Relevant bibliographies by topics / Likely impacts

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Likely impacts'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 4 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Likely impacts"

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Wunder, Sven, David Kaimowitz, Stig Jensen, and Sarah Feder. "Coronavirus, macroeconomy, and forests: What likely impacts?" Forest Policy and Economics 131 (October 2021): 102536. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2021.102536.

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Coville, William, Bridget J. Griffin, and Bethany A. Bradley. "Identifying high-impact invasive plants likely to shift into northern New England with climate change." Invasive Plant Science and Management 14, no. 2 (March 31, 2021): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/inp.2021.10.

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AbstractInvasive plants are expanding their ranges due to climate change, creating new challenges for invasive species management. Early detection and rapid response could address some nascent invasions, but limited resources make it impossible to monitor for every range-shifting species. Here, we aimed to create a more focused watch list by evaluating the impacts of 87 plant species projected to shift into northern New England (the states of Maine, New Hampshire, and/or Vermont). We used the Environmental Impact Classification for Alien Taxa (EICAT) protocol to evaluate all ecological impacts reported in the scientific literature, scoring ecological impacts from 1 (minimal concern) to 4 (major) depending on the level of reported impact. For each species, we also recorded any reported impacts on socioeconomic systems (agriculture, human health, or economics) as “present.” We found 24 range-shifting species with impacts on ecological communities, of which 22 have reported impacts in ecosystems common to northern New England. Almost all of these species also had impacts on socioeconomic systems and were available for purchase at ornamental plant retailers or online. Thus, these species can be considered high risk to northern New England with climate change based on their large negative impacts and potential to arrive quickly with deliberate human introduction. Our study demonstrates the use of impact assessments for creating targeted priority lists for invasive species monitoring and management.
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Abbasi, S. A., and Naseema Abbasi. "The likely adverse environmental impacts of renewable energy sources." Applied Energy 65, no. 1-4 (April 2000): 121–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0306-2619(99)00077-x.

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Tempest, Paul. "Global Energy Investment Shortfalls, Impacts, Implications and Likely Responses." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 13, no. 1 (February 1995): 75–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014459879501300110.

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., S. Ramakrishna Rao. "LIKELY IMPACTS OF HUDHUD ON THE ENVIRONMENT OF VISAKHAPATNAM." International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology 03, no. 28 (December 25, 2014): 150–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15623/ijret.2014.0328023.

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Bruci, Eglantina, E. Fida, and L. Mucaj. "Likely impacts of climate changes on the Albanian coast." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 6, no. 35 (February 1, 2009): 352014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1307/6/35/352014.

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Magadza, C. H. D. "Climate change: some likely multiple impacts in Southern Africa." Food Policy 19, no. 2 (April 1994): 165–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-9192(94)90068-x.

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Hewitt, J. E., S. E. Thrush, and V. J. Cummings. "ASSESSING ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS: EFFECTS OF SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL VARIABILITY AT LIKELY IMPACT SCALES." Ecological Applications 11, no. 5 (October 2001): 1502–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2001)011[1502:aeieos]2.0.co;2.

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Ogunbade, Adewale Olusegun. "Proliferation of churches in Nigeria: Causes, impacts and likely solutions." Journal of African Studies and Development 12, no. 3 (July 31, 2020): 61–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/jasd2016.0418.

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Russell, Richard C. "Climate change and mosquito-borne disease: likely impacts in Australia." Pathology 41 (January 2009): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01268031-200941001-00098.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Likely impacts"

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Joseph, Abdul Wahid. "Prospects for the reform of District Municipalities: the scope for manoeuvre." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2012. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_4515_1370947645.

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Joseph, A. W. "Prospects for the reform of district municipalities: the scope for manoeuvre." University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/2940.

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Traut, Michelle. "Recycled building materials : the likely impact on affordable housing in the Western Cape." Thesis, Peninsula Technikon, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1057.

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Thesis (MTech (Built Environment))--Peninsula Technikon, 2001
The construction industry globally, contributes between 18% and 24% of the GDP, and because of its labour intensive characteristics, contributes handsomely to total employment, forming important backward and forward linkages with the rest of the economy. Nevertheless, the extent and sophistication of these linkages crucially depend on the relative development of the construction industry relative to the overall economy. In the developing countries, these linkages are not very strong because of the use of informal materials, which is not commercialised and whose opportunity costs are often zero, and the huge imports of construction materials used in the modem sector of the economy. However, whether in the developed or developing economies, the construction industry is a major contributor to economic growth and development by providing the necessary infrastructure that facilitates production, consumption and recreational activities. In fulfilling these activities, the construction industry generates huge wastes of which only a tiny proportion are recycled and reused. However, in economies and countries where adequate and functional housing is a problem mainly due to lack of affordability, recycling and reuse of construction waste is a necessary prerequisite to enhancing housing affordability in these countries. This is the current situation that South Africa finds itself "''here because of its past history of 'apartheid', economic opportunities and amenities were denied to the blacks. There is nowhere that this deprivation is more pronounced than in the built environment sector where housing shortages and general disamenities prevail. High levels of unemployment further exacerbate the situation, - - which is a consequence of low skills and high illiteracy-rates. Thus, housing demand and supply by this group of the population are most likely, on the evidence available, to fall predominantly within the low-income housing category. Presently, all households falling into this category rely on financial assistance from the government to facilitate low-cost housing consumption because of pervasive poverty, which itself is due to the very high unemployment rate, illiteracy, lack of skills and general deprivation: a legacy of 'apartheid' policies enforced by previous government. The dilemma however is how to meet the huge housing demand within the limited resources available to the government on the one hand, and on the other, to satisfy such demand without compromising the environmental sustainability of the physical environment. Thus, the thesis aims to determine ways in which the construction industry could contribute to the sustainability of the carrying capacity of the biophysical environment and enhance social sustainability by facilitating affordability through the possible reductions to construction costs through recycling and reuse. By means of questionnaires and detailed interviews, underscored by a qualitative research approach, the potential of construction recycling and the possible contributions to environmental sustainability and housing affordability are determined. At completion, it is expected that this work will not only contribute to existing knowledge but would be of significance in terms of policy formulation to construction industry practitioners, central and local government policy makers, and other governmental and non-governmental organisations operating in the area of housing.
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Bazen, Stephen Laurence. "Minimum wage legislation : the likely impact on earnings, poverty and employment in the UK." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.319349.

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Hamilton, Paul. "What is the likely impact of technology on the nature and future working environment of fine art printmaking?" Thesis, University of Ulster, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.431547.

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Matsinhe, Tania Romana. "The likely impact of trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights (TRIPS) in Mozambique : the case of anti-malarial drugs." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/6990.

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Bibliography: leaves 94-99.
Since 1994, there has been a lot of attention drawn on the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) as the most important international instrument ever negotiated in this area. TRIPS establishes minimum universal standards in all areas of intellectual property and the intention is to implement these standards globally through a strong enforcement mechanism established in WTO. These standards affect pharmaceuticals, which many countries had previously excluded from patent protection in order to produce drugs at reduced prices and hence contribute to the improvement of public health. But now any Member State must comply with these minimum standards since failure to do so will result to the WTO dispute settlement system. No extensive review of the practical implications of the TRIPS Agreement has taken place at the global and national levels. The main objective of this paper is to examine the likely impact of this agreement on anti-malarial drugs in Mozambique. Given the persistence of the malaria epidemic in the country and the resistance to the drugs being utilized for this disease there is an acknowledged need for a new drug to eradicate the problem. The problem is that this new drug is likely to be under patent and this country has relied on generic drugs for all its existence and being a Member of the WTO Agreement they now have to wait until patents on the required drugs have expired or be submissive to the more expensive original brand. To accomplish this objective and to ascertain the end result of the above situation, past experiences were a major tool. By reviewing experiences of less developed countries in relation to patent protection and pharmaceuticals, some conclusions were made possible. In order to narrow down the conclusions drawn from these country experiences, a study was done in the Mozambican public sector by reviewing and analyzing the existing laws and regulations pertaining to pharmaceuticals and patent protection. This was done through questionnaires and interviews of the main stakeholders in this area. With this information the researcher was able to describe where Mozambique stands in relation to patents and how this might affect the pharmaceutical industry as a Member of the WTO agreement in the long run. This study therefore, relies heavily on secondary data.
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Lindstrand, Veronica. "Conflict Minerals : A Critical Assessment of the European Proposal on Conflict Minerals Due Diligence and Its Likely Impact on European Businesses." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-277879.

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Sarenmalm, Isabel. "Would you like your receipt? : Sustainability perspectives of consumer paper receipts." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-296254.

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This report researches and analyses the sustainability perspectives of paper receipts, focusing on the economical, environmental and social aspects using a qualitative research method and by simultaneously drawing inspiration from the Sustainability Impact Assessment (SIA) model. The result section is conducted by using a literature review where a combination of previously used sources within my masters program is analysed and by reviewing articles and statistics in the search engine at the Uppsala University e-library database. The overall research purpose, to assess the sustainability of consumer receipts, is achieved by using the concept of sustainable development as the theoretical framework. This report suggests that there are some sustainability concerns with the current consumption of the traditional paper receipt, mainly in the context of environmental and social considerations. Three different alternatives to the traditional paper receipt are furthermore discussed as examples of potential routes forward. Two of the alternatives, electronic receipts and introducing a charge on paper receipts, are arguably the two most sustainable alternatives to regular paper receipts. The third alternative cannot be perceived as equally sustainable since “BPA/Bisphenol-free” receipts contain other chemicals equivalently hazardous to humans and the environment.
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Tefertiller, Alec. "Your Friends Like Our Brand: Social Impact, Capital, and Connections in Social Media Advertising." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/23100.

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Social media networks such as Facebook enable advertisers to embed social connection information within advertisements. The purpose of this study was to better understand how social cues in social media advertising contribute to consumers’ brand attitudes and purchase intentions. Two theoretical constructs guided the study: social impact theory and social capital theory. Social impact theory suggests that the number, relational strength, and immediacy of individuals exerting social influence determine its effectiveness. Social capital theory posits that our social networks are a product of the relational capital we have invested in them, with two forms of social capital: bonding and bridging. Bonding is associated with our intimate, "strong ties," and bridging is associated with our larger circle of acquaintances, or "weak ties." Using an experiment (N = 211), it was determined that while social context cues included in social media advertisements did influence brand attitudes, the strength and intensity of cues did not have an effect. Furthermore, bridging, strong-tie social capital positively moderated the relation between advertisement attitude and social media sharing of the advertisement as well as the relation between brand attitude and purchase intentions.
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Klazen, Tanya Chamel. "Analysing the likely impact of the new Namibia Investment Promotion Act 9 of 2016 on the flow of FDI into the country." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/64615.

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The purpose of this paper is to discuss and to anticipate the possible impacts Namibia’s New Investment Promotion Act (NIPA) may have on the flow of Foreign Direct Investment into the country. The aim is to highlight the researchers’ view that restrictive laws are harmful and deters investors. She maintains that NIPA be overhauled to create certainty and build investor confidence. Foreign direct investment is a significant part of every economy. It graces hosts with foreign revenue, technical know-how, technological spill overs, job creation, but to mention a few. The researcher also opines that liberal investment policies cannot be attributed to economic stagnation. The greatest evil in Africa is illicit financial flows, prompted by administrative corruption and the more. It is also noted throughout the paper that as Africans we need to focus on the proper implementation of domestic laws to see greater growth. This is where law-makers should direct their creative energies to. Liberal investment regimes are not the problem, but rather the ineffective implementation of those related laws and policies.
Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2017.
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
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Books on the topic "Likely impacts"

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Deloitte & Touche. Assessing the likely market impacts of charge caps on retail investment products. England?: HM Treasury, Dept. for Work and Pensions, 2003.

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Sen, Sevaly. EC fisheries agreements with ACP states and their likely impacts on artisanal fisheries. Rugby: Intermediate Technology Development Group, 1989.

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Saqib, M. India China free trade: Examining the likely impact of the FTA. New Delhi: India-China Trade Centre, 2005.

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Singh, Roopam. The EU India FTA in agriculture and likely impact on Indian women. New Delhi: Consortium for Trade & Development, 2009.

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Hauck, David. U.S. corporate withdrawal from South Africa: The likely impact on political change. Washington, D.C. (Suite 600, 1755 Massachusetts Ave., N.W., Washington 20036): South Africa Review Service, Investor Responsibility Research Center, 1986.

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Burke, Terry. The likely impact of the deregulation of Sunday trading on consumption and employment. London: Polytechnic of Central London, Faculty of Social Sciences & Business Studies, 1986.

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Jefferies, D. J. Superconductors in telecommunications: A report on the likely impact of room temperature superconductivity on telecommunications. Letchworth, England: Technical Communications, 1988.

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Peruffo, Susan. A Case study on the likely impact on general practice management of the demise of fundholding. Birmingham: University of Central England in Birmingham, 1999.

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Plaister, Jean M. Review of public libraries: Present trends and likely futures - their impact on library and information services. London: Library and Information Technology Centre, 1993.

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Andy, Brumer, ed. Impact zone: How to hit like the pros. New York: Thomas Dunne Books/St. Martin's Press, 2007.

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Book chapters on the topic "Likely impacts"

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Magadza, Chris H. D. "Climate Change: Some Likely Multiple Impacts in Southern Africa." In Climate Change and World Food Security, 449–83. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61086-8_17.

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Turcsányi, E., J. Cardoso-Vilhena, J. Daymond, C. Gillespie, L. Balaguer, J. Ollerenshaw, and J. Barnes. "Impacts of Tropospheric Ozone: Past, Present and Likely Future." In Trace Gas Emissions and Plants, 249–72. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3571-1_12.

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Oswalt, Sonja, Chris Oswalt, Alycia Crall, Robert Rabaglia, Michael K. Schwartz, and Becky K. Kerns. "Inventory and Monitoring of Invasive Species." In Invasive Species in Forests and Rangelands of the United States, 231–42. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45367-1_10.

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AbstractInventory and monitoring programs and high-quality distribution data are needed to manage invasive species and to develop quantitative ecological, economic, and social impact assessments. Strong inventory and monitoring programs provide valuable insights that help direct efforts to prevent and contain invasive species. Understanding where to focus management efforts, in addition to educational outreach, is key to developing economically efficient and ecologically relevant programs. As noted in Chap. 10.1007/978-3-030-45367-1_2, additional research is needed to address large-scale impacts and co-occurring impacts of multiple invaders. Inventory and monitoring efforts help to inform where this research can be most effectively applied by identifying areas where invasives are most abundant, most likely to spread, or most likely to be contained (Byers et al. 2002; Myers et al. 2000). Furthermore, as climate change continues to pose new and uncertain impacts on ecosystems, monitoring at the edge of invasive species’ ranges will become more important to management efforts (Hellmann et al. 2008).
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Coats, Robert, Goloka Sahoo, John Riverson, Mariza Costa-Cabral, Michael Dettinger, Brent Wolfe, John Reuter, Geoffrey Schladow, and Charles R. Goldman. "Historic and Likely Future Impacts of Climate Change on Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada, USA." In Climatic Change and Global Warming of Inland Waters, 231–54. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118470596.ch14.

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Miniat, Chelcy Ford, Jennifer M. Fraterrigo, Steven T. Brantley, Mac A. Callaham, Susan Cordell, Jeffrey S. Dukes, Christian P. Giardina, Shibu Jose, and Gary Lovett. "Impacts of Invasive Species on Forest and Grassland Ecosystem Processes in the United States." In Invasive Species in Forests and Rangelands of the United States, 41–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45367-1_3.

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AbstractIn this chapter, we describe current understanding of and identify research gaps on how invasive species directly, and indirectly, affect ecosystem processes. Specifically, we focus on how invasive species can alter the terrestrial carbon, nitrogen, and hydrologic cycles and how changes to these terrestrial cycles cascade to affect water quantity and quality. While invasive species may alter other ecosystem processes, we focus on these due to their importance to policy, to the public, and to their likely interaction with climate change effects. For example, carbon sequestration and surface water supply originating from forests and grasslands (Caldwell et al. 2014) are important policy and public concerns, and drought frequency and intensity will likely increase with climate change (Vose et al. 2016a). Our goal is to draw generalizations rather than provide details on invasive species effects on a case-by-case basis. We do, however, provide case studies for illustration and draw linkages with other chapters that provide detailed coverage to disturbance regimes (Chap. 10.1007/978-3-030-45367-1_5) and types and mechanisms of ecological impact caused by invasive insects (Chap. 10.1007/978-3-030-45367-1_2).
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Aizen, Marcelo A., and Carolina L. Morales. "Impacts of non-native plants on plant-pollinator interactions." In Plant invasions: the role of biotic interactions, 241–55. Wallingford: CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789242171.0241.

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Abstract There has been growing interest in the consequences of invasive non-native plants for the plant-pollinator mutualism, most likely because of its relevance for the maintenance of terrestrial biodiversity and food production. However, the development of this research field has been thematically uneven and the overall evidence inconclusive. Many studies have focused on how non-native plants interact with native plants via pollinator sharing, which have allowed meta-analytical syntheses, whereas several others have looked at how frequently non-native plants integrate into native plant-pollinator webs and how they affect network structure. However, relatively few studies have addressed the consequences of invasive plants for pollinators. Overall, the research approach in this area has been predominantly phenomenological rather than mechanistic, which has hindered our understanding of apparently contradictory evidence. One key characteristic of invasive non-native plants that seems to mediate negative effects on the pollination mutualism is the high relative abundance that they reach at late stages of invasion. This high dominance is apparently the main trigger of all the disruptive direct and indirect effects that are discussed in this chapter. Finally, we identify several intriguing questions on the ecological and evolutionary consequences of invasive plants for the plant-pollinator mutualism waiting to be answered.
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Mabhuye, Edmund B., and Pius Z. Yanda. "Locally based responses to impacts of climate change in pastoral landscapes of Northern Tanzania." In Climate change impacts and sustainability: ecosystems of Tanzania, 101–21. Wallingford: CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789242966.0101.

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Abstract The impacts of climate change and variability have manifested themselves throughout the world, but considerable temporal and spatial variations exist across various places and countries. Given the variation in vulnerability, this study was undertaken in pastoral landscapes in northern Tanzania to assess the impacts of climate change, adaptation strategies and their implications to communities' livelihoods and ecosystem integrity. It examined: (i) climate trends and associated impacts on communities' livelihood options; (ii) climate change coping and adaptation strategies adopted by selected communities to reduce the severity of climate change impacts; and (iii) the challenges associated with climate change adaptation strategies in the pastoral landscape. Primary data were collected using household surveys, interviews with key informants, focus group discussions, direct field observation using transect walks and institutional analysis. Secondary data were obtained through documentary review and theme-content analysis. Results indicate that there are slight increases in temperature and wind speed as well as decreasing trends and erratic patterns of rainfall which cause drought and extended dry spells. Fluctuation in temperature and rainfall patterns affects livestock keeping through recurrent drought that has negative implications on pasture and water availability. Communities are responding to the changes through traditional response mechanisms and have embraced a few new adaptation strategies against these climate extremes, particularly drought. Generally, strategies for adaptation are likely to be successful in the near future, subject to review and harmonization of policies, institutional and legal frameworks to harness existing opportunities for management of natural resources for sustainable development and build the long-term balance between ecosystem integrity and human needs.
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Gbode, Imoleayo E., Vincent O. Ajayi, Kehinde O. Ogunjobi, Jimy Dudhia, and Changhai Liu. "Impacts of Global Warming on West African Monsoon Rainfall." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 2469–83. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_93.

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AbstractThe impacts of global warming on rainfall in West Africa were examined using a numerical framework for 5 monsoon years (2001, 2007, 2008, 2010, and 2011). Rainfall characteristics over the three climatic zones, Guinea coast, Savannah, and Sahel, were analyzed. The potential changes associated with global warming were assessed by the pseudo-global warming (PGW) downscaling method. Multiple PGW runs were conducted using climate perturbation from the 40-member ensemble of the Community Earth System Model version 1 (CESM1) coupled with Community Atmospheric Model version 5.2 (CAM5.2) component large ensemble project. The model output was compared with Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission and Global Precipitation Climatology Project rainfall alongside surface temperature from the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecast Reanalysis. Results show that the estimated rainfall amount from the future climate in the 2070s increases slightly compared with the current climate. The total rainfall amount simulated for the current climate is 16% and 63% less than that of the PGW runs and observations, respectively. Also found is an increase (decrease) in heavy (light and moderate) rainfall amount in the PGW runs. These results are, however, contingent on the global circulation model (GCM), which provides the boundary conditions of the regional climate model. CESM1.0-CAM5.2, the GCM employed in this study, tends to provide a greater surface temperature change of about 4 °C. This projected temperature change consequently caused the increase in the simulated precipitation in the PGW experiments, thus highlighting the advantage of using the PGW method to estimate the likely difference between the present and future climate with reduced large-scale model differences and computational resources. The findings of this study are, however, useful to inform decision-making in climate-related activities and guide the design of climate change adaptation projects for the West African region.
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Timan, Tjerk, Anne Fleur van Veenstra, and Kristina Karanikolova. "Measuring the Impact of the Once Only Principle for Businesses Across Borders." In The Once-Only Principle, 208–24. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79851-2_11.

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AbstractThe Once-Only Principle (OOP) holds that public administrations ideally collect data from citizens and businesses only once to share this information, within regulatory limits, with other administrative bodies and across Member States. The aim of the OOP is to simplify interaction with public services and contribute to administrative burden reduction. To demonstrate the cross-border application of the OOP for businesses, the Large Scale Pilot European project ‘The Once Only Principle Project (TOOP)’ develops pilots and identifies benefits and challenges as well as (potential) impacts of the adoption of this principle. In this chapter, we explore an Impact Assessment framework for measuring the impact of the OOP on cross-border services for businesses and subsequently validate this framework with members from the TOOP project. During stakeholder sessions organized for this purpose, we find that the OOP potentially has a high impact on government, e.g. by enabling fraud reduction, yet little is known about the impact of the OOP on businesses, and in particular on its cross-border impact. The expected benefits of the OOP likely emerge on the longer term, making identification of short-term impacts challenging. Nonetheless, based on our findings, we recommend to develop and implement methods and tools to measure the impact on the long-term to increase sustainability of the OOP.
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Honor, Richard, and Robert I. Colautti. "EICA 2.0: a general model of enemy release and defence in plant and animal invasions." In Plant invasions: the role of biotic interactions, 192–207. Wallingford: CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789242171.0192.

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Abstract Plants and animals have evolved a variety of strategies to limit the negative fitness consequences of natural enemies (i.e. herbivores, predators, parasites and pathogens). Demographic bottlenecks occurring during the invasion process reduce the number of co-introduced natural enemies, providing opportunities to study rapid evolution in environments with different or reduced enemy loads. Enemy release theory provides a set of hypotheses and predictions about the role of natural enemies in the proliferation of invasive species. This body of theory includes the Enemy Release Hypothesis (ERH) and the related Evolution of Increased Competitive Ability Hypothesis (EICA), but there is often confusion about these hypotheses and the data needed to test them. We introduce a simple, general model of enemy release to identify and clarify some of the key assumptions and predictions implicit in enemy release theory and its impacts on invasion. Although introduced populations likely benefit from a reduction in the direct fitness impacts of natural enemies in the early stages of invasion, an evolutionary shift in resource allocation from defence to growth and reproduction is much less likely and depends on a delicate balance between the fitness costs and benefits of defence and the fitness impacts of natural enemies in both the native and introduced ranges. Even when the abundance of natural enemies is lower in the introduced range, the majority of scenarios do not favour evolution of less defended genotypes that are more competitive or more fecund, contrary to predictions of EICA. Perhaps surprisingly, we find that the level of damage by natural enemies in field surveys is not generally a good parameter for testing enemy release theory. Instead, common garden experiments characterizing fitness reaction norms of multiple genotypes from the native and introduced range are crucial to estimate the historic rate of adaptive evolution or predict it into the future. Incorporating spatial autocorrelation and methods from population genetics can further improve our understanding of the role of enemy release and evolution in the proliferation of invasive species.
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Conference papers on the topic "Likely impacts"

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Key, Christopher T., and C. Scott Alexander. "Numerical and Experimental Evaluations of a Glass-Epoxy Composite Material Under High Velocity Oblique Impacts." In 2019 15th Hypervelocity Impact Symposium. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/hvis2019-072.

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Abstract Composite materials are widely used in both the defense and commercial sectors for various applications. Many of these applications present the possibility of the composite material being subjected to high-velocity impacts, where the strain rates can be on the order of 106 s-1 or more and the pressures are often in the tens of GPa. The work presented in this paper expands upon previous work for the same materials where the impacts were normal to the composite material [1] by considering the non-ideal condition of oblique impacts that are more likely to occur in regular use.
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Graninger, Dawn, Megan Bruck Syal, J. Michael Owen, and Paul Miller. "Validating Ice Impacts Using Adaptive Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics for Planetary Defense." In 2019 15th Hypervelocity Impact Symposium. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/hvis2019-102.

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Abstract Understanding how a potentially hazardous object (PHO) responds to a kinetic impactor is of great interest to the planetary defense community. Target response depends upon the detailed material properties of the PHO, which may not be well constrained ahead of time. Hence, it is useful to explore a variety of target compositions for kinetic impact deflection. Previous validation efforts have focused primarily on understanding the behavior of common rocky materials, though PHOs are not exclusively composed of such material. Water ice is one material for which there has been only limited code validation against cratering experiments. It is known that comets consist of primarily icy material and some asteroids likely contain some amount of ice. Therefore, it is useful to understand the model sensitivities for ice in deflection simulations. Here we present Adaptive Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics simulations of impacts into water ice by an aluminum projectile. We explore the sensitivities to the damage model within our code and find that the best-fit simulations of ice occur with a Weibull modulus of 12, though results can be obtained with values of the Weibull modulus near the published value of 9.59. This work demonstrates the efficacy of using an adaptive smoothed particle hydrodynamics code to simulate impacts into ice.
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Schmalzer, Andrew M., John D. Yeager, Patrick R. Bowden, Daniel R. Guildenbecher, and Joseph D. Olles. "Experiment guided simulation of multi-fragment impact into PBXs." In 2019 15th Hypervelocity Impact Symposium. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/hvis2019-108.

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Abstract Multi-fragment impact of energetic materials can provide the impetus initiation and growth to detonation when shockwaves from these discrete fragments collide. The Sandia hydrocode CTH is used with reactive burn modeling to identify relationships between spherical fragment separation distances, variable fragment arrival timing, and initiability in energetic materials. This work demonstrates that detonation is most likely to occur is when multiple fragments collide with a surface simultaneously, because of the cumulative pressure rise of two equal colliding waves compared to the colliding waves generated by fragment impacts offset in time.
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Pistani, Fabrizio, Krish Thiagarajan, Dominique Roddier, and Tim Finnigan. "Comparison of Sloshing Impacts for Rectangular and Chamfered LNG Tanks." In ASME 2011 30th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2011-49452.

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One of the most utilised methods for the mitigation of impact forces due to the violent motions of LNG inside transported tanks is the chamfered geometry of the top corners. Nevertheless for some conditions the pressures may still reach a significant magnitude during the impacts of the fluid on the boundaries of the tank. Therefore there is the necessity to assess the magnitude of such pressure impacts, their numbers and also the location where those impacts are more likely to happen. In this study these issues will be addressed experimentally through comparison of data from two extensive measurement campaigns carried out with scaled models of different tank geometries across a number of different conditions. The number, position, magnitude and type of impacts in the most significant conditions for the two geometries are experimentally measured, assessed and compared. The comparison of the data shows that relevant impacts still occur in the case of a chamfered tank and that their magnitude, although reduced, is not negligible. In comparison with the rectangular tank there is one more location of high impacts because the fluid changes direction at the two corners of the tank. The most critical conditions are still for the medium/low filling levels, around 30%. For the higher filling levels, above 70%, the chamfered geometry is particularly effective, as it may be expected, in reducing the maximum pressures.
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Corcoran, Peter, and Claudia Costache. "Biometric technology and smartphones: A consideration of the practicalities of a broad adoption of biometrics and the likely impacts." In 2015 IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society (ISTAS). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/istas.2015.7439439.

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Sharon, C. "A Review on the Negative Impacts of Black Sand Mining on the Ecosystem of Kerala." In International Web Conference in Civil Engineering for a Sustainable Planet. AIJR Publisher, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/proceedings.112.25.

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India having coastline of in excess of 6000 km, has likely the greatest and most luxurious coastline placers. India's beach sand stores and rises contain weighty minerals like ilmenite,zircon, rutile, monazite, and sillimanite, the world necessity of garnet. Kerala has a 570 km long coastline as one of world's most potential fishing ground with exceptional biodiversity and furthermore as the plentiful wellspring of probably the most extraordinary minerals that can be found in the world. The most expected wellspring of these mineral stores is the coastline of the stretch of Kollam and Alappuzha that extends around 150 km. The dark sand mining has influenced the biodiversity of the zone consequently absolutely influencing the lives of the rural communities bringing about an ecological constrained movement and occupation misfortune. This paper critically reviews the negative impacts of the black sand mining on the ecosystem of Kerala.
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Raymond, David E., Greg S. Crawford, Chris A. Van Ee, and Cynthia A. Bir. "The Effect of Soft Tissue on the Biomechanics of Skull Fracture due to Blunt Ballistic Impact: Preliminary Analysis and Findings." In ASME 2008 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2008-192989.

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The majority of engineering studies that quantify the biomechanical response of the human head to blunt impacts have been focused primarily on replicating automotive-related trauma [1]. Relatively little biomechanical data exists on head response and skull fracture tolerance due to impacts with small surface area objects moving at high velocity, as can occur with the deployment of less-lethal kinetic energy munitions that are now available to police and military personnel. Law enforcement are trained to direct such munitions away from the head and at body regions least likely to sustain serious to life-threatening injury, such as the legs, however impacts to vital regions such as the head have occurred [2]. Previous research efforts have investigated facial impact response to blunt ballistic impacts however data regarding the temporo-parietal region are lacking and require study under these unique loading conditions [3]. Prior research has indicated that the scalp and soft tissue covering the skull are important factors to consider when studying impact response and skull fracture tolerance [4]. These data however have been limited primarily to impact velocities typical of the automotive crash environment. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the contribution of soft tissue to the biomechanical response and tolerance of the temporo-parietal region under blunt ballistic impact conditions.
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Saczalski, Kenneth J., Joseph Lawson Burton, Paul R. Lewis, Keith Friedman, and Todd K. Saczalski. "Study of Seat System Performance Related to Injury of Rear Seated Children and Infants in Rear Impacts." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-33517.

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Since 1996 the NHTSA has warned of the airbag deployment injury risk to front seated children and infants, during frontal impact, and they have recommended that children be placed in the rear seating areas of motor vehicles. However, during most rear impacts the adult occupied front seats will collapse into the rear occupant area and, as such, pose another potentially serious injury risk to the rear seated children and infants who are located on rear seats that are not likely to collapse. Also, in the case of higher speed rear impacts, intrusion of the occupant compartment may cause the child to be shoved forward into the rearward collapsing front seat occupant thereby increasing impact forces to the trapped child. This study summarizes the results of more than a dozen actual accident cases involving over 2-dozen rear-seated children, where 7 children received fatal injuries, and the others received injuries ranging from severely disabling to minor injury. Types of injuries include, among others: crushed skulls and brain damage; ruptured hearts; broken and bruised legs; and death by post-crash fires when the children became entrapped behind collapsed front seat systems. Several rear-impact crash tests, utilizing sled-bucks and vehicle-to-vehicle tests, are used to examine the effects of front seat strength and various types of child restraint systems, such as booster seats and child restraint seats (both forward and rearward facing), in relation to injury potential of rear seated children and infants. The tests utilized sedan and minivan type vehicles that were subjected to speed changes ranging from about 20 to 50 kph (12 to 30 mph), with an average G level per speed change of about 9 to 15. The results indicate that children and infants seated behind a collapsing driver seat, even in low severity rear impacts of less than 25 kph, encounter a high risk of serious or fatal injury, whether or not rear intrusion takes place. Children seated in other rear seat positions away from significant front seat collapse, such as behind the stronger “belt-integrated” types of front seats or rearward but in between occupied collapsing front seat positions, are less likely to be as seriously injured.
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Jiang, Bo, Amro M. Farid, and Kamal Youcef-Toumi. "Impacts of Industrial Baseline Errors on Costs and Social Welfare in the Demand Side Management of Day-Ahead Wholesale Markets." In ASME 2015 9th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2015 Power Conference, the ASME 2015 13th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, and the ASME 2015 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2015-49459.

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Demand Side Management (DSM) has been recognized for its potential to counteract the intermittent nature of renewable energy, increase system efficiency, and reduce system costs. While the popular approach among academia adopts a social welfare maximization formulation, the industrial practice in the United States electricity market compensates customers according to their load reduction from a predefined electricity consumption baseline that would have occurred without DSM. This paper is an extension of a previous paper studying the differences between the industrial & academic approach to dispatching demands. In the previous paper, the comparison of the two models showed that while the social welfare model uses a stochastic net load composed of two terms, the industrial DSM model uses a stochastic net load composed of three terms including the additional baseline term. That work showed that the academic and industrial optimization method have the same dispatch result in the absence of baseline errors given the proper reconciliation of their respective cost functions. DSM participants, however, and very much unfortunately, are likely to manipulate the baseline in order to receive greater financial compensation. This paper now seeks to study the impacts of erroneous industrial baselines in a day-ahead wholesale market context. Using the same system configuration and mathematical formalism, the industrial model is compared to the social welfare model. The erroneous baseline is shown to result in a different and more importantly costlier dispatch. It is also likely to require more control activity in subsequent layers of enterprise control. Thus an erroneous baseline is likely to increase system costs and overestimate the potential for social welfare improvements.
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Lukachko, Stephen P., Ian A. Waitz, Richard C. Miake-Lye, and Robert C. Brown. "Engine Design and Operational Impacts on Particulate Matter Precursor Emissions." In ASME Turbo Expo 2005: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2005-69112.

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Aircraft emissions of trace sulfur and nitrogen oxides contribute to the generation of fine volatile particulate matter (PM). Resultant changes to ambient PM concentrations and radiative properties of the atmosphere may be important sources of aviation-related environmental impacts. This paper addresses engine design and operational impacts on aerosol precursor emissions of SOx and NOy species. Volatile PM formed from these species in the environment surrounding an aircraft is dependent on intra-engine oxidation processes occurring both within and downstream of the combustor. This study examines the complex response of trace chemistry to the temporal and spatial evolution of temperature and pressure along this entire intra-engine path, after combustion through the aft combustor, turbine, and exhaust nozzle. Low-order and higher fidelity tools are applied to model the interaction of chemical and fluid mechanical processes, identify important parameters, and assess uncertainties. The analysis suggests intra-engine processing is inefficient. For engine types in-service in the large commercial aviation fleet, mean conversion efficiency (ε) is estimated to be 2.8% to 6.5% for sulfate precursors and 0.3% to 5.7% for nitrate precursors at the engine exit plane. These ranges reflect technological differences within the fleet, the variation in oxidative activity with operating mode, and modeling uncertainty stemming from variance in rate parameters and initial conditions. Assuming sulfur-derived volatile PM is most likely, these results suggest emission indices of 0.06–0.13 g/kg-fuel assuming particles nucleated as 2H2SO4·H2O for a fuel sulfur content of 500 ppm.
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Reports on the topic "Likely impacts"

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Yeates, Elissa, Kayla Cotterman, and Angela Rhodes. Hydrologic impacts on human health : El Niño Southern Oscillation and cholera. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), January 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/39483.

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A non-stationary climate imposes considerable challenges regarding potential public health concerns. The El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle, which occurs every 2 to 7 years, correlates positively with occurrences of the waterborne disease cholera. The warm sea surface temperatures and extreme weather associated with ENSO create optimal conditions for breeding the Vibrio cholerae pathogen and for human exposure to the pathogenic waters. This work explored the impacts of ENSO on cholera occurrence rates over the past 50 years by examining annual rates of suspected cholera cases per country in relation to ENSO Index values. This study provides a relationship indicating when hydrologic conditions are optimal for cholera growth, and presents a statistical approach to answer three questions: Are cholera outbreaks more likely to occur in an El Niño year? What other factors impact cholera outbreaks? How will the future climate impact cholera incidence rates as it relates to conditions found in ENSO? Cholera outbreaks from the 1960s to the present are examined focusing on regions of Central and South America, and southern Asia. By examining the predictive relationship between climate variability and cholera, we can draw conclusions about future vulnerability to cholera and other waterborne pathogenic diseases.
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Suyamto, D. A., M. van Noordwijk, B. Lusiana, A. Ekadinata, and N. Khasanah. Prospects of adoption of tree-based systems in a rural landscape and its likely impacts on carbon stocks and farmers' welfare: the fallow model application in Muara Sungkai, Lampung, Sumatra, in a "clean development mechanism" context ICRAF Working Paper no. 14. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.5716/wp06034.pdf.

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MacDonald, Keir. COVID-19, Global Value Chains, and the Impact on Gender: Evidence from the Garment and Electronics Sectors in Asia. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.074.

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This report analyses the impact of COVID-19 on women in the global garment and electronics value chains, with a focus on women working in production in Asia. Building on a previous K4D assessment of COVID-19 and its implications for global value chains (Quak, 2020), this report addresses the need to understand how COVID-19 specifically impacts women in global value chains. The report seeks to answer the question “how have male and female workers been affected differently by the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly regarding employment and the ability to work differently?”. The review presented is based on existing evidence of the gendered impacts of COVID-19 on the garment and electronics value chains in Asia and draws on both academic and grey literature. At the time of research (March 2021), the evidence was relatively sparse, frequently relying on initial surveys completed early on in the pandemic. In addition, data disaggregated by gender is rare. Where these data are not available, our approach is to synthesise what we know about the impact of COVID-19 with what we know about the nature of gender in the garment and electronics sectors and to conclude the likely impacts of COVID-19 on gender.
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Enfield, Sue. Covid-19 Impact on Employment and Skills for the Labour Market. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.081.

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This literature review draws from academic and grey literature, published largely as institutional reports and blogs. Most information found considered global impacts on employment and the labour market with the particular impact for the very high numbers of youth, women, migrant workers, and people with disabilities who are more likely to be employed in the informal sector. There has been a high negative impact on the informal sector and for precariously employed groups. The informal labour market is largest in low and middle-income countries and engages 2 billion workers (62 percent) of the global workforce (currently around 3.3 billion). Particularly in low- and middle-income countries, hard-hit sectors have a high proportion of workers in informal employment and workers with limited access to health services and social protection. Economic contractions are particularly challenging for micro, small, and medium enterprises to weather. Reduced working hours and staff reductions both increase worker poverty and hardship. Women, migrant workers, and youth form a major part of the workforce in the informal economy since they are more likely to work in these vulnerable, low-paying informal jobs where there are few protections, and they are not reached by government support measures. Young people have been affected in two ways as many have had their education interrupted; those in work these early years of employment (with its continued important learning on the job) have been interrupted or in some cases ended.
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Adlakha, Deepi, Jane Clarke, Perla Mansour, and Mark Tully. Walk-along and cycle-along: Assessing the benefits of the Connswater Community Greenway in Belfast, UK. Property Research Trust, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52915/ghcj1777.

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Physical inactivity is a risk factor for numerous chronic diseases, and a mounting global health problem. It is likely that the outdoor physical environment, together with social environmental factors, has a tendency to either promote or discourage physical activity, not least in cities and other urban areas. However, the evidence base on this is sparse, making it hard to identify the best policy interventions to make, at the local or city level. This study seeks to assess the impact of one such intervention, the Connswater Community Greenway CCG), in Belfast, in Northern Ireland, UK. To do that it uses innovative methodologies, ‘Walk-along’ and ‘Cycle-along’ that involve wearable sensors and video footages, to improve our understanding of the impact of the CCG on local residents. The findings suggest that four characteristics of the CCG affect people’s activity and the benefits that the CCG created. These are physical factors, social factors, policy factors and individual factors. Each of these has many elements, with different impacts on different people using the greenway.
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Álvarez Marinelli, Horacio, Samuel Berlinski, and Matías Busso. Research Insights: Can Struggling Primary School Readers Improve Their Reading through Targeted Remedial Interventions? Inter-American Development Bank, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002863.

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This paper assesses the effectiveness of an intervention aimed at improving the reading skills of struggling third-grade students in Colombia. In a series of randomized experiments, students participated in remedial tutorials conducted in small groups during school hours. Trained instructors used structured pedagogical materials that can be easily scaled up. Informed by the outcomes of each cohort, the intervention tools are fine-tuned for each subsequent cohort. The paper finds positive and persistent impacts on literacy scores and positive spillovers on some mathematics scores. The effectiveness of the program grew over time, likely because of higher dosage and the fine-tuning of materials.
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Wade, Steven, Adam Leonard-Williams, and Kate Salmon. Assessing climate change and its likely impact on selected UK Overseas Territories: Inception Report. Evidence on Demand, January 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.12774/eod_cr.1115.wade_etal.

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Lance, Richard, and Xin Guan. Variation in inhibitor effects on qPCR assays and implications for eDNA surveys. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41740.

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Aquatic environmental DNA (eDNA) surveys are sometimes impacted by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) inhibitors. We tested varying concentrations of different inhibitors (humic, phytic, and tannic acids; crude leaf extracts) for impacts on quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays designed for eDNA surveys of bighead and silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis and Hypophthalmichthys molitrix). We also tested for inhibition by high concentrations of exogenous DNA, hypothesizing that DNA from increasingly closely related species would be increasingly inhibitory. All tested inhibitors impacted qPCR, though only at very high concentrations — likely a function, in part, of having used an inhibitor-resistant qPCR solution. Closer phylogenetic relatedness resulted in inhibition at lower exogenous DNA concentrations, but not at relatively close phylogenetic scales. Inhibition was also influenced by the qPCR reporter dye used. Importantly, different qPCR assays responded differently to the same inhibitor concentrations. Implications of these results are that the inclusion of more than one assay for the same target taxa in an eDNA survey may be an important countermeasure against false negatives and that internal positive controls may not, in the absence of efforts to maximize inhibition compatibility, provide useful information about the inhibition of an eDNA assay.
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Woldeyohanes, Tesfaye, Karl Hughes, Kai Mausch, and Judith Oduol. Adoption of improved grains legumes and dryland cereals crop varieties: A synthesis of evidence. World Agroforestry, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5716/wp21022.pdf.

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Like other crop improvement programs, a key prerequisite for the CGIAR Research Program on Grain Legumes and Dryland Cereals (CRP GLDC) to generate large-scale impact is large-scale adoption. Hence, evidencing the breadth and depth of such adoption is both of intrinsic interest and important for estimating downstream impacts, such as improved food and nutritional security, income, resilience, and soil health. While various GLDC adoption studies have been undertaken, a recent effort to systematically review these studies and synthesize the results is lacking. We undertook such a review, identifying 69 studies and 35 independent country crop combinations (CCCs). To generate aggregated and updated estimates of GLDC improved varietal adoption, we devised and applied a procedure to estimate national cropping areas under such varieties and, in turn, the number of adopting households. Estimates derived from household surveys and expert opinion solicitation are treated with higher and lower levels of confidence, respectively. As of 2019, we estimate from higher confidence studies that improved GLDC crops were cultivated on 15.37 million hectares of land by 17.64 million households in CRP GLDC’s 13 priority countries. With the inclusion of lower confidence studies, these numbers increase to 32 and 44.64 million, respectively. We are further confident that the program exceeded its adoption target of 8.9 million newly adopting households from 2011, particularly when likely spillovers vis-à-vis non-surveyed areas, non-priority countries, and non-priority crops in priority countries are considered.
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Bolton, Laura. The Economic Impact of COVID-19 in Colombia. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.073.

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Available data provide a picture for the macro-economy of Colombia, agriculture, and infrastructure. Recent data on trends on public procurement were difficult to find within the scope of this rapid review. In 2020, macro-level employment figures show a large drop between February and April when COVID-19 lockdown measures were first introduced, followed by a gradual upward trend. In December 2020, the employment rate was 4.09 percentage points lower than the employment rate in December 2019. Macro-level figures from the National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE) show that a higher percentage of men experienced job losses than women in November 2020. However, the evidence presented by the Universidad Nacional de Colombia based on the DANE great integrated house survey shows that a higher proportion of all jobs lost were lost by women in the second quarter. It may be that the imbalance shifted over time, but it is not possible to directly compare the data. Evidence suggests that women were disproportionately more burdened by home activities due to the closure of schools and childcare. There is also a suggestion that women who have lost out where jobs able to function during lockdowns with technology are more likely to be held by men. Literature also shows that women have lower levels of technology literacy. There is a lack of reliable data for understanding the economic impacts of COVID-19 for people living with disabilities. A report on the COVID-19 response and disability for the Latin America region recommends improving collaboration between policymakers and non-governmental organisations. Younger people experienced greater job losses. Data for November 2020 show 3.3 percent of the population aged under 25 lost their job compared to 1.8 percent of those employed between 24 and 54. Agriculture, livestock, and fishing increased by 2.8% in 2020 compared to 2019. And the sector as a whole grew 3.4% between the third and fourth quarters of 2020. In terms of sector differences, construction was harder hit by the initial mobility restrictions than agriculture. Construction contracted by 30.5% in the second quarter of 2020. It is making a relatively healthy recovery with reports that 84% of projects being reactivated following return to work. The President of the Colombian Chamber of Construction predicting an 8.4% growth in the construction of housing and other buildings in 2021.
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