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Journal articles on the topic 'Lignocellulosic micro'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 16 July 2025

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Teangtam, Sarocha, Wissanee Yingprasert, and Phichit Somboon. "Production of micro-lignocellulosic fibril rubber composites and their application in coated layers of building materials." BioResources 19, no. 1 (2023): 620–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.19.1.620-634.

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Novel composite materials were made by combining micro-lignocellulosic fibrils and natural rubber applied as spray coated layers for building materials. The micro-lignocellulosic fibrils were produced based on the mechanical pulping process with jute bast as the raw material. The obtained micro-lignocellulosic fibrils had a good content of water-suspended materials with fibril widths of about 0.1 to 1.0 µm and fibril length of about 100 to 150 µm. The composites were produced using natural rubber mixed with the micro-lignocellulosic fibrils at 0, 5, and 10 parts per hundred of rubber, vulcanizing sulfur, and activated zinc oxide. The fibril-rubber suspension was formed in the composite sheets with a thickness of 0.5 to 1.5 mm using a spray coating technique and was oven-dried at 100 °C. The rubber composite had a homogenous fibril distribution in the rubber composite matrix, with good bonding between the fibrils and the rubber polymers. The fibrils contributed to the strength reinforcement of the rubber composite layers. The application of the micro-lignocellulosic fibril rubber composites coated onto industrial fiber cement boards enhanced the thermal insulation properties, which had a lower degree of thermal conductivity and heat diffusivity and enhanced the toughness and waterproofing of the fiber cement boards.

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Karagöz, Selhan, Takefumi Kawakami, Atsushi Kako, Yoshinori Iiguni, and Hajime Ohtani. "Single shot pyrolysis and on-line conversion of lignocellulosic biomass with HZSM-5 catalyst using tandem micro-reactor-GC-MS." RSC Advances 6, no. 52 (2016): 46108–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra04225b.

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Rybarczyk, Maria K., Hong-Jie Peng, Cheng Tang, Marek Lieder, Qiang Zhang, and Maria-Magdalena Titirici. "Porous carbon derived from rice husks as sustainable bioresources: insights into the role of micro-/mesoporous hierarchy in hosting active species for lithium–sulphur batteries." Green Chemistry 18, no. 19 (2016): 5169–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6gc00612d.

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Pyo, Minkyeong, Jongsun Kim, Seungwook Seok, Chan Ho Park, and Wonchang Choi. "Wood-Based Micro-Biochars in a Cement Mixture." Molecules 30, no. 9 (2025): 1898. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30091898.

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Immediate action is required to achieve carbon neutrality within the cement industry. The integration of biochar into cement as a component of reinforced concrete has potential to mitigate carbon emissions in the construction sector by enabling carbon sequestration. In pursuit of eco-friendly practices and improved physical properties of cement composites, this study investigated the properties of wood-based, micron-sized biochar as a non-carbonate raw material, including its chemical composition, morphology, and wettability. The characterization of lignocellulosic micro-biochar and its mechanical impact on cement composites was a focus of this study. Cement was partially replaced with varying weight percentages of micro-biochar (1, 3, and 5 wt%), and the effects were evaluated through compressive strength tests after 7 and 28 d. The results demonstrated that the micro-biochar could sustain strength even when substituted for cement. Notably, after 28 d, the compressive strength of the sample with only cement was 29.6 MPa, while the sample with 3 wt% biochar substitution showed 30.9 MPa, indicating a 4.4% increase. This research contributes to sustainable construction practices by offering a green solution for reducing carbon emissions in the industry.

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Schnell, Carla N., Quim Tarrés, María V. Galván, et al. "Polyelectrolyte complexes for assisting the application of lignocellulosic micro/nanofibers in papermaking." Cellulose 25, no. 10 (2018): 6083–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-018-1969-y.

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KHADRAOUI, Malek, Abirami SENTHIL, Ramzi KHIARI, Nicolas BROSSE, Latifa BERGAOUI, and Evelyne MAURET. "In situ sulfonation steam explosion: energy efficient for lignocellulosic micro/nanofibrils production." Industrial Crops and Products 202 (October 2023): 117067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2023.117067.

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Bhagia, Samarthya, John R. Dunlap, Mohammed Zahid A. Khuraishi, et al. "Fabrication of lignocellulosic biomass paper containing nanofibrillated biomass." BioResources 16, no. 1 (2020): 209–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.1.209-222.

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Fibrillated cellulose has been frequently used for making nanopapers and thin films. However, limited work has been carried out in the construction of such materials using native lignocellulosic biomass. Making papers from fibrillated biomass allows complete utilization of whole plant material and may reduce chemical and energy consumption. Ultra-friction grinding was used to directly fibrillate knife-milled poplar into micro- to nano-sized biomass fibers. Papers were made using the fibrillated biomass containing nanofibrillated biomass and their mechanical properties were tested. Biomass papers made via press-drying had higher tensile strength than papers made by air-drying. A higher press-drying temperature of 180 °C produced stronger papers than at 150 °C. Guar gum substantially increased the strength of the press-dried papers in comparison to cationic starch. Press-drying increased the thermogravimetric peak decomposition temperature by 13 °C in comparison to air-drying.

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Wang, Fei, Zhi Wang, Tao Xing, et al. "Acidogenic Fermentation of Kitchen Waste for the Production of Volatile Fatty Acids: Bioaugmentation by Bacillus GIEC." Journal of Biobased Materials and Bioenergy 17, no. 6 (2023): 698–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbmb.2023.2329.

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In this study, the lignocellulosic (banana peel, tea residue, and paper towel in a ratio of 1:1:1) and protein (chicken breast) components of kitchen waste (KW) were used as substrates for mesophilic anaerobic fermentation to produce volatile fatty acids (VFAs). The ability of a new strain belonging to Bacillus sp. to improve the degradation of kitchen waste and VFAs production was investigated. The results showed that the addition of Bacillus cell wall depolymerization GIEC (Bacillus GIEC) to the fermentation system could result in higher concentrations of soluble chemical oxygen demand (sCOD), improved the removal rates of volatile solids (VS), and increased yield of VFAs from the substrates. Compared with the control group, the sCOD concentrations of lignocellulosic and protein substrates increased by 132.58% and 18.36%, respectively; the volatile solids removal rates of lignocellulosic and protein substrates increased by 84.96% and 135.53%, respectively; the yield of VFAs of lignocellulosic and protein substrates increased by 61.29% and 35.92%, respectively, reaching 0.31 g/g VSadded and 0.67 g/g VSadded, separately. According to the study, the addition of Bacillus GIEC enhanced the solubilization of solid organic matter during hydrolysis process, further resulting in a higher yield of VFAs compared to the control group. Furthermore, the micro-aerobic test showed that the bioaugmentation ability of Bacillus GIEC has little effect by the presence of oxygen. The Bacillus GIEC has the potential for bioaugmentation of the VFAs production from kitchen waste.

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Prasad, Rajesh Kumar. "The Implementation of Waste Biomass Substrates as Feedstock for The Production of Bio-Electricity Through Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCS): A Short Review." International Journal of Biomass and Renewables 12, no. 2 (2023): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.61762/ijbrvol12iss2art24517.

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Lignocellulosic biomass plays a pivotal role in sustainable energy production, with a focus on indirect biomass fuel cells (IDBFC) and direct biomass fuel cells (DBFC). IDBFCs require the initial conversion of biomass into simpler forms like sugars, biogas, syngas, or biocharfor subsequent electricity generation. In contrast, DBFCs offer a more direct approach, generating electricity from biomass without intermediate steps. Lignocellulosic biomass, composed of cellulose, lignin, and hemicellulose, has diverse applications, from bioethanolto direct electricity generation. However, the complex composition of lignocellulosic compounds, including carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, nitrogen, and sulfur, poses challenges for efficient enzymatic hydrolysis, a crucial factor in achieving high power density inMicrobial Fuel Cells (MFCs). MFCs use microorganisms to convert substrates into electricity, influenced by factors like substrate degradation rate, circuit resistance, electron transfer rates, proton mass transfer, electrode materials, and operational conditions. The selection of proper electrode materials is vital for optimising MFC performance. At the heart of MFC performance are electricigens, microorganisms facilitating electron transfer from biomass to the anode through direct or indirect mechanisms. Direct electron transfer (DET), relying on physical contact between microorganism membranes and the anode, is preferred for its efficiency and eco-friendliness. The paper also explores the importance of nutrient supplements (macro and micro) in enhancing bio-methane production and process stability in agro-industrial biogas mono-digestion plants. Nutrient balance significantly affects microbial generation time, degradation rates, and gas production in anaerobic digestion processes. In conclusion, understanding the intricate interplay between lignocellulosic biomass energy fuel cells, electricigens, and their performance factors is crucial for advancing sustainable energy production. MFCs show promise in utilising sludge and various waste biomasses, positioning them as practical, reliable, and versatile power sources in the evolving landscape of renewable energy technologies. Keywords: Lignocellulosic waste, bioenergy, microbial fuel cells (MFCs), electricigens

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Tarrés, Quim, Neus Pellicer, Ana Balea, et al. "Lignocellulosic micro/nanofibers from wood sawdust applied to recycled fibers for the production of paper bags." International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 105 (June 5, 2017): 664–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.07.092.

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In the present work, lignocellulosic micro/nanofibers (LCMNF) were produced from pine sawdust. For that, pine sawdust was submitted to alkali treatment and subsequent bleaching stages, tailoring its chemical composition with the purpose of obtaining effective LCMNF. The obtained LCMNF were characterized and incorporated to recycled cardboard boxes with the purpose of producing recycled paper. The obtained results showed that it was possible to obtain LCMNF with the same reinforcing potential than those cellulose nanofibers (CNF) prepared by oxidative or other chemical methods In fact, the obtained papers increased the breaking length of recycled cardboard from 3338 m to 5347 m, being a value significantly higher than the requirements to produce paper bags. Overall, the studied strategies could allow a significant reduction of paper basis weight, with the consequent material saving and, thus, contribution to the environment.

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Ji, Hao, Ke Xu, Xiameng Dong, Da Sun та Libo Jin. "Sequential Production of ᴅ-xylonate and Ethanol from Non-Detoxified Corncob at Low-pH by Pichia kudriavzevii via a Two-Stage Fermentation Strategy". Journal of Fungi 7, № 12 (2021): 1038. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7121038.

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Improving the comprehensive utilization of sugars in lignocellulosic biomass is a major challenge for enhancing the economic viability of lignocellulose biorefinement. A robust yeast Pichia kudriavzevii N-X showed excellent performance in ethanol production under high temperature and low pH conditions and was engineered for ᴅ-xylonate production without xylitol generation. The recombinant strain P. kudriavzevii N-X/S1 was employed for sequential production of ᴅ-xylonate and ethanol from ᴅ-xylose, feeding on ᴅ-glucose without pH control in a two-stage strategy of aerobic and shifting micro-aerobic fermentation. Acid-pretreated corncob without detoxification and filtration was used for ᴅ-xylonate production, then simultaneous saccharification and ethanol fermentation was performed with cellulase added at pH 4.0 and at 40 °C. By this strategy, 33.5 g/L ᴅ-xylonate and 20.8 g/L ethanol were produced at yields of 1.10 g/g ᴅ-xylose and 84.3% of theoretical value, respectively. We propose a promising approach for the sequential production of ᴅ-xylonate and ethanol from non-detoxified corncob using a single microorganism.

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Nader, Saad, Felipe Guzman, Raphael Becar, et al. "Lignocellulosic Micro and Nanofibrillated Cellulose Produced by Steam Explosion for Wood Adhesive Formulations." Journal of Renewable Materials 10, no. 2 (2022): 263–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.32604/jrm.2022.017923.

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Tsapekos, P., P. G. Kougias, S. A. Vasileiou, G. Lyberatos, and I. Angelidaki. "Effect of micro-aeration and inoculum type on the biodegradation of lignocellulosic substrate." Bioresource Technology 225 (February 2017): 246–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.11.081.

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Aydemir, Deniz, Alper Kiziltas, Douglas J. Gardner, Yousoo Han, and Gokhan Gunduz. "Thermal Analysis of Micro- and Nano-Lignocellulosic Reinforced Styrene Maleic Anhydride Composite Foams." International Journal of Polymer Analysis and Characterization 20, no. 3 (2015): 231–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1023666x.2015.1012792.

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Guo, Xin, Yan Qing, Yiqiang Wu, and Qinglin Wu. "Molecular association of adsorbed water with lignocellulosic materials examined by micro-FTIR spectroscopy." International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 83 (February 2016): 117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.11.047.

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Sulaiman, Muhammad, Fahad Ali Rabbani, Tanveer Iqbal, et al. "Development and Characterization of Polymeric Composites Reinforced with Lignocellulosic Wastes for Packaging Applications." Sustainability 15, no. 13 (2023): 10161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151310161.

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In this work, the effects of different fiber loadings on the mechanical properties of the composites at the sub-micron scale were studied through nanoindentation followed by physical characterization. The composites were prepared by incorporating different loadings of wheat straw, corn stalk, and rice husk in polypropylene copolymer using a melt processing method followed by thermal–hydraulic compression technique. Nanoindentation experiments in quasi-continuous stiffness mode were performed on the surfaces of produced composites to study the composites’ elastic modulus, hardness, and creep properties. The obtained results expressed the in-depth study of the micro- and macro-level structure and behavior of particle interactions. The findings demonstrated that observable shifts in composites’ hardness, elastic modulus, and creep rate had occurred. The WS-reinforced biocomposite sheet showed the highest elastic modulus of 1.09 and hardness of 0.11 GPa at 40 wt% loading in comparison to other loadings. An impact strength of 7.55 kJ/m2 was noted for the biocomposite at 40 wt% RH loading. In addition, optical microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, water absorption, thickness swelling, and Vicat softening point studies were conducted on biocomposite sheets to evaluate differences in physical, mechanical, and thermal properties. The outstanding mechanical performance of the newly developed composites makes them suitable for use as a biodegradable packaging material.

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Sawatdeenarunat, Chayanon, Shihwu Sung, and Samir Kumar Khanal. "Enhanced volatile fatty acids production during anaerobic digestion of lignocellulosic biomass via micro-oxygenation." Bioresource Technology 237 (August 2017): 139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.02.029.

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Espinosa, Eduardo, Quim Tarrés, Juan Domínguez-Robles, Marc Delgado-Aguilar, Pere Mutjé, and Alejandro Rodríguez. "Recycled fibers for fluting production: The role of lignocellulosic micro/nanofibers of banana leaves." Journal of Cleaner Production 172 (January 2018): 233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.174.

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Hassanpoor Tichi, Ali, Behzad Bazyar, Habibollah Khademieslam, Hossein Rangavar, and Mohammad Talaeipour. "Is wollastonite capable of improving the properties of wood fiber-cement composite?" BioResources 14, no. 3 (2019): 6168–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.14.3.6168-6178.

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Effects of wollastonite substitution were investigated relative to the mechanical, physical, and microstructural properties of a wood fiber-cement composite. Wollastonite content of 0%, 3%, 6%, and 9% and lignocellulosic material (kraft fibers) content of 10%, 20%, and 30% were used based on the dry weight of cement. Then the lignocellulosic material and the resulting board samples were compared to a control (without wollastonite). Modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE), water absorption, and fire resistance tests were conducted to examine the characteristics of the board composite. The results showed that the mechanical properties of wood fiber-cement composite were improved by the 9% wollastonite substitution. The fire-resistance of the composite board was improved when the wollastonite content was increased. Furthermore, cement boards with 9% wollastonite exhibited lower water absorption in comparison to the other specimens. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results showed that the calcium hydroxide formed hydrated calcium silicate gel (C-S-H gel) after the addition of wollastonite. The SEM images showed that the micro-structure of the boards were improved by increasing the nano-wollastonite content.

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Keränen, Janne, Petri Jetsu, Tuomas Turpeinen, and Antti Koponen. "Dewatering and structural analysis of foam-formed, lightweight fibrous materials." Bioresources 18, no. 1 (2022): 531–49. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.18.1.531-549.

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This work studied the effect of the dewatering conditions on the behavior of fiber foams during dewatering and on the final structure of the formed, thick, lightweight lignocellulosic materials. The vacuum level, fiber type, consistency, and basis weight of the fiber foam were all varied. During dewatering, the time evolution of the thickness of the fiber foam in the mold was studied, and the dryness of the fiber foam immediately after dewatering was measured. The density and pore size profiles of the final dry materials was measured using X-ray microtomography (µCT).

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The`, Maung Maung. "Saccharification of Banana Agro-waste by Isolated Cellulolytic Fungi." International Journal of Advances in Scientific Research and Engineering (ijasre) 6, no. 1 (2020): 92–100. https://doi.org/10.31695/IJASRE.2020.33679.

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Lignocellulose is the most abundant and renewable biomaterial on the earth. Conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into fermentable sugars by cellulase enzymes (Saccharification) has significant advantages over other alternative energy production strategies. Although both bacteria and fungi can produce cellulase enzymes, the latter has potential in producing more efficient cellulases. This study was initiated with isolation and screening of cellulolytic fungi from six places of banana growing fields. Six fungal isolates were obtained in this research and two isolates showed cellulolytic activity according to plate screening assay. By examining their microscopic morphology, these two isolates were belonging to two genera i.e. Penicillium and Trichoderma. Morphological observation was done on various media. The glucose production patterns of these two cellulolytic fungi were investigated in two broth cultures with different carbon sources. One culture medium contained cellulose and another one contained dried and ground banana psuedostem powder as sole carbon sources. A glucose standard curve was constructed to estimate the glucose concentration in the broth culture media of the two fungi. Along the 20-day period of incubation, Penicillium sp. produced the most amount of glucose,440.2651µg/mL, at 6th day in cellulose media. In banana powder media, glucose concentration in the culture of Trichoderma sp.,288.1893 µg/mL, at 8th day was more than that in the culture of Penicillium sp. during 20 days of investigation. Knowing the glucose production time and amount of cellulolytic fungi would be useful for the next upcoming research works.

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Serra-Parareda, Ferran, Quim Tarrés, M. Àngels Pèlach, et al. "Monitoring fibrillation in the mechanical production of lignocellulosic micro/nanofibers from bleached spruce thermomechanical pulp." International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 178 (May 2021): 354–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.187.

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Serra-Parareda, Ferran, Quim Tarrés, Pere Mutjé, et al. "Correlation between rheological measurements and morphological features of lignocellulosic micro/nanofibers from different softwood sources." International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 187 (September 2021): 789–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.195.

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Doo, Yeseul, Myung-Joon Jeong, Ju-Hyun Yu, and Kyu-Young Kang. "Evaluation of Data Reliability in the Micro-scale Compositional Neutral Sugar Analysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass." Journal of Korea Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry 49, no. 4 (2017): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.7584/jktappi.2017.08.49.4.82.

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Penttilä, M. "NEMO: Novel high performance enzymes and micro-organisms for conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to bioethanol." Journal of Biotechnology 150 (November 2010): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2010.08.043.

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Reddy, D. V., Usha R. Mehra, and U. B. Singh. "Effect of hydrogen peroxide treatment on the utilization of lignocellulosic residues by rumen micro-organisms." Biological Wastes 28, no. 2 (1989): 133–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0269-7483(89)90077-3.

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Haldar, Dibyajyoti, and Mihir Kumar Purkait. "Micro and nanocrystalline cellulose derivatives of lignocellulosic biomass: A review on synthesis, applications and advancements." Carbohydrate Polymers 250 (December 2020): 116937. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116937.

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Serra-Parareda, Ferran, Quim Tarrés, Pere Mutjé, et al. "Correlation between rheological measurements and morphological features of lignocellulosic micro/nanofibers from different softwood sources." International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 187 (June 7, 2021): 789–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.195.

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The transition of nanocellulose production from laboratory to industrial scale requires robust monitoring systems that keeps a quality control along the production chain. The present work aims at providing a deeper insight on the main factors affecting the rheological behavior of (ligno)cellulose micro/nanofibers (LCMNFs) and cellulose micro/nanofibers (CMNFs) and how they could correlate with their characteristics. To this end, 20 types of LCMNFs and CMNFs were produced combining mechanical refining and high-pressure homogenization from different raw materials. Aspect ratio and bending capacity of the fibrils played a key role on increasing the viscosity of the suspensions by instigating the formation of entangled structures. Surface charge, reflected by the cationic demand, played opposing effects on the viscosity by reducing the fibrils’ contact due to repulsive forces. The suspensions also showed increasing shear-thinning behavior with fibrillation degree, which was attributed to increased surface charge and higher water retention capacity, enabling the fibrils to slide past each other more easily when subjected to flow conditions. The present work elucidates the existing relationships between LCMNF/CMNF properties and their rheological behavior, considering fibrillation intensity and the initial raw material characteristics, in view of the potential of rheological measurements as an industrial scalable characterization technology. 

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Serra-Parareda, Ferran, Quim Tarrés, M. Angels Pelach, et al. "Monitoring fibrillation in the mechanical production of lignocellulosic micro/nanofibers from bleached spruce thermomechanical pulp." International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 178 (June 7, 2021): 354–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.187.

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The present work aims at assessing the main characteristics of lignocellulosic micro/nanofibers (LCMNF) frombleached thermomechanical pulp (BTMP) from spruce while glimpsing the suitability of cationic demand (CD)as effective monitoring parameter of the fibrillation process. For this, BTMP was mechanically refined at differenttimes in a Valley beater, aiming at determining the required refining time and fiber length to be later fibrillated ina high-pressure homogenizer. It was found that 150 min treatment is required to avoid clogging in the pressurechambers of the homogenizer. The mechanically treated BTMP was gradually passed through a high-pressure homogenizer, leading to four LCMNF with different fibrillation degree. The main characteristics of the LCMNF weredetermined, as well as the effect that high-pressure homogenization may generate onto the LCMNF structure. Itwas observed that CD is a robust parameter to monitor the fibrillation process, as it is a good indicator of theLCMNF characteristics. In addition, it was found that WRV may not be a good indicator of the extent of fibrillationfor LCMNF, as the lignin content varies with the homogenization intensity. Finally, the limitations of CD as monitoring parameter and perspectives on this regard are provided to the reader.

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Azimov, Ulugbek, Victor Okoro, and Hector H. Hernandez. "Recent Progress and Trends in the Development of Microbial Biofuels from Solid Waste—A Review." Energies 14, no. 19 (2021): 6011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14196011.

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This review covers the recent progress in the design and application of microbial biofuels, assessing the advancement of genetic engineering undertakings and their marketability, and lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment issues. Municipal solid waste (MSW) is a promising sustainable biofuel feedstock due to its high content of lignocellulosic fiber. In this review, we compared the production of fatty alcohols, alkanes, and n-butanol from residual biogenic waste and the environmental/economic parameters to that of conventional biofuels. New synthetic biology tools can be used to engineer fermentation pathways within micro-organisms to produce long-chain alcohols, isoprenoids, long-chain fatty acids, and esters, along with alkanes, as substitutes to petroleum-derived fuels. Biotechnological advances have struggled to address problems with bioethanol, such as lower energy density compared to gasoline and high corrosive and hygroscopic qualities that restrict its application in present infrastructure. Biofuels derived from the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) may have less environmental impacts compared to traditional fuel production, with the added benefit of lower production costs. Unfortunately, current advanced biofuel production suffers low production rates, which hinders commercial scaling-up efforts. Microbial-produced biofuels can address low productivity while increasing the spectrum of produced bioenergy molecules.

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Li, Jing, Fanxun Lv, Ran Yang, et al. "N-Doped Biochar from Lignocellulosic Biomass for Preparation of Adsorbent: Characterization, Kinetics and Application." Polymers 14, no. 18 (2022): 3889. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14183889.

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Medulla tetrapanacis is composed of a lignocellulosic biopolymer and has a regular porous structure, which makes it a potential biomass material for preparing porous N-doped biochar. Herewith, N-doped Medulla tetrapanacis biochar (UBC) was successfully prepared by modification with urea and NaHCO3 under pyrolysis at 700 °C. The nitrogen-containing groups were efficiently introduced into biochar, and the micro-pore structures of the UBC were developed with sizeable specific surface area, which was loaded with massive adsorption sites. The adsorption kinetics and isotherms of the UBC conformed to pseudo-second-order and Langmuir model. The superior adsorption capacities of the UBC for methylene blue (MB) and congo red (CR) were 923.0 mg/g and 728.0 mg/g, and the capacities for Cu2+ and Pb2+ were 468.5 mg/g and 1466.5 mg/g, respectively. Moreover, the UBC had a stronger affinity for Cr3+ and Fe3+ in multiple metal ions and retained at a preferable adsorption performance for dyes and heavy metals after five cycles. Precipitation, complexation, and physical adsorption were the main mechanisms of the UBC-adsorbing metal ions and dyes. Thus, lignocellulosic biochar has great potential for removing dyes and heavy metals in aqueous solutions.

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Serra-Parareda, Ferran, Roberto Aguado, Quim Tarrés, Pere Mutjé, and Marc Delgado-Aguilar. "Chemical-free production of lignocellulosic micro- and nanofibers from high-yield pulps: Synergies, performance, and feasibility." Journal of Cleaner Production 313 (September 2021): 127914. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127914.

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Tarrés, Quim, Neus Pellicer, Ana Balea, et al. "Lignocellulosic micro/nanofibers from wood sawdust applied to recycled fibers for the production of paper bags." International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 105 (December 2017): 664–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.07.092.

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Azizan, Amizon, Nur Amira Aida Jusri, Intan Suhada Azmi, et al. "Pretreatment and Bioprocess Trials in Various Reactor System on Lignocellulosic Biomass for Cellulosic Biomaterials." Scientific Research Journal 18, no. 2 (2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/srj.v18i2.13038.

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Pretreatment on lignocellulosic biomass prior to extraction of biomaterials, degradation of bioproduct, or production of biomaterial/bioproduct/biofuel, crucially influences the intended outcomes. The pretreatment of oil palm fronds (OPF), one of the most abundant agriculture residues in Malaysia, can be conducted based on the need of the methodology, either for small, lab, pilot, or industrial scales. In this article, examples of reactors for the pretreatment for instance microreactor (Bioshake iQ), conical shake flask, and mini-cylindrical reactor scale (fabricated) as well as the monitoring bioreactor (BlueSens Monitoring GmbH) reactor system dedicated for fermentation process using the outcome material from pretreatment process, are presented. All pretreatment trials with ionic liquid (IL) of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate [EMIM]Ac on OPF were conducted with a scaling-up strategy from micro-to-macro to fabricated reactors, monitoring Crystallinity Index (CrI) and Lateral Order Index (LOI). Electron beam irradiation pretreatment using 1000kGy was also tested in macroscale mode for CrI and LOI. Effectiveness of approximately 23 to 37% of CrI via microreactor experiments using 50, 70, and 90% v/v of [EMIM]Ac and at a temperature of 99oC was observed. Higher concentration of IL and temperature with nearly insignificance of solid loading of OPF in reaction liquid to the increase of the amorphous level of OPF was reported by macroscale mode in the 570-mL fabricated reactor. A short oxygen uptake rate (OUR) phase was observed in a 500-mL BlueSens shake flask with the real-time monitoring systems for 45-mL working volume, a nearly 10% of the total reactor volume for saccharification-fermentation using Escherichia coli K011 ATCC 55124 on approximately 2.22% w/v pretreated OPF from macroscale mode. Various data examples from these micro-to-macro scales including in a fabricated reactor system mode are crucially needed for further observations prior to pilot or industrial scales, needing a systematic data collection to be simulated and investigated in the future.

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Tibola, Fernando Lucas, Tiago José Pires de Oliveira, Wender Santana Carvalho, Carlos Henrique Ataíde, and Cássia Regina Cardoso. "Coffee Husks Characterization for the Fast Pyrolysis Process." Materials Science Forum 899 (July 2017): 130–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.899.130.

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The lignocellulosic biomass is a renewable alternative for fossil fuels. The extensive cultivation of coffee grounds in Brazil generates a large amount of residues, as coffee husks. The work aimed at performing the coffee husks characterization, investigating the viability for fast pyrolysis application. Coffee husks were dried, grinded in a knives mill and sieved using a mechanical sieving; different vibration frequencies and times were used to evaluate the effect of these variables in the size distribution. The true density was inferred for three distinct size ranges of the coffee husks, using a helium pycnometer. Proximate and ultimate analyses were performed. The analytical pyrolysis was realized at 550°C, using a micro pyrolyzer (CDS 5200), vapors was identified by a gas chromatograph and a mass spectrometer (GC-MS QP 2010 plus, Shimadzu). The influence of the particles irregular shape was evidenced in the results of size distribution. The values of true density were around 1.5 g/cm3. The smaller the particle size, the higher the true density of the sample. Coffee husks can be used to generate high added value compounds: 1,3 pentadiene, limonene and n-hexadecanoic acid. Considering the use of coffee husks bio-oil as a fuel, results indicated that the bio-oil will present high calorific value, important acidity and smaller increases in viscosity and molecular weight if compared to the bio-oil of other lignocellulosic materials.

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Sharma, Vinod Kumar, Giacobbe Braccio, and Cosmas N. Anyanwu. "Innovative Power Generation Technologies for Improved Household Energy Delivery and Sustainable Future: Classical Solutions from ENEA Research Centre, Trisaia Italy." Processes 12, no. 2 (2024): 389. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr12020389.

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The present communication is focused predominantly on important R&D solutions relevant to renewable energy technologies covering the following: (i) Innovative heat transfer fluid and thermal storage technology based on a molten salt mixture developed by ENEA for large-scale heat storage. The system uses a parabolic trough collector, compared with diathermic oil, which allows higher operating temperature, resulting in significant benefits to the plant’s operation, safety and the environment. (ii) The world’s first solar disk powered by air micro turbine developed by ENEA. (iii) An innovative steam-explosion prototype plant installed at ENEA for the pre-treatment of lignocellulosic biomass and the fractionation of bio components to generate ethanol from lignocellulosic material using hemicellulose and lignin. (iv) The production of hydrogen-enriched biogas using steam as the gasification agent, which helps in obtaining nearly nitrogen-free product gas and with a high calorific value of around 12 MJ/Nm3 dry gas and a high percentage of hydrogen (up to 55%) while using steam as the gasifying agent in the presence of a catalyst. (v) A rotary kiln plant, with the main purpose being to develop and optimize a thermo-chemical process to convert used rubber tyres so as to recover material and energy, as well as other solid products, with high value-added “Activated carbon” and synthesis gas.

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Silva, Danillo Wisky, Felipe Gomes Batista, Mário Vanoli Scatolino, et al. "Developing a Biodegradable Film for Packaging with Lignocellulosic Materials from the Amazonian Biodiversity." Polymers 15, no. 17 (2023): 3646. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15173646.

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The development of packaging films made from renewable raw materials, which cause low environmental impact, has gained attention due to their attractive properties, which have become an exciting option for synthetic films. In this study, cellulose micro/nanofibrils (MFC/NFC) films were produced with forest residues from the Amazon region and evaluated for their potential to generate alternative packaging to traditional plastic packaging. The MFC/NFC were obtained by mechanical fibrillation from fibers of açaí seeds (Euterpe oleracea), titica vine (Heteropsis flexuosa), and commercial pulps of Eucalyptus sp. for comparison. The fibrillation of the titica vine culminated in higher energy expenditure on raw materials. The açaí films showed a higher tensile strength (97.2 MPa) compared to the titica films (46.2 MPa), which also showed a higher permeability rate (637.3 g day−1 m−2). Films of all raw materials scored the highest in the grease resistance test (n° 12). The films produced in the study showed potential for use in packaging for light and low moisture products due to their adequate physical, mechanical, and barrier characteristics. New types of pre-treatments or fibrillation methods ecologically correct and viable for reducing energy consumption must be developed, mainly for a greater success of titica vine fibrillation at the nanoscale.

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Owens, Charles W., Gloria S. Oporto, Björn C. G. Söderberg, and Katherine E. Lambson. "Lignocellulosic Micro- and Nanomaterials as Copper Frames for the Evaluation of the Copper(I)-Catalyzed Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition." Journal of Nanomaterials 2017 (2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9461615.

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Copper was immobilized onto carboxymethyl cellulose, nanofibrillated cellulose, TEMPO-nanofibrillated cellulose, and lignin. The lignocellulosic frames were used with the aim of providing an effective support for catalyst copper and allowing its further reutilization. Each organic support was successful and effective in the coupling of copper with the exception of lignin. These complexes were used as heterogeneous catalysts to produce 1-benzyl-4-phenyl-1H-[1,2,3]-triazole from the copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) between benzyl azide and phenylacetylene. Each reaction was carried out in water and acetonitrile. Those performed in water were completed in 15 minutes while those done in acetonitrile were allowed to react overnight, reaching completion in less than 20 hours. The yields for Cu-CMC resulted in over 90% for those reactions performed in acetonitrile. All catalysts were easy to recover except Cu-lignin which could not be filtered or extracted from the reaction effluent.

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K. Dhir, Daanvir, Armin Rashidi, Grant Bogyo, Ron Ryde, Sepideh Pakpour, and Abbas S. Milani. "Environmental Durability Enhancement of Natural Fibres Using Plastination: A Feasibility Investigation on Bamboo." Molecules 25, no. 3 (2020): 474. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25030474.

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Natural fibers are gaining wide attention due to their much lower carbon footprint and economic factors compared to synthetic fibers. The moisture affinity of these lignocellulosic fibres, however, is still one of the main challenges when using them, e.g., for outdoor applications, leading to fast degradation rates. Plastination is a technique originally used for the preservation of human and animal body organs for many years, by replacing the water and fat present in the tissues with a polymer. This article investigates the feasibility of adapting such plastination to bamboo natural fibres using the S-10 room-temperature technique in order to hinder their moisture absorption ability. The effect of plastination on the mechanical properties and residual moisture content of the bamboo natural fibre samples was evaluated. Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray micro-computed tomography (Micro-CT) were employed to characterize the chemical composition and 3-dimensional morphology of the plastinated specimens. The results clearly show that, as plastination lessens the hydrophilic tendency of the bamboo fibres, it also decreases the residual moisture content and increases the tensile strength and stiffness of the fibers.

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Reixach, Rafel, Josep Claramunt, M. Àngel Chamorro, et al. "On the Path to a New Generation of Cement-Based Composites through the Use of Lignocellulosic Micro/Nanofibers." Materials 12, no. 10 (2019): 1584. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12101584.

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Due to its high biocompatibility, bio-degradability, and low cost, cellulose finds application in disparate areas of research. Here we focus our attention on the potential applications of cellulose nanofiber in cement-based materials for the building sector. We first describe the chemical/morphological composition of cellulose fibers, their process and treatment, the characterization of cement-based composites, and their flexural strength. In recent research in this field, cellulose has been considered in the form of nano-sized particles, i.e., cellulose nanofibers (CNF) or cellulose nanocrystals (CNC). CNF and CNC are used for several reasons, including their mechanical and thermal properties, their extended surface area and low toxicity. This study presents some potential applications of lignocellulosic micro/nanofibers (LCMNF) in cement-based composites in order to improve flexural strength. Samples were made with 0.5-1.0-1.5-2.0 wt% of LCMNF obtained from pine sawdust, CEM I (Portland) and a 1:3 cement-water ratio. The composites were then tested for flexural strength at 7, 14, and 28 days and the evolution of flexural strength was assessed after water immersion during 72 h. Scanning electron microscopy was employed to visualize the bond between LCMNF and the cement matrix. Results showed that LCMNF improved the flexural strength of the composite in all the dosages used.

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Meng, Xingyao, Qingping Wang, Xixi Zhao, et al. "Effect of aeration/micro-aeration on lignocellulosic decomposition, maturity and seedling phytotoxicity during full-scale biogas residues composting." Waste Management 168 (August 2023): 246–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2023.06.007.

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Jiang, Wei, Shaoyang Liu, Chengfeng Zhou, et al. "Preparation of nanocellulose directly from kenaf bast: The change in particle size." BioResources 13, no. 3 (2018): 5598–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.13.3.5598-5607.

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Producing nanocellulose from lignocellulosic plants is difficult but can be achieved with microwave-assisted treatment. However, the changes in dimensions during the process have not been investigated thoroughly. In this study, kenaf bast was used to produce cellulose nanofibers using microwave, chemical, and ultrasonic treatments. Fiber sizes were monitored throughout the experiment using an optical microscope and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The kenaf single fiber cells were also isolated and measured. The results showed that the duration of microwave treatment notably influenced the destruction of kenaf fibers, and the concentration of NaOH in the chemical treatment had only a limited effect on the reduction of kenaf particle size. Both the microwave and chemical treatments were able to destruct the kenaf fibers longitudinally, and the ultrasonic treatment was able to reduce cellulose particles from micro-size to nano-size.

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Sivarathnakumar, Shanmugam, Khalid A. Al-Ghanim, Marcello Nicoletti, Marimuthu Govindarajan, and Baskar Gurunathan. "Comparative Analysis of Cellulosic Ethanol Production from Lignocellulosic Substrate Moringa oleifera Using Kluyveromyces marxianus and Zymomonas mobilis." Fermentation 9, no. 9 (2023): 840. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9090840.

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In the current investigation, the woody stem of Moringa oleifera was processed by chipping and milling and was subsequently exposed to a combination of pretreatments involving a 3% v/v solution of nitric acid and autohydrolysis. The simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) of the pretreated hydrolysate of M. oleifera was conducted using Zymomonas mobilis and Kluyveromyces marxianus in occurrence of commercial cellulase enzyme, Tween 80, and sodium azide. The fermentation process parameters for Z. mobilis were optimized individually, including a substrate concentration of 5% (w/v), concentration of inoculum 5% (v/v), pH 5.4, and temperature 34 °C. Similarly, for K. marxianus, the process parameters were optimized individually, with a substrate concentration of 5% (w/v), an inoculum concentration of 3% (v/v), a pH of 5.1, and a temperature of 41 °C. The highest cellulosic ethanol concentration was achieved by the micro-organism K. marxianus after a fermentation period of 96 h.

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Shadia, Sirry. "Extraction and Thermogravimetric Characterization of Lignin Phenolic Polymers from Date Seeds by Mild Alkaline Solutions." Algerian Journal of Natural Products 7, no. 1 (2019): 645–50. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3352789.

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Date seeds are abundant lignocellulosic waste materials contain lignin phenolic polymers that act as antioxidants in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Lignin have been extracted by several methods including alkaline medium. In the present work, optimum alkaline conditions for extraction of and de-polymerization of lignin from date seeds into low molecular weight phenolic compounds were studied. Date seeds surface were characterized before and after extraction by FTIR and thermal analysis (TGA and DTG).Total phenolic content, TPC and antioxidant capacity of extracts were evaluated spectrophotometrically. Maximum TPC was 124±8.78 µg GAE/mL extract and optimum antioxidant capacity was determined as DPPH free radical inhibition (I= 76.56%). The optimum values of TPC and DPPH inhibition were attained at 0.005- 0.010M Na2CO3. extraction,  antioxidant,  DPPH,  total phenolic,  ,  TGA, date seeds

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Wang, Wenbo, Zhongyang Luo, Simin Li, Shuang Xue, and Haoran Sun. "Novel Micro-Mesoporous Composite ZSM-5 Catalyst for Aromatics Production by Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis of Lignin Residues." Catalysts 10, no. 4 (2020): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10040378.

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The industrial utilization of lignocellulosic biomass is often accompanied by lots of lignin residues. Catalytic fast pyrolysis (CFP) is a high-throughput method to convert lignin to aromatics and phenolics. In order to optimize catalytic performance, conventional zeolite catalysts often need to have mesostructural modification. Here, based on hierarchical zeolite (HZ), a novel micro-mesoporous composite zeolite was obtained by redeposition under mild conditions. The conversion of two industrial lignin residues, Kraft Lignin (KL) and Pyrolytic Lignin (PL), was investigated. Interestingly, the hierarchical sample was more suitable for the case of higher concentration of primary pyrolysis products such as CFP of PL, with aromatics yield of 12.7 wt % and a monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (MAHs) to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) mass ratio of 4.86. The mesoporous composite zeolite possessed a better PAHs suppression capability as M/P reached 6.06, and was suitable for low reactants’ concentration and high oxygen content, such as KL CFP, with a higher aromatics yield of 3.3 wt % and M/P of 5.12. These results were compared with poplar sawdust as actual biomass, and mesoporous samples were both highly efficient catalysts with MAHs yield over 10 wt % and M/P around 5.

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Mohammad, Somaia G., Sahar M. Ahmed, Abd El-Galil E. Amr, and Ayman H. Kamel. "Porous Activated Carbon from Lignocellulosic Agricultural Waste for the Removal of Acetampirid Pesticide from Aqueous Solutions." Molecules 25, no. 10 (2020): 2339. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25102339.

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A facile eco-friendly approach for acetampirid pesticide removal is presented. The method is based on the use of micro- and mesoporous activated carbon (TPAC) as a natural adsorbent. TPAC was synthesized via chemical treatment of tangerine peels with phosphoric acid. The prepared activated carbon was characterized before and after the adsorption process using Fourier- transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), particle size and surface area. The effects of various parameters on the adsorption of acetampirid including adsorbent dose (0.02–0.2 g), pH 2–8, initial adsorbate concentration (10–100 mg/L), contact time (10–300 min) and temperature (25–50 °C) were studied. Batch adsorption features were evaluated using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The adsorption process followed the Langmuir isotherm model with a maximum adsorption capacity of 35.7 mg/g and an equilibration time within 240 min. The adsorption kinetics of acetamiprid was fitted to the pseudo-second-order kinetics model. From the thermodynamics perspective, the adsorption was found to be exothermic and spontaneous in nature. TPAC was successfully regenerated and reused for three consecutive cycles. The results of the presented study show that TPAC may be used as an effective eco-friendly, low cost and highly efficient adsorbent for the removal of acetamiprid pesticides from aqueous solutions.

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Matsakas, Leonidas, Anthi Karnaouri, Andrzej Cwirzen, Ulrika Rova, and Paul Christakopoulos. "Formation of Lignin Nanoparticles by Combining Organosolv Pretreatment of Birch Biomass and Homogenization Processes." Molecules 23, no. 7 (2018): 1822. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23071822.

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Valorization of lignocellulosic biomass into a biorefinery scheme requires the use of all biomass components; in this, the lignin fraction is often underutilized. Conversion of lignin to nanoparticles is an attractive solution. Here, we investigated the effect of different lignin isolation processes and a post-treatment homogenization step on particle formation. Lignin was isolated from birch chips by using two organosolv processes, traditional organosolv (OS) and hybrid organosolv-steam explosion (HOS-SE) at various ethanol contents. For post-treatment, lignin was homogenized at 500 bar using different ethanol:water ratios. Isolation of lignin with OS resulted in unshaped lignin particles, whereas after HOS-SE, lignin micro-particles were formed directly. Addition of an acidic catalyst during HOS-SE had a negative impact on the particle formation, and the optimal ethanol content was 50–60% v/v. Homogenization had a positive effect as it transformed initially unshaped lignin into spherical nanoparticles and reduced the size of the micro-particles isolated by HOS-SE. Ethanol content during homogenization affected the size of the particles, with the optimal results obtained at 75% v/v. We demonstrate that organosolv lignin can be used as an excellent starting material for nanoparticle preparation, with a simple method without the need for extensive chemical modification. It was also demonstrated that tuning of the operational parameters results in nanoparticles of smaller size and with better size homogeneity.

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Di Giuseppe, Erika, Romain Castellani, Simon Dobosz, et al. "Reliability evaluation of automated analysis, 2D scanner, and micro-tomography methods for measuring fiber dimensions in polymer-lignocellulosic fiber composites." Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 90 (November 2016): 320–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2016.07.020.

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Kim, Kang-Jae, Ji-Ae Ryu, Sa Rang Choi, and Tae-Jin Eom. "Evaluation of solvent recyclability in fast microwave liquefaction with glycol ether of pine wood for preparation of lignocellulosic micro-fines." European Journal of Wood and Wood Products 78, no. 4 (2020): 821–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00107-020-01550-9.

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Aniaku, V. O., and T. C. ``Aniokete. "Production of Biofertilizer and Biomethane from Co-Digestion of Lignocellulosic and Keratinolytic Substrates." American Journal of Applied Sciences and Engineering 4, no. 2 (2023): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8248356.

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Environmental pollution from organic wastes such as poultry feathers and rice husks is on the increase in Nigeria with their attendant environmental impacts and health implications. The need to harness the economic potentials of essential wastes from the agro-allied sectors under waste to wealth initiative in Nigeria cannot be overemphasized. Production of biofertilizer and biogas from the anaerobic digestion of poultry feather and rice husk using 5% cow dung as source of microbial consortia was investigated. The constituent microbial consortia used for anaerobic digestion were identified molecularly as Bacillus, Cellulomonas, Pseudomonas, Methanosarcina and Methanobrevibacter species based on their 16S rRNA gene sequences. The result of the proximate analysis of rice husk showed that the volatile solid content, carbon, nitrogen, ash and carbon-nitrogen ratio (C/N) were 68.50%, 42.50%, 0.840% 1.92% and 51:1 respectively while poultry feather had volatile solids and carbon-nitrogen ratio of 96.50% and 4:1 respectively. The feed stocks were hydrothermally treated with steam under pressure, dried at 80oC and milled to a size of 10 µm prior to anaerobic digestion. Anaerobic digestion of the rice husk powder and poultry feather powder at 1:1 ratio under mesophilic condition (35-40oC) at feed stock water ratio of 1:7 lasted for 38 days using four different consortia. The methane yield from rice husk and poultry feather as single substrate were 18.50cm3/g and 14.67cm3/g respectively while the methane yield as combined substrate (1:1) was 30.72cm3/g. The result of compositional analysis of biogas stream obtained by infrared-absorption technique showed that methane and carbon dioxide had average value of 72% and 27% using consortium 4 followed by consortium 3, 2 and 1. The result of digestate (spent slurry) analysis after anaerobic digestion showed that the digestate was rich in micronutrients essentially, Phosphorus (0.16g/l), Nitrogen (2.52 g/l), Calcium (0.93 g/l), Potassium (0.37 g/l) and Magnesium 0.78 g/l). The liquid digestate had pH of 7.30 and total solids content of 16.50%. The use of digestate as fertilizer for enriching the soil for agricultural purposes should be encouraged as the digestates are rich in bioactive agents and mineral elements which help in conditioning the soil. The analysis of variance of the results on methane yield shows that biomethane production was significantly (P≤ 0.05) dependent on the bacterial consortia, substrate constitution and their pair wise interactions.

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