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1
Saini, Anita, Neeraj K. Aggarwal, Anuja Sharma, and Anita Yadav. "Actinomycetes: A Source of Lignocellulolytic Enzymes." Enzyme Research 2015 (December 17, 2015): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/279381.
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Lignocellulose is the most abundant biomass on earth. Agricultural, forest, and agroindustrial activities generate tons of lignocellulosic wastes annually, which present readily procurable, economically affordable, and renewable feedstock for various lignocelluloses based applications. Lignocelluloses are the focus of present decade researchers globally, in an attempt to develop technologies based on natural biomass for reducing dependence on expensive and exhaustible substrates. Lignocellulolytic enzymes, that is, cellulases, hemicellulases, and lignolytic enzymes, play very important role in the processing of lignocelluloses which is prerequisite for their utilization in various processes. These enzymes are obtained from microorganisms distributed in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic domains including bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes. Actinomycetes are an attractive microbial group for production of lignocellulose degrading enzymes. Various studies have evaluated the lignocellulose degrading ability of actinomycetes, which can be potentially implemented in the production of different value added products. This paper is an overview of the diversity of cellulolytic, hemicellulolytic, and lignolytic actinomycetes along with brief discussion of their hydrolytic enzyme systems involved in biomass modification.
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Ojo, Abidemi. "An Overview of Lignocellulose and Its Biotechnological Importance in High-Value Product Production." Fermentation 9, no. 11 (November 20, 2023): 990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9110990.
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Lignocellulose consists of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin and is a sustainable feedstock for a biorefinery to generate marketable biomaterials like biofuels and platform chemicals. Enormous tons of lignocellulose are obtained from agricultural waste, but a few tons are utilized due to a lack of awareness of the biotechnological importance of lignocellulose. Underutilizing lignocellulose could also be linked to the incomplete use of cellulose and hemicellulose in biotransformation into new products. Utilizing lignocellulose in producing value-added products alleviates agricultural waste disposal management challenges. It also reduces the emission of toxic substances into the environment, which promotes a sustainable development goal and contributes to circular economy development and economic growth. This review broadly focused on lignocellulose in the production of high-value products. The aspects that were discussed included: (i) sources of lignocellulosic biomass; (ii) conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into value-added products; and (iii) various bio-based products obtained from lignocellulose. Additionally, several challenges in upcycling lignocellulose and alleviation strategies were discussed. This review also suggested prospects using lignocellulose to replace polystyrene packaging with lignin-based packaging products, the production of crafts and interior decorations using lignin, nanolignin in producing environmental biosensors and biomimetic sensors, and processing cellulose and hemicellulose with the addition of nutritional supplements to meet dietary requirements in animal feeding.
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Li, Tuo, Jinding Liu, Qin Wang, Yang Liu, Ting Li, Dongyang Liu, and Qirong Shen. "Tr-milRNA1 Contributes to Lignocellulase Secretion under Heat Stress by Regulating the Lectin-Type Cargo Receptor Gene Trvip36 in Trichoderma guizhouence NJAU 4742." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 12 (November 23, 2021): 997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7120997.
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Background: MicroRNA plays an important role in multifarious biological processes by regulating their corresponding target genes. However, the biological function and regulatory mechanism of fungal microRNA-like RNAs (milRNAs) remain poorly understood. Methods: In this study, combined with deep sequencing and bioinformatics analysis, milRNAs and their targets from Trichoderma guizhouence NJAU 4742 were isolated and identified under solid-state fermentation (SSF) by using rice straw as the sole carbon source at 28 °C and 37 °C, respectively. Results: A critical milRNA, TGA1_S04_31828 (Tr-milRNA1), was highly expressed under heat stress (37 °C) and adaptively regulated lignocellulase secretion. Overexpression of Tr-milRNA1 (OE-Tr-milRNA1) did not affect vegetative growth, but significantly increased lignocellulose utilization under heat stress. Based on the bioinformatics analysis and qPCR validation, a target of Tr-milRNA1 was identified as Trvip36, a lectin-type cargo receptor. The expression of Tr-milRNA1 and Trvip36 showed a divergent trend under SSF when the temperature was increased from 28 °C to 37 °C. In addition, the expression of Trvip36 was suppressed significantly in Tr-milRNA1 overexpression strain (OE-Tr-milRNA1). Compared with the wild type, deletion of Trvip36 (ΔTrvip36) significantly improved the secretion of lignocellulases by reducing the retention of lignocellulases in the ER under heat stress. Conclusions: Tr-milRNA1 from NJAU 4742 improved lignocellulose utilization under heat stress by regulating the expression of the corresponding target gene Trvip36. These findings might open avenues for exploring the mechanism of lignocellulase secretion in filamentous fungi.
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Siddique, Mohammad, Ali Nawaz Mengal, Suleman khan, Luqman Ali khan, and Ehsanullah khan Kakar. "Pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass conversion into biofuel and biochemical: a comprehensive review." MOJ Biology and Medicine 8, no. 1 (March 21, 2023): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/mojbm.2023.08.00181.
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The most potential feedstock for industrial civilizations is lignin derived from biomass. The most prevalent aromatic polymer on earth and one of the most difficult materials for commercial application is lignin. Reducing sugars, which can be used to make biofuels and some other products, are among the many chemicals that lignocellulose biomass releases during pretreatment. Lignocellulosic material (LCMS) is a material that is easily accessible, renewable, recyclable, and plentiful. Sustainability has gained traction as a result of climate change and environmental harm. The need for a flexible strategy to meet rising global energy demands has led many academics to concentrate on renewable biofuel made from sustainable sources. Construction of industrial biorefineries using lignocellulose feedstock for biofuel production and other bioproducts. The effective and scalable valorization of lignin is one of the main issues. Its presence prevents the biochemical conversion of lignocelluloses into fuels and chemicals, which depends on the extraction of cellulose and hemicellulose. To produce sustainable energy, lignocellulosic biomass must undergo pretreatment to speed up fragmentation and reduce lignin content. Temperature, time, particle size, and solid loading are the controlling factors for lignin extraction. This study covers the working conditions, parameters, yield percentages, techno-economic evaluations, challenges, and recommended next steps for the direct conversion of biomass to hydrogen. It detailed how green pre-treatment techniques can be used to produce green biofuels, and prospects for the application of green pre-treatment technologies on an industrial scale are also provided. The sustainable lignocellulose biorefinery has a path forward thanks to effective lignin recovery and valorization techniques.
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Malgas, Samkelo, and Brett I. Pletschke. "Combination of CTec2 and GH5 or GH26 Endo-Mannanases for Effective Lignocellulosic Biomass Degradation." Catalysts 10, no. 10 (October 16, 2020): 1193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10101193.
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Among endo-mannanases, glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 26 enzymes have been shown to be more catalytically active than GH5 enzymes on mannans. However, only GH5 endo-mannanases have been used for the formulation of enzyme cocktails. In this study, Bacillus sp.-derived GH5 and GH26 endo-mannanases were comparatively analysed biochemically for their synergistic action with a commercial cellulase blend, CTec2, during pre-treated lignocellulose degradation. Substrate specificity and thermo-stability studies on mannan substrates showed that GH26 endo-mannanase was more catalytically active and stable than GH5. GH26 also exhibited higher binding affinity for mannan than GH5, while GH5 showed more affinity for lignocellulosic substrates than GH26. Applying the endo-mannanases in combination with CTec2 for lignocellulose degradation led to synergism with a 1.3-fold increase in reducing sugar release compared to when CTec2 was used alone. This study showed that using the activity of endo-mannanases displayed with model substrates is a poor predictor of their activity and synergism on complex lignocelluloses.
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Saini, Anita, Neeraj K. Aggarwal, Anuja Sharma, and Anita Yadav. "Prospects for Irradiation in Cellulosic Ethanol Production." Biotechnology Research International 2015 (December 29, 2015): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/157139.
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Second generation bioethanol production technology relies on lignocellulosic biomass composed of hemicelluloses, celluloses, and lignin components. Cellulose and hemicellulose are sources of fermentable sugars. But the structural characteristics of lignocelluloses pose hindrance to the conversion of these sugar polysaccharides into ethanol. The process of ethanol production, therefore, involves an expensive and energy intensive step of pretreatment, which reduces the recalcitrance of lignocellulose and makes feedstock more susceptible to saccharification. Various physical, chemical, biological, or combined methods are employed to pretreat lignocelluloses. Irradiation is one of the common and promising physical methods of pretreatment, which involves ultrasonic waves, microwaves, γ-rays, and electron beam. Irradiation is also known to enhance the effect of saccharification. This review explains the role of different radiations in the production of cellulosic ethanol.
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Sadhukhan, Jhuma, Bruno G. Pollet, and Miles Seaman. "Hydrogen Production and Storage: Analysing Integration of Photoelectrolysis, Electron Harvesting Lignocellulose, and Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide-Fixing Biosynthesis." Energies 15, no. 15 (July 28, 2022): 5486. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15155486.
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Green hydrogen from photocatalytic water-splitting and photocatalytic lignocellulosic reforming is a significant proposition for renewable energy storage in global net-zero policies and strategies. Although photocatalytic water-splitting and photocatalytic lignocellulosic reforming have been investigated, their integration is novel. Furthermore, biosynthesis can store the evolved hydrogen and fix the atmospheric carbon dioxide in a biocathode chamber. The biocathode chamber is coupled to the combined photocatalytic water-splitting and lignocellulose oxidation in an anode chamber. This integrated system of anode and biocathode mimics a (bio)electrosynthesis system. A visible solar radiation-driven novel hybrid system comprising photocatalytic water-splitting, lignocellulose oxidation, and atmospheric CO2 fixation is, thus, investigated. It must be noted that there is no technology for reducing atmospheric CO2 concentration. Thus, our novel intensified technology enables renewable and sustainable hydrogen economy and direct CO2 capture from air to confront climate change impact. The photocatalytic anode considered is CdS nanocomposites that give a low absorption onset (200 nm), high absorbance range (200–800 nm), and narrow bandgap (1.58–2.4 V). The biocathode considered is Ralstonia eutropha H16 interfaced with photocatalytic lignocellulosic oxidation and a water-splitting anode. The biocathode undergoes autotrophic metabolism fixing atmospheric CO2 and hydrogen to poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) biosynthesis. As the hydrogen evolved can be readily stored, the electron–hole pair can be separated, increasing the hydrogen evolution efficiency. Although there are many experimental studies, this study for the first time sets the maximum theoretical efficiency target from mechanistic deductions of practical insights. Compared to physical/physicochemical absorption with solvent recovery to capture CO2, the photosynthetic CO2 capture efficiency is 51%. The maximum solar-to-hydrogen generation efficiency is 33%. Lignocelluloses participate in hydrogen evolution by (1–4)-glycosidic bond decomposition, releasing accessible sugar monomers or monosaccharides forming a Cd–O–R bond with the CdS/CdOx nanocomposite surface used as a photocatalyst/semiconductor, leading to CO32− in oxidised carboxylic acid products. Lignocellulose dosing as an oxidising agent can increase the extent of water-splitting. The mechanistic analyses affirm the criticality of lignocellulose oxidation in photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. The critical conditions for success are increasing the alcohol neutralising agent’s strength, increasing the selective (ligno)cellulose dosing, broadening the hybrid nanostructure of the photocatalyst/semiconductor, enhancing the visible-light range absorbance, and increasing the solar energy utilisation efficiency.
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Hu, Mingyang, Junyou Chen, Yanyan Yu, and Yun Liu. "Peroxyacetic Acid Pretreatment: A Potentially Promising Strategy towards Lignocellulose Biorefinery." Molecules 27, no. 19 (September 26, 2022): 6359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196359.
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The stubborn and complex structure of lignocellulose hinders the valorization of each component of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin in the biorefinery industries. Therefore, efficient pretreatment is an essential and prerequisite step for lignocellulose biorefinery. Recently, a considerable number of studies have focused on peroxyacetic acid (PAA) pretreatment in lignocellulose fractionation and some breakthroughs have been achieved in recent decades. In this article, we aim to highlight the challenges of PAA pretreatment and propose a roadmap towards lignocellulose fractionation by PAA for future research. As a novel promising pretreatment method towards lignocellulosic fractionation, PAA is a strong oxidizing agent that can selectively remove lignin and hemicellulose from lignocellulose, retaining intact cellulose for downstream upgrading. PAA in lignocellulose pretreatment can be divided into commercial PAA, chemical activation PAA, and enzymatic in-situ generation of PAA. Each PAA for lignocellulose fractionation shows its own advantages and disadvantages. To meet the theme of green chemistry, enzymatic in-situ generation of PAA has aroused a great deal of enthusiasm in lignocellulose fractionation. Furthermore, mass balance and techno-economic analyses are discussed in order to evaluate the feasibility of PAA pretreatment in lignocellulose fractionation. Ultimately, some perspectives and opportunities are proposed to address the existing limitations in PAA pretreatment towards biomass biorefinery valorization. In summary, from the views of green chemistry, enzymatic in-situ generation of PAA will become a cutting-edge topic research in the lignocellulose fractionation in future.
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Utomo, Suryadi Budi, Muhammad Ivan Fadillah, and Rika Yulianti. "Profile of the Adsorption Ability of Sulfonate-Modified Lignocellulose Based on Bagasse Waste to Some Batik Textile Dyes." Key Engineering Materials 963 (October 13, 2023): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-b9ukxd.
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The presence of synthetic dye contamination produced from the batik industry encourages research to overcome it through the adsorption method using a smart adsorbent, in this case an adsorbent that has several active groups. This study aims to examine the adsorbent of lignocellulose sulfonate based on bagasse waste for some textile dyes used in the batik industry. The synthesis of lignocellulose sulfonate was carried out through several steps such as extraction and activation using Na2SO3 and NaHCO3. The resulting products were then characterized using FTIR and SEM apparatures and applied them as an adsorbent for Remazol Red RB and Indanthrene Blue RS dyes. The adsorption test was carried out using bagasse, lignocellulose, and lignocellulose sulfonate adsorbents at a solution concentration of 50 ppm with variations in contact time of 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, and 160 minutes. The remaining dye content in the solution was then tested using a UV-Vis Spectrophotometer. From the experimental results, it is known that lignocellulose sulfonate, lignocellulose, and bagasse are able to absorb Remazol Red RB dye, respectively, by 84.41%, 63.87% and 61.52%. While for Indanthrene Blue RS dye, the largest absorption was found in lignocellulose sulfonate adsorbents of 56.35%, lignocellulose 50.72%, and baggase 45.93%. The highest adsorption capacity was found in the lignocellulosic sulfonate adsorbent, namely 42.2081 ppm for Remazol Red RB adsorption and 28.1771 ppm for Indanthrene Blue RS dye.
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Heeger, Felix, Elizabeth C. Bourne, Christian Wurzbacher, Elisabeth Funke, Anna Lipzen, Guifen He, Vivian Ng, Igor V. Grigoriev, Dietmar Schlosser, and Michael T. Monaghan. "Evidence for Lignocellulose-Decomposing Enzymes in the Genome and Transcriptome of the Aquatic Hyphomycete Clavariopsis aquatica." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 10 (October 12, 2021): 854. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7100854.
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Fungi are ecologically outstanding decomposers of lignocellulose. Fungal lignocellulose degradation is prominent in saprotrophic Ascomycota and Basidiomycota of the subkingdom Dikarya. Despite ascomycetes dominating the Dikarya inventory of aquatic environments, genome and transcriptome data relating to enzymes involved in lignocellulose decay remain limited to terrestrial representatives of these phyla. We sequenced the genome of an exclusively aquatic ascomycete (the aquatic hyphomycete Clavariopsis aquatica), documented the presence of genes for the modification of lignocellulose and its constituents, and compared differential gene expression between C. aquatica cultivated on lignocellulosic and sugar-rich substrates. We identified potential peroxidases, laccases, and cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, several of which were differentially expressed when experimentally grown on different substrates. Additionally, we found indications for the regulation of pathways for cellulose and hemicellulose degradation. Our results suggest that C. aquatica is able to modify lignin to some extent, detoxify aromatic lignin constituents, or both. Such characteristics would be expected to facilitate the use of carbohydrate components of lignocellulose as carbon and energy sources.
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Chen, Kun, Long Jun Xu, and Jun Yi. "Bioconversion of Lignocellulose to Ethanol: A Review of Production Process." Advanced Materials Research 280 (July 2011): 246–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.280.246.
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Lignocellulose biomass is a kind of rich reserve in china, and it is a renewable bio-resource. Researches on the bioconversion of lignocellulose (lignocellulosic biomass) to ethanol have been hot spot in recent years. The key technologies of producing fuel alcohol by aspects of lignocellulosic raw materials, pretreatment technology, fermentation process, enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation of strains as well as the removal of fermentation inhibitors have been reviewed. It is pointed out that the improvement of fermentation strains, exploitation of double function saccharomyces cerevisiae (glucose and xylose fermenting) to ethanol, will be the direction and focus in future researches.
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Oates, Nicola C., Amira Abood, Alexandra M. Schirmacher, Anna M. Alessi, Susannah M. Bird, Joseph P. Bennett, Daniel R. Leadbeater, et al. "A multi-omics approach to lignocellulolytic enzyme discovery reveals a new ligninase activity from Parascedosporium putredinis NO1." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 18 (April 26, 2021): e2008888118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2008888118.
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Lignocellulose, the structural component of plant cells, is a major agricultural byproduct and the most abundant terrestrial source of biopolymers on Earth. The complex and insoluble nature of lignocellulose limits its conversion into value-added commodities, and currently, efficient transformation requires expensive pretreatments and high loadings of enzymes. Here, we report on a fungus from the Parascedosporium genus, isolated from a wheat-straw composting community, that secretes a large and diverse array of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) when grown on lignocellulosic substrates. We describe an oxidase activity that cleaves the major β-ether units in lignin, thereby releasing the flavonoid tricin from monocot lignin and enhancing the digestion of lignocellulose by polysaccharidase mixtures. We show that the enzyme, which holds potential for the biorefining industry, is widely distributed among lignocellulose-degrading fungi from the Sordariomycetes phylum.
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Kishimoto, Takao, Mafuyu Saito, Satoshi Suzuki, Masahiro Hamada, Noriyuki Nakajima, and Daisuke Urabe. "Microwave-assisted direct transformation of lignocellulose into methyl glycopyranoside in ionic liquid." Holzforschung 74, no. 3 (February 25, 2020): 313–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2019-0069.
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AbstractRecently, conversion of lignocellulose into useful substances has attracted increasing attention. In our previous investigations, microcrystalline cellulose was successfully converted to methyl glucopyranosides (MeGlc) by the combined use of ionic liquid (IL) and microwave irradiation under moderate reaction conditions. In this study, lignocelluloses, including softwood, hardwood, and rice straw, were directly converted to methyl glycopyranosides (MG), including MeGlc, methyl mannopyranosides (MeMan), and methyl xylopyranosides (MeXyl) using acid-catalyzed methanolysis under microwave irradiation in ILs. Lignocellulose ball-milling was quite effective as a crucial process of increasing the yield of MG. Under the optimized reaction conditions, the molar yield of MeGlc reached 40% from softwood, which was a comparable yield from microcrystalline cellulose. MeXyl was also obtained in a 48% yield. These results showed that the combination of the dissolution of ball-milled lignocellulose in IL and the microwave-assisted methanolysis was an effective method of converting lignocellulose into a high-value-added substance.
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Chukwuma, Ogechukwu Bose, Mohd Rafatullah, Husnul Azan Tajarudin, and Norli Ismail. "A Review on Bacterial Contribution to Lignocellulose Breakdown into Useful Bio-Products." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 11 (June 3, 2021): 6001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18116001.
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Discovering novel bacterial strains might be the link to unlocking the value in lignocellulosic bio-refinery as we strive to find alternative and cleaner sources of energy. Bacteria display promise in lignocellulolytic breakdown because of their innate ability to adapt and grow under both optimum and extreme conditions. This versatility of bacterial strains is being harnessed, with qualities like adapting to various temperature, aero tolerance, and nutrient availability driving the use of bacteria in bio-refinery studies. Their flexible nature holds exciting promise in biotechnology, but despite recent pointers to a greener edge in the pretreatment of lignocellulose biomass and lignocellulose-driven bioconversion to value-added products, the cost of adoption and subsequent scaling up industrially still pose challenges to their adoption. However, recent studies have seen the use of co-culture, co-digestion, and bioengineering to overcome identified setbacks to using bacterial strains to breakdown lignocellulose into its major polymers and then to useful products ranging from ethanol, enzymes, biodiesel, bioflocculants, and many others. In this review, research on bacteria involved in lignocellulose breakdown is reviewed and summarized to provide background for further research. Future perspectives are explored as bacteria have a role to play in the adoption of greener energy alternatives using lignocellulosic biomass.
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Luo, Xingxing, Baiquan Zeng, Yanan Zhong, and Jienan Chen. "Production and detoxification of inhibitors during the destruction of lignocellulose spatial structure." BioResources 17, no. 1 (December 9, 2021): 1939–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.17.1.luo.
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Lignocellulosic biomass is a renewable resource that is widely abundant and can be used to produce biofuels such as methanol and ethanol. Because biofuels have the potential to alleviate shortages of energy in today’s world, they have attracted much research attention. The pretreatment of lignocellulose is an important step in the conversion of biomass products. The pretreatment can destroy the crosslinking effect of lignin and hemicellulose on cellulose, remove lignin, degrade hemicellulose, and change the crystal structure of cellulose. The reaction area between the enzyme and the substrate is enlarged, and the yield of subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis and microbial fermentation products is significantly increased. Conventional pretreatment methods help convert lignocellulosic material to sugars, but the treatments also produce some inhibitors, which are mainly organic acids, aldehydes, phenols, and other substances. They may affect the subsequent saccharification and growth of fermentation microorganisms, thereby reducing the bioconversion of the lignocellulose. It is therefore necessary to take effective means of detoxification. This paper reviews lignocellulose pretreatment methods, with an emphasis on inhibitors and their management. A summary is provided of detoxification methods, and the future use of lignocellulosic biomass for fuels prospects.
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Garrido, Ricard, Luisa F. Cabeza, Víctor Falguera, and Omar Pérez Navarro. "Potential Use of Cow Manure for Poly(Lactic Acid) Production." Sustainability 14, no. 24 (December 14, 2022): 16753. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142416753.
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Cow manure is an abundant residue and poses a problem regarding recycling. Intensive animal farming produces manure, which, if not properly managed, can contaminate nearby water bodies and soils with nutrient excess. There are 1.9 billion cattle worldwide, with a calculated capacity to produce 7.6 billion tons per year. Feeding of these cows is carried out mainly with cellulosic material. Therefore, cow manure contains an important fraction of lignocellulose. Cow manure can be valorized using such lignocellulosic fractions as the raw material of several fermentative processes. This fraction can be transformed into sugar, which can, in turn, be used to feed lactic acid bacteria (LAB). LAB produces lactic acid (LA), which can later be polymerized to poly(lactic acid) (PLA), a bioplastic with promising market forecasts. This review describes the most updated processes for all of the necessary steps to produce lactic acid from lignocellulosic biomass with LAB. Key process parameters to obtain PLA from lignocellulose are reviewed and analyzed herein, including lignocellulosic fraction extraction, sugar transformation, pretreatment, hydrolysis, fermentation, purification, and polymerization. This review highlights the potentiality to obtain lignocellulose from cow manure, as well as its use to obtain PLA.
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Tian, Baoyu, Chunxiang Wang, Ruirui Lv, Junxiong Zhou, Xin Li, Yi Zheng, Xiangyu Jin, et al. "Community Structure and Succession Regulation of Fungal Consortia in the Lignocellulose-Degrading Process on Natural Biomass." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/845721.
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The study aims to investigate fungal community structures and dynamic changes in forest soil lignocellulose-degrading process. rRNA gene clone libraries for the samples collected in different stages of lignocellulose degradation process were constructed and analyzed. A total of 26 representative RFLP types were obtained from original soil clone library, including Mucoromycotina (29.5%), unclassified Zygomycetes (33.5%), Ascomycota (32.4%), and Basidiomycota (4.6%). When soil accumulated with natural lignocellulose, 16 RFLP types were identified from 8-day clone library, including Basidiomycota (62.5%), Ascomycota (36.1%), and Fungi incertae sedis (1.4%). After enrichment for 15 days, identified 11 RFLP types were placed in 3 fungal groups: Basidiomycota (86.9%), Ascomycota (11.5%), and Fungi incertae sedis (1.6%). The results showed richer, more diversity and abundance fungal groups in original forest soil. With the degradation of lignocellulose, fungal groups Mucoromycotina and Ascomycota decreased gradually, and wood-rotting fungi Basidiomycota increased and replaced the opportunist fungi to become predominant group. Most of the fungal clones identified in sample were related to the reported lignocellulose-decomposing strains. Understanding of the microbial community structure and dynamic change during natural lignocellulose-degrading process will provide us with an idea and a basis to construct available commercial lignocellulosic enzymes or microbial complex.
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Nakyp, A. M., A. A. Dauylbek, Abdolla Nakyp, S. М. Nakypova, and Zh М. Zharasova. "USE OF LIGNOCELLULOSE POWDERS AS SWELLING FILLERS FOR RUBBERS." Chemistry and Chemical Technology 1 (2023): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.52081/chchtj.2023.v01.i1.002.
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Rubber sealing elements, which are limited in swelling in aqueous media, filling the space between the contacting surfaces, are widely used in the designs of packers in the oil and gas industry. The paper considers the use of porous lignocellulosic products as swelling fillers for rubbers with limited swelling. Lignocellulosic powder products are additives obtained by finely dispersed processing. Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose was used as a swelling polymer. Polycell 9B and lignocellulose powder from non-woody herbaceous plants. Some used cotton, flax or alfalfa. The mixing of basic rubber compound with swelling polymer was carried out in a closed rubber mixer of «Brabender» Company W50 E. Physicists conducted mechanical tests. The degree of swelling in various aqueous media was determined. The aim of the study is to obtain high-strength swelling rubbers based on powdered ligocellulose from herbaceous plants and to study their effect on the physical complex and mechanical properties of swelling rubbers based on nitrile rubber grade BNKS-28. It was found that the introduction of powdered lignocellulose from flax into the rubber composition allows maintaining the conditional tensile strength of rubber at the sample level without swelling filler, while the introduction of an industrial product of carboxylated cellulose sodium carboxymethylcellulose leads to a significant decrease in the strength of rubber. It is shown that the introduction of powdered lignocellulose from alfalfa makes it possible to increase the degree of swelling of rubbers in KOH solution compared with rubber filled with powdered lignocellulose from cotton and powdered lignocellulose from flax.
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Kristiani, Anis, Kiky Corneliasari Sembiring, Haznan Abimanyu, and Fauzan Aulia. "HIDROLISIS LIGNOSELULOSA PELEPAH DAN TANDAN KOSONG KELAPA SAWIT DENGAN KATALIS ZIRKONIA TERSULFATASI." Jurnal Kimia Terapan Indonesia 15, no. 2 (December 15, 2013): 74–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/jkti.v15i2.112.
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Lignocellulosic biomass which are frond and empty fruit bunches (EFB) is second generation raw material for ethanol production. Lignocellulose usage is expected to create a green process. Utilization of lignocellulose materials into ethanol involved four main processes, i.e pretreatment, hydrolysis/sacharification, fermentation, distillation and dehydration ethanol that was product. This research aims to optimize hydrolysis process of EFB and frond by using sulfated zirconia catalyst characterized its physical and chemical properties as a solid acid catalyst. Catalytic hydrolysis process conducted at 160 DCfor 3 hours gave the highest TRS (Total Reducing Sugar) which is 17,51 % for EFB while for frondfor 2 hours which is 19,23 % .Keyword: Hydrolysis, solid acid catalyst, lignocellulose, frond, EFB, sulfated zirconia
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Miki, Kentaro, Hiroshi Kamitakahara, Arata Yoshinaga, Yuki Tobimatsu, and Toshiyuki Takano. "Methylation-triggered fractionation of lignocellulosic biomass to afford cellulose-, hemicellulose-, and lignin-based functional polymers via click chemistry." Green Chemistry 22, no. 9 (2020): 2909–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0gc00451k.
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Bunhu, Tavengwa, Nhamo Chaukura, and Lilian Tichagwa. "Preparation and Characterization of Polymer-Grafted Montmorillonite-Lignocellulose Nanocomposites by In Situ Intercalative Polymerization." Journal of Applied Chemistry 2016 (August 17, 2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4137398.
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Lignocellulose-clay nanocomposites were synthesized using an in situ intercalative polymerization method at 60°C and a pressure of 1 atm. The ratio of the montmorillonite clay to the lignocellulose ranged from 1 : 9 to 1 : 1 (MMT clay to lignocelluloses, wt%). The adsorbent materials were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). FTIR results showed that the polymers were covalently attached to the nanoclay and the lignocellulose in the nanocomposites. Both TEM and XRD analysis showed that the morphology of the materials ranged from phase-separated to intercalated nanocomposite adsorbents. Improved thermal stability, attributable to the presence of nanoclay, was observed for all the nanocomposites. The nanocomposite materials prepared can potentially be used as adsorbents for the removal of pollutants in water treatment and purification.
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Mathews, Stephanie L., Mary Jane Epps, R. Kevin Blackburn, Michael B. Goshe, Amy M. Grunden, and Robert R. Dunn. "Public questions spur the discovery of new bacterial species associated with lignin bioconversion of industrial waste." Royal Society Open Science 6, no. 3 (March 2019): 180748. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.180748.
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A citizen science project found that the greenhouse camel cricket ( Diestrammena asynamora ) is common in North American homes. Public response was to wonder ‘what good are they anyway?’ and ecology and evolution guided the search for potential benefit. We predicted that camel crickets and similar household species would likely host bacteria with the ability to degrade recalcitrant carbon compounds. Lignocellulose is particularly relevant as it is difficult to degrade yet is an important feedstock for pulp and paper, chemical and biofuel industries. We screened gut bacteria of greenhouse camel crickets and another household insect, the hide beetle ( Dermestes maculatus ) for the ability to grow on and degrade lignocellulose components as well as the lignocellulose-derived industrial waste product black liquor. From three greenhouse camel crickets and three hide beetles, 14 bacterial strains were identified that were capable of growth on lignocellulosic components, including lignin. Cedecea lapagei was selected for further study due to growth on most lignocellulose components. The C. lapagei secretome was identified using LC/MS/MS analysis. This work demonstrates a novel source of lignocellulose-degrading bacteria and introduces an effective workflow to identify bacterial enzymes for transforming industrial waste into value-added products. More generally, our research suggests the value of ecologically guided discovery of novel organisms.
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Østby, Heidi, and Anikó Várnai. "Hemicellulolytic enzymes in lignocellulose processing." Essays in Biochemistry 67, no. 3 (April 2023): 533–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/ebc20220154.
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Abstract Lignocellulosic biomass is the most abundant source of carbon-based material on a global basis, serving as a raw material for cellulosic fibers, hemicellulosic polymers, platform sugars, and lignin resins or monomers. In nature, the various components of lignocellulose (primarily cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) are decomposed by saprophytic fungi and bacteria utilizing specialized enzymes. Enzymes are specific catalysts and can, in many cases, be produced on-site at lignocellulose biorefineries. In addition to reducing the use of often less environmentally friendly chemical processes, the application of such enzymes in lignocellulose processing to obtain a range of specialty products can maximize the use of the feedstock and valorize many of the traditionally underutilized components of lignocellulose, while increasing the economic viability of the biorefinery. While cellulose has a rich history of use in the pulp and paper industries, the hemicellulosic fraction of lignocellulose remains relatively underutilized in modern biorefineries, among other reasons due to the heterogeneous chemical structure of hemicellulose polysaccharides, the composition of which varies significantly according to the feedstock and the choice of pretreatment method and extraction solvent. This paper reviews the potential of hemicellulose in lignocellulose processing with focus on what can be achieved using enzymatic means. In particular, we discuss the various enzyme activities required for complete depolymerization of the primary hemicellulose types found in plant cell walls and for the upgrading of hemicellulosic polymers, oligosaccharides, and pentose sugars derived from hemicellulose depolymerization into a broad spectrum of value-added products.
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Niu, Jiayu, and Xiufen Li. "Effects of Microbial Inoculation with Different Indigenous Bacillus Species on Physicochemical Characteristics and Bacterial Succession during Short-Term Composting." Fermentation 8, no. 4 (March 29, 2022): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8040152.
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Bacillus accelerates lignocellulose degradation, promotes the stabilization and resource utilization of compost by secreting enzymes, and plays an important role in compost formation and quality control. This study evaluated enzyme activity, lignocellulosic degradation, and bacterial succession in composting inoculated with different microbial Bacillus agents. They were identified as B. licheniformis, B. subtilis, B. thermoamylovorans, B. thermoruber, and B. hisashii. Four treatments were established, including a CK (uninoculated microorganisms), A (B. licheniformis, B. subtilis, B. thermoamylovorans,and B. hisashii), B (B. subtilis, B. thermoamylovorans, B. thermoruber, and B. hisashii), and C (B. subtilis, B. thermoamylovorans, and B. hisashii), and the composting lasted 7–14 days. Lignin and cellulose degradation rates in B during composting were 17.1% and 36.7% at the cooling stage, respectively. Redundancy analysis showed that degradation of lignocellulose in the thermophilic stage was mainly related to the secretion of lignocellulose-degrading enzymes after microbial inoculation. 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that Bacillus (20.3%) and Thermobifida (20.2%) were the dominant genera. Inoculation with a combination including B. thermoruber was a feasible way to increase lignocellulose degradation and promote maturity in sewage sludge composting.
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Durig, D. T., J. S. Esterle, T. J. Dickson, and J. R. Durig. "An Investigation of the Chemical Variability of Woody Peat by FT-IR Spectroscopy." Applied Spectroscopy 42, no. 7 (September 1988): 1239–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702884429986.
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Woody peats from Indonesia and Malaysia were examined by FT-IR spectroscopy to observe the variation in degree of humification between peat types and among botanical components and matrix material within a peat type. Results of the FT-IR analysis showed significant changes occurring in the 1600 and 1000 cm−1 regions which are interpreted to represent lignin and lignocellulose, respectively. These components were considered to describe variations in degree of humification. Between peat types the intensity of the lignocellulose region decreased accordingly between fibric, hemic, and sapric samples. Within a sample, variations in the relative amount of lignocellulose in the three different size fractions of a sample were observed that could generally, but not always, be related to peat type. In all peat types the coarse material still contained some lignocellulosic component, whereas the finer fractions contained variably less to no lignocellulose. The lignin-dominated composition of the finer matrix material suggests that these peats are derived mainly from trees and woody vines with little input from herbaceous, less decay-resistant (cellulose-dominant) plant material.
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SHINDE, RESHMA. "Isolation of lignocelluloses degrading microbes from soil and their screening based on qualitative analysis and enzymatic assays." Annals of Plant and Soil Research 24, no. 3 (August 1, 2022): 347–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.47815/apsr.2022.10174.
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Crop residues (CRs) composed of structurally complex lignocellulosic material which is resistant to degradation due to various biologically stable linkages present in it. Enhancing the process of its biological degradation using microbial strains capable of decomposing lignocellulose would not only solve the problem of CR disposal but also recycle the organic carbon, NPK and other plant nutrients back into the soil. This study was aimed at isolating and screening of the lignocellulose decomposing microbes from various sources such as crop residue incorporated soil, forest soil, soil near decaying wood, compost pit and dump yard. Total of 15 fungi and 6 bacteria were isolated in the form of pure colonies and screened for cellulose and lignin decomposing ability using carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and tannic acid (TA) agar media on the basis of appearance of clear zone. Five fungal and two bacterial cultures identified as lignocellulose decomposers were further screened quantitatively for CMCase and filter paperase enzyme assay by standard protocols. Two fungal strains, identified as Trichoderma species and Aspergillus species showed significant enzymatic activity and can be utilized as a potential lignocellulose decomposer
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Dudhagara, Dhushyant, and Karetha Payal. "Isolation and Screening of Lignin Degrading Fungi from Wood." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 3 (March 31, 2023): 2368–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.50004.
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Abstract: Wood and lignocellulosic biomass is a low cost and abundant resource that can be used in the large scale production of fuels and chemicals. Lignocellulose can be converted into many products replacing products produced from fossil, such as bioenergy, biochemicals and biomaterial products through several treatment. In the bioethanol production, the lignin content in lignocellulose causes the conversion of cellulose to ethanol is less optimal. This research aimed to screen a number of fungal isolated from tropical forests to obtain the lignin-degrading fungi which are potentially used in lignocellulose biotreatment. The presences of covalent lignin carbohydrate linkage between sugar hydroxyl of hemicelluloses and phenylpropane subunits in lignin gives lignocellulose protection against degradation. Biofuel plays an essential role in replacing petroleum based fuels in current worldwide energy situation. The aim of the project is to identify new stain of fungi with high potential in degradation of lignin. The fungi is isolated from rotting wood piece for the study . Pereformed different methods to isolate the efficient fungi to degrade the lignin.
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SHINDE, RESHMA. "Isolation of lignocelluloses degrading microbes from soil and their screening based on qualitative analysis and enzymatic assays." Annals of Plant and Soil Research 24, no. 3 (August 1, 2022): 347–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.47815/apsr.2021.10174.
Full textAbstract:
Crop residues (CRs) composed of structurally complex lignocellulosic material which is resistant to degradation due to various biologically stable linkages present in it. Enhancing the process of its biological degradation using microbial strains capable of decomposing lignocellulose would not only solve the problem of CR disposal but also recycle the organic carbon, NPK and other plant nutrients back into the soil. This study was aimed at isolating and screening of the lignocellulose decomposing microbes from various sources such as crop residue incorporated soil, forest soil, soil near decaying wood, compost pit and dump yard. Total of 15 fungi and 6 bacteria were isolated in the form of pure colonies and screened for cellulose and lignin decomposing ability using carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and tannic acid (TA) agar media on the basis of appearance of clear zone. Five fungal and two bacterial cultures identified as lignocellulose decomposers were further screened quantitatively for CMCase and filter paperase enzyme assay by standard protocols. Two fungal strains, identified as Trichoderma species and Aspergillus species showed significant enzymatic activity and can be utilized as a potential lignocellulose decomposer.
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Wang, Cai, Zhang, Xu, and Yu. "Laboratory Investigation of Lignocellulosic Biomass as Performance Improver for Bituminous Materials." Polymers 11, no. 8 (July 29, 2019): 1253. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11081253.
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Lignocellulosic biomass has gained increasing attention as a performance modifier for bituminous material due to the vast amount available, its low cost and its potential to improve the durability of pavement. However, a comprehensive study concerning both the binder and mixture performance of modified bituminous material with lignocellulose is still limited. This research aims to evaluate the feasibility of applying lignocellulose as bitumen modifier by rheological, chemical and mechanical tests. To this end, two lignocellulosic biomass modified bituminous binders and corresponding mixtures were prepared and tested. The chemical characterization revealed the interaction between lignocellulosic biomass and bitumen fractions. Rheological test results have shown that lignocellulosic modifiers improve the overall performance of bituminous binder at high, intermediate and low temperatures. The findings obtained by mixture mechanical tests were identical to the binder test results, proving the positive effect of lignocellulosic biomass on overall paving performance of bituminous materials. Although lignocellulosic modifier slightly deteriorates the bitumen workability, the modified bitumen still meets the viscosity requirements mentioned in Superpave specification. This paper suggests that lignocellulosic biomass is a promising modifier for bituminous materials with both engineering and economic merits. Future study will focus on field validation and life cycle assessment of bituminous pavement with lignocellulosic biomass.
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Sharma, Neha, Lekha Charan Meher, Krishna Chandra, Mitesh Mittal, Sanjai Kumar Dwivedi, and Madhu Bala. "Synthesis of 2, 5 Dimethyl Furan from Renewable Lignocellulosic Biomass." Defence Life Science Journal 4, no. 2 (April 11, 2019): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dlsj.4.12641.
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Renewable biomass resources could reduce the dependency on the fossil fuels by conversion of its lignocellulose into bio-fuels and other valuable chemicals. Depolymerisation of lignocellulose, hydrolysis of cellulose to monomer glucose and its subsequent dehydration results 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF). HMF is an important platform chemical for fuels and various other applications. The hydrogenation of HMF results 2, 5-dimethylfuran (DMF), which may be a biofuel with 40 per cent greater energy density than that of ethanol. The homogeneous catalytic method is preferred for lignocellulosic biomass conversion to cellulose, its hydrolysis and further dehydration to HMF. The Cu-Ru/C and related catalysts are preferred for hydrogenation of HMD to 2, 5-dimethylfuran. This review is an attempt to summarise the current research and developments in the field of lignocellulose derived HMF and further conversion to DMF as a potential biofuel.
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Troncoso, Omar P., Jim I. Corman-Hijar, and Fernando G. Torres. "Lignocellulosic Biomass for the Fabrication of Triboelectric Nano-Generators (TENGs)—A Review." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 21 (October 30, 2023): 15784. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms242115784.
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Growth in population and increased environmental awareness demand the emergence of new energy sources with low environmental impact. Lignocellulosic biomass is mainly composed of cellulose, lignin, and hemicellulose. These materials have been used in the energy industry for the production of biofuels as an eco-friendly alternative to fossil fuels. However, their use in the fabrication of small electronic devices is still under development. Lignocellulose-based triboelectric nanogenerators (LC-TENGs) have emerged as an eco-friendly alternative to conventional batteries, which are mainly composed of harmful and non-degradable materials. These LC-TENGs use lignocellulose-based components, which serve as electrodes or triboelectric active materials. These materials can be derived from bulk materials such as wood, seeds, or leaves, or they can be derived from waste materials from the timber industry, agriculture, or recycled urban materials. LC-TENG devices represent an eco-friendly, low-cost, and effective mechanism for harvesting environmental mechanical energy to generate electricity, enabling the development of self-powered devices and sensors. In this study, a comprehensive review of lignocellulosic-based materials was conducted to highlight their use as both electrodes and triboelectric active surfaces in the development of novel eco-friendly triboelectric nano-generators (LC-TENGs). The composition of lignocellulose and the classification and applications of LC-TENGs are discussed.
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Suzuki, Shiori, Yoshiki Shibata, Daisuke Hirose, Takatsugu Endo, Kazuaki Ninomiya, Ryohei Kakuchi, and Kenji Takahashi. "Cellulose triacetate synthesis via one-pot organocatalytic transesterification and delignification of pretreated bagasse." RSC Advances 8, no. 39 (2018): 21768–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ra03859g.
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Cellulose triacetate was synthesised by the transesterification reaction of mild acid-pretreated lignocellulosic biomass with a stable acetylating reagent in an ionic liquid, EmimOAc, which enabled the dissolution of lignocellulose as well as the organocatalytic reaction.
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Funaoka, Masamitsu. "Lignocellulose." JAPAN TAPPI JOURNAL 67, no. 8 (2013): 875–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2524/jtappij.67.875.
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Nenkova, Sanchi, Peter Velev, Mirela Dragnevska, Diyana Nikolova, and Kiril Dimitrov. "Lignocellulose nanocomposite containing copper sulfide." BioResources 6, no. 3 (May 6, 2011): 2356–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.6.3.2356-2365.
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Copper sulfide-containing lignocellulose nanocomposites with improved electroconductivity were obtained. Two methods for preparing the copper sulfide lignocellulose nanocomposites were developed. An optimization of the parameters for obtaining of the nanocomposites with respect to obtaining improved electroconductivity, economy, and lower quantities and concentration of copper and sulfur ions in waste waters was conducted. The mechanisms and schemes of delaying and subsequent connection of copper sulfides in the lignocellulosic matrix were investigated. The modification with a system of 2 components: cupric sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO4. 5H2O) and sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate (Na2S2O3.5H2O) for wood fibers is preferred. Optimal parameters were established for the process: 40 % of the reduction system; hydromodule M=1:6; and ratio of cupric sulfate pentahydrate:sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate = 1:2. The coordinative connection of copper ions with oxygen atoms of cellulose OH groups and aromatic nucleus in lignin macromolecule was observed.
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Tanis, Medya Hatun, Ola Wallberg, Mats Galbe, and Basel Al-Rudainy. "Lignin Extraction by Using Two-Step Fractionation: A Review." Molecules 29, no. 1 (December 22, 2023): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29010098.
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Lignocellulosic biomass represents the most abundant renewable carbon source on earth and is already used for energy and biofuel production. The pivotal step in the conversion process involving lignocellulosic biomass is pretreatment, which aims to disrupt the lignocellulose matrix. For effective pretreatment, a comprehensive understanding of the intricate structure of lignocellulose and its compositional properties during component disintegration and subsequent conversion is essential. The presence of lignin-carbohydrate complexes and covalent interactions between them within the lignocellulosic matrix confers a distinctively labile nature to hemicellulose. Meanwhile, the recalcitrant characteristics of lignin pose challenges in the fractionation process, particularly during delignification. Delignification is a critical step that directly impacts the purity of lignin and facilitates the breakdown of bonds involving lignin and lignin-carbohydrate complexes surrounding cellulose. This article discusses a two-step fractionation approach for efficient lignin extraction, providing viable paths for lignin-based valorization described in the literature. This approach allows for the creation of individual process streams for each component, tailored to extract their corresponding compounds.
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Pérez-Merchán, Antonio Manuel, Gabriela Rodríguez-Carballo, Benjamín Torres-Olea, Cristina García-Sancho, Pedro Jesús Maireles-Torres, Josefa Mérida-Robles, and Ramón Moreno-Tost. "Recent Advances in Mechanochemical Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass." Energies 15, no. 16 (August 17, 2022): 5948. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15165948.
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Biorefineries are industrial facilities where biomass is converted into chemicals, fuels and energy. The use of lignocellulose as raw material implies the development of pretreatments to reduce its recalcitrant character prior to the processes that lead to the synthesis of the products of interest. These treatments are based on physico-chemical processes where it is necessary to use acids, bases, oxidants, and high pressure and temperature conditions that lead to the depolymerization of lignocellulose at the expense of generating a series of streams that must be treated later or to the production of by-products. In recent years, mechanochemistry is becoming relevant in the design of processes that help in the depolymerization of lignocellulose. These mechanochemical processes are being used in combination with chemicals and/or enzymes, allowing the use of minor loads of reagents or enzymes. In this review, the advances achieved in the use of mechanochemistry for treating lignocellulosic biomass or cellulose will be presented, with special emphasis on how these mechanochemical processes modify the structure of lignocellulose and help subsequent treatments. It will focus on using ball milling or extrusion, ending with a section dedicated to future work needed to implement these technologies at the industrial level.
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Naini, Al-Arofatus, Nurwahdah Nurwahdah, Ratri Yuli Lestari, and Sunardi Sunardi, Ph.D. "Praperlakuan secara Hidrotermal Limbah Lignoselulosa untuk Produksi Bioetanol Generasi Kedua (Pretreatment of Lignocellulose Wastes Using Hydrothermal Method for Producing Second Generation Bioethanol)." Jurnal Riset Industri Hasil Hutan 10, no. 2 (December 28, 2018): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.24111/jrihh.v10i2.4078.
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The second generation of bioethanol derived from various cellulosic biomass materials is one of the latest renewable energy as the alternative of fossil fuel. The cellulosic waste based wood and non-wood materials are the most abundant natural resource on the earth, renewable, and inexpensive. Currently, second generation bioethanol development is still not optimally done due to various obstacles, especially the pretreatment process to eliminate lignin, influencing the conversion process of cellulose into reducing sugar. Hydrothermal method is one of lignocellulose pretreatments, which is widely developed because this method is relatively cheap and environmentally friendly with the utilization of water-based solvent. Hydrothermal methods performed at high temperature and pressure in a relatively short time are able to deconstruct the lignocellulose structure that enables cellulase enzymes to access cellulose for hydrolysis. This study discussed about the development of hydrothermal method for lignocellulose pretreatment process to increase production of second-generation bioethanol. Some aspects studied in this research were structural change, chemical composition, lignocellulosic crystallinity before and after hydrothermal processes, and hydrothermal effect on the production of reducing sugars. Hydrothermal method could be used and developed as an efficient and cheap method as the first treatment of lignocellulose waste in attempt to increase the production of bioethanol.
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Rahimi-Ajdadi, Fatemeh, and Masoomeh Esmaili. "Effective Pre-Treatments for Enhancement of Biodegradation of Agricultural Lignocellulosic Wastes in Anaerobic Digestion – A Review." Acta Technologica Agriculturae 23, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ata-2020-0017.
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AbstractAgricultural crop residues like stems, straws and leaves are valuable resources for biofuel production, especially methane, due to anaerobic digestion. Biogas from agricultural lignocellulosic wastes is capable of attaining sustainable energy yields without environmental pollution. Farmers in many developing countries burn these wastes throughout their fields, imposing environmental hazard due to emission of greenhouse gases. The main problem in this field is the recalcitrance of the agricultural lignocellulose waste that limits its enzymatic degradation and hydrolysis efficiency and consequently decreases biogas production. Therefore, efficient pre-treatments prior to anaerobic digestion are essential. Various pre-treatment methods are used for increasing the anaerobic digestibility of lignocellulose biomass, such as physical (mechanical, thermal, etc.), chemical, biological and combined pre-treatments. This paper reviews different pre-treatments used in anaerobic digestion for the agricultural lignocellulosic wastes and explains the advantages and disadvantages of each. The most frequently used pre-treatments for main agricultural wastes in process of biogas production are also introduced.
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Wang, Guan Rong, and Yu Lin Duan. "Studies on Lignocellulose Degradation by Rumen Microorganism." Advanced Materials Research 853 (December 2013): 253–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.853.253.
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Lignocellulosic material is the earth's most abundant renewable resource, but because of its stable and complex structure, it is not easy for depredating and utilizing for a long time. Rumen can degrade lignocellulose, and is one of nature's most efficient fermentation fermenter; to be study rumen microorganisms has the potential to provide valuable solutions to renewable energy, processing of agricultural waste, organic waste etc. Research methods vary from screening of cellulose-degradation bacteria, enzymatic characterization, to the use of metagenomics technology to get a large number of genes directly from the rumen. This article reviews the characteristics, mechanism and contribution of different rumen microbial in degradation of lignocellulose, as well as the research progress of enzymatic characterization and rumen microbial metagenomics.
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Tuntsev, Denis V., Dmitry B. Prosvirnikov, and R. R. Kozlov. "Physical and Chemical Properties of Activated Lignocellulose and its Areas of Application." Solid State Phenomena 284 (October 2018): 779–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.284.779.
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In this paper we present the results of a study of the physical and chemical properties of activated lignocellulose obtained in the process of steam explosion treatment of various breeds of wood. It is shown that fibrous material has a high potential for scientific and commercial use: in the field of production of pulp for paper and cardboard production in a more efficient way, to obtain microcrystalline cellulose by hydrolysis, to produce coarse lignocellulosic fibers for the production of construction and insulation boards with new properties. The scope of activated lignocellulose is not limited only to these directions, but can be significantly expanded due to the competent use of its physical and chemical properties.
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Taggar, Monica Sachdeva. "Insect cellulolytic enzymes: Novel sources for degradation of lignocellulosic biomass." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 7, no. 2 (December 1, 2015): 625–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v7i2.656.
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Alternative and renewable fuels derived from lignocellulosic biomass offer the potential to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels and mitigate global climate change. Cellulose is one of the major structural components in all lignocellulosic wastes and enzymatic depolymerization of cellulose by cellulases is an essential step in bio-ethanol production. Wood-degrading insects are potential source of biochemical catalysts for converting wood lignocellulose into biofuels. Cellulose digestion has been demonstrated in more than 20 insect families representing ten distinct insect orders. Termite guts been have considered as the “world’s smallest bioreactors” since they digest a significant proportion of cellulose (74-99%) and hemicellulose (65-87%) components of lignocelluloses they ingest. The lower termites harbor protistan symbionts in hindgut whereas higher termites lack these in the hind gut. Studies on cellulose digestion in termites and other insects with reference to ligno-cellulose degrading enzymes have been well focused in this review. The studies on insect cellulolytic systems can lead to the discovery of a variety of novel biocatalysts and genes that encode them, as well as associated unique mechanisms for efficient biomass conversion into biofuels.
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Zhang, Baige, Hongzhao Li, Limei Chen, Tianhong Fu, Bingbing Tang, Yongzhou Hao, Jing Li, et al. "Recent Advances in the Bioconversion of Waste Straw Biomass with Steam Explosion Technique: A Comprehensive Review." Processes 10, no. 10 (September 28, 2022): 1959. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10101959.
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Waste straw biomass is an abundant renewable bioresource raw material on Earth. Its stubborn wooden cellulose structure limits straw lignocellulose bioconversion into value-added products (e.g., biofuel, chemicals, and agricultural products). Compared to physicochemical and other preprocessing techniques, the steam explosion method, as a kind of hydrothermal method, was considered as a practical, eco-friendly, and cost-effective method to overcome the above-mentioned barriers during straw lignocellulose bioconversion. Steam explosion pretreatment of straw lignocellulose can effectively improve the conversion efficiency of producing biofuels and value-added chemicals and is expected to replace fossil fuels and partially replace traditional chemical fertilizers. Although the principles of steam explosion destruction of lignocellulosic structures for bioconversion to liquid fuels and producing solid biofuel were well known, applications of steam explosion in productions of value-added chemicals, organic fertilizers, biogas, etc. were less identified. Therefore, this review provides insights into advanced methods of utilizing steam explosion for straw biomass conversion as well as their corresponding processes and mechanisms. Finally, the current limitations and prospects of straw biomass conversion with steam explosion technology were elucidated.
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Yaverino-Gutiérrez, Mario Alberto, Alán Yazid Chávez-Hita Wong, Lizbeth Alejandra Ibarra-Muñoz, Ana Cristina Figueroa Chávez, Jazel Doménica Sosa-Martínez, Ana Sofia Tagle-Pedroza, Javier Ulises Hernández-Beltran, et al. "Perspectives and Progress in Bioethanol Processing and Social Economic Impacts." Sustainability 16, no. 2 (January 10, 2024): 608. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16020608.
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The liquid biofuel bioethanol is widely produced worldwide via fermenting sugars extracted from a variety of raw materials, including lignocellulose biomass, one of the world’s most abundant renewable resources. Due to its recalcitrant character, lignocellulose is usually pretreated by mechanical, chemical, and biological methods to maximize sugar recovery. Pretreated lignocellulose biomass undergoes a fermentation process performed sequentially or simultaneously to saccharification. The different fermentation strategies (e.g., separate or simultaneous hydrolysis and fermentation or co-fermentation) and conditions (e.g., inoculum type load, agitation, temperature, and pH) affect ethanol yield. Genetic modification of the inoculum has been focused recently to improve ethanol tolerance and as well as to use different sugars to enhance the performance of the microorganisms involved in fermentation. Nonetheless, these improvements result in a substantial increase in costs and have certain environmental costs. This review offers an overview of advancements in bioethanol production, with a primary focus on lignocellulosic feedstock, while also considering other feedstocks. Furthermore, it provides insights into the economic, social, and environmental impacts associated with bioethanol production.
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Agregán, Rubén, José M. Lorenzo, Manoj Kumar, Mohammad Ali Shariati, Muhammad Usman Khan, Abid Sarwar, Muhammad Sultan, Maksim Rebezov, and Muhammad Usman. "Anaerobic Digestion of Lignocellulose Components: Challenges and Novel Approaches." Energies 15, no. 22 (November 10, 2022): 8413. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15228413.
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The reuse of lignocellulosic biomaterials as a source of clean energy has been explored in recent years due to the large amount of waste that involves human activities, such as those related to agriculture and food. The anaerobic digestion (AD) of plant-based biomass for bioenergy production poses a series of challenges that new technologies are attempting to solve. An improved decomposition of recalcitrant lignocellulose together with an increase in biogas production yield are the main objectives of these new approaches, which also seek the added value of being environmentally friendly. Recent research has reported significant progress in this regard, offering promising outcomes on the degradation of lignocellulose and its subsequent transformation into biomethane by specialized anaerobic microorganisms, overcoming the drawbacks inherent to the process and improving the yield of methane production. The future of the agri–food industry seems to be heading towards the implementation of a circular economy through the introduction of strategies based on the optimized use of lignocellulosic residues as a source of clean and sustainable energy.
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Li, Po Min, Ching Wei Lee, and Jhan Shan Lin. "Using Biological Process to Destroy Lignocellulosic Structure for Energy Conversion." Advanced Materials Research 343-344 (September 2011): 273–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.343-344.273.
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Lignocellulose is one of the richest biological resources on earth. Yet, due to the robust structure, lignocelluloses are still not effectively utilized. This research adopted the fungi from the nature—Corilus versicolor—to culture and destroy the lignocellusic structure. The object of the research was banana stalks, a common Taiwan agricultural waste. The banana stalks were physically pretreated to banana wood flour before use. Through changes of the grains’ sizes of the banana wood flour, and proportions of the compounded carbons of the banana wood flour in the media, the optimal degradation activity was determined. The result showed that on the 12th day the 5mm grains used to replace the compounded carbons reached the maximal microbial activity, 70 times of a general medium. On the 14th day near 18% of celluloses were consumed by white-rot fungi. The result has contribution to lignocellulosic structure breakdown and a great step for energy conversion in subsequent stage.
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Chukwuma, Ogechukwu Bose, Mohd Rafatullah, Husnul Azan Tajarudin, and Norli Ismail. "Lignocellulolytic Enzymes in Biotechnological and Industrial Processes: A Review." Sustainability 12, no. 18 (September 4, 2020): 7282. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187282.
Full textAbstract:
Tons of anthropological activities contribute daily to the massive amount of lignocellulosic wastes produced annually. Unfortunately, their full potential usually is underutilized, and most of the biomass ends up in landfills. Lignocellulolytic enzymes are vital and central to developing an economical, environmentally friendly, and sustainable biological method for pre-treatment and degradation of lignocellulosic biomass which can lead to the release of essential end products such as enzymes, organic acids, chemicals, feed, and biofuel. Sustainable degradation of lignocellulosic biomass via hydrolysis is achievable by lignocellulolytic enzymes, which can be used in various applications, including but not limited to biofuel production, the textile industry, waste treatment, the food and drink industry, personal care industry, health and pharmaceutical industries. Nevertheless, for this to materialize, feasible steps to overcome the high cost of pre-treatment and lower operational costs such as handling, storage, and transportation of lignocellulose waste need to be deployed. Insight on lignocellulolytic enzymes and how they can be exploited industrially will help develop novel processes that will reduce cost and improve the adoption of biomass, which is more advantageous. This review focuses on lignocellulases, their use in the sustainable conversion of waste biomass to produce valued-end products, and challenges impeding their adoption.
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Deivy Andhika Permata, Anwar Kasim, Alfi Asben, and Yusniwati. "Delignification of Lignocellulosic Biomass." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 12, no. 2 (November 30, 2021): 462–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2021.12.2.0618.
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Delignification is the process of breaking lignocellulose into lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose. The presence of lignin in lignocellulosic materials results in the limited utilization of cellulose. This article discusses lignin and the delignification process. There are various delignification methods from the literature study, namely physical, chemical, semi-chemical, mechanical, and enzymatic.
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Chuetor, Santi, Rafael Luque, Cécile Barron, Abderrahim Solhy, Xavier Rouau, and Abdellatif Barakat. "Innovative combined dry fractionation technologies for rice straw valorization to biofuels." Green Chemistry 17, no. 2 (2015): 926–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4gc01718h.
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Development of an innovative lignocellulosic biorefinery: milling combined with electrostatic (EF-T) and turbo (TF-T) fractionation technologies of lignocellulose biomass. EF-T and TF-T appear to be interesting technologies for biofuel production from waste feedstocks (e.g. rice straw) without any chemical or water inputs and minimizing waste generation.
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Maskow, Thomas, and Dietmar Schlosser. "Lignocellulose-Verwertung durch Pilze mit metabolischer Wärme erfassen." BIOspektrum 29, no. 3 (May 2023): 321–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12268-023-1944-5.
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AbstractBiocalorimetry can aid in the monitoring of solid-state fermentation (SSF) of lignocelluloses and enables to determine fungal growth rates and stages during growth on e. g. wheat straw. It further allows to determine species-specific fungal heat yield coefficients (YQ/X), which indicate the degree of resource investment into fungal biomass versus other functional attributes. YQ/X values seem suitable to link fungal potentials for biomass production to different fungal lignocellulose utilization strategies and may be considered as fungal life history traits.
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Wang, Yilan, Yuedong Zhang, Qiu Cui, Yingang Feng, and Jinsong Xuan. "Composition of Lignocellulose Hydrolysate in Different Biorefinery Strategies: Nutrients and Inhibitors." Molecules 29, no. 10 (May 11, 2024): 2275. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29102275.
Full textAbstract:
The hydrolysis and biotransformation of lignocellulose, i.e., biorefinery, can provide human beings with biofuels, bio-based chemicals, and materials, and is an important technology to solve the fossil energy crisis and promote global sustainable development. Biorefinery involves steps such as pretreatment, saccharification, and fermentation, and researchers have developed a variety of biorefinery strategies to optimize the process and reduce process costs in recent years. Lignocellulosic hydrolysates are platforms that connect the saccharification process and downstream fermentation. The hydrolysate composition is closely related to biomass raw materials, the pretreatment process, and the choice of biorefining strategies, and provides not only nutrients but also possible inhibitors for downstream fermentation. In this review, we summarized the effects of each stage of lignocellulosic biorefinery on nutrients and possible inhibitors, analyzed the huge differences in nutrient retention and inhibitor generation among various biorefinery strategies, and emphasized that all steps in lignocellulose biorefinery need to be considered comprehensively to achieve maximum nutrient retention and optimal control of inhibitors at low cost, to provide a reference for the development of biomass energy and chemicals.