Books: 'Likely impacts'

1

Deloitte & Touche. Assessing the likely market impacts of charge caps on retail investment products. England?: HM Treasury, Dept. for Work and Pensions, 2003.

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2

Sen, Sevaly. EC fisheries agreements with ACP states and their likely impacts on artisanal fisheries. Rugby: Intermediate Technology Development Group, 1989.

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3

Saqib, M. India China free trade: Examining the likely impact of the FTA. New Delhi: India-China Trade Centre, 2005.

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4

Singh, Roopam. The EU India FTA in agriculture and likely impact on Indian women. New Delhi: Consortium for Trade & Development, 2009.

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5

Hauck, David. U.S. corporate withdrawal from South Africa: The likely impact on political change. Washington, D.C. (Suite 600, 1755 Massachusetts Ave., N.W., Washington 20036): South Africa Review Service, Investor Responsibility Research Center, 1986.

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6

Burke, Terry. The likely impact of the deregulation of Sunday trading on consumption and employment. London: Polytechnic of Central London, Faculty of Social Sciences & Business Studies, 1986.

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7

Jefferies, D. J. Superconductors in telecommunications: A report on the likely impact of room temperature superconductivity on telecommunications. Letchworth, England: Technical Communications, 1988.

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8

Peruffo, Susan. A Case study on the likely impact on general practice management of the demise of fundholding. Birmingham: University of Central England in Birmingham, 1999.

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9

Plaister, Jean M. Review of public libraries: Present trends and likely futures - their impact on library and information services. London: Library and Information Technology Centre, 1993.

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10

Andy, Brumer, ed. Impact zone: How to hit like the pros. New York: Thomas Dunne Books/St. Martin's Press, 2007.

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11

United States International Trade Commission. Likely impact of providing quota-free and duty-free entry to textiles and apparel from Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington, DC: U.S. International Trade Commission, 1997.

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12

United States International Trade Commission. Likely impact of providing quota-free and duty-free entry to textiles and apparel from Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington, DC: U.S. International Trade Commission, 1997.

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13

Itikawa, Yukikazu. Rate coefficients for the electron-impact excitations of C-like ions. Nagoya, Japan: Institute of Plasma Physics, Nagoya University, 1985.

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14

1953-, Crofts Andrew, ed. High impact business presentations: How to speak like an expert and sound like a statesman. London: Business Books, 1991.

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15

Dialogue, Institute for Global, ed. Democratisation and conflict in eastern Africa: Kenya's succession crisis and its likely impact on eastern Africa and the Great Lakes region. Braamfontein, South Africa: Institute for Global Dialogue, 2001.

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16

Gelb, Alan. The impact of oil windfalls: Comparative statics with an Indonesia-like model. [s.l.]: World Bank, 1985.

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17

Barnes, Justin. Globalisation and change: Major trends in the international automotive industry and their likely impact on South African automotive assembly and component manufacturers. [Durban]: School of Development Studies (incorporating the Centre for Social and Development Studies), 1999.

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18

What's happening to our news: An investigation into the likely impact of the digital revolution on the economics of news publishing in the UK. Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, University of Oxford, 2009.

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19

Kato, Takako. Recommended data for excitation rate coefficients of helium atoms and helium-like atoms by electron impact. Nagoya: Institute of Plasma Physics, Nagoya University, 1988.

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20

Sloot, Bart, Dennis Broeders, and Erik Schrijvers. Exploring the Boundaries of Big Data. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462983588.

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Though the exact nature and delineation of Big Data is still unclear, it seems likely that Big Data will have an enormous impact on our daily lives. Exploring the Bounderies of Big Data serves as preparatory work for The Netherlands Scientific Council for Government Policy's advice to the Dutch government, which has asked the Council to address questions regarding Big Data, security and privacy. It is divided into five parts, each part engaging with a different perspective on Big Data: the technical, empirical, legal, regulatory and international perspective.

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21

McGrath, Carmel. An analysis of how a secondary school is coping with current technology and facing new technology, with particular reference to the likely impact and benefits of the Internet: A case study. [s.l: The Author], 1996.

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22

Jarvis, Paul G. European Forests and Global Change: Likely Impacts of Rising CO2 and Temperature. Cambridge University Press, 1998.

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23

G, Jarvis P., and Aitken Anne M, eds. European forests and global change: The likely impacts of rising CO₂ and temperature. Cambridge, U.K: Cambridge University Press, 1998.

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24

Expert assessments of the likely impacts of climate change on forests and forestry in Europe. Finland: European Forest Institute, 2000.

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25

Lisa, Sachs, Toledano Perrine, Mandelbaum Jacky, and Otto James. Impacts of Fiscal Reforms on Country Attractiveness. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law-iic/9780199983025.016.0008.

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This chapter considers the global trend of fiscal reforms in the natural resource sector, in which governments are seeking to claim a larger portion of the windfall profits of recent years. More specifically, it surveys fiscal reforms in the oil, gas, and mining sector through seven case studies, and analyzes investors' responses to these reforms as well as the change in a country's attractiveness for existing and potential investors as a result of reforms. The chapter also highlights differences in the reform processes in the countries studied and examines their potential implications for the outcomes of the reform processes and the investors' reactions. It considers the implications of the system of regulation (contract-based versus legislated), the consultative process, the role of external parties and expert reports, and the threat of investor-state arbitration. Finally, it explains why fiscal reforms are more likely in the natural resource sector.

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26

Hailey, Neil. Likely impacts of oil and gas activities on the marine environment and integration of environmental considerations in licensing policy. English Nature, 1994.

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27

South Dakota Commission on Gaming. and Cummings Associates, eds. Analysis of the current markets for gaming in South Dakota with projections for the likely impacts of new or enlarged facilities. Arlington, Mass: Cummings Associates, 2004.

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28

Konrad, Alison M. Work–Life Interface and Flexibility: Impacts on Women, Men, Families, and Employers. Edited by Quinetta M. Roberson. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199736355.013.0020.

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Traditional organizational cultures pressure workers to prioritize the paid work role and to sacrifice participation in other life domains. However, performance in the paid work role affects and is affected by other roles the worker considers important. Multiple roles often conflict, but they also create positive synergies whereby workers utilize skills, ideas, and resources gained in different domains to enhance performance in all of them. Supportive organizational cultures and work–life flexibility practices help workers manage the interface between paid work and other life domains, and evidence suggests that they enhance work attitudes and performance. Given that multiple roles enhance workers’ performance, commitment, and resilience, organizational structures and cultures that support employees’ participation in multiple life domains are likely to generate positive benefits for firms as well as employees. The chapter ends with a theoretical model intended to stimulate future research in this area.

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29

Räisänen, Jouni. Future Climate Change in the Baltic Sea Region and Environmental Impacts. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.634.

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The warming of the global climate is expected to continue in the 21st century, although the magnitude of change depends on future anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and the sensitivity of climate to them. The regional characteristics and impacts of future climate change in the Baltic Sea countries have been explored since at least the 1990s. Later research has supported many findings from the early studies, but advances in understanding and improved modeling tools have made the picture gradually more comprehensive and more detailed. Nevertheless, many uncertainties still remain.In the Baltic Sea region, warming is likely to exceed its global average, particularly in winter and in the northern parts of the area. The warming will be accompanied by a general increase in winter precipitation, but in summer, precipitation may either increase or decrease, with a larger chance of drying in the southern than in the northern parts of the region. Despite the increase in winter precipitation, the amount of snow is generally expected to decrease, as a smaller fraction of the precipitation falls as snow and midwinter snowmelt episodes become more common. Changes in windiness are very uncertain, although most projections suggest a slight increase in average wind speed over the Baltic Sea. Climatic extremes are also projected to change, but some of the changes will differ from the corresponding change in mean climate. For example, the lowest winter temperatures are expected to warm even more than the winter mean temperature, and short-term summer precipitation extremes are likely to become more severe, even in the areas where the mean summer precipitation does not increase.The projected atmospheric changes will be accompanied by an increase in Baltic Sea water temperature, reduced ice cover, and, according to most studies, reduced salinity due to increased precipitation and river runoff. The seasonal cycle of runoff will be modified by changes in precipitation and earlier snowmelt. Global-scale sea level rise also will affect the Baltic Sea, but will be counteracted by glacial isostatic adjustment. According to most projections, in the northern parts of the Baltic Sea, the latter will still dominate, leading to a continued, although decelerated, decrease in relative sea level. The changes in the physical environment and climate will have a number of environmental impacts on, for example, atmospheric chemistry, freshwater and marine biogeochemistry, ecosystems, and coastal erosion. However, future environmental change in the region will be affected by several interrelated factors. Climate change is only one of them, and in many cases its effects may be exceeded by other anthropogenic changes.

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30

Cushman, Samuel A., and Tzeidle N. Wasserman. Quantifying loss and degradation of former American marten habitat due to the impacts of forestry operations and associated road networks in northern Idaho, USA. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759805.003.0012.

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American marten are associated with extensive and unfragmented late seral forest habitats, and are often considered to be particularly vulnerable to habitat loss and fragmentation. This chapter evaluates the impact of road building and timber harvest on habitat suitability for marten in northern Idaho, USA, using an empirically derived, multi-scale habitat suitability model, reconstructing key predictor variables (elevation, forest type, road density, canopy cover, landscape fragmentation and the extensiveness of late seral forest in the landscape) as they appear to have existed prior to harvest, and applying the model to both current and pre-harvest conditions. Calculating changes in the extent and pattern of habitat in the landscape indicate that timber harvest and road construction together reduced marten habitat quality considerably across the study area, which is likely responsible for current patterns of reduced detection rates and lower genetic diversity in areas that have experienced the largest amounts of habitat loss.

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31

Roe, Alan, and Jeffery Round. Framework. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817369.003.0023.

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This chapter discusses the channels of impact of an extractives activity on an economy by describing the different routes through which the direct economic and social impacts of these activities might be enhanced. These routes include those that often have the highest political profile, namely spending of government revenues. It also discusses other channels that arguably are far more important, such as the direct effects of corporate spend in local supply chains; the immediate ‘multiplier’ effects of this; the further multipliers that follow from significant income growth; the new downstream activities that may be built on the primary extractive activity; and the externalities that may accrue from the direct boost that a large extractive investment is likely to provide.

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32

Jubb, Imogen, Paul Holper, and Wenju Cai, eds. Managing Climate Change. CSIRO Publishing, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643100176.

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A number of international, high-level science and policy meetings have been influential in the ongoing global climate change negotiations. One of these landmark meetings was Greenhouse 2009, where those involved in research, policy and communication of various aspects of climate change provided the latest assessments of the science and likely impacts on Australia and the world. Managing Climate Change provides an important snapshot of the issues presented at the Greenhouse 2009 conference. The book gives a summary of the state of climate change science, approaches to handling the impacts and adaptation measures we are likely to face, and how to communicate the issue in order to generate better decision making and behavioural change towards sustainability. It features the latest Australian research and includes chapters on emerging fields such as the need to include behavioural and social patterns to address climate change, as well as adaptation measures for agriculture, energy use and infrastructure that may be required. The announcements, ideas and discussions at the Greenhouse 2009 conference continue to make an important contribution to addressing and tackling climate change.

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33

Siebert, Stefan, Sengupta Raj, and Alexander Tsoukas. The impact and cost of axial spondyloarthritis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198755296.003.0010.

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Patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) consistently report lower health-related quality of life compared to the general population. The effects of the condition include factors such as pain, reduced mobility, poor sleep, fatigue, and depression, with a similar burden of disease in patients with non-radiographic axSpA and established AS. The impact of fatigue and factors associated with fatigue in axSpA are discussed. AxSpA also significantly impacts on social and work participation. Patients with AS have lower work participation and are more likely to retire earlier than the general population. Those patients in work have reduced work productivity, due to absenteeism (ability to attend work) and presenteeism (productivity while at work) as a result of the condition. The financial cost of AS varies significantly between countries; estimates for the costs in the UK are discussed.

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34

(Organization), ActionAid Pakistan, ed. FTAs: A likely impact on Pakistan's trade. Islamabad: Actionaid, 2007.

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35

Senik, Claudia. Wealth and Happiness. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803720.003.0004.

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Does wealth accumulation impact subjective well-being? Within a country, household wealth has been shown to improve individual well-being by providing a safety net of protection against negative income shocks, by allowing current and expected consumption flows, and by its potential use as a collateral. At the aggregate level, direct evidence about the relationship between national wealth and happiness is almost non-existent, owing to data limitations and statistical identification problems. However, aggregate wealth impacts well-being indirectly, via positive channels such as institutional quality and improvement in health, life expectancy, and education. Wealth also brings about negative environmental degradations and other damages. The stock of accumulated wealth is also likely to affect happiness indirectly, via its influence on the rate of GDP growth, because both the level of income flows and the rate of income growth have been shown to be factors of higher well-being.

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36

Jenkins, Philip. Climate, Catastrophe, and Faith. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197506219.001.0001.

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Repeatedly through history, the world has been subject to severe climate-driven shocks, which have caused famine, disease, violence, social upheaval, and mass migration. Commonly, such episodes have been understood in religious terms, through the language of apocalypse, millennium, and Judgment. Often too, such eras have sparked far-reaching changes in the nature of religion and spirituality. Depending on the circumstances, the response to climatic visitations might include explosions in religious passion and commitment; the stirring of mystical and apocalyptic expectations; waves of religious scapegoating and persecution; or the spawning of new religious movements and revivals. In many cases, such responses have had lasting impacts, to the point of fundamentally reshaping particular faith traditions. From those eras have emerged passionate sects—some political and theocratic, some revivalistic and enthusiastic, others millenarian and subversive. The movements and ideas emerging from such conditions might last for many decades and become a familiar part of the religious landscape, although with their origins in particular moments of crisis increasingly consigned to remote memory. By stirring conflicts and provoking persecutions that defined themselves in religious terms, such eras have redrawn the world’s religious maps and created the global concentrations of believers as we know them today. Whether we are looking at the Christian tradition or at Jews, Muslims, or Buddhists, the history of religions must take account of this climate dimension. In the modern world, it is very likely that the growing climate crisis will likely have a comparable religious impact across much of the global South.

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37

Ferraro, Paul J. Are payments for ecosystem services benefiting ecosystems and people? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808978.003.0025.

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This chapter examines the evidence surrounding whether payments for ecosystem services (PES) have delivered the anticipated benefits for people and nature. Proponents claim PES are scalable and clearly link conservation investments to conservation objectives. PES also materially reward rural households, thereby potentially alleviating poverty and reducing conflict between conservation and rural communities. The reality is not so simple. Theory yields ambiguous predictions, even implying that the more participants gain from PES, the less the environment gains, and offering no reason to expect win-wins to automatically arise. The empirical evidence is scant, with very few examples of even modest environmental and social impacts. Nevertheless, alternative conservation approaches have no better evidence of transformative impacts (and often much worse evidence). Given that solutions exist for making PES more likely to achieve their purported environmental benefits, scholars and practitioners would be ill-advised to abandon PES programs, but well advised to design better assessments.

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38

Baines, Donna, and Rachel Gnanayutham. Rapid Ethnography and a Knowledge Mobilization Project. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190862268.003.0011.

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Knowledge mobilization (KM) or knowledge translation (KT) involves the dissemination of research findings to diverse audiences. This chapter reflects on the challenges of KM when impacts are likely to be diffuse, nonlinear, far-reaching and long-term, such as shifting public discourse and government priorities, rather than small, immediate, easily measured, technical impacts. Drawing on one of the project’s knowledge transfer initiatives known as the bookette (a short, accessible, multiformat book and book launches aimed at the public, media, and policymakers), the chapter argues that this strategy put findings into a range of people’s hands quickly, while leaving room for further KM activities as the project continued. The chapter considers the importance of team-based research and KM as research activities that extend and deepen the capacity of researchers, research partners, and the community to pursue social change. Strengths and challenges of team-based rapid ethnography are discussed in light of these challenges.

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39

O'Callaghan, Claire, and Muireann Irish. Candidate Mechanisms of Spontaneous Cognition as Revealed by Dementia Syndromes. Edited by Kalina Christoff and Kieran C. R. Fox. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464745.013.6.

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The capacity to engage in spontaneous self-generated thought is fundamental to the human experience, yet surprisingly little is known regarding the neurocognitive mechanisms that support this complex ability. Dementia syndromes offer a unique opportunity to study how the breakdown of large-scale functional brain networks impacts spontaneous cognition. Indeed, many of the characteristic cognitive changes in dementia reflect the breakdown of foundational processes essential for discrete aspects of self-generated thought. This chapter discusses how disease-specific alterations in memory-based/construction and mentalizing processes likely disrupt specific aspects of spontaneous, self-generated thought. In doing so, it provides a comprehensive overview of the neurocognitive architecture of spontaneous cognition, paying specific attention to how this sophisticated endeavor is compromised in dementia.

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40

Flanagan, Rosemary, and Jeffrey A. Miller. Specialty Competencies in School Psychology. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780195386325.001.0001.

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Although School Psychology first became recognized as a specialty in professional psychology by CRSPPP in 1998, this area of psychology can be traced back to the late 19th century, where it can be thought to have developed alongside Clinical Psychology due to the types of cases seen in Lightner Witmer's Psychological Clinic that opened in 1896. Over the years, this psychology specialty has become to encompass the science and practice of psychology with regard to a wide range of learners, including children, youth, and families, as it impacts the schooling or educational process. In this volume, Drs. Flanagan and Miller provide a comprehensive overview of the foundational and functional competencies related to the specialty of school psychology. As the U.S. attempts to reclaim its stature as a leader in education, school psychologists are likely to play a crucial role across multiple tasks and levels. It includes information on common practice activities like assessment and intervention, as well as core knowledge areas such as ethical and legal issues, cultural diversity, and professional identification.

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41

Kiesecker, Joseph M., Kei Sochi, Jeff Evans, Michael Heiner, Christina M. Kennedy, and James R. Oakleaf. Conservation in the real world. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808978.003.0024.

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This chapter highlights the challenge of meeting conservation goals in the face of a rapidly expanding human population, and advocates for the conservation community to expand its focus from the siting of protected areas to also include spatial planning for how to achieve development objectives. A framework entitled, Development by Design, is introduced to proactively identify when development impacts are compatible with conservation goals and when they are not, and to invest as much analysis into anticipating where development is likely to occur as into biodiversity needs. This chapter examines two applications of this framework—oil and gas development in the western USA and mining in Mongolia, documenting how a mix of stakeholder engagement, strong science, and ultimately a willingness to compromise can not only produce significant conservation gains but also meet economic objectives.

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42

Heyns, Christof, and Tess Borden. Unmanned Weapons. Edited by Fionnuala Ní Aoláin, Naomi Cahn, Dina Francesca Haynes, and Nahla Valji. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199300983.013.30.

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This chapter reviews technological advances in weapons systems from a gendered perspective. It describes how unmanned weapons affect women in targeted societies and targeting societies, exploring ways in which traditional gender roles are both exacerbated and relaxed by this weaponry. With respect to masculinity, the chapter discusses the potential for emasculation of traditional male combatants in targeting societies and the dehumanization of men in targeted societies. Drawing on feminist critiques, the chapter closes with a discussion of ethical concerns, including the potential for downplaying collateral damage and overlooking broader societal impacts caused by unmanned weapons. Ultimately, the chapter suggests that although the use of unmanned weapons may theoretically create opportunities for greater gender equality, such benefit is likely outweighed by the risks of depersonalizing the use of force.

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43

Schrijver, Karel. Living on a Pale Blue Dot. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799894.003.0012.

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Over time, the Earth’s habitability for human beings has changed tremendously, despite the mild, slow changes in the Sun’s intensity and the slight shifts in Earth’s orbit: cycles of “Snowball Earth” put mile-deep glaciers all over the Earth, even into the tropics, whereas longer ago the atmosphere was completely different and impossible for humans to survive in. The interdisciplinary science of planetary habitability is revealing the intrinsic duality of processes that are both beneficial and detrimental to life: sunlight, magnetism, volcanism, chemical weathering, asteroid impacts, and even life around us. With so many processes, the balancing act of our comfortable planet is remarkable, perhaps unique. Ultimately, nature will destroy our habitable home, but not likely for a very, very long time, provided we ourselves do not cause things to derail.

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44

Zhang, Luxia, and Haiyan Wang. Chronic kidney disease in developing countries. Edited by David J. Goldsmith. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0096_update_001.

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The spread of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) is a barrier to the development of goals including reduction of poverty, health equity, economic stability, and human security. NCDs accounted for 61% of the estimated 58 million deaths and 46% of the global burden of diseases worldwide in 2005. Among NCDs, chronic kidney disease (CKD) is of particular significance. It is recognized that the burden of CKD is not only limited to its impact on demands for renal replacement therapy but has equally major impacts on the health of the overall population. For example, it is now well established that among the general population as well as in the diabetic or hypertensive population, the prognosis, especially the mortality and acceleration of cardiovascular events, depends on kidney involvement. Also, CKD is associated with other major serious consequences including increased risk of acute kidney injury, increased risk of mineral and bone disease, adverse metabolic and nutritional consequences, infections, and reduced cognitive function. As a consequence of these amplifying effects, the financial expenditure and medical resources consumed for the management of CKD patients is much higher than expected. The burden of CKD is likely to have profound socioeconomic and public health consequences in developing countries.

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45

Fitzpatrick, Matthew C., and Aaron M. Ellison. Estimating the exposure of carnivorous plants to rapid climatic change. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779841.003.0028.

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Climatic change likely will exacerbate current threats to carnivorous plants. However, estimating the severity of climatic change is challenged by the unique ecology of carnivorous plants, including habitat specialization, dispersal limitation, small ranges, and small population sizes. We discuss and apply methods for modeling species distributions to overcome these challenges and quantify the vulnerability of carnivorous plants to rapid climatic change. Results suggest that climatic change will reduce habitat suitability for most carnivorous plants. Models also project increases in habitat suitability for many species, but the extent to which these increases may offset habitat losses will depend on whether individuals can disperse to and establish in newly suitable habitats outside of their current distribution. Reducing existing stressors and protecting habitats where numerous carnivorous plant species occur may ameliorate impacts of climatic change on this unique group of plants.

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46

Gallop, J., and L. Hao. Superconducting Nanodevices. Edited by A. V. Narlikar. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198738169.013.17.

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This article reviews recent progress in superconducting nanodevices, with particular emphasis on fabrication methods developed for superconducting nanowires and nanoscale Josephson junctions based on different barrier materials. It evaluates the future potential of superconducting nanodevices, including nano-superconducting quantum interference devices (nanoSQUIDs), in light of improvements in nanoscale fabrication and manipulation techniques, along with their likely impacts on future quantum technology and measurement. The article first considers efforts to realize devices at the physical scale of 100 nm and below before discussing different types of Josephson junction such as trilayer junctions. It also describes the use of focused ion beam milling and electron beam lithography techniques for junction fabrication at the nanoscale and the improved energy sensitivity detectable with a nanoSQUID. Finally, it looks at a range of applications for nanoSQUIDs, superconducting single photon detectors, and other superconducting nanodevices.

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47

Bernstein, Lori J. Ambiguous Figures Moving Forward. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0095.

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There is inherent ambiguity in visual proximal stimuli, yet only under special circumstances is this obvious. There are many explanations for how we so effortlessly disambiguate inherently ambiguous shape information. An ambiguous figure is a type of optical illusion in that it can give rise to multistable interpretations. Some famous examples of these types of two-dimensional figures include the face/vase and the Necker wire cube. This chapter reviews evidence showing that direction of motion impacts this process. Specifically, a moving ambiguous figure is more likely to be “seen” as the object that faces in the direction of perceived motion. This “heading effect” appears to hold up even when the motion is nonoptimal and is far from biologically accurate, as the accompanying demonstration shows. Some possible explanations for this effect are presented and insights from basic neuroscience, neuropsychological cases, and other behavioral studies are discussed.

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48

McQuinn, Kieran, and Karl Whelan. Europe’s Long-Term Growth Prospects. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198821878.003.0011.

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Even before the financial crisis of 2007/8, there were questions about Europe’s long-term growth prospects. Since the mid-1990s, Euro area productivity growth had been falling behind that of the United States. Using data for the period 1970–2006, authors identified declining European rates of total factor productivity growth and weaker capital accumulation as areas for concern. Updating this earlier analysis, authors find that growth prospects for the euro area have deteriorated further; that Europe’s demographics are also contributing to a decline in the workforce. Thus a long-term projection for euro area GDP based on unchanged policies is provided and there is discussion about the possible impacts of certain structural reforms including unemployment rates, pensions, and the successful implementation of a significantly wider programme of regulatory reform aimed at boosting growth. Even with the successful adoption of these measures, the European economy is still likely to continue to grow at a slower pace.

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49

Deudney, Daniel. Dark Skies. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190903343.001.0001.

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Dark Skies is the first work to assess the full impacts of space expansion, past, present, and future. Thinking about space, and the visions fervently promoted by the global space movement, is dominated by geographic misperceptions and utopian illusions. The parts of space where almost all activity has occurred are part of the planet Earth, its astrosphere, and, in practical terms, are smaller than the atmosphere. Contrary to frontier visions, orbital space is already congested and degraded with dangerous space debris. The largest impact of actual space activities is an increased likelihood of catastrophic nuclear war stemming from the use of orbital space and space technology to lob nuclear weapons at intercontinental distances. Building large-scale orbital infrastructures will probably require or produce world government. The ultimate goal of space advocates, the colonization of Mars and asteroids, is promoted to guarantee the survival of humanity if major catastrophes strike Earth. But the spread of humanity into a multiplanet species will likely produce an interstate anarchy highly prone to total war, with Earth having many disadvantages. Altering the orbits of asteroids, a readily achievable technology vital for space colonization, also makes possible “planetoid bombs” with destructive potentials millions of times greater than all nuclear weapons. The biological diversification of humanity into multiple species, anticipated by space advocates, will further stoke interworld wars. Astrocide—the extinction of humanity resulting from significant space expansion—must join the lengthening list of potential threats to human survival. Large-scale space expansion should be relinquished in favor of an Earth-oriented space program of arms control and planetary security.

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Bux, R. Kader. The automation of the University of Malaya Library issue system and its likely impact. 1985.

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