Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Lignocellulosiques'
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Landrevy, Christel. "Réticulation des fibres lignocellulosiques." Thèse, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 2012. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/6174/1/030405459.pdf.
Full textNouwezem, Mehenou Rufine. "Valorisation de résidus lignocellulosiques : obtention de matériaux thermodurcissables." Toulouse, INPT, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992INPT052G.
Full textThiebaud-Roux, Sophie Borredon Marie-Elisabeth. "Valorisation chimique de composés lignocellulosiques obtention de nouveaux matériaux /." Toulouse : INP Toulouse, 2004. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000045.
Full textKhaldi, Zineb. "Elaboration et évaluation biologique de nouveaux matériaux lignocellulosiques antibactériens." Thesis, Limoges, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIMO0090/document.
Full textThe contamination of surfaces by bacteria and the emergence of antimicrobial resistant strains are very worrying problems in different areas such as hospital and food. This contamination begins with the adhesion of pathogenic bacteria on a surface until the formation of biofilms. These biofilms contribute to the emergence of resistances of certain bacterial strains to conventional treatments. To answer these problems of surface contamination, this thesis work focuses on the development of new antibacterial materials based on pulp fibers. In the first part, we focused on the development of an antibacterial paper by grafting, via triazine link, two essential oil compounds, thymol and carvacrol, known for their antibacterial activities. The microbiological evaluation of the developed materials against the two bacterial strains tested, E. coli and S. aureus, showed a bacteriostatic effect. These materials block the bacterial growth thus preventing the biofilms formation. Synergy between thymol and carvacrol grafted onto paper has also been shown. In a second part, our study focused on the development of an antibacterial paper that acquires its activity only after the grafting and formation of "aryl-1,2,3-triazole", the active motif. The grafting is carried out by a reaction of "Click Chemistry", the copper (I)-catalyzed Azide Alkyne Cycloaddition. The antibacterial tests reveal the importance of the aryl substituent, the influence of the contact time and the relevance of using mixtures of materials. The antibacterial activity observed on the thermomechanical pulp fibers is better in both parts. The different results obtained are described in this manuscript
Faugeras, Pierre-Antoine. "Valorisation des fibres lignocellulosiques de la pâte à papier." Limoges, 2012. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/382451e6-1b7f-4590-80b3-57ad5131d79a/blobholder:0/2012LIMO4047.pdf.
Full textIn this work, we are interested in the chemical modification of pulp fibres, mainly composed of cellulose, in order to develop new ways of valorisation. In a first part, we worked on the development of the cross-linking of the papermaking fibres using the 1-3 dipolar cycloaddition reaction of Huisgen to form a triazole ring between two cellulose chains without any intramolecular reaction. For this work, we have developed, for the first time, the reactions of propargylation and tosylation of cellulose fibres in aqueous medium. The modified fibres were analysed by XPS, XRD and SEM, and underwent a series of tests to assess their physical properties and the effect of changes. These tests confirm on the one hand the crosslinking of the fibres on the other hand highlight some interesting results obtained in the case of the sheets containing propargylated fibres. The second part of this work is devoted to the development of paper with photobactericidal properties by grafting porphyrins onto lignocellulosic fibres using the 1-3 dipolar cycloaddition reaction of Huisgen. We first carried out the preparation of the photosensitizer before performing the coupling with the cellulose fibres. Porphyrins functionalized fibres were then embedded in sheets of paper for further study of their bactericidal and photobactericidal effects
Faugeras, Pierre-Antoine. "Valorisation des fibres lignocellulosiques de la pâte à papier." Thèse, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 2013. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/6856/1/030429765.pdf.
Full textThiebaud-Roux, Sophie. "Valorisation chimique de composés lignocellulosiques : obtention de nouveaux matériaux." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 1995. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/7362/1/thiebaud.pdf.
Full textNzambe, Ta Keki Jean Kerim. "Elaboration de matériaux bioactifs à partir de fibres lignocellulosiques." Thesis, Limoges, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIMO0133/document.
Full textSurface contamination by pathogens constitutes a major public health problem encountered in many areas such as hospitals, environment and food industry. This contamination consists in the adhesion of pathogenic or opportunistic bacteria that can attach to a biotic or abiotic surface and lead to the formation of biofilm. An effective way to fight against microbial contamination is the development of antibacterial surfaces, in order to prevent or reduce bacterial adhesion. Based on the expertise of the Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles in the field of polysaccharides, we have undertaken the development of antibacterial materials by grafting through covalent bonds molecules presenting antibacterial properties onto lignocellulosic fibers (in this case Kraft pulp fibers). Triazoles are resistant to acid and basic hydrolysis, reductive and oxidative conditions. This moiety is also relatively resistant to metabolic degradation and is not posing particular toxicity problems. The study of the antibacterial effect has shown a bactericidal activity of the triclosan-Kraft pulp sheet against three strains frequently found in hospitals: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli. In the case of grafting photosensitizers, only the neutral porphyrin-Kraft pulp sheet material displayed a strong photobactericidal activity after irradiation
Bonnet, Marie-Claude. "Contribution à l'étude de la valorisation des déchets lignocellulosiques par ozonation." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37612031b.
Full textLebaz, Noureddine. "Modélisation de l’hydrolyse enzymatique de substrats lignocellulosiques par bilan de population." Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ISAT0030/document.
Full textThe enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass is a promising approach for the bioconversion of organic matter into fermentable sugars aiming ultimately to produce second generation biofuel. Globally, enzymatic cocktails, containing different activities which are characterized by their specific mechanisms, are used as biocatalysts. Most of the studies devoted to the modelling of this process address the problem via kinetic approaches in which the particulate aspects and the dynamic evolution of the properties of the substrate/biocatalyst/system are not taken into account. Moreover, such models aim to reproduce the kinetics of release of simple sugars and treat only the case where the enzymes and the substrate are simultaneously mixed at the beginning of the hydrolysis reaction. Therefore, issues related to the design/optimization of the process such as the supplying mode (batch/continuous) and the sequential adding of the enzymes/substrate cannot be addressed with these models. In this work, a population balance formalism is proposed as modelling approach. The model is based on a structural heterogeneity of the substrate namely the chain/particle size distribution. As a first numerical approach, the method of classes is used in the case of polymer chains undergoing endoglucanase (random breakage) and exoglucanase (chain-end scission) attacks. Secondly, the method of moments is adopted to solve the same problem and then adapted to the case of a particulate substrate by introducing the particle cohesion effect which depends on the enzymatic attacks as well as on the hydrodynamic shear stress. Finally, the confrontation of the numerical results from the method of moments to the experimental distributions motivated the development of reconstruction methods in order to restore distributions from a finite sequence of their moments. Alongside this modelling work, the suitable metrology has been developed for the characterization of these systems. Three different granulometric techniques (Morphogranulometry, Focused Beam Reflectance Measurement (FBRM) technique and Laser Diffraction Particle Size Analysis) are used to reach the time-evolution of the particle size distribution of microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel). In this context, numerical tools used for the analysis and the comparison of the different experimental distributions are proposed. In addition, the concentrations of reducing and simple sugars (glucose and cellobiose) are measured all along the hydrolysis reactions. The modeling of enzymatic hydrolysis developed here combines the concepts of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis. Integrated into the framework of multivariable population balance model, these allow the chain/particle size distribution evolution during the reaction and the kinetics of simple sugars release to be predicted
Bonnet, Marie-Claude. "Contribution à l'étude de la valorisation des déchets lignocellulosiques par ozonation." Poitiers, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988POIT2261.
Full textGatt, Etienne. "Etude de la déconstruction de résidus agricoles lignocellulosiques par extrusion biocatalytique." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019INPT0006/document.
Full textBiocatalytic extrusion, also named bioextrusion, is a reactive extrusion technique using enzymes as catalysts. Bioextrusion is considered as a link between the previous physico-chemical pretreatment (like alkaline extrusion) and the subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis in batch conditions. The extrusion allows a continuous, flexible and versatile process for high consistency media, easily transferable to the industrial level. However, complexity of both lignocellulosic biomass and lignocellulolytic enzymes and their interactions during the extrusion process are underlined by the literature. Numerous response surface methodology experiments with starchy biomass indicate that bioextrusion efficiency is mainly influenced by substrate and enzymes loading. Enzymatic activity during the bioextrusion process of lignocellulosic biomass is confirmed by the experiments despite the mechanical constraints and the limited residence time. During bioextrusion, best holocellulosic fraction hydrolysis results were obtained with high substrate and enzymes loadings. Significant modifications of the solid fraction like particule size reduction, visual deconstruction of the biomass structure, increased sensibility to thermal decomposition and the evolution of the surface exposure of crystalline and amorphous cellulose were observed. Enzymatic hydrolysis of the bioextrdates is prolonged in batch conditions. Clear improvements of speeds and rates of sugars conversion up to 48 h indicate a long term influence of the bioextrusion. Gain observed are steady for the pretreated wheat straw whereas it increases with time for corn residues and birch barks. Post-extrusion, a negative influence of the substrate loading is measured. However, best enhancements for the glucose conversion of pretreated wheat straw are detected for high substrate and enzymes loadings. From 4 to 48 h, significant losses in xylose conversion are measured with previous bioextrusion. Indicators of the solid fraction deconstruction, observed during the bioextrusion step, indicate a stronger biomass degradation after 48 h. Improvements of glucose conversion rates can be associated with good mixing conditions of the extruder, especially due to the use of kneading elements. Enzymes are probably more homogeneously distributed (distributive mixing) and can access more catalytic sites available. Moreover, dispersive mixing limits the enzyme jamming due to the biocatalysts concentration. Extrusion process permits an better agitation efficiency, good mass transfer conditions and probably a higher contact between substrate and enzymes. Lower xylose conversion results may be attributed to non-specific adsorptions or inactivation phenomena due to mechanical constraints and lignin residues. Good deconstruction results on the solid fraction may be associable with a synergetic action between mechanical and biochemical constraints. Autofluorescent signal analysis of the lignin fraction show its evolution during the deconstruction of the solid residue. During the hydrolysis, a progressive production of very small particles, appearing to be associated with the lignin fraction is observed. Lignin-carbohydrate complexes are also detected in the liquid fraction. These heteropolymeric complexes, difficult or even impossible for the enzymes to hydrolyze, are an obstacle to the biomass valorization. If lignin deconstruction is mainly due to the alkaline pretreatment, bioextrusion process seems to reduce the proportion of these heteropylymers with high molecular weights
Préau, Alexandre Houzelot Jean Léon. "Etude de la pyrolyse de composés lignocellulosiques et modélisation de ce processus." S. l. : S. n, 2007. http://www.scd.inpl-nancy.fr/theses/2007_PREAU_A.pdf.
Full textShao, Ying. "Utilisation de matériaux lignocellulosiques et d'impression 3D pour élaborer des structures contuctrices." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAI106/document.
Full textIn the present work, electrically conductive and mechanically resistant carbon structures were elaborated by 3D printing and subsequent pyrolysis using microfibrillated cellulose/lignosulfonate/cellulose powder (labeled as MFC/LS/CP) blends. The processability of MFC/LS/CP slurries by 3D printing was examined by rheological tests in both steady flow and thixotropic modes. The printed MFC/LS/CP pastes were self-standing, provided a high printing definition and were proved to be morphologically stable to air drying and the subsequent pyrolysis. Pyrolysis at a slow rate (0.2°C/min) to a final temperature in the range of 400-1200°C was used to manufacture MFC/LS/CP carbons. The TGA/DTG was applied to monitor the thermal degradation of MFC/LS/CP materials in blends as well as in a separated form. The resulting carbons were further characterized in terms of morphology, microstructure and physical properties (such as density, electrical conductivity and mechanical strength). At 900°C, MFC/LS/CP carbons displayed a high electrical conductivity of 47.8 S/cm together with a low density of 0.74 g/cm3 as well as an important porosity of 0.58. They also achieved an elastic modulus maximum of 6.62 GPa. Such interesting electrical and mechanical properties would lead to a promising application of MFC/LS/CP- derived biocarbons in energy storage devices as electrode materials in close future
Jammes, Christophe. "Co-valorisation d’effluents graisseux et de résidus lignocellulosiques : déshydratation mécanique et compostage." Limoges, 2007. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/c6f6c5f6-077b-4d55-8467-48a015bad2fd/blobholder:0/2007LIMO4002.pdf.
Full textThe purpose of this project is to answer a double environmental problem, while allowing creating a new way of valorisation of fat sludge while reducing the important sawdust stock produces by forest industry in their bringing an added value. The study consists in dewatering greasy effluents on filter press with lignocellulosic residues like additive of filtration. Dewatering makes it possible to reduce sludge volume and to make solid of liquid fat sludge what facilitates their handling in particular during transport. The tests carried out on various types of greases underline the part played by the sawdust during filtration as well as the identification of the optimal characteristics of the lignocellulosic additive. The sludge dewatered were perforated mixes some with green waste. The mixture is facilitated by the solid structure of greases avoiding the phenomenon of percolation through the wind-row as well as the loss of grease in the leachate. The compost was analyzed in order to assess its qualities for an agricultural use. The purpose is to replace the current additives of filtration, expensive and less effective with fat sludge, by lignocellulosic residues thus allowing the launching of a natural additive of filtration facilitating agronomic valorisation
Jackowiak, David. "Prétraitement de biomasses lignocellulosiques par microondes pour l'amélioration du procédé de biométhanisation." Compiègne, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011COMP1921.
Full textThe structure and composition of lignocellulosic biomass are known to be critical points to use this material in anaerobic digestion. Indeed, the presence of lignin forms a physical barrier and induces a non-productive adsorption and activity of enzymes. Therefore, this thesis aims at to study the effects of microwave heating of lignocellulosic material, especially on matter solubilisation through soluble COD, and on anaerobic digestion through BMP assays. Experimental studies were carried out on wheat straw and switchgrass, and revealed that their microwave pretreatments led to increase of matter solubilisation and an improvement of their anaerobic digestibility. The best conditions found are the highest heating rate for a final temperature 150°C without any holding time. A temperature beyond 150°C induces an increase of matter solubilisation but decreases the biodegradability of lignocellulosic material. This work studied also the energy balance. The energy calculated from the difference of methane production between treated and untreated sample does not compensate the energy consumed by the microwave pretreatment, at least with the microwave devices used. It therefore appears necessary to study the development of adapted industrial apparatus
Khelidj, Benyoucef. "Contribution à l'étude de la combustion de matériaux lignocellulosiques en chaudière polycombustible." Poitiers, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990POIT2271.
Full textPréau, Alexandre. "Etude de la pyrolyse de composés lignocellulosiques et modélisation de ce processus." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007INPL011N/document.
Full textA study of pyrolysis of lignocellulosic materials is of crucial interest in a better understanding of the thermochemical conversion process of biomass. Experimental study of the pyrolysis of cellulose reveals that the yield of the carbon solid residue depends as well as operating conditions than the geometric characteristics of the sample. These results have been widened to natural materials, such as lignin and hemicellulose. This study has been completed by identifying the different thermal phenomenas occurring during this process by differential thermal analysis of the main components of biomass. All these results allow us to carry out a mathematical model of the process predicting the temperature profile and the conversion of the pyrolysis of a cylindrical wood sample. Finally, a valorisation’s example of the pyrolysed material, in the form of the production of activated carbons is presented
Marcon, Jennifer. "Pâtes lignocellulosiques : étude d'un nouveau stade de blanchiment ECF à faible impact environnemental." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAI104.
Full textChlorine dioxide is the most widely used bleaching agent for the production of bleached chemical pulps. However, its main drawbacks are the formation of chlorate ions which decrease delignification efficiency and the reject of toxic chloro-organic molecules (AOX) in mill effluents. This study focused on the development of a new bleaching stage using chlorine dioxide (D stage) at non-conventional pH, to reduce environmental impact and production costs. The work was carried out on several softwood kraft pulps after cooking, and at different stages of the bleaching sequence. The best results of the novel D stage were obtained for pulps at low kappa number, i.e. at the end of the bleaching sequence. The D stage was optimized and coupled with hydrogen peroxide addition. The same brightness and viscosimetric average degree of polymerization as after conventional D bleaching were obtained. Interestingly, a very important decrease of pollution load (70% of AOX and 20% of COD) was obtained, accompanied by a significant gain of productivity and energy saving (lower temperature and reaction time).Chemical investigations on the reaction mechanisms, carried out by different techniques (ESR, NMR and FTIR spectroscopies, HPAEC-PAD chromatography), revealed the formation of hydroxyl radicals at alkaline pH. The structural modification of the pulp residual lignin was also studied; differences of the reaction mechanism as function of pH were highlighted
Elchinger, Pierre-Henri. "Réticulation de fibres lignocellulosiques et d’amidon : Vers de nouveaux matériaux pour l’industrie papetière." Limoges, 2013. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/6c4def90-502d-49dc-a1a3-0f0b2562fbc8/blobholder:0/2010LIMO4037.pdf.
Full textThrough this work, we present the development of a crosslinking reaction between starch and lignocellulosic fibers of the pulp. This work aims to explore new applications and new ways of valuation of paper pulp. This crosslink incorporates both starch and pulp to create a strengthened three-dimensional network, which could lead to more resistant material. The 1-3 dipolar cycloaddition reaction of Huisgen catalised by copper was chosen for this crosslink. Two synthetic routes have been tested. First, propargyled starch was coupled with azitated pulp fibers, and secondly, azitated starch was coupled with propargyled pulp fibers. In order to avoid organic solvents, the propargylation and tosylation of lignocellulosic fibers were studied in water, using microcrystalline cellulose as a model for development. The first approach was conducted thanks to the system NaOH/H2O, then soda was replaced by sodium chloride. The crosslinking reaction was carried out in water. The analysis of precursors and products of crosslinking was performed by XPS, XRD, SEM and by a serie of physical tests. The evaluation of physical properties of various sheets, incorporating modified lignocellulosic fibers and modified starch, confirmed the chemical crosslinking. The resistance values of the sheets containing azidated starch and propargyles fibers, are superior to those of the reference sheets with Kraft pulp
Elchinger, Pierre-Henri. "Réticulation de fibres lignocellulosiques et d'amidon : vers de nouveaux matériaux pour l'industrie papetière." Thèse, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 2013. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/6855/1/030429769.pdf.
Full textAl-Mohamadawi, Ali Abdullah Hassan. "Contribution à l'étude de l'impact de l'environnement vis-à-vis d'éco-matériaux lignocellulosiques." Thesis, Amiens, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AMIE0040/document.
Full textDue to their low cost, lightness and thermal properties, lignocellulosic byproducts received a particular attention, in the recent years, for manufacturing lightweight concretes. However, these byproducts are not fully compatible with the cement matrix, leading to setting delay, significant dimensional variations, and low mechanical strengths of the composites elaborated. To avoid such drawbacks, a coating process of flax shives using different substances has been adopted in this study. It leads to a reduction in treated shive water absorption compared to raw shives. The composites obtained exhibit significant improvements in hydrous behavior and mechanical strengths with moderate increase in the apparent bulk density and thermal conductivity. The phenomena of moisture transfer in the produced composites can significantly influence the durability and performance of them. In fact most of the materials used in the building area are porous, containing water as vapor or liquid. Therefore the water vapour permeability, sorption isotherms and moisture buffering capacity have been determined. The results obtained show the good hygric performance of the eco-composites elaborated. Three leaching tests have been proposed in this study to identify the chemical speciation of the materials and to evaluate their releasing into the environment. The experimental conditions of the leaching tests have been chosen to simulate different states of our composites in external environments in service or end of life. The leaching behaviour of the cement-based products elaborated differs little according to flax shive treatment and the leaching of toxic substances has not been identified
Loustau, Cazalet Charlotte. "Relation morphologie/réactivité des substrats lignocellulosiques : impact du prétraitement par explosion à la vapeur." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAI099/document.
Full textIn a context of energy transition and climate change challenge, the production of second generation ethanol seems to be a very promising way to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels. There are 3 key steps for producing this new biofuel: pretreatment to decompose the lignocellulosic biomass and to make cellulose more accessible to enzyme attacks, enzymatic hydrolysis to produce fermentable sugars and fermentation to convert these sugars into ethanol. Currently, the pretreatment considered to be the most efficient, and mainly retained for industrialization, is the steam explosion pretreatment. However, some aspects such as the physicochemical effects induced by pretreatment and their impacts on the characteristics of pretreated biomass remain misunderstood.Schematically, the steam explosion pretreatment can be separated into two stages: the first is similar to an acid cooking carried out at 150-200°C during 5-30 min and allows mainly the hydrolysis of hemicelluloses, while the second is an explosive release which allows a mechanical bursting of the substrate potentially making the cellulose more reactive to enzymatic hydrolysis. As a whole, the effects of this type of pretreatment on lignocellulosic biomass are now well known, but the understanding of the different physicochemical phenomena occurring within it remains limited. Indeed, decoupling the cooking stage and the expansion stage is complicated because the reactor temperature (which mainly impacts the cooking reactions) is directly related to its pressure (which mainly impacts the explosive release) by the phase thermodynamics.This thesis work aims to better understand all the physicochemical phenomena occurring during a steam explosion pretreatment, based in particular on experimental discrimination of chemical phenomena (depolymerization reactions) and physical phenomena (explosive release) as well as on a multi-technical and multi-scale characterization of the lignocellulosic biomass obtained after this type of pretreatment. The objective is also to understand what are the main characteristics of biomass that explain the differences in reactivity observed during the enzymatic hydrolysis step and to explain the impact of the steam explosion pretreatment on the physicochemical properties and therefore the reactivity
Grison-Eyharabide, Brigitte. "Fibres lignocellulosiques et résines urée-formaldéhyde : mise au point d'un substrat horticole. Approche agronomique." Toulouse, INPT, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996INPT012A.
Full textDavid, Grégoire. "Eco-conversion de résidus lignocellulosiques de l'agriculture en matériaux composites durables à matrice biopolyester." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTG030.
Full textThis thesis aims at developing new fully biosourced and biodegradable composite materials from agricultural residues in the frame of the European project NoAW (https://noaw2020.eu). All the components are derived from agro-wastes: polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA, bacterial biopolyester and biodegradable in natural conditions) produced by anaerobic digestion of agricultural effluents are used as matrix and vine shoot fibers as fillers. Biocomposites are prepared by melt extrusion. The objective of this thesis is to bring new knowledge on the relationships between the processes used to produce the fillers and the biocomposites, the resulting structure of biocomposites and their functional properties. Biocomposites are developed considering a balance between performance and environmental cost. For this purpose, the thesis focuses on 2 major scientific questions: (i) study of the impact of the filler/matrix interface on the functional properties of biocomposite materials via surface pre-treatments of lignocellulosic particles; (ii) study of the durability of such materials by assessment from the design of the environmental impacts. Thus, special attention is given to the filler/matrix interface, identified as a key factor for the final properties of the composite. A solvent-free surface pretreatment of fibers (chromatogeny) is adapted to modulate the filler/matrix interface. This new method of gas-phase esterification is first studied on micrometric particles of cellulose. Once the proof of concept is established, it is applied to lignocellulosic fibers that are more complex. The vine shoots, agricultural waste abundant in Occitania region, are studied as a potential resource for the production of fillers for composites. Once collected and dried, they are milled using dry fractionation to obtain micrometric sized particles. The variability of the raw material being one of the bottlenecks concerning the use of lignocellusoic biomass by manufacturers, different grape species over several years are studied. In a biorefinery approach, the extraction of molecules of interest, e.g. polyphenols, is considered before using the residue, namely exhausted shoots, as a reinforcing fillers. The environmental impact of the produced biocomposites is evaluated to guide strategic choices and obtain materials displaying a good balance between performance and environmental footprint. A life cycle assessment in the context of a food rigid tray application is carried out, collecting data from sector’s players. In addition, a study of the biodegradability of the final materials is conducted. This thesis encompasses multidisciplinary fields in order to have a decompartmentalized overview of the developed composite materials
Boukari, Imen. "Définition des critères d'efficacité d'une hémicellulase pour l'hydrolyse de substrats lignocellulosiques complexes et insolubles." Reims, 2010. http://ebureau.univ-reims.fr/slide/files/quotas/SCD/theses/sciences/2010REIMS011.pdf.
Full textThe development of enzymatic technologies offers an alternative, environmentally-friendly interesting strategy for controlled fractionation and upgrading of lignocellulosic biomass (biofuels, biopolymers, industrially-relevant chemicals. . . ). The effectiveness of these biocatalysts is, nevertheless, limited by multiple factors related to their structural and functional characteristics, but also to the complex nature of the lignocellulosic biomass (rich in lignified secondary cell walls). In order to identify the key parameters for an effective bioconversion of hemicelluloses, the major components of lignocelluloses, we have focused our study on the endoxylanase (Tx-Xyl) of Thermobacillus xylanilyticus, a family 11 glycoside- hydrolase (GH11). In a biomimetic approach, we have studied the action pattern of Tx-Xyl on different substrates displaying increasing complexity (isolated heteroxylans, in vitro reconstituted copolymer assemblies. . . ). The use of nano-composites of heteroxylans - lignins (DHPs) synthesized in vitro has enabled us to reveal that supramolecular organization of the covalent complexes (LCC) would severely hamper the enzyme's access to carbohydrates. Otherwise, a direct correlation has been established between the increase in the lignin content of the nano-composites and the decrease of the enzyme activity suggesting direct nonspecific lignins-enzyme interactions. In addition, the study of the interactions of Tx-Xyl with various hydroxycinamic acids (p-coumaric, ferulic, caffeic acids. . . ) has revealed a non-competitive inhibition of the enzyme by these phenolic compounds. Using protein engineering, we have developed a strategy which aims at modifying the Tx-Xyl architecture and/or specificity by grafting, through "linker" sequences, different protein modules: the CBM1 of the cellulase Cel7A from Trichoderma reesei binding specifically crystalline cellulose and the GFP (Green Fluoerescent Protein). The chimeric fusion proteins Tx-Xyl-CBM1 and Tx-Xyl-GFP obtained have been less effective on soluble xylans (low kcat) than Tx-Xyl. However, their efficiency on lignocellulosic substrates (such as wheat by products; straw and bran) was different. Indeed, modestly enhanced hydrolysis rates were obtained in the case of Tx-Xyl-CBM1, suggesting that the CBM1 may potentiate in situ action of the enzyme, contrary to Tx-Xyl-GFP whose size would be a factor limiting its diffusion/action within the cell wall network
Ambert, Katia. "Étude ultrastructurale de la dégradation des fibres lignocellulosiques par le champignon filamenteux Phlebia radiata." Grenoble 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996GRE10036.
Full textTian, Jianghao. "Étude d'un prétraitement biologique des biomasses lignocellulosiques par une approche microbiologique et de bioprocédé." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN1S099/document.
Full textThe aim of the PhD project is to characterize bacterial populations potentially capable of degrading lignin within crop residues to optimize the bioavailability of holocellulose compartment to be valorized by anaerobic digestion. The originality of the subject lies in finding ligninolytic bacteria using approaches combining the isolation of strains and technique of molecular biology, and the application of these microorganisms on a reactor scale, as part of pretreatment of crop residues. Firstly, research work was carried out to find and identify potentially interesting micro-organisms and characterize their specific enzyme systems. Secondly, studies have been conducted on the application of micro-organisms isolated for a biological pretreatment of rape straw. Pretreatments were carried out in a series of laboratory reactors dedicated to follow the effect in real time. A method allowing the quantification of the cellulose accessibility for cellulases in substrate was established. In parallel, high-throughput sequencing analysis was performed to monitor and/or characterize the bacterial and archaeal communities in the reactors. The results obtained have shown that the main factor influencing the degradation of the straw was not the presence of ligninolytic strains which could not influence the development of endogenous community, but the supply of some nutrients included in a mixture with lignin and mineral salts which could enrich a particularly active community. The data obtained in the thesis allowed to capitalize knowledge on the biodegradation of lignocellulosic biomass. This prospective study allowed the consideration of using the biological pretreatments developed at the upstream of biogas and biofuel sectors
Lê, Thành Kim. "Espèces condensables issues de torréfaction de biomasses lignocellulosiques : caractérisation aux échelles laboratoire et pilote." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2015. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/14717/1/lethanh.pdf.
Full textAi, Wei. "Glissement moléculaire dans les matériaux lignocellulosiques : mesures de perméabilité apparente et identification de paramètres morphologiques." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLC074/document.
Full textPermeability is one of the important parameters for all processes involving coupled heat and mass transfer. Its value is directly related to the morphology of the pore network, clearly a dual scale organisation in the case of wood. Nowadays, several 3D investigative tools exist, such as micro-tomography or nano-tomography. However, these 3-D investigations fail for the smallest pores active in fluid flow in wood, due to their submicron size. The present work takes advantage of the effect of the mean free path on the apparent gaseous permeability to identify the pore size of the pore network.A balanced approach between experimentation and modelling is proposed. In the first part of the work we have developed an original device for measuring the apparent permeability over a wide range of average pressure. This device was conceived to work without flowmeter: the mass flow is obtained by the relaxation of the pressure difference between two tanks. This device was used to measure the apparent permeability as a function of the average pressure for different materials.The intrinsic permeability values obtained are in good agreement with literature data.The effect of the average pressure on the apparent permeability was analysed to identify structural parameters of the porous media. Starting from a serial / parallel arrangement, the structural parameters are identified by inverse method taking advantage of the dependence of the flow regime with Knudsen's number (from Darcy's regime to pure molecular slip regime when Knudsen's number shifts from zero to infinity).This approach was validated with a monodisperse membrane, whose pore size was determined using a scanning electron microscopy. Structural parameters were then identified on wood samples, measured along different directions and on wood-based materials. They confirm literature data and bring new outcomes, namely regarding the fluid pathway in beech in radial and tangential directions
Thion, Sébastien. "Etude expérimentale et numérique de la cinétique d'oxydation de biocarburants lignocellulosiques : cétones, éthers et lévulinates." Thesis, Orléans, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ORLE2036/document.
Full textFuels produced from biomass are an interesting alternative to conventional fuels. Lignocellulosic biomass is indeed highly available and a wide variety of compounds can be obtained through its physico-chemical conversion. However, the structure of the fuels obtained from such processes involves oxygenated groups that make complicated the understanding of the oxidation chemistry. The work presented here is part of the 2G-CSAFE project, which aims at exploring the oxidation kinetics of these fuels. Chemical functions studied in this work include ketones, ethers and esters. The combination of two functions (as for levulinates) is also investigated. After a literature review aiming at collecting the information reported on the simplest compound of each group (acetone, dimethylether and methylformate), available studies on butanone, cyclopentanone, cyclohexanone, dibutyl-ether, butyl-formate and methyl levulinate are considered. The oxidation of these compounds is thereafter studied by numerical and experimental approaches. Ab initio calculations are performed to study the impact of the oxygenated groups on the structure and to derive rate constants for the major chemical pathways. Experiments are then carried out in a jet-stirred reactor for temperatures ranging from 450 to 1250 K, pressures of 1 or 10 atm and equivalence ratios from 0.5 to 2. The data obtained through these two approaches are finally used to develop and validate kinetic mechanisms. The overall agreement between experiments and simulations is satisfactory and results presented here can be used as a source of analogy for the future modeling of other similar oxygenated fuels
Jourdier, Etienne. "Modélisation et optimisation de la production de cellulases par Trichoderma reesei pour les bioraffineries lignocellulosiques." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CLF22264.
Full textIn the global energetic and climatic context, the high cost of the cellulolytic enzymes (cellulases) postpones the development of lignocellulosic biorefineries, dedicated to produce biofuels and chemical compounds from renewable vegetable feedstocks. The aim of this work was to measure and model the metabolism of the micro-organism Trichoderma reesei, in order to optimize the industrial protocol for the production of cellulase. This study was carried out using synthetic media representative of industrial ones. First, the stoichiometries of growth and protein production reactions were determined. Then, a kinetic study was conducted to precisely measure the specific rates of T. reesei at high induction of cellulase production. The resulting model was used to optimize the industrial production protocol. Finally the integration of this step in a lignocellulosic biorefinery was studied by determining the impacts on the metabolism of i) available sugar mixtures, ii) inhibitory compounds from lignocellulosic biomass degradation, and iii) scale-up. These results significantly contributed to improve the knowledge of T. reesei metabolism on cellulase production. The developed models are rational tools for the optimization of a cellulase production protocol suited to lignocellulosic biorefineries
Zhou, Simeng. "Développement de prétraitements fongiques de biomasses lignocellulosiques en fermentation solide afin d'améliorer leurs transformations énergétiques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4009.
Full textThe development of lignocellulosic biorefineries represents a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels and constitutes a major challenge in the energy context and current global environment. Second generation bioenergy production necessarily requires a physical pre-treatment of plant biomass either chemical, physicochemical or biological. This first step aims at deconstructing the lignocellulosic matrix to improve the subsequent step of enzymatic hydrolysis, even for the production of methane or simple fermentable sugars from both cellulosic and hemicellulosic fractions for bioethanol production. The work carried out during this thesis aimed to explore the biodiversity of filamentous fungi to select efficient strains for the solid state fermentation (SSF) of two lignocellulosic biomass models (miscanthus and wheat straw) to facilitate their conversion to bioenergy.In a first part, a new original procedure of SSF screening using "deep-well" microplates was developed and was used to screen 176 fungal strains from the collection of the CIRM-CF Resource Centre for their effectiveness in wheat straw pretreatment. The best of them, 63 strains were also screened on miscanthus straw. This screening has enabled to highlight several fungi of interest, among them, the five most promising on wheat straw were studied in a second time to 250 ml bioreactor columns (three of these strains were also performing on miscanthus). The performances of the strains have been analyzed more finely considering critical criteria for evaluating the whole bioprocess such as the mass yields, the holocellulose preservation and the net yields of carbohydrates conversion
Teffo-Bertaud, Frédérique. "Ozonation des lignines et des matériaux lignocellulosiques : étude qualitative et quantitative des sites précurseurs d'aldéhydes aromatiques." Poitiers, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998POIT2272.
Full textMartinez, Thomas. "Les oomycètes microorganismes pathogènes de plantes : une nouvelle source de protéines pour l'utilisation des polymères lignocellulosiques." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30104.
Full textOomycetes are fungal like microorganisms evolutionary distinct from true fungi that include pathogens of plants. CBEL is a cell wall glycoprotein isolated from the oomycete Phytophthora parasitica that is composed of two distinct regions linked by a threonine/proline rich linker. Each region owns a cellulose binding module (CBM1) and a PAN-Apple domain involved in protein-protein or proteins-polysaccharides interactions. Since CBEL is able to induce defense responses in numerous plant species, its use for the development of products able to protect crops has been envisaged. For this purpose we analysed the effect of an external CBEL treatment on plants. We found that in the presence of surfactants CBEL is able to induce cytosolic calcium changes, defense gene expression, and cell death on A. thaliana. CBEL application for crop protection requires the development of economically reliable production processes. In the case of proteinaceous elicitors, an attractive strategy to obtain large amount of elicitors is to express them in heterologous hosts such as bacteria or yeasts. CBELcol and CBELpic were produced respectively in E. coli and in P. pastoris. CBELcol is unglycosylated whereas CBELpic displays a glycosylation profile distinct from the native protein (CBELnat). We found that all these proteins are able to bind crystalline cellulose. On the other side we found that the elicitor activity of CBELpic is distinct from CBELnat and CBELcol suggesting that the glycosylation on CBEL can have an impact on its ability to induce plant defense responses after external treatment on A. thaliana. In the second part of this work the two CBMs (1-1 and 1-2) that form part of CBEL have been submitted to detailed characterization, first to better quantify their interaction with cellulose and second to determine whether these CBMs can be useful for biotechnological applications, such as biomass hydrolysis. A variety of biophysical techniques were used to study the interaction of the CBMs with various substrates and the data obtained clearly indicate that CBEL's CBM1-1 exhibits much greater cellulose binding ability than CBM1-2. Engineering of the family 11 xylanase from Talaromyces versatilis (TvXynB), an enzyme that naturally bears a family 1 CBM, has produced two variants. The first one lacks a CBM, whereas the second contains the CBEL CBM1-1 in the place of the natural CBM1. The study of these enzymes has revealed that wild type TvXynB binds to cellulose, probably via its CBM1, and that the substitution of its CBM by oomycetal CBM1-1 does not affect its activity on this substrate. Moreover, the presence of CBEL during the hydrolysis of wheat straw actually potentiates the action of TvXynB, a result that is consistent with the hypothesis that CBM1-1 can alter cellulose surface fibres rather like some other members of CBM family 1
Malek, Hassan. "Essais de modification de la structure chimique de matériaux lignocellulosiques naturel : étude des interactions sels d'ammonium-bois." Nancy 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991NAN10030.
Full textMogni, Assad. "Fractionnement des complexes lignine-polysaccharides issus de différentes biomasses lignocellulosiques par extrusion bi-vis et séparation chromatographique." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015INPT0099/document.
Full textThe objective of this work is to validate a new way of valuing various agricultural and forestry coproducts. Study was devoted on the separation of lignin and hemicelluloses contained in extracts obtained by twin-screw extrusion. Twin-screw technology has been chosen to evaluate different extraction conditions. Trial conditions have been adopted in order to highlight the influence of mechanical, thermal and chemical effects on the extraction performances for various plant matrices. Efforts have been made to give priority to mild extraction conditions in the interest of preserving the integrity of the extracted polymers and limiting the environmental impact. Thus hydro-thermal extraction tests without chemical solvents were compared to more conventional alkaline extraction to evaluate their efficiency. This identified the most favorable extraction conditions according to the characteristics of each biomass. The extracts, with hemicelluloses and phenolic compounds, were purified with ion exchange and adsorption resins. Work focused on mechanisms fixations characterization with model solutions conditions containing one or several molecules. Kinetic and isotherm were determined for lignin, coumaric acid and ferulic acid. Then, results were compared to results obtained with the extracts. This study allowed to identify the mechanisms involved in the separation of the lignin-carbohydrates complex
Ghorbel, Amina. "Flottation réactive à l'ozone : impacts sur les qualités papetières, procédés, fibres et effluents des suspensions de fibres lignocellulosiques." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALI042.
Full textThe objective of this study is to broaden the knowledge about the effect of ozone, when introduced as a reactive gas in the flotation cell, on the deinking performance of printed papers as well as on the papermaking properties of recycled cellulosic fibers (physical and optical properties, papermaking ability). Trials, with high ozone dose (2.97% ozone/fibers w/w), have been investigated and conducted in a laboratory flotation cell pilot (15 L). Several mixtures of recovered papers have been studied: (i) an industrial mix made of 50%/50% magazines/newspapers, (ii) two wood-free recovered lignocellulosic fiber pulp models (lignin content lower than 15%) to limit the yellowing effect of lignified fibers, and (iii) a wood-free industrial pulp mixture composed of 90% office papers and 10% magazines. Tap water and model process water have been used to dilute the fibers before deinking. For a better understanding of the ozone reactivity, experiments have been also conducted on both types of waters in the absence of fiber. The main benefits of the ozone reactive flotation process are (1) the strong reduction of the effluent soluble COD of about 63% compared to air flotation in the case of the industrial pulp mixture deinking using the model process water, (2) the increase of the fiber yield by 1 point and (3) the preservation or the improvement of the papermaking properties of the recycled fibers. Ozone preferentially reacts with soluble contaminants, so that fibers and pulp papermaking properties are not affected. This process is utterly suitable for the deinking of wood-free papers
Boizi, Elloe Martin. "Co-valorisation de déchets lignocellulosiques en tant qu'adsorbants appliqués en dépollution aqueuse et production de chaleur par combustion." Compiègne, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999COMP1246.
Full textBardot, Fanny. "Modification de lignines issues de la fabrication des pâtes lignocellulosiques en vue de leur incorporation dans des formulations d'encres." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAI100.
Full textThe originality of this work is to use lignin, an aromatic macromolecule from lignocellulosic biomass, in replacement of petroleum-based resins for the formulation of inks for food contact packaging applications. Different chemical modifications were carried out on commercial lignins, in order to make them compatible with the ink components. Used reagents and processes were chosen in order to limit the environmental impact of the whole value chain. Chemical modifications were monitored by several analytical techniques such as GPC SEC for the molar mass distribution and NMR and FTIR spectrometry for the monitoring of lignin functional groups. Ink properties were characterized by rheological and colorimetric (CIE L*a*b* system) measurements on printed samples. Among the significant results, changes in hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance were particularly noticed. Furthermore, the colour gamut of modified lignin-based inks was enhanced, compared to the one of unmodified lignin-based inks. Two applications emerged from this work: (1) formulation of lignin-based bio-sourced inks, which meet most of the industrial requirements, and (2), development of a modified lignin-based coating which improved barrier properties of recycled paperboard
Akpa-Vinceslas, Marthe. "Activité cellulolytique liée au tube digestif d'Eisenia fetida andrei. Impact sur la dynamique de la matière organique de déchets lignocellulosiques." Rouen, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ROUES030.
Full textGirard, Philippe. "Utilisation énergétique par voies thermochimiques des déchets lignocellulosiques : outils méthodologiques d'aide à la décision cas des pays d'Asie du Sud-Est." Compiègne, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995COMPD788.
Full textLachaux, Clea. "Remaniement du métabolisme carboné central microbien pour une conversion des sucres lignocellulosiques en acide glycolique avec une conservation optimale du carbone." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018INPT0083.
Full textOn an industrial scale, glycolic acid is produced from formaldehyde of which, due to its high toxicity, no traces are allowed in the end products destined for medical or cosmetic applications. Because of this reason, amongst others, its production by microbial fermentation of renewable carbon sources is of great industrial interest. Lignocellose is the most abundant, renewable carbon source on this planet and its hydrolysis yields mainly hexoses (i.e.D-glucose) and pentoses (i.e.D-xylose,L-arabinose). Hence, the existing microbial processes for the valorization of lignocellulose by the production of glycolic acid require the combination of metabolic pathways, optimised for the assimilation of pentoses and hexoses. Following the principles of metabolic engineering, production yields have been maximized by the combining an increased flux towards the production of glycolic acid with a reduction of by-product formation. Surprisingly, none of these studies consider the significant loss of carbon via the production of CO2. The here-proposed novel metabolic pathway distinguishes itself from the existing processes by its capacity to convert all lignocellulosic sugars whilst reducing CO2 emissions. The development and evaluation of two such approaches is presented in this PhD. The first approach uses the synthetic ‘xylulose-1-P’ (Xu1P) pathway for the conversion of D-glucose to glycolic acid (Alkim et al., 2015, 2016; Cam et al., 2016). The pentoses (C5) and hexoses (C6) are naturally converted by E. coli into D-xylulose-5P through the pentose phosphate pathway (PP). By expressing a mutase or phosphatase active on D-xylulose-5, the Xu1P pathway is opened up to Dglucose and L-arabinose. To this end, 7 phosphatases and 3 bacterial/yeast mutases have been selected as candidates. The second approach is completely novel and starts from D-ribulose-5P which is, much like D-xylulose-5P, a common metabolite in the C5 and C6 catabolism of E.coli. Three key enzymes have been identified to constitute a new metabolic pathway for the production of glycolic acid from Dribulose-5P and thereby valorize the C5 and C6 sugars. E.coli’s metabolism has been modified to avoid puyruvate decarboxylation and loss of carbon as CO2. The maximal theoretical yield is the highest reported so far with 3 and 2.5 mol of glycolic acid produced per mol of hexoses and pentoses respectively. The feasibility of both approached has been tested by in vitro enzymatic tests and through in vivo functional screening during growth essays. The enzymes’ capacity to redirect the carbon flux towards glycolic acid production could be evaluated by measuring growth. The second approach led to the development and characterization of a strain producing 0.34g/L and 0.4g/L of glycolic acid from Dglucose and D-xylose respectively. Follow-up of the growth, the endo- and exometabolome analysis and carbon mass balancing allowed to identify some bottlenecks which should be adressed by advanced engineering of the host metabolism to obtain a fermentation process in which glycolic acid production and growth are decoupled. Such biotechnological process has the potential to achieve yields superior to those reported for other existing processes and thereby assure an optimal valorization of all lignocellulosic sugars
LARGITTE, LUCIE. "Preparation et caracterisation de charbons actifs issus de trois precurseurs lignocellulosiques : _ coques de dende, _ graines de goyave _ et ecorces d'amande tropicale." Paris 6, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA066264.
Full textPadovani, Justine. "Développement d'une chaine de traitement d’images pour relier la morphologie de fibres lignocellulosiques aux propriétés de composites thermoplastiques à fibres courtes." Thesis, Reims, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REIMS046.
Full textThe global objective of this thesis is to link the morphology of linocellulosic fibres to the functional properties of composites. A first area of work consisted in identifying the impact of the fibre transformation process on its final properties, in particular on its morphology. The second axis concerned the study of the links between the properties of fibres and the functional mechanical properties of composites.A hydromechanical treatment applied to hemp fibres provided us with contrasting batches in terms of morphology and physicochemical properties. We generated fibrillation, and nanoindentation showed a loss of parietal mechanical properties. These properties are strongly correlated to the crystallinity rate of cellulose and to the contents of 3 oses: rhamnose, galactose and mannose. The development of an image processing and analysis chain has made it possible to quantify the size, shape and structural complexity of fibres at the population level. Morphological characteristics were monitored in composites injected with or without maleic anhydride. The characteristics of mixtures and composites have been explored. Two fibre aspect ratios (L/D) were distinguished (with and without fibrillation) and injected into micromechanical models to assess the influence of fibrillation on the prediction of the Young's modulus of composites. At the composite level, the contribution of fibrils remains very moderate, although the individual morphological and population description of the fibres has been significantly improved
Simon, Caroline. "Copolymères à base de tannins et déchets lignocellulosiques avec des matériaux synthétiques en substitution des sels de chrome pour applications en flexibilité." Nancy 1, 2002. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2002_0226_SIMON.pdf.
Full textThe purpose of this study was to formulate new leather tanning agents, non toxic environment-friendly products for partial or total chrome substitution by the use of copolymers of tannins and waste lignocellulosic materials with synthetic materials. The use of acrylic acid copolymerized with natural materials gave acceptable results in the case of retanning application with pelts pretanned with chrome. In the second part of the work, partial and total substitutions of chromium salts by the use of vegetal tannins coreacted with new MUF resins were definitely very successful. New leather analysis techniques have been developed and compared with the classical analysis systems well-known in the leather tannin industry : Electronic Spin Resonance (ESR) and Thermomechanical Analysis (TMA). A new method to determine the leather shrinkage temperature based on TMA has been successful developed
Motte, Jean-Charles. "Digestion anaérobie par voie sèche de résidus lignocellulosiques : Etude dynamique des relations entre paramètres de procédés, caractéristiques du substrat et écosystème microbien." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20123/document.
Full textNowadays, optimization of solid-state anaerobic digestion is limited by a lack of fundamental knowledge. In particular, the effects of the main process parameters, such as water content, substrate property or inoculation rate, on the reaction dynamics are poorly understood in solid-state anaerobic digestion. In fact, process parameters have consequences at microbial scale by the modification of the local environmental conditions. Nevertheless, even if the relationship between the lignocellulosic substrate characteristics and the microbial activity is a keystone of the reaction dynamics, it is rarely considered for the selection of operating conditions.This work aims to understand the influence of process parameters (total solid content, substrate characteristics, and inoculation ratio) on the microbial development, compartmentation and activity in order to optimize dry anaerobic digestion of lignocellulosic substrate. The selected strategy consisted in following wheat straw biodegradation, which is a model of agricultural wastes available for anaerobic digestion, in low inoculated batch reactors. Four series of experiment have been established to: i) understand the impact of process parameters on the reaction, ii) study the metabolic behavior of microorganisms face to low water content, iii) evaluate the relationship between substrate characteristics and modification of microbial communities and finally iv) validate results by less restricting inoculation rate.First, a screening of solid-state process parameters (total solid content, particle size and inoculation rate) showed a progressive change of their effect on digestion process during the reaction progress. Then, the study of dry fermentation indicated that, when water is free within the media, increasing total solid content has a low impact on the microbial metabolism, but modifies equilibriums between microbial communities. Based on a protocol developed to investigate the biomass compartmentation, we enlightened a strong and progressive specialization of the microbial communities associated to substrate hydrolysis during its biodegradation. Observations using transmission electronic microscopy indicated that this modification corresponds to a progressive degradation of the straw tissues depending on their lignification degree. Furthermore, the identification of physical barriers, rarely described in anaerobic digestion, suggests that substrate accessibility is the main parameter limiting the reaction. This information suggests that substrate milling can be theoretically a good pretreatment to improve dry anaerobic digestion. However, a last experiment showed that fine milling limits the process performances by a higher risk of acidification in digesters
Pintiaux, Thibaud. "Study of a high-pressure uniaxial thermocompression process for the molding of natural lignocellulosic materials." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2015. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/14259/1/pintiaux_partie_1_sur_2.pdf.
Full textEl, Achkar Jean. "Méthanisation de marc de raisin. Caractérisation et optimisation du procédé et des prétraitements." Thesis, Lorient, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORIS459/document.
Full textAnaerobic digestion is considered to be a crucial part of a sustainable development strategy, contributing to the green valorization of organic waste as biogas and fertilizers. As part of this doctoral thesis, we explored the valorization of grape pomace, the major waste and main by-product of winemaking, by anaerobic digestion, to generate green energy in the form of methane. Firstly, the methane potential of grape pomace is demonstrated, validating our vegetal biomass as a potential source of energy. Detailed information on the maximum production of methane from whole pomace, pulps and seeds are obtained in batch mode at 37 °C. The technical feasibility of the process is then validated following an extrapolation to the continuous mode. Moreover, the acclimation of the continuous digester at the average temperature of the Beqaa valley (25 °C) allowed to simulate and adapt the current system to the Lebanese environment. On another note, we carried out a bio- physico-chemical characterization of different grape varieties from different wine-growing areas. The diversity of the lignocellulosic content and the methane potential of the selected substrates was highlighted. A negative correlation exists, in particular, between the methane potential and the lignin and cellulose fractions. In order to intensify methane production, we conducted an optimization of anaerobic digesters dimensioning in continuous mode by determining an optimum of operation for an applied load of 3.7 kg COD m-3 d-1 and a residence time of 20 days. Finally, we evaluated the effects of a variety of pretreatments (freezing, alkaline treatment, acid treatment, ultrasounds and pulsed electric fields) on the methane production and the biodegradability of lignocellulosic fractions. The coupling of the alkaline treatment using 10% NaOH with freezing at -20 °C seems to be the best intensification process
Sabatier, Damien. "Influence des facteurs agro-climatiques sur les modalités d'allocation de la biomasse produite aux différentes composantes lignocellulosiques des structures de la canne à sucre." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00944800.
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