Li, Cheng Hu, Zhen-quan He, Ming-xing Wen, Guo-sheng Gai, Zhao-hui Huang, Yu-fen Yang, Xiang-Yang Hao, and Xiao-yan Li. "Enhanced Phosphorus Release from Phosphate Rock Activated with Lignite by Mechanical Microcrystallization: Effects of Several Typical Grinding Parameters." Sustainability 11, no. 4 (February 18, 2019): 1068. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11041068.
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Recently, microcrystallization technology has gained much interest because of the enhanced dissolution of the target sample and promotion of the sustainable development of agriculture. Phosphorus (P) is one of the most important nutrients for increasing crop yield; the increase in effective P ratio directly from raw phosphate rock (PR) powder by mechanical grinding to increase its microcrystallinity is believed to be the best choice for this purpose. This study reports the improvement in the activation property of PR powder with different lignite ratios (1%, 2%, 3%, and 5%), particularly the relationship between particle-size distribution, specific surface area, granule morphology, and the citric acid-soluble P. It was found that a 3% lignite addition was the optimal treatment for increasing the release of citric acid-soluble P. The maximum total amount of dry matter from rapeseed cultivation and the available P after the test increased by 56.1% and 89.6%, respectively, with direct use of PR and microcrystallized PR powder (PR2), compared with the control test without any addition of phosphate minerals.
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Guiot, S. R., L. Lavoie, J. A. Hawari, and R. Samson. "Effect of NSSC Spent Liquor on Granule Formation and Specific Microbial Activities in Upflow Anaerobic Reactors." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 3-4 (August 1, 1991): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0470.
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This study was conducted to evaluate the capability of sulfonated lignin (S-lignin) to induce the flocculation of anaerobic sludge in upflow wastewater treatment. Two upflow anaerobic sludge bed-filter (UBF) reactors fed with a synthetic sugar waste were operated at a specific loading rate of 0.6 to 1.8 g of chemical oxygen demand (COD) per g of volatile suspended solid (VSS) per day (d). One of these reactors was stepwise supplemented with a spent liquor rich in S-lignin from a neutral sulfite semi-chemical (NSSC) pulping plant to reach an addition rate of 0.17 g S-lignin/g VSS d; 50 % of the S-lignin was adsorbed onto the biomass. This resulted in pre-granulation of the anaerobic sludge: 50 to 60% of the biomass was in particles > 0.3 mm versus 70 to 80% with a size < 75 µm in the control reactor. In addition, the S-lignin supplementation slightly enhanced the specific metabolic activities of the biomass. Calcium ion addition following the S-lignin treatment enhanced the stability and the density of the aggregates.
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Zhao, Jing, and Richard M. Wilkins. "Controlled Release of the Herbicide, Fluometuron, from Matrix Granules Based on Fractionated Organosolv Lignins." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 51, no. 14 (July 2003): 4023–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf026092o.
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Zhao, Jing, and Richard M. Wilkins. "Controlled Release of a Herbicide from Matrix Granules Based on Solvent-Fractionated Organosolv Lignins." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 48, no. 8 (August 2000): 3651–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf0004208.
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Ferraz, André, Josefina A. Souza, Flávio T. Silva, Adilson R. Gonçalves, Roy E. Bruns, André R. Cotrim, and Richard M. Wilkins. "Controlled Release of 2,4-D from Granule Matrix Formulations Based on Six Lignins." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 45, no. 3 (March 1997): 1001–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf960487o.
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Wang, Hui, Li Ping Liu, and Li Jun Sun. "Characterization of OGFC Mixtures Containing Lignin Fibers." Applied Mechanics and Materials 174-177 (May 2012): 775–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.174-177.775.
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This paper deals with the viability of using lignin fibers as an additive in OGFC mixtures. Draindown test results indicated that OGFC mixtures with the two kinds of fibers can both be effectively used to retard draindown of the binder and mineral filler. Mixture designs were performed for a range of 3.5–6.0% asphalt content. Laboratory tests including indirect tensile load tests, Cantabro test, soaking Cantabro test were carried out on OGFC mixtures to determine the tensile strength, anti-abrasion ability and durability. The test results indicated that OGFC mixtures with lignin fibers showed improvement in strength, improved resistance to abrasion, and reduce moisture susceptibility when compared with mixtures without fibers. Comparison of test performance of two different lignin fibers added to OGFC mixture shows that flocculent lignin Fibers is superior to the Granular fiber.
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Farberova, Еlena A., Elena A. Tingaeva, Anna D. Chuchalina, Asiya R. Kobeleva, and Andrei S. Maximov. "OBTAINING GRANULATED ACTIVE CARBON FROM WASTES OF VEGETABLE RAW MATERIALS." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENIY KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 61, no. 3 (February 27, 2018): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/tcct.20186103.5612.
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In the processes of agricultural products production a sufficiently large amount of solid wastes which contain high molecular weight hydrocarbons such as lignin, cellulose, etc. is accumulated. However, such wastes are rarely used to produce active carbons, and only technologies with their use for obtaining crushed or powdered sorption materials are known. In the industrial production of granular activated carbon the fossil coals are mainly used. In this work, research was conducted on the development of methods for producing granulated active carbon of spherical form. And the characteristics of their porous structure were studied. The process of granulation of the spherical shape of sorbents was carried out by liquid dispersing composition containing pulverized wastes of vegetable origin and a binder. As plant materials we used walnut shells and peanuts, apricot seed, buckwheat husk, and for comparison, the dust caking coal of SSOM brand. As a binder a phenol formaldehyde resin was used. To remove volatile substances of plant the raw material was subjected to preliminary heat treatment without access of air in a muffle furnace at optimum temperature which was determined by thermogravimetry. Crushed carbon material was mixed with a binder component in a weight ratio of 1:5 and was sprayed into a solution of sulfuric acid with a concentration of 30-35% for the curing of the pellets. The obtained pellets were soaked in acid solution for 24-30 h, were separated from the liquid, were washed with distilled water to pH = 5-6, and were dried first in air and were subjected to heat treatment. The result of the research shows the possibility of regulation of characteristics of the porous structure of the spherical granular activated carbon depending on the plant material. The resulting spherical granules of activated carbon have developed system of micro - and mesopores. Depending on the type of plant waste the received active carbon has a radius of micropores in the range of (0.527-0.635) nm and maximum sorption volume varied from 0.46 to 0.71 cm3/g.Forcitation:Farberova E.A., Tingaeva E.A., Chuchalina A.D., Kobeleva A.R., Maximov A.S. Obtaining granulated active carbon from wastes of vegetable raw materials. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2018. V. 61. N 3. P. 51-57
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Garnier-Sillam, E., I. Grech, Y. Czaninski, M. T. Tollier, and B. Monties. "Étude cytochimique ultrastructurale de la dégradation des lignines dans les résidus pariétaux de bois d'épicéa et de peuplier par le Reticulitermes lucifugus var. santonensis (Rhinotermitidae, Isoptera)." Canadian Journal of Botany 70, no. 5 (May 1, 1992): 933–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b92-117.
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Free cell-wall residues were prepared by extracting wood samples of spruce (Populus euramericana cv. Fidzi Pauley) and poplar (Picea sitchensis). These species were chosen for their lignin types: guaiacyl in spruce and guaiacyl–syringyl in poplar. The parietal residues obtained were used as the sole food for the xylophagous termite Reticulitermes lucifugus var. santonensis and were compared before and after ingestion and transit in the digestive tracts. Differences due to the mechanical action of the gizzard were found in association with chemical changes. Polysaccharides were unmasked after digestion and could clearly be observed after reaction with periodic acid – thiocarbohydrazide – silver proteinate. A fibrillary meshwork was also observed inside the lignified cell walls. Biodegradation of cell wall material was particularly clear in poplar where granules formed an electron-dense plasma when uranyl acetate – lead citrate or periodic acid – thiocarbohydrazide – silver proteinate was used as a contrast medium. A selective biodegradation of syringyl monomers in poplar parietal residues was indicated by thioacidolysis but requires confirmation. Breakdown of lignified cell walls begins with a biodegradation of the lignin network associated with or followed by the digestion of polysaccharides. Syringyl-rich lignin fractions seemed to break down faster. Whether the enzymic pathway leading to ligninolysis originates from the termite digestive cells or from the endosymbionts present in their digestive tract lumen remains to be defined. Key words: Isoptera, Reticulitermes lucifugus var. santonensis, wood, lignin, spruce, poplar.
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Samsudin, Yon Norasyikin, Ku Zilati Ku Shaari, Zakaria Man, and Suriati Sufian. "Dynamic Contact Angle of Modified Biopolymer Droplet on Urea Surface: Temperature Effects." Key Engineering Materials 594-595 (December 2013): 566–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.594-595.566.
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The droplet impact behaviour provides the particle coating characterization during the coating process of controlled release fertiliser. To have a good coating uniformity around the urea granules, it is necessary to enhance the wettabitily properties between the coating material and urea surface. The biopolymer material is preferred as the coating material because this polymer may degrade and will not cause any environmental impact to the environment. Various compositions of starch/urea /borate/lignin were prepared and evaluated for the wettability properties. The wettability characteristic measured is the dynamic contact angle. The high speed Charged-Couple Device (CCD) camera was used to capture the images of this droplet impact behaviour. Temperature plays an important factor during wetting stage because the coating material must be completely dried in continuous coating process in fluidised bed. From this analysis, it indicates that a composition of starch/urea/ borate (50/15/2.5) with 10% lignin has the best wettability characteristic and thus suitable to be used as a coating material. The ideal temperature for the coating process is 60°C.
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Tang, Yafu, Xinying Wang, Yuechao Yang, Bin Gao, Yongshan Wan, Yuncong C. Li, and Dongdong Cheng. "Activated-Lignite-Based Super Large Granular Slow-Release Fertilizers Improve Apple Tree Growth: Synthesis, Characterizations, and Laboratory and Field Evaluations." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 65, no. 29 (July 13, 2017): 5879–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.7b01699.
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Schillem, Steffi, Bernd Uwe Schneider, Uwe Zeihser, and Reinhard F. Hüttl. "Effect of N-modified lignite granulates and composted biochar on plant growth, nitrogen and water use efficiency of spring wheat." Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science 65, no. 13 (February 26, 2019): 1913–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2019.1582767.
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Sergeev, Aleksandr. "RESEARCH RESULTS OF DOSA-AGRO GRANULATOR WORKING PROCESS IN THE PRODUCTION LINES OF FUEL PELLETS." Forestry Engineering Journal 10, no. 1 (April 6, 2020): 116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/issn.2222-7962/2020.1/12.
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High heat content, renewability and low price of wood waste makes them a promising type of fuel. Production of fuel pellets enables transition to low-waste work of timber enterprises. The maximum productivity of pellet production line is primarily limited by the productivity of the granulator. The aim of the work is to identify the dependence of performance patterns of a press granulator with a DG series radial matrix in the production of fuel granules on the lignin content. The influence of the feedstock type and die diameter of the press granulator matrix on its performance has been evaluated. The granulator scheme and the principle of its operation are presented in the article. Doza-Agro LLC accumulated information on the operation of a press granulator with a radial matrix of the DG series as part of the production lines for the production of fuel pellets of the TP, TP-P and TP-S series operating in various regions of Russia. As a result of processing the accumulated information, an empirical equation is constructed. It describes the effect of the die matrix diameter and the lignin content in the raw material on the performance of press granulator. It has been revealed that its productivity is more affected by the lignin content. Its decrease in hardwood from 24% to 18% leads to a decrease in productivity by 20%, decrease in coniferous wood from 30% to 27% - by 15%. Reducing the diameter of the matrix die from 8 mm to 6 mm and lignin content from 26 to 20% reduces the granulator’s productivity by 32%.
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Cui, Yong Zhang, Yun Xia Qu, Ming Tian Tang, Peng Gao, and Guo Kai Zhang. "Hot Air Ignition Characteristics of Cotton and Corn Straw Pellet Based on TG-DTG." Applied Mechanics and Materials 672-674 (October 2014): 164–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.672-674.164.
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In this paper, using TG-DTG and single pellets hot air ignition experiment to study the hot air ignition characteristics of biomass forming granule, analyzes the hot air temperature, velocity, flow rate of its influence on ignition performance. It was found that the weight loss rate of surface material significantly higher than the center materials of the pellet at different heating rates through the experiment, and lignin pyrolysis accelerated leading to substantially coincide of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin pyrolysis, With the increase of air temperature, maximum weight loss rate increased, the pellet heating rate accelerated, sped up the pellet ignition, the ignition temperature should be above 500°C. As the increase of gas flow, the weight loss of corn stalks is reduced after increased first, little change in the final weight loss. Weight loss rate is decreased first and then increased. The maximum weight loss rate is essentially the same at low flow, but the maximum weight loss rate reduced and the time extension after more than 50ml/min.
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Singh, Adya P., and Lloyd A. Donaldson. "Ultrastructure of tracheid cell walls in radiata pine (Pinus radiata) mild compression wood." Canadian Journal of Botany 77, no. 1 (June 1, 1999): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b98-184.
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The structure of tracheid cell walls in mild compression wood of Pinus radiata D. Don was examined by confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscopy (CLSM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Fluorescence microscopy using lignin autofluorescence revealed cell to cell variations in lignification of the cell corner middle lamella (CCML) and outer S2 (S2L) regions supporting observations made at higher resolution with TEM. The mild compression wood sample examined lacked the characteristic intercellular spaces of most grades of compression wood and thus represents the least severe grade of compression wood. TEM observations revealed evidence for radial striations in the S2 region probably representing regions of alternating high and low lignin concentration, which may be the precursor to the helical cavities found in severe compression wood. These radial striations typically showed a sinuous and branched structure, extending partly into the S2L region, where the orientation of lignin lamellae was predominantly tangential following the arrangement of the cellulose microfibrils. At high magnification lignin occurred in a patchy distribution overlaying the typical lamellate arrangement associated with normal wood. Significant variability in the lignification of the CCML region was also observed sometimes giving a patchy or granular appearance. The lignification of the CCML and the S2L regions was generally comparable, while S1 and S2 layers were less lignified. A residual S3 layer was sometimes present in the form of a very thin layer slightly more lignified than the adjacent S2 layer.Key words: compression wood, Pinus radiata D. Don, ultrastructure, confocal laser scanning microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, lignin distribution.
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Słomka-Słupik, Barbara. "Self-Immobilizing Metals Binder for Construction Made of Activated Metallurgical Slag, Slag from Lignite Coal Combustion and Ash from Biomass Combustion." Materials 14, no. 11 (June 5, 2021): 3101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14113101.
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Research on the effective use of secondary products is gaining more and more importance in Poland due to the intensively implementing idea of the circular economy. The solution used in this work are one of many tests useful in construction. The subject of this work was therefore the formation and testing of a new ecological construction binder, in particular for mortars or prefabricated elements working in the environment with high humidity. The binder was made of alkaline activated ground granular blast furnace slag (AAS), fly ash from biomass combustion (BFA) and furnace slag from brown coal combustion (LFS). The mixture was modified by introducing the zeolite to check the degree of metals immobilization contained in the ingredients of the mixture. A series of three mixtures were prepared: without and with zeolite soaked in distilled water or calcium nitrate. The strength of binders in time in dry and wet curing were tested and compared with the microstructure. The maximum compressive strength values at the eighth week were about 30 MPa. The strength values after 4 weeks of dry and wet curing were also compared. It was shown that 28-day wet curing increased the bending strength of the beams more than twice, but slightly decreased the compressive strength. The microstructure of the mixture with the highest values of compressive strength was the densest and the one with the lowest values of compressive strength, the most loosened with the most differentiated topographically fracture. The impregnation of zeolite with calcium nitrate decreased the compressive strength of the binder significantly. The bending strength of samples curing in dry conditions decreased during hardening. The results of the metals leaching test showed that the mixtures were safe for the environment, and due to the impregnation of zeolite with calcium nitrate, the binding effect of copper and zinc in the first weeks was greater than in the other mixtures.
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Cui, Ming Xian, and Wei Song. "Black Liquor Treating of Wheat Straw Pulping Using Microwave Radiation." Advanced Materials Research 997 (August 2014): 279–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.997.279.
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This paper describes the method of treating wheat straw pulp black liquor with microwave radiation. The granular activated carbon and CuO are used as a catalyst.Effects of effective factors such as the total amount, ratio, microwave power, time on treating process are studied. The reaction mechanism is also researched. The results indicate that the oxidative decomposition process of lignin or organic pollutants is combined action of activated carbon and CuO absorption-degradation with microwave induced oxidization. This approach is easy to operate, quickly to treat, completely to react and no new pollutants. So it is used to treat black liquor of containing organic pollutes which is hardly degraded.
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Stryczek, Stanisław, Rafał Wiśniowski, Andrzej Gonet, and Albert Złotkowski. "Influence of Specific Surface of Lignite Fluidal Ashes on Rheological Properties of Sealing Slurries / Wpływ Powierzchni Właściwej Popiołów Fluidalnych z Węgla Brunatnego na Właściwości Reologiczne Zaczynów Uszczelniających." Archives of Mining Sciences 57, no. 2 (November 12, 2012): 313–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10267-012-0019-0.
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Abstract New generation fly ashes come from the combustion of coal in fluid-bed furnaces with simultaneous sulphur-removal from gases at ca. 850°C. Accordingly, all produced ashes basically differ in their physicochemical properties from the traditional silica ones. The aim of the laboratory analyses was determining the influence of specific surface and granular composition of fluidal ash on rheological properties of slurries used for sealing up the ground and rock mass media with hole injection methods, geoengineering works and cementing casing pipes in deep boreholes. Fluidal ash from the combustion of lignite contain active Puzzolan appearing in the form of dehydrated clayey minerals and active components activating the process of hydration ashes, i.e. CaO, anhydrite II and CaCO3. The ashes have a weak point, i.e. their high water diment, which the desired rheological properties related with the range of their propagation in the rock mass cannot not be acquired for injection works in the traditional sealing slurries technology. Increasing the water-to-mixture ratio should eliminate this feature of fluidal ashes. Laboratory analyses were performed for slurries based on metallurgical cement CEM III/A 32,5 having water-to-mixture ratios: 0.5; 0.6 ; 0.7 and 0.8; the fluidal ash concentration in the slurries was 30 wt.% (with respect to the mass of dry cement). Basing on the obtained results there were determined optimum recipes of sealing slurries in view of their rheological parameters which could be applied both in drilling technologies (cementing casing pipes, closing of boreholes, plugging) and in geoengineering works related with sealing up and reinforcing ground and rock mass media.
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Wen, Haifang, Mathew P. Tharaniyil, and Bruce Ramme. "Investigation of Performance of Asphalt Pavement with Fly-Ash Stabilized Cold In-Place Recycled Base Course." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1819, no. 1 (January 2003): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1819b-04.
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Class C fly ash is a coal combustion product from lignite or subbituminous coal obtained as a result of the power generation process. In recent years, efforts have been made to incorporate self-cementing fly ash into cold in-place recycled (CIR) asphalt material to improve the structural capacity of asphalt pavement base layers. In this study, asphalt pavements in County Trunk Highway JK in Waukesha County, Wisconsin, were pulverized in place and mixed with fly ash and water to function as a base course. To evaluate the contribution of fly ash to the pavement’s structural performance, nondestructive deflection tests were performed with a KUAB 2m-FWD falling weight deflectometer (FWD) on the outer wheelpath right after construction. The MICHBACK program was used to backcalculate the material properties of pavement layers from FWD measurements of deflection. The average moduli of the materials in the hot-mix asphalt layer, fly ash–stabilized base course, and subgrade were backcalculated. The structural capacity and structural number were also obtained from FWD test data. The structural coefficient of 0.16 was obtained for the fly ash–stabilized base course in the highway. The results of FWD testing indicate that CIR stabilization with self-cementing fly ash is an economical method of recycling flexible pavements and eliminates the need for expensive new granular base courses for road reconstruction.
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Rostvall, Ande, Wen Zhang, Wiebke Dürig, Gunno Renman, Karin Wiberg, Lutz Ahrens, and Pablo Gago-Ferrero. "Removal of pharmaceuticals, perfluoroalkyl substances and other micropollutants from wastewater using lignite, Xylit, sand, granular activated carbon (GAC) and GAC+Polonite® in column tests – Role of physicochemical properties." Water Research 137 (June 2018): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2018.03.008.
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Nedelcu, Dumitru, Simona Plavanescu, and Elena Puiu. "Impact Resistance of “Liquid Wood”." Advanced Materials Research 1036 (October 2014): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1036.13.
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The main substances with an important effect over any company development are the materials which require simple or complex manufacturing processes. In the near future the using of recyclable materials will become an extremely important factor in all of activity fields. Therefore, liquid wood, due to its biodegradability and mechanical properties superior to other plastics, could replace some plastic materials soon. In case of arboform the granules made from: lignocellulosic fibers (combination of cellulose, lignin and wood polyoses); natural Polymers: lignin, polyester; natural resins/waxes: aliphatic and aromatic ketones, alcohols, carbonic acids, lactones and polycycles in monomeric, oligomeric and polymeric form. In case of arbofill it made from petrochemical polymers like polypropylene or polyethylene, reinforced with natural fibres like hemp, flax or wood. The arboblend contains different biopolymers like e.g. polyhydroxialkanoate, polyester, ingeo TM, lignin, starch, cellulose, organic additives, natural resins or waxes and natural reinforcing fibers, [. Because the injection process of arboform L, V3 Nature was very difficult this material was reinforced with 5% aramid fibers. The properties of liquid wood are very important to be known take into account the possibility to find some plastic materials for replacing. Therefore the paper presents some aspects of research concerning the impact resistance of these materials. For that was used the injection process to obtain the samples with six input parameters inside of experimental plan. Each factor had two level and was used the Taguchi methodology. The results obtained and the plastic materials that could be replaced are as follow: arbofill Fichte: (11-15) kJ/mp and it could be replace the PC GF 30, PPE GF 30, PEEK GF 30 (Poly Ether Ether Ketone Glass Filled), PEEK CF 30 (Poly Ether Ether Ketone Carbon Filled), PEI GF 30 (Poly Ether Imide); arboblend V2 Nature: (20-26) kJ/mp and it could be replace the PA 66 GF 30, PA 11 GF 30, PC GF 30, PP GF 30, PMMA, PPE GF 30, PEEK GF 30 (Poly Ether Ether Ketone Glass Filled), PEEK CF 30 (Poly Ether Ether Ketone Carbon Filled), PEI GF 30 (Poly Ether Imide) and arboform L, V3 Nature reinforced with aramid fibers: (8-14) kJ/mp and it could be replace the PC GF 30 (30% glass fiber), PVC, PPE GF 30, PEEK GF 30 (Poly Ether Ether Ketone Glass Filled), PEEK CF 30 (Poly Ether Ether Ketone Carbon Filled), PEI GF 30 (Poly Ether Imide).
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Olaniyi, M. B., I. O. Lawal, and M. I. Adeniyi. "Chemoscopic, macromorphological and micromorphological evaluation of the leaves of Crescentia cujetLinn." Nigerian Journal of Natural Products and Medicine 23 (May 13, 2020): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njnpm.v23i1.8.
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The leaves of Crescentia cujete Linn belonging to Bignoniaceae family have been reported to exhibit some important medicinal properties such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-tumour and anti-inflammatory activities. This study therefore evaluated the chemoscopic, macro-morphological andmicromorphological attributes of powdered, fresh and anatomical sections of Crescentia cujete Linn leaves using standard methods. The result ofchemoscopic study confirmed presence of calcium oxalate crystals, fat deposits and traces of lignin in numbers on epidermal surfaces. Macro-morphological study revealed that C. cujete leaves are deep green in colour with faint odour, sour taste and smooth-feel with non-granular surfaces. Micromorphological examinations indicated that epidermal cells are irregular, rectangular to polygonal in shape on the abaxial surface but epidermal cells on the adaxial surface were straight, slightly undulating with thick anticlinal cell walls. Paracytic stomata arrangement was found only on the abaxial surfaces. Quantitative leaf microscopy confirmed that epidermal cells had average sizes of 37.52 ± 4.62 – 39.23 ± 4.73 μm in length while cell width was 25.51± 0.86 – 27.76 ± 4.21μm. The stomata length was 15.66 ± 2.04 and 6.29 ±0.93 in width. Organoleptic and other parameters evaluated on C. cujete shows that it has optimum potential for herbal drug development and a baseline for species identification.
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Schisler, D. A., P. J. Slininger, R. W. Behle, and M. A. Jackson. "Formulation of Bacillus spp. for Biological Control of Plant Diseases." Phytopathology® 94, no. 11 (November 2004): 1267–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2004.94.11.1267.
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Maximizing the potential for successfully developing and deploying a biocontrol product begins with a carefully crafted microbial screening procedure, proceeds with developing mass production protocols that optimize product quantity and quality, and ends with devising a product formulation that preserves shelf-life, aids product delivery, and enhances bioactivity. Microbial selection procedures that require prospective bio-control agents to possess both efficacy and amenability to production in liquid culture increase the likelihood of selecting agents with enhanced commercial development potential. Scale-up of biomass production procedures must optimize product quantity without compromise of product efficacy or amenability to stabilization and formulation. Formulation of Bacillus spp. for use against plant pathogens is an enormous topic in general terms but limited in published specifics regarding formulations used in commercially available products. Types of formulations include dry products such as wettable powders, dusts, and granules, and liquid products including cell suspensions in water, oils, and emulsions. Cells can also be microencapsulated. Considerations critical to designing successful formulations of microbial biomass are many fold and include preserving biomass viability during stabilization, drying, and rehydration; aiding biomass delivery, target coverage, and target adhesion; and enhancing biomass survival and efficacy after delivery to the target. Solutions to these formulation considerations will not necessarily be compatible. Data from several biocontrol systems including the use of B. subtilis OH 131.1 (NRRL B-30212) to reduce Fusarium head blight of wheat are used to illustrate many of these issues. Using our recently described assay for efficiently evaluating biomass production and formulation protocols, we demonstrate the effectiveness, in vitro, of UV protectant compounds lignin (PC 1307) and Blankophor BBH in reducing OH 131.1 morbidity when cells were exposed to UV light from artificial sunlight.
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Plavanescu, Simona, Dumitru Nedelcu, and Nicoleta Monica Lohan. "Considerations on the Micro-Indentation and Differential Scanning Calorimetry of Arboform Reinforced with Aramid Fibres." Advanced Materials Research 837 (November 2013): 718–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.837.718.
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The researches made in the last years have shown that lignin is a substance that gives wood strength. It can be found in the granular form that can be melted and injected. Lignin is used to obtain material with multiple uses such as electronics, food containers etc. This material is known as "liquid wood". Fibers with high specific resistance and high elasticity modules, such as aramid fibers, are used to create high performance composites. Here are the main physical-mechanical properties of aramid fibers: high tensile strength, high shock resistance, high stresses and fatigue, excellent characteristics of damping vibrations, exposure characteristics preservation at temperatures ranging from-700C to + 1800C, flame resistance (self-extinguishing, not melting), low smoke emission, corrosion stability, good electrical characteristics, low conductivity and low dielectric constant. The main areas of use of aramid wires are: special clothes resistance to cutting and high temperature components for materials composite, ropes, cables, lashing straps, safety equipment for the armed forces, police, aircraft, etc. This research used Arboform L, V3 Nature reinforced with aramid fiber. The experimental research plan observes the Taguchi methodology with 6 input factors, each with two levels of variation. The input parameters effects are analyzed on the mechanical properties of the specimens obtained. Micro-indentation tests and differential scanning calorimetry were conducted. The studied test samples showed the following mean recovery values: 31.219μm for the first sample, 31.059μm for the second sample and 25.996μm for the third sample. Three extreme points were detected on the DSC thermogram: an endothermic peak occurs up to 380 K (I) and an exothermic one of higher intensity (II); above 430 K the DSC thermogram shows a deviation from linearity of the flow heat, which suggests a melting phenomenon. The first variation of the heat flow can be attributed to the transformations that occur in solid form in the sample subjected to heating, the first adsorption heat exchanger (peak I) and the second heat releasing (peak II). Comparing the amount of heat absorbed by heat dissipation, one may notice that the exothermic conversion is increased. The initial transformation temperature (Ts 10) corresponds to 10% of the total peak area while the final transformation temperature (Tf 90) corresponds to 90% of the total surface area.
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Lakevičs, V., J. Brovkina, V. Stepanova, I. Dušenkova, J. Ozoliņš, G. Šuļga, and L. Bērziņa-Cimdiņa. "Solving Environmental Problems with Latvian Clay-Based Sorbents." Latvian Journal of Chemistry 51, no. 4 (December 1, 2012): 389–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10161-012-0029-4.
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Currently there is an increasing interest in application of natural clay minerals in production of various products, including sorbents for waste water treatment. For practical application of clay as a sorbent, it is significant not only to establish its properties, but also to be able to modify them. Only during the last twenty years, an increasing effort has been directed to systematic studies of clay sorption properties. A special attention has been devoted to improvement of clay sorption properties, which could allow to scientifically develop various sorbents for collection of oil products, such as oil spills from water surface, water processing and cleaning of waste waters from heavy metal ions, organic and inorganic admixtures, etc. In this study, surface properties of Latvian Triassic (Vadakste deposit) smectite-containing clay samples were examined, in order to develop cheap, clay-based sorbents of high quality. Using sedimentation method, the granulometric composition of natural clay samples was determined. Surface morphology of the obtained samples was studied by using scanning electron microscopy. Sorption properties of natural Vadakste deposit clay samples were modified by thermal treatment, as well as by adding a natural modifier based on hemicellulose and lignin (HLS). This type of clay modification has almost never been used in practice. Optimal thermal treatment conditions and HLS modification conditions were determined for the natural clay samples. It was found that water absorption decreased with increasing the thermal treatment temperature from 300 to 500 and 800 °C, however silicone oil and rapeseed oil absorption doubled at the same time. After adding HLS to clays within the range of 0.053% to 0.13%, both water and oil absorption doubled. The ability of natural and modified clay samples to adsorb copper and zinc ions from the corresponding salt solutions was investigated. The obtained results proved that the developed clay-based sorbent granules can be used for removal of copper and zinc ions from waste water, for collection of oil and oily substances; and as a cheap, environmentally safe pet litter.
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Berthelot, Curtis, and Ron Gerbrandt. "Full-Depth In-Place Recycling and Road Strengthening Systems for Low-Volume Roads: Highway No. 19 Case Study." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1819, no. 1 (January 2003): 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1819b-05.
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The province of Saskatchewan has the highest number of public roads per capita in Canada, totaling approximately 198,700 km. The Saskatchewan Department of Highways and Transportation manages approximately 26,100 km of these public roads. As with most public road agencies, the department has limited resources for managing this relatively large network of low-volume roads and therefore continually strives to research and implement more cost-effective and technically feasible solutions. Of particular concern are approximately 7,500 km of thin membrane surface (TMS) roads that are undergoing accelerated damage as truck traffic and loading increase. Although conventional TMS upgrading strategies are normally effective, there are potentially significant benefits to be gained with implementation of more cost-effective methods of road strengthening. Systems include granular soil strengthening and applications of different cement products, lime, various grades of fly ash, geotextiles, geogrids, natural and manufactured fibers, emulsified bitumen, tall oil, lignin, foamed bitumen, and synthetic ionic and cationic chemicals. Since 1999, in conjunction with Pavement Scientific International and in cooperation with the University of Saskatchewan and product suppliers, the department has constructed pilot projects on Highway No. 19 to identify, develop, and implement more cost-effective strengthening systems. The primary research objective is to investigate alternative road construction systems that will improve the load-carrying capacity and environmental durability of Saskatchewan TMS roads. Improved mechanistic engineering methods played a part in this initiative, and pilot project performance was monitored.
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Brammall, R. A., and V. J. Higgins. "A histological comparison of fungal colonization in tomato seedlings susceptible or resistant to Fusarium crown and root rot disease." Canadian Journal of Botany 66, no. 5 (May 1, 1988): 915–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b88-133.
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Root colonization of tomato cultivars susceptible or resistant to Fusarium crown and root rot disease, caused by the pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radicis-lycopersici Jarvis & Shoemaker, was studied histologically. In seedlings of susceptible cultivars ('Ohio MR13', 'Bonny Best', and 'Vendor') held at 22 °C, direct penetration of epidermal cells occurred by 24 h after inoculation and colonization of suberized hypodermal cells and adjacent intercellular spaces by 72 h. The cortex was colonized between 72 and 96 h after inoculation and the stele was commonly colonized by 120 to 144 h. Colonization of the cortex and stele was associated with the breakdown of parenchymatous cell walls and middle lamellae near fungal hyphae. In cultivars resistant by a single dominant gene ('CR6', 'Larma', and 'B82-865') colonization was similar to that in susceptible cultivars until 72 h after inoculation. By this time, papillae were abundant within hypodermal cells. Successful colonization of hypodermal sites was associated with the incorporation of phenolic or lignin-like materials and suberin within cell walls of the underlying cortex. These cortical wall modifications were paralleled by the deposition of electron-opaque material into cortical cell walls and middle lamellae and the production of finely granular bands around the peripheries of colonized intercellular spaces. Phenolic-containing structural defensive barriers (i.e., papillae and modified cortical cell walls) appear to be important in limiting fungal colonization in cultivars possessing single dominant gene resistance to this disease.
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Yu, P. "Application of advanced synchrotron radiation-based Fourier transform infrared (SR-FTIR) microspectroscopy to animal nutrition and feed science: a novel approach." British Journal of Nutrition 92, no. 6 (December 2004): 869–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn20041298.
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Synchrotron radiation-based Fourier transform IR (SR-FTIR) microspectroscopy has been developed as a rapid, direct, non-destructive and bioanalytical technique. This technique, taking advantage of synchrotron light brightness and a small effective source size, is capable of exploring the molecular chemistry within the microstructures of a biological tissue without the destruction of inherent structures at ultraspatial resolutions within cellular dimensions. This is in contrast to traditional ‘wet’ chemical methods, which, during processing for analysis, often result in the destruction of the intrinsic structures of feeds. To date there has been very little application of this technique to the study of feed materials in relation to animal nutrient utilisation. The present article reviews four applications of the SR-FTIR bioanalytical technique as a novel approach in animal nutrition and feed science research. Application 1 showed that using the SR-FTIR technique, intensities and the distribution of the biological components (such as lignin, protein, lipid, structural and non-structural carbohydrates and their ratios) in the microstructure of plant tissue within cellular dimensions could be imaged. The implication from this study is that we can chemically define the intrinsic feed structure and compare feed tissues according to spectroscopic characteristics, functional groups, spatial distribution and chemical intensity. Application 2 showed that the ultrastructural–chemical makeup and density of yellow- and brown-seeded Brassica rape could be explored. This structural–chemical information could be used for the prediction of rapeseed quality and nutritive value for man and animals and for rapeseed breeding programmes for selecting superior varieties for special purposes. More research is required to define the extent of differences that exist between the yellow- and brown-seeded Brassica rape. Application 3 showed with the SR-FTIR technique that chemical differences in the ultrastructural matrix of endosperm tissue between Harrington (malting-type) and Valier (feed-type) barley in relation to rumen degradation characteristics could be identified. The results indicated that the greater association of the protein matrix with the starch granules in the endosperm tissue of Valier barley may limit the access of ruminal micro-organisms to the starch granules and thus reduce the rate and extent of rumen degradation relative to that of Harrington barley. It is the first time that the microstructural matrix in the endosperm of barley has been revealed by using the SR-FTIR technique, which makes it possible to link feed intrinsic structures to nutrient utilisation and digestive behaviour in ruminants. Application 4 showed with the SR-FTIR technique that the chemical features of various feed protein (amide I) secondary structures (such as feather, wheat, oats and barley) could be quantified. With a multi-component fitting program (Lorentz function), the results showed feather containing about 88% β-sheet and 4% α-helix, barley containing about 17% β-sheet and 71% α-helix; oats containing about 2% β-sheet and 92% α-helix; and wheat containing about 42% β-sheet and 50% α-helix. The relative percentage of the two may influence protein value. A high percentage of β-sheet may reduce the access of gastrointestinal digestive enzymes to the protein structure. Further study is required on feed protein secondary structures in relation to enzyme accessibility and digestibility. In conclusion, the SR-FTIR technique can be used for feed science and animal nutrition research. However, the main disadvantage of this technique is the requirement for a special light source; a synchrotron beam.
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Su, Xiaoming, Zhanghua Lian, Hanqiao Xiong, Yuan Yuan, and Junwei Fang. "Laboratory Study on a New Composite Plugging Material with High Bearing Strength and High-Temperature Resistance." Journal of Chemistry 2019 (April 24, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1874617.
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The reservoir in the Central Tarim Basin is a typical high-pressure fracture-vuggy carbonate reservoir with high temperatures, which easily leads to drilling fluid losses and the high-temperature carbonate. The conventional lost circulation materials (LCMs) cannot meet the reservoir. To resolve this problem, a rigid particle with high-temperature resistance, high acid solubility, and high rigidity was developed, tested, and evaluated. According to bridge rules of 1/2–2/3 opening degree of formation fracture, the formulation experiments of GZD and other lost circulation materials were conducted and a novel composite lost circulation material (LCM) was completed. Lastly, we investigated the compatibility of LCM and mud in site though compatibility experiment, analyzed the plugging effect of the system for fracture and vuggy by laboratory static lost circulation simulation and evaluation and sand-bed plugging experiments, respectively. The results show that compared with the conventional rigid lost material, the value of high-temperature resistance is more and acid solubility is over 98%. Also, it can work well with other fiber materials (E), variable filling particles (F and G), and superfine filling particles (H) and form a novel plugging material, named MGY-I, whose temperature resistance value is more than 473.15 K, the bearing strength is over than 9 MPa, the mud filtrate invasion depth of sand bed made from coarse particles (10∼20 mesh) is only 3.0 cm within 30 minutes, and the invasion depth is less than 1 cm within 30 minutes when the sand bed is made from 80∼100 mesh. The optimal concentrations of rigid granule, lignin fiber, elastic particle, and superfine calcium carbonate are 8% (A : B : CD = 2 : 1 : 1), 0.5%, 6%, and 1%, respectively. And, the plugging function of “GZD-rigidity bridge and filling, fiber network and deformable filing” is better exerted on the formation fracture with a high loading capacity and a high-temperature resistance.
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Mohamed, Essam H. "The effect of the reciprocal relations of the deterioration symptoms in different building materials in some of historic Cairo's buildings." Resourceedings 2, no. 2 (September 2, 2019): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.21625/resourceedings.v2i2.612.
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In the present study, since historic Cairo established, limestone and woods have been used for building construction alongside. The building materials representingcase studies in historic Cairo are affected by different deterioration factors, such as rising ground water level, the salt weathering, air pollution, frequency between temperatureandrelative humidity, and microbiological deterioration.From case studies survey various types of weathering forms were observed, such as granular disintegration, splitting in the wooden lintel, the efflorescence of salt, pitting in limestone surface, black spots in limestone surface due to microbiological deterioration, black crust and peeling, flaking of painting layers, etc. The aim of this study is to identify on the reciprocal relations ofthe deterioration symptoms in different building materials (limestonewood) used in some of historic Cairo's buildings. The samples were collected from different sites, investigated by several scientific techniques such as X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), EDX analytical methods, Fourier Transform Infrared Microscopy (FTIR) to detect the changes of the main wood components (cellulose,, lignin), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Polarizing Light Microscopy (PLM), Stereo Microscopy, and microbiological investigation were also done. The results of the study indicated that there was a fungal infection on the surface of limestone, in particular which is found close to the wooden elements, microbiological investigation was shownthe following fungi:,,,,,. From investigation of wood samples are shown that there is a rise moisture content in the wood materials, due to direct connection between them and adjacent the stones, in addition to crystallized salts found in wood fiber and internal structure of limestone, such as NaCl, CaSO4.2H2O, CaSO4; due to the effect ofbuilding material properties on each other. Furthermore, the physical and mechanical properties tests of building materials indicated that reduction in its properties.
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Pratama, Jeesica Hermayanti, Rizka Lailatul Rohmah, Amalia Amalia, and Teguh Endah Saraswati. "Isolasi Mikroselulosa dari Limbah Eceng Gondok (Eichornia crassipes) dengan Metode Bleaching-Alkalinasi." ALCHEMY Jurnal Penelitian Kimia 15, no. 2 (September 27, 2019): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/alchemy.15.2.30862.239-250.
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<p>Isolasi selulosa dari tanaman Eceng Gondok (<em>Eichornia crassipes</em>) berhasil dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode <em>bleaching</em> diikuti dengan alkalinasi. Metode <em>bleaching</em> dilakukan menggunakan NaOCl dengan pengadukan dan pemanasan suhu rendah yaitu 80 <sup>o</sup>C selama 4 jam, diikuti dengan metode alkalinasi menggunakan NaOH dengan pemanasan pada suhu rendah yaitu 45<sup> o</sup>C selama 3 jam. Penerapan metode <em>bleaching</em> dan alkalinasi ini bertujuan untuk delignifikasi dengan memutuskan rantai polimerik diantara selulosa dengan lignin atau hemiselulosa. Selain itu, proses oksidasi lanjut juga terjadi karena keberadaan HOCl dan OH<sup>-</sup> sebagai hasil peruraian NaOCl dan NaOH. Setelah pencucian hingga pH netral, hasil isolasi yang didapatkan adalah berupa serbuk putih yang secara fisis berbeda dari material awal sebelum perlakuan. Hasil rendemen berkisar 6 ─ 20% dengan penyusutan massa sebesar 80%. Analisa gugus fungsi hasil isolat dengan spektrometer Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) menunjukkan keberadaan serapan dari gugus hidroksil ─OH, ─C─H, =C─H, ─OH dan C=O (gugus karboksilat), C-H dan C─O, dan C─O─C pada cincin piranosa yang menguatkan keberhasilan isolasi selulosa. Berdasarkan observasi morfologi dan struktur dengan menggunakan <em>scanning electron microscope</em> (SEM), selulosa hasil isolasi berbentuk butiran kristal dengan ukuran mikrometer yang secara signifikan berbeda dari penampakan fisis serat awal sebelum perlakuan.</p><p><strong>Isolation of Cellulose Microfiber from Water Hyacinth (<em>Eichornia crassipes</em>) Waste by Bleaching</strong><strong>-Alkalization </strong><strong>Method</strong><strong>.</strong> Cellulose isolation from water hyacinth plants (Eichornia crassipes) was successfully performed using bleaching followed by alkalization methods. The bleaching method was carried out using NaOCl with stirring dan heating at a low temperature of 80 <sup>o</sup>C for 4 hours. This method was then followed by an alkalization method using NaOH with heating at a low temperature of 45 <sup>o</sup>C for 3 hours. The application of the bleaching followed by alkalization method aimed to proceed the delignification by breaking the polymeric chain between cellulose dan lignin or hemicellulose. In addition, the process of advanced oxidation also occurred due to the presence of HOCl dan OH<sup>-</sup> decomposed from NaOCl dan NaOH. The solid was then washed until the pH of the solution was neutral. As results, the white powder solid was obtained which was physically different from the initial material before treatment. The yield obtained was around 6 ─ 20% with a mass shrinkage of 80%. Analysis of the functional groups of the isolates using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometers showed the presence of the hydroxyl groups ─OH, ─C─H, =C─H, ─OH dan C=O (carboxylic groups), CH dan C ─O, dan C─O─C on the pyranose ring that reinforces the success of the cellulose isolation. Based on morphological dan structural observations under a scanning electron microscope (SEM), the cellulose isolated was in crystalline granules in micrometer size which was significantly different compared to the physical appearance of the initial fiber before treatment.</p>
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Boldt-Burisch, Katja, Steffi Schillem, Bernd Uwe Schneider, and Reinhard F. Hüttl. "The effect of nitrogen-modified lignite granules on mycorrhization and root and shoot growth of Secale cereale (winter rye) in a nutrient-deficient, sandy soil." Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, January 6, 2021, 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2020.1869724.
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Zhu, Lulu, Shiwen Xue, Hao Ren, Jin Zhao, Huamin Zhai, and Fangong Kong. "Effects of lignin content and acid concentration on the preparation of lignin containing nanofibers from alkaline hydrogen peroxide mechanical pulp." Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal, December 1, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/npprj-2020-0066.
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AbstractThe poplar alkaline hydrogen peroxide mechanical pulp (APMP) with the lignin content of 24.63 % was used as raw material, which with lignin content of 10.04 %, 6.33 %, 3.82 %, and 1.14 % were obtained by the acid sodium chlorite method for 1–4 hours respectively. Then, different lignin content APMP were micro-nano processing treated with acidolysis (6.5 M, 9.8 M) or ultra-granular grinding respectively. Afterwards, poplar bleached chemical pulp (BCP) was prepared micro-nano cellulose under the same conditions as the APMP. Then, compared the data of the particle size, specific surface area, fiber morphology and zeta potential of suspensions between micro-nano cellulose products. The results show that the presence of a small amount of lignin (1–4 %) in APMP does not affect the preparation of different scales nano cellulose under different acid concentration conditions. When the lignin content is reduced to below 2 %, the acidolysis is more uniform, stable, and well-dispersed compared to BCP products; when the APMP is processed by the ultra-granular grinding, the higher lignin content, the more obvious cutting effect in the fiber length direction. The characteristics and feasibility of the preparation of micro-nano cellulose by the acidolysis and ultra-granular grinding using APMP with varying degrees of delignification are compared.
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Kreetachat, T., M. Damrongsri, and P. Vaithanomsat. "GAC adsorption treated pulp and paper mill effluents using ozone as a pre-treatment." Water Practice and Technology 4, no. 2 (June 1, 2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2009.034.
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This research examined the impact of ozonation on lignin-derived and aliphatic compounds ratio (L/A ratio) in secondary pulp and paper mill effluents. Afterwards, adsorption process was employed to investigate the adsorption behavior of ozonized compounds on granular activated carbon (GAC). Phenol and isopentanoic acid (IPA) were practically used as substitute of lignin-derived and aliphatic compounds, respectively. The paper presents the results obtained at laboratory scale with ozone and GAC adsorption as a mean to obtain effluents suitable as reclamation for pulp and paper industry, which requires very stringent limitation in terms of DOC and color removal. The conversion of recalcitrant nature of pulp and paper mill wastewater had been moderate in term of L/A ratio after time interval of ozonation. After ozonation pre-treatment, the adsorption experimental was performed to investigate the adsorption behaviors of phenol and IPA from aqueous solutions onto GAC compared with the decolorization behaviors in real effluents. The best isotherm models fitted to phenol and IPA adsorption on PPHO were determined in the order of Ridlich-Peterson isotherm > Langmuir isotherm > Freundlich isotherm. The IPA was adsorbed strongly on GAC as compared with phenol due to its properties. The maximum adsorption capacity of phenol and IPA on GAC were 0.32 g.g-1 and 0.65 g.g-1, respectively. As result in real effluents, the adsorption capacity of color from the ozonized effluents on GAC was 132.93 ADMI unit.L/mg which was much higher than those of non-ozonized effluents (78.78 ADMI unit.L/mg) and synthetic lignin solutions (55.97 ADMI unit.L/mg).
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Belyaeva, Oksana, Oksana Belyaeva, Tamara Krasnova, and Tamara Krasnova. "ADSORPTION OF BENZENE AND PYRIDINE VAPORS BY VARIOUS CARBON ADSORBENTS." Science Evolution, June 27, 2016, 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2500-1418-2016-1-1-3-7.
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For the first time with the help of express-method we compare adsorption of benzene and pyridine vapors by carbon adsorbents (CA) that differ in raw materials, methods of production and textural characteristics. With the BET and Aranovich (AR) equations we define the interval of relative pressure, in which the adsorption of studied components is described by suggested models of polymolecular adsorption, and calculated general characteristics of adsorption. A comparative analysis of these equations shows that adsorption isotherms of benzene vapors should be described with the Aranocich model and pyridine vapors with the BET model. It is stated that the adsorption of both benzene and pyridine is characterized by the low energy constant C that means weak adsorption localization on a carbon surface and difficulty with exact determination of monolayer capacity. We stated that with benzene adsorption by CA and pyridine adsorption by lignite sorbent the area taken by adsorbate molecule exceeds molecule’s own size. Such action is typical for realized specific sorbent-sorbate interaction which is expected by molecular structure of adsorbates and surface state of adsorbents and is proved by the amount of calculated adsorption heat. It is stated that pyridine molecules when adsorbed are oriented in parallel to the adsorbent surface and for benzene molecules such reaction exists only for granular carbon adsorbents. Random orientation of benzene molecules when adsorbed by granular CA can be connected with overall attraction-repulsion effect of π-electron system of benzene and polar groups on the adsorbent surface. We define the exponent of the Dubinin-Astakhov equation using the theory of volume filling of micropores (TVFM), calculate the limiting adsorption volume and size of pores occupied by components. We state that both benzene and pyridine adsorption proceeds similarly in available at size micro- and mesopores of adsorbents. Differences in adsorption behavior of benzene and pyridine with a filled monolayer are probably connected with peculiarities of molecule structure of pyridine which has an additional potential center of adsorption that is an unshared electron pair of nitrogen.
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Guo, Yayu, Huimin Xu, Hongyang Wu, Weiwei Shen, Jinxing Lin, and Yuanyuan Zhao. "Seasonal changes in cambium activity from active to dormant stage affect the formation of secondary xylem in Pinus tabulaeformis Carr." Tree Physiology, September 9, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpab115.
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Abstract Understanding the changing patterns of vascular cambium during seasonal cycles is crucial to reveal the mechanisms that control cambium activity and wood formation, but this area has been underexplored, especially in conifers. Here, we quantified the changing cellular morphology patterns of cambial zones during the active, transition and dormant stages. With the help of toluidine blue and periodic acid Schiff staining to visualize cell walls and identify their constituents, we observed decreasing cambial cell layers, thickening of newly formed xylem cell walls and increased polysaccharide granules in phloem from June to the following March over the course of our collecting period. Pectin immunofluorescence showed that dormant stage cambium can produce highly abundant de-esterified homogalacturonan and (1–4)-β-D-galactan epitopes, while active cambium can strong accumulate high methylesterified homogalacturonan. Calcofluor white staining and confocal Raman spectroscopy analysis revealed regular changes in the chemical composition of cell walls, such as relative lower cellulose deposition in transition stage in vascular cambium, and higher lignin accumulation was found in dormant stage in secondary xylem. Moreover, RT-qPCR analysis suggested that various IAA (Aux/IAA protein), CesA, CslA and HDZ genes, as well as NAC, PME3 and PME4, may be involved in cambium activities and secondary xylem formation. Taken together, these findings provide new information about cambium activity and cell differentiation in the formation, structure, and chemistry in conifers during the active–dormant transition.
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Спицын, А. А., И. И. Белоусов, Т. Б. Турсунов, and В. А. Хен. "Thermochemical conversion of grinded pressed plant biomass." Известия СПбЛТА, no. 224() (October 19, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.21266/2079-4304.2018.224.256-272.
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Рассмотрены аппарат уплотнения с частичной химической переработкой сырья и инновационная технология получения гранулированного активированного углеродсодержащего продукта и жидкого биотоплива методом уплотнения (пеллетирования) предварительно измельченного сырья, ускоренного гидролиза, пиролиза, с последующей активацией. Приведены результаты апробации технологии на стендовых установках и аппаратах. Показано, что по- лученные гранулы соответствуют основным показателям отечественных и за- рубежных стандартов на пеллеты из растительного сырья. В процессе произ- водства протекает химическая модификация исходного сырья, на что указывает повышенное значение содержания лигнина в образцах. При проведении пиро- лиза полученных пеллет производятся гранулированный углистый остаток, жидкое биотопливо и горючая парогазовая смесь. Из гранулированного угли- стого остатка получены активированные угли, имеющие адсорбционную активность по йоду, сравнимую с древесным углем марки ДАК. Одним из направлений дальнейших исследований является подбор различных добавок в сырье перед проведением уплотнения и грануляции для улучшения свойств пеллет, в частности повышения теплотворной способности и уменьшения зольности. Однако наиболее интересное направление использования уплотненных отходов растительной биомассы в виде пеллет – в качестве сырья для термохи- мической переработки с целью получения энергетически плотных продуктов, в частности пиролиза. Исследование показало целесообразность разработки единой автономной технологии переработки отходов растительной биомассы с по- лучением конкурентно-способных товарных продуктов: гранулированных активированных углей, жидкого биотоплива, а также парогазовой смеси с достаточной теплотворной способностью для обеспечения работы специальных топочных устройств. The paper deals with the sealing machine with partial chemical processing of raw materials and the innovative technology for obtaining granular activated carbon- containing product and liquid biofuel by the method of compaction (pelletizing) of pre-crushed raw materials, accelerated hydrolysis, pyrolysis and subsequent activation. The results of approbation of the technology on bench installations and devices are presented. It is shown that the obtained pellets correspond to the main indicators of domestic and foreign standards for pellets from vegetable raw materials. In the production process, a chemical modification of the feedstock takes place, as indicat- ed by the increased value of lignin content in the samples. When pyrolysis of the pellets is produced, a granular carbonaceous residue, liquid biofuel, and a combustible gas-vapor mixture are produced. From the granular carbonaceous residue, activated carbons with an adsorption activity of iodine comparable to charcoal of the DAK brand were obtained. One of the directions of further research is the selection of various additives into the raw material before compaction and granulation to improve the properties of pellets, in particular, to increase the calorific value and to reduce ash content. However, the most interesting direction of using compacted biomass res- idue in the form of pellets is to use as a raw material for thermochemical processing in order to obtain energetically dense products, in particular pyrolysis. The work showed the expediency of developing a single autonomous technology for plant biomass residues processing with the production of competitive commodity products: granular activated carbons, liquid biofuel, as well as steam-gas sweep with sufficient calorific value to ensure the operation of special combustion devices.
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Sadaqat, Beenish, Nazia Khatoon, Aneela Younas Malik, Asif Jamal, Uzma Farooq, Muhammad Ishtiaq Ali, Huan He, et al. "Enzymatic decolorization of melanin by lignin peroxidase from Phanerochaete chrysosporium." Scientific Reports 10, no. 1 (November 19, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-76376-9.
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AbstractSkin darkening results as a consequence of the accumulation of skin pigment melanin. To combat this, the amplitude of skin lightening agents are commercially available, most of which inhibit melanin synthesis. Decolorization of melanin is an alternative method of skin lightening. In this study, we show that lignin peroxidase (LiP), an extracellular enzyme purified from Phanerochaete chrysosporium NK-1 isolated from a forest soil can effectively degrade and decolorize melanin in vitro. Decolorization conditions including pH, temperature, incubation time, enzyme concentration, and mediator addition were investigated to optimize the reaction conditions. The results indicate that pH 3, 40 °C, 15 IU/ml, and 10 h incubation were the optimal conditions for the decolorization of the melanin. The use of the mediator, veratryl alcohol was also found effective to enhance the efficacy of the melanin decolonization, with up to 92% decolorization. The scanning electron microscopy results showed void spaces on the treated melanin granules as compared to the untreated sample, indicating the degradation of melanin. Changes in the fingerprint region of the melanin were observed. Between wavenumbers 1500–500 cm−1, for example, the presence of new peaks in the treated melanin at 1513, 1464, and 1139 cm−1 CH2, CH3 bend and C–O–C stretch represented structural changes. A new peak at 2144 cm−1 (alkynyl C≡C stretch) was also detected in the decolorized melanin. The cytotoxicity study has shown that the treated melanin and LiP have low cytotoxic effects; however, the mediator of veratryl alcohol could result in high mortality which suggests that its use should be meticulously tested in formulating health and skincare products. The findings of the study suggest that LiP produced by Phanerochaete chrysosporium has the potential to be used in the medical and cosmetic industries, particularly for the development of biobased cosmetic whitening agents.
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Hao, Xiaomeng, Qiuyi Wang, Yihua Wang, Xin Han, Chenglong Yuan, Yu Cao, Zhichao Lou, and Yanjun Li. "The effect of oil heat treatment on biological, mechanical and physical properties of bamboo." Journal of Wood Science 67, no. 1 (March 25, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s10086-021-01959-7.
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AbstractBamboo is now widely used in construction, papermaking, textile, furniture and other fields because of its renewable, fast-growing, high-strength, high-yield and easy processing. However, compared with wood, bamboo and bamboo products are more vulnerable to damage by fungi and pests. An effective and eco-friendly method is urgently needed to improve their physical and chemical properties, decay resistance and anti-mildew properties, and hydrophobic properties. Here, bamboo was heated with methyl silicone oil. The effect of different temperatures (140 °C–200 °C) and different times (2 h–6 h) on the properties of bamboo was studied systematically, including chemical composition, physical and mechanical properties, surface wettability, decay resistance and anti-mildew property. No starch granules were observed inside the parenchymal cell lumen of bamboo specimen heat treated at 200 °C for 6 h. And with the increase of heat treatment temperature and time, the content of cellulose and hemicellulose decreases gradually while relative content of lignin increases due to its better thermal stability. Accordingly, the surface wettability decreases due to the changes of the surface functional groups and micro-morphologies. Under the condition of oil heat treatment at 160 °C for 2 h, the compressive strength parallel to grain of bamboo samples reach the maximum of 109.52 MPa. With further increase of heating temperature, the corresponding compressive strength decreases. The resulted bending strength and MOE both display similar changing trend. However, the optimal parameter is at 180 °C for 2 h, with the highest bending strength and MOE values of 142.42 MPa and 12,373.00 MPa, respectively. Finally, the decay resistance and anti-mildew property are dramatically enhanced with increased heat treatment temperature and time. All the corresponding changing mechanisms are investigated in depth and in detail. Our results provide comprehensive process parameters and micro-mechanism for the performance of oil heat treatment of bamboo, which can be used to guide the actual production.