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Journal articles on the topic 'Likely impacts'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 4 February 2022

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1

Wunder, Sven, David Kaimowitz, Stig Jensen, and Sarah Feder. "Coronavirus, macroeconomy, and forests: What likely impacts?" Forest Policy and Economics 131 (October 2021): 102536. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2021.102536.

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2

Coville, William, Bridget J. Griffin, and Bethany A. Bradley. "Identifying high-impact invasive plants likely to shift into northern New England with climate change." Invasive Plant Science and Management 14, no. 2 (March 31, 2021): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/inp.2021.10.

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AbstractInvasive plants are expanding their ranges due to climate change, creating new challenges for invasive species management. Early detection and rapid response could address some nascent invasions, but limited resources make it impossible to monitor for every range-shifting species. Here, we aimed to create a more focused watch list by evaluating the impacts of 87 plant species projected to shift into northern New England (the states of Maine, New Hampshire, and/or Vermont). We used the Environmental Impact Classification for Alien Taxa (EICAT) protocol to evaluate all ecological impacts reported in the scientific literature, scoring ecological impacts from 1 (minimal concern) to 4 (major) depending on the level of reported impact. For each species, we also recorded any reported impacts on socioeconomic systems (agriculture, human health, or economics) as “present.” We found 24 range-shifting species with impacts on ecological communities, of which 22 have reported impacts in ecosystems common to northern New England. Almost all of these species also had impacts on socioeconomic systems and were available for purchase at ornamental plant retailers or online. Thus, these species can be considered high risk to northern New England with climate change based on their large negative impacts and potential to arrive quickly with deliberate human introduction. Our study demonstrates the use of impact assessments for creating targeted priority lists for invasive species monitoring and management.

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Abbasi, S. A., and Naseema Abbasi. "The likely adverse environmental impacts of renewable energy sources." Applied Energy 65, no. 1-4 (April 2000): 121–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0306-2619(99)00077-x.

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4

Tempest, Paul. "Global Energy Investment Shortfalls, Impacts, Implications and Likely Responses." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 13, no. 1 (February 1995): 75–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014459879501300110.

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., S. Ramakrishna Rao. "LIKELY IMPACTS OF HUDHUD ON THE ENVIRONMENT OF VISAKHAPATNAM." International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology 03, no. 28 (December 25, 2014): 150–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15623/ijret.2014.0328023.

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Bruci, Eglantina, E. Fida, and L. Mucaj. "Likely impacts of climate changes on the Albanian coast." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 6, no. 35 (February 1, 2009): 352014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1307/6/35/352014.

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7

Magadza, C. H. D. "Climate change: some likely multiple impacts in Southern Africa." Food Policy 19, no. 2 (April 1994): 165–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-9192(94)90068-x.

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8

Hewitt, J. E., S. E. Thrush, and V. J. Cummings. "ASSESSING ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS: EFFECTS OF SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL VARIABILITY AT LIKELY IMPACT SCALES." Ecological Applications 11, no. 5 (October 2001): 1502–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2001)011[1502:aeieos]2.0.co;2.

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9

Ogunbade, Adewale Olusegun. "Proliferation of churches in Nigeria: Causes, impacts and likely solutions." Journal of African Studies and Development 12, no. 3 (July 31, 2020): 61–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/jasd2016.0418.

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10

Russell, Richard C. "Climate change and mosquito-borne disease: likely impacts in Australia." Pathology 41 (January 2009): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01268031-200941001-00098.

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Haklai, Ziona, Yael Applbaum, Orna Tal, Myriam Aburbeh, and Nehama F. Goldberger. "Female physicians: trends and likely impacts on healthcare in Israel." Israel Journal of Health Policy Research 2, no. 1 (2013): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2045-4015-2-37.

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12

Gareis, Karsten, and Norbert Kordey. "Telework - An Overview of Likely Impacts on Traffic and Settlement patterns." Netcom 13, no. 3 (1999): 265–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/netco.1999.1445.

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13

Searchinger, Timothy, and Ralph Heimlich. "Likely impacts of biofuel expansion on Midwest land and water resources." International Journal of Biotechnology 11, no. 1/2 (2009): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijbt.2009.028103.

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14

Bergeson, Lynn L. "The Trump Administration and Likely Impacts on Environmental Law and Policy." Environmental Quality Management 26, no. 4 (June 2017): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tqem.21499.

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15

Penzias, Arno A. "The next fifty years: Some likely impacts of solid-state technology." Bell Labs Technical Journal 2, no. 4 (August 14, 2002): 155–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bltj.2087.

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16

Penzias, A. A. "The Next Fifty Years: Some Likely Impacts Of Solid-state Technology." Proceedings of the IEEE 86, no. 1 (January 1998): 290–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jproc.1998.658781.

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17

Gellner, Ryan A., Eamon T. Campolettano, Eric P. Smith, and Steven Rowson. "Are specific players more likely to be involved in high-magnitude head impacts in youth football?" Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics 24, no. 1 (July 2019): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2019.2.peds18176.

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OBJECTIVEYouth football attracts approximately 3.5 million participants every year, but concern has recently arisen about the long-term effects of experiencing repetitive head accelerations from a young age due to participation in football. The objective of this study was to quantify total involvement in high-magnitude impacts among individual players in youth football practices. The authors explored the relationship between the total number of high-magnitude accelerations in which players were involved (experienced either by themselves or by other players) during practices and the number of high-magnitude accelerations players experienced.METHODSA local cohort of 94 youth football players (mean age 11.9 ± 1.5, mean body mass 50.3 ± 16.4 kg) from 4 different teams were recruited and outfitted with helmet-mounted accelerometer arrays. The teams were followed for one season each for a total of 128 sessions (practices, games, and scrimmages). All players involved in high-magnitude (greater than 40g) head accelerations were subsequently identified through analysis of practice film.RESULTSPlayers who experienced more high-magnitude accelerations were more likely to be involved in impacts associated with high-magnitude accelerations in other players. A small subset of 6 players (6%) were collectively involved in 230 (53%) high-magnitude impacts during practice, were involved in but did not experience a high-magnitude acceleration 78 times (21% of the 370 one-sided high-magnitude impacts), and experienced 152 (30%) of the 502 high-magnitude accelerations measured. Quarterbacks/running backs/linebackers were involved in the greatest number of high-magnitude impacts in practice and experienced the greatest number of high-magnitude accelerations. Which team a player was on was an important factor, as one team showed much greater head impact exposure than all others.CONCLUSIONSThis study showed that targeting the most impact-prone players for individualized interventions could reduce high-magnitude acceleration exposure for entire teams. These data will help to further quantify elevated head acceleration exposure and enable data-driven interventions that modify exposure for individual players and entire teams.

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18

Lin, Huang-Chi, Yi-Lung Chen, Nai-Ying Ko, Yu-Ping Chang, Wei-Hsin Lu, and Cheng-Fang Yen. "Impacts of Public Debates on Legalizing the Same-Sex Relationships on People’s Daily Lives and Their Related Factors in Taiwan." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 22 (November 19, 2020): 8606. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228606.

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This study examined the proportion of the individuals who experienced negative impacts on daily lives resulted from public debates on the legalization of same-sex relationships and related factors in Taiwan. Data provided by 1370 participants recruited through a Facebook advertisement were analyzed. Participants completed an online questionnaire assessing negative impact of public debates on daily lives, gender, age, sexual orientation, the number of lesbian, gay and bisexual (LGB) friends, and perceived population’s acceptance of homosexuality. The results showed that 39.5% of participants reported the negative impacts on their occupational or academic performance; 34.2% reported the negative impact on friendship; 37.7% reported the negative impact on family relationship; and 57.4% reported the negative impact on mood or sleep quality. Non-heterosexual participants were more likely to report negative impacts of public debates on all domains of daily lives than heterosexual ones. The number of LGB friends was positively associated with negative impacts of public debates on all domains of daily lives. Participants who were 20–29 years old were more likely to report negative impacts of public debates on the domains of family relationship and mood/sleep quality than those who were 40 or older. Participants who were 30–39 years old were more likely to report negative impacts of public debates on the domain of mood/sleep quality than those who were 40 or older. Males were less likely to report the negative impact on their mood/sleep quality than females. Perceiving population’s acceptance for homosexuality were negatively associated with negative impacts of public debates on the domains of occupational/academic performance, family relationship and mood/sleep quality.

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Marsden, Greg, Charlotte Kelly, and John Nellthorp. "The likely impacts of target setting and performance rewards in local transport." Transport Policy 16, no. 2 (March 2009): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2009.03.003.

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20

Wilson, Mark W., Tom Gittings, Josephine Pithon, Thomas C. Kelly, Sandra Irwin, and John O'Halloran. "Bird diversity of afforestation habitats in Ireland: current trends and likely impacts." Biology & Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 112, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3318/bioe.2011.22.

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21

Primm, Todd P., Christie A. Lucero, and Joseph O. Falkinham. "Health Impacts of Environmental Mycobacteria." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 17, no. 1 (January 2004): 98–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.17.1.98-106.2004.

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SUMMARY Environmental mycobacteria are emerging pathogens causing opportunistic infections in humans and animals. The health impacts of human-mycobacterial interactions are complex and likely much broader than currently recognized. Environmental mycobacteria preferentially survive chlorination in municipal water, using it as a vector to infect humans. Widespread chlorination of water has likely selected more resistant environmental mycobacteria species and potentially explains the shift from M. scrofulaceum to M. avium as a cause of cervical lymphadenitis in children. Thus, human activities have affected mycobacterial ecology. While the slow growth and hydrophobicity of environmental mycobacteria appear to be disadvantages, the unique cell wall architecture also grants high biocide and antibiotic resistance, while hydrophobicity facilitates nutrient acquisition, biofilm formation, and spread by aerosolization. The remarkable stress tolerance of environmental mycobacteria is the major reason they are human pathogens. Environmental mycobacteria invade protozoans, exhibiting parasitic and symbiotic relationships. The molecular mechanisms of mycobacterial intracellular pathogenesis in animals likely evolved from similar mechanisms facilitating survival in protozoans. In addition to outright infection, environmental mycobacteria may also play a role in chronic bowl diseases, allergies, immunity to other pulmonary infections, and the efficacy of bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccination.

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22

Howard, Guy, Roger Calow, Alan Macdonald, and Jamie Bartram. "Climate Change and Water and Sanitation: Likely Impacts and Emerging Trends for Action." Annual Review of Environment and Resources 41, no. 1 (November 2016): 253–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-110615-085856.

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23

Paine, Michael, and Benny Peiser. "The Frequency and Predicted Consequences of Cosmic Impacts in the Last 65 Million Years." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 213 (2004): 289–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900193428.

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Sixty five million years ago a huge asteroid collided with the Earth and ended the long reign of the dinosaurs. In the aftermath of this catastrophic event, the mammals arose and eventually mankind came to dominate the surface of the planet. The Earth, however, has not been free from severe impacts since the time of the dinosaur killer. We examine the likely frequency of major impact events over the past 65 million years, the evidence for these impacts and the predicted consequences of various types of impacts. It is evident that the mammals had to survive frequent severe disruptions to the global climate, and it is likely that over the past 5 million years hominids were faced with several catastrophic global events. Smaller but strategically located impact events could bring down our civilisation if they occurred today. Mankind has recently developed the expertise to predict and mitigate future impacts, but political and financial support are lacking.

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24

Green, Jason, and Thomas Timmerman. "Are Millennials More Likely To Be Abusive Supervisors?" SAM Advanced Management Journal 86, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.52770/tbod4610.

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Demographic shifts in the labor force provide a variety of challenges for managers and leaders in organizations. Throughout history, shifts such as the greater participation of females in the workforce, greater ethnic/racial diversity, and increasing internationalization paired with age-related impacts have sparked changes in societal attitudes and management practices. Generational differences are also challenging because people born in different time periods may grow up in periods with differing values and social norms. As a result, people from different generations may have different expectations about how employees should be managed. Over the last several years, a great deal of research has addressed the unique characteristics of Millennials as they entered the workforce, but very little research has addressed the next step in the careers. This research focuses on the increasing role of Millennials in leadership as they increase they become the most active generation in the workforce.

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25

Amuedo-Dorantes, Catalina, and Mary J. Lopez. "Falling Through the Cracks? Grade Retention and School Dropout among Children of Likely Unauthorized Immigrants." American Economic Review 105, no. 5 (May 1, 2015): 598–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.p20151113.

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We evaluate how intensified interior immigration enforcement impacts the likelihood that children of unauthorized immigrants will repeat a grade or drop out of school. Using a weighted index of the intensity of interior immigration enforcement at the MSA level, we find that increased enforcement has the largest impact on younger children ages 6 to 13. The estimates, which account for the non-random residential location of children and their families, reveal that increased enforcement raises young children's probability of repeating a grade by 6 percent and their likelihood of dropping out of school by 25.2 percent.

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Sweeney, Sedona, Theo Prudencio Juhani Capeding, Rosalind Eggo, Maryam Huda, Mark Jit, Don Mudzengi, Nichola R. Naylor, et al. "Exploring equity in health and poverty impacts of control measures for SARS-CoV-2 in six countries." BMJ Global Health 6, no. 5 (May 2021): e005521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-005521.

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BackgroundPolicy makers need to be rapidly informed about the potential equity consequences of different COVID-19 strategies, alongside their broader health and economic impacts. While there are complex models to inform both potential health and macro-economic impact, there are few tools available to rapidly assess potential equity impacts of interventions.MethodsWe created an economic model to simulate the impact of lockdown measures in Pakistan, Georgia, Chile, UK, the Philippines and South Africa. We consider impact of lockdown in terms of ability to socially distance, and income loss during lockdown, and tested the impact of assumptions on social protection coverage in a scenario analysis.ResultsIn all examined countries, socioeconomic status (SES) quintiles 1–3 were disproportionately more likely to experience income loss (70% of people) and inability to socially distance (68% of people) than higher SES quintiles. Improving social protection increased the percentage of the workforce able to socially distance from 48% (33%–60%) to 66% (44%–71%). We estimate the cost of this social protection would be equivalent to an average of 0.6% gross domestic product (0.1% Pakistan–1.1% Chile).ConclusionsWe illustrate the potential for using publicly available data to rapidly assess the equity implications of social protection and non-pharmaceutical intervention policy. Social protection is likely to mitigate inequitable health and economic impacts of lockdown. Although social protection is usually targeted to the poorest, middle quintiles will likely also need support as they are most likely to suffer income losses and are disproportionately more exposed.

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Annecke, Wendy. "Climate change, energy-related activities and the likely social impacts on women in Africa." International Journal of Global Environmental Issues 2, no. 3/4 (2002): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijgenvi.2002.002400.

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PETERSON, KAJA, MATI KOSE, and MEELIS UUSTAL. "SCREENING DECISIONS CONCERNING THE LIKELY IMPACTS OF PLANS AND PROJECTS ON NATURA 2000 SITES." Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 12, no. 02 (June 2010): 185–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1464333210003553.

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Screening is a crucial stage in the environmental assessment process, because by this process a decision is made whether or not further assessment of a plan or project is required, and by doing so, the likelihood of implementing plans and projects harming the environment is to be decreased. In the Habitats Directive, it is explicitly stated that the competent authority should ascertain that no harm will be done to EU sites belonging to the Natura 2000 network before authorisation for further action is granted. A review of some of the national guidance documents concerning the Natura Assessment developed by EU Member States showed diversity in the scope and depth prescribed for the assessment. A five-year review of screening decisions in Estonia demonstrated that the Habitats Directive and the respective EU guidelines are poorly applied. The majority of the EIA and SEA screening decisions in 2004–2009 did not consider the impacts on Natura 2000 sites. Those decisions that did consider them addressed primarily the location-induced aspects of the proposed plan or project, with respect to the location of the relevant Natura 2000 site. Less than one third of decisions considered location, likely effects and their significance together. In the rest of the cases, the reasoning was missing or unclear. Since the study demonstrated important deficiencies in the screening stage of the Natura Assessment, the Estonian EIA Act urgently needs to be modified to comply fully with the requirements of the Habitats Directive and to ensure that the conservation objectives of nearly 600 Estonian Natura 200 sites are not compromised.

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Ko, Jong-Hwan, and Jong Wook Ha. "A Trade War between China and the United States and Its Likely Economic Impacts." Journal of Global and Area Studies(JGA) 2, no. 2 (November 30, 2018): 47–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31720/jga.2.2.3.

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30

Liu, Junyou. "Appraising the Likely Gentrification Impacts of a Mega Transport Project—The Case of Crossrail." Urban Studies and Public Administration 4, no. 3 (June 28, 2021): p22. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/uspa.v4n3p22.

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Megaprojects are defined as projects that cost a billion US dollars or more at 1990 prices. Mega transport infrastructure projects have the potential to affect important socioeconomic and territorial changes. They are often perceived as critical to the “success” of major metropolitan, regional and national development. The redevelopment of neighbourhoods offers many opportunities for regional regeneration, yet there remain concerns regarding the potential gentrification of areas leading to the displacement of existing populations and local businesses. This research applies multi-criteria analysis, a tool that is widely used in mega infrastructure project appraisal using the UK’s Crossrail as a case to explore the likelihood of gentrification and the displacement impacts of the project. This paper finds both positive and negative impacts. Different stakeholders express noticeably differing opinions regarding the project.

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Howell, Daniel, and Anatoly A. Filin. "Modelling the likely impacts of climate-driven changes in cod-capelin overlap in the Barents Sea." ICES Journal of Marine Science 71, no. 1 (November 14, 2013): 72–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fst172.

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Abstract Howell, D., and Filin, A. A. Modelling the likely impacts of climate-driven changes in cod-capelin overlap in the Barents Sea. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 71: . Recent observations have indicated that the cod distribution within the Barents Sea is expanding towards the northeast. The area into which the cod are expanding has historically been an area with large stocks of polar cod and capelin. It can be expected that the continued expansion of cod into this region would lead to greater availability of these forage fish for cod predation and have a direct impact on the forage fish stock. The distributional shift may also reduce the level of cod cannibalism. Such changes have implications for the management of both cod and capelin fisheries. In this paper, we use two different models (Gadget and STOCOBAR) to examine the effects of the changing overlap on cod and capelin. The results from the two models are compared to reduce uncertainty due to model formulation and exploit the different strengths of the two approaches. Although there are many uncertainties around the ongoing changes, the results indicate that the increased spatial overlap could contribute to modest rises by up to 20% in the average cod stock biomass, but with an increase in the impact of cannibalism, and hence an increased variability in the cod stock size.

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Thapa, Pradhan K., and Sony Baral. "Community-based Vulnerability Assessment and Risk Mapping for Adaptation Planning in Terai eco-zone, Nepal." Journal of Agriculture and Environment 14 (December 1, 2013): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/aej.v14i0.19781.

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Communities have already felt the impact of climate change on their livelihoods. Since the risk of increased negative impacts is high, communities need to understand the climate change patterns, the likely impacts and measures to mitigate the negative impacts. This study was undertaken to assess climate change vulnerability, assess the associated risk and map it, and use these information to prepare adaptation plan. It was found that communities can assess the climate change vulnerability, and map the associated risks. They can prepare their adaptation plan to mitigate the likely negative impacts, and access resources from the local government to implement their action plan. This study has recommended that the community based climate change vulnerability assessment and risk mapping for adaptation planning tools and methodologies developed by this piloting study should be used by the local governments in their regular planning process to address the climate change issues at the community level.

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Peralta, Alexandra, Scott Swinton, and Songqing Jin. "The Secret to Getting Ahead Is Getting Started: Early Impacts of a Rural Development Project." Sustainability 10, no. 8 (July 27, 2018): 2644. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10082644.

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Interventions in rural development projects vary in their likely time to impact. Some offer rapid payoffs after minimal learning and investment, while others offer larger payoffs but entail delays and may require learning or significant investment of labor and capital. Short-term impacts included reductions in stored grain losses due to improved silos and increase in household savings due to increased participation in savings groups. The least poor are most likely to invest labor and capital in slow-to-accrue payoffs like soil erosion abatement from building conservation structures. Our results suggest that targeting project interventions by asset level can enhance impacts.

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Scherban’, A. V. "The greenhouse effect and its impacts on environment." Economy and ecology of territorial educations 5, no. 2 (2021): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/2413-1474-2021-5-2-59-65.

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The buildup of so-called «greenhouse gases» in the atmosphere - CO2 in particular-appears to be having an adverse impact on the global climate. This article briefly reviews current expectations with regard to physical and biological effects, their potential costs to society, and likely costs of abatement. For a «worst case» scenario it is impossible to assess, in economic terms, the full range of possible non-linear synergistic effects. In the «most favorable» case, however, it seems likely that the impacts are within the «affordable» range, at least in the industrialized countries of the world. In the «third world» the notion of affordability is of doubtful relevance, making the problem of quantitative evaluation almost impossible.

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HOMER, M. E., and S. J. HOGAN. "IMPACT DYNAMICS OF LARGE DIMENSIONAL SYSTEMS." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 17, no. 02 (February 2007): 561–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127407017422.

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In this paper we present a model of impact dynamics in large dimensional systems. We describe a hybrid method, based on graph theory and probability theory, which enables us qualitatively to model the statistics of global dynamics as parameters are varied. Direct numerical simulation reveals a sudden jump from no impacts within the system to many repeated impacts at a critical value of system parameters. We show that a simple model of the most likely number of impacts also possesses a sudden jump and provides good agreement with the numerical results for large impact probability. A refinement of this model improves the agreement at lower impact probability values.

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Chyba, Christopher F. "Catastrophic Impacts and the Drake Equation." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 161 (January 1997): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100014676.

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AbstractOver the past quarter century, our understanding of the impact history of the Solar System has greatly improved. This chapter considers how this increased knowledge affects our evaluation of the chances for other intelligent communicative civilizations in the Galaxy. In addition, the role of impacts is examined for insight into the long-standing debate over whether the evolution of technical intelligence is contingent upon extremely special circumstances, or might instead be a likely outcome of many different but parallel evolutionary pathways.

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Onogwu, Godwin Odo, Peter Madu Bzugu, and Emmanuel C. Ani. "TARIFF ELIMINATION: IMPACTS AND TREATMENTS FOR RESOLVING NIGERIA-EPAs STALEMATE." Journal of Developing Economies 4, no. 2 (December 29, 2019): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jde.v4i2.17946.

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In this manuscript, attempts were made to assess the impacts on Nigeria of full and instant tariff elimination from agricultural imports. A schedule of annual percentage reductions till full elimination as against an instant total or arbitrary elimination across all imports from the EU, as well asthe expected annual provisions via aids for envisaged trade to install infrastructural capacity aimed at forestalling fiscal imbalance, leading to stabilization for Nigeria, advocated. The study evaluates the likely share of Nigeria’s imports from the European Union (EU), Economic Community of West African States(ECOWAS), and the rest of the world (ROW) in major agricultural product sections trade. The World Integrated Trade Solutions (WITs) platform was used to illicit a likely Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) scenario import data through a tariff eliminated query set up. The major impacts estimated include the resultant consumption impact, revenue impact, welfare impact, trade creation and diversion impacts, welfare impact of trade creation with consumption impact, and Welfare impacts of trade diversion with consumption impacts, in addition to their implications for scheduled tariff eliminations. Summary results were presented at product section levels as percentage of the impacts to contribution of agricultural sector in Nigeria’s GDP. Based on the estimated impacts and terms of trade deal, it is recommended that Nigeria should follow a schedule of percentage tariff reduction across product sections relative to the current most favored nations’ rather than arbitrary measures as a major policy of liberalizing trade. An annual percent tariff reduction rates over the 25 years, of 0.38%; 1.35%; 0.62%; 0.72%; and 0.2, for product sections 01-05, respectively, is recommended. In addition, it is also recommended that corresponding tariff losses in revenue due to scheduled reductions in tariff should be provided annually via aid for trade, for improvement in infrastructure, production and exportation that will sustain and improve intra, inter and extra regional trade in a growth and globalization pursuit aided by the EU. Keywords: International Agricultural Product Imports; Aid for Trade; EPAs; Impacts; Percentage Tariff Reduction Schedule.JEL Classification: F; F1; F6

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Sansom, A. L. "Upland vegetation management: the impacts of overstocking." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 12 (June 1, 1999): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0533.

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During the last century, the numbers of sheep in Britain have increased significantly. Today a large proportion of the total flock is concentrated in the uplands. In terms of wildlife and landscape, Britain's uplands are among the most vulnerable areas. Poor, thin soils, high rainfall, and extremes of climate and slope increase their vulnerability. Damage to land in the uplands is also likely to have adverse effects downstream. In particular fisheries, water resources and flood defences are likely to be put at risk. It is widely recognised that the increased numbers of stock have led to a reduction in biodiversity in the uplands. It is less widely recognised that they may also have caused soil erosion, riverbank erosion, increased run-off, reduced aquifer recharge and low river flows. Ultimately, the process of desertification (severe and catastrophic soil erosion) results in hillsides that have been stripped of their vegetation and soils, a process which is accelerating in Britain's uplands. This paper considers the problem by highlighting the processes involved and by presenting case studies from Britain and the USA.

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Srisilapanan, Patcharawan, Narumanas Korwanich, Sutha Jienmaneechotchai, Supranee Dalodom, Nontalee Veerachai, Warangkana Vejvitee, and Jeffrey Roseman. "Estimate of Impact on the Oral Health-Related Quality of Life of Older Thai People by the Provision of Dentures through the Royal Project." International Journal of Dentistry 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1976013.

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Purpose.To estimate the impact of the provision of dentures to Thai older people by the Royal Project on their oral health-related quality of life.Methods.A purposive cross-sectional study of a sample of 812 subjects was conducted. The Oral Impacts on Daily Performances (OIDP) measure was used to assess the oral health-related quality of life.Results.Four groups of older people with different tooth types were studied. 216 (26.6%) had natural teeth (NT). 189 (23.3%) had natural and replaced teeth (NRT). 167 (20.6%) had below the minimum number of teeth but had no dentures (Edent) and 240 were edentate with complete dentures provided by the Royal Project (ECD) (29.6%). Overall, 36.5% had at least one oral impact. Eating was the most affected oral impact. When compared to the group with natural teeth (NT), the Edent group was significantly more likely to report having impacts on eating OR = 6.5 (3.9–10.9), speaking clearly OR = 43.7 (12.7–15.07), emotional stability OR = 16.5 (6.0–45.6), and social contacts OR = 4.6 (2.2–9.5) (p<0.001).Conclusion.Those who are edentulous are much more likely to have an oral impact on their daily performances than those provided dentures. Provision of dentures may lead to improvement of considerable oral impacts.

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Edmonds, Christopher, and Ilan Noy. "The economics of disaster risks and impacts in the Pacific." Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal 27, no. 5 (November 5, 2018): 478–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dpm-02-2018-0057.

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Purpose The Pacific islands face the highest disaster risk globally in per capita terms. Countries in the region have been affected by several recent catastrophic events, as well as by frequent natural hazards of smaller magnitude. The purpose of this paper is to quantify total disaster risk faced by Pacific island countries (PICs). Design/methodology/approach The paper evaluates the three main sources of data for quantifying risk in the region—the International Emergency Database (EMDAT), DesInventar and the Pacific Catastrophe Risk Assessment and Financing Initiative, evaluating the information available on indirect disaster impacts and their likely impacts on poverty and well-being. Findings The analysis suggests that the three available data sets contain inconsistencies and underestimate disaster risk, especially for atoll nations. It also identifies four trends with respect to changes in natural hazards that result from climate change and are likely to have the greatest long-term impact on Pacific islands. Focusing on Tuvalu, the paper also quantifies the likely consequence of some of the possible interventions that aim to reduce those impacts. Practical implications The paper’s main conclusion is that improving the systematic collection of quantitative data on disaster events should be a basic first step in improving future policy decisions concerning resource allocation and efforts to insure losses from future disasters and climate change. Originality/value While a lot of research explored disaster risk in PICs, comparative analysis of quantitative information on disasters across the diverse countries of the region is limited.

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Houtz, Erika F., Rebecca Sutton, June-Soo Park, and Margaret Sedlak. "Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in wastewater: Significance of unknown precursors, manufacturing shifts, and likely AFFF impacts." Water Research 95 (May 2016): 142–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.02.055.

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Morgan, David L., Simon J. Hambleton, Howard S. Gill, and Stephen J. Beatty. "Distribution, biology and likely impacts of the introduced redfin perch (Perca fluviatilis) (Percidae) in Western Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 53, no. 8 (2002): 1211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf02047.

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Within Western Australia, Perca fluviatilis is restricted to the south-western corner and is found in the Swan, Murray, Harvey, Collie, Capel, Carbunup, Margaret, Blackwood, Donnelly and Warren river systems. Age data suggest it was released into Big Brook Dam (Warren River) in 1992 or 1993, where it has since played a role in eliminating the native teleosts. Its success here is attributed to a young age at maturity, rapid growth (compared with populations elsewhere), predatory nature, large size (compared with native fish), broad environmental and habitat tolerances, and absence of predators. Gonadal development initiates in late summer, with peak spawning between August and September. Males and females attained maturity in their first and second years, respectively, which is earlier than reported for most Northern Hemisphere populations and can be attributed to their rapid growth here because of the warmer climate. At ages 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, males, on average, attained 102, 159, 206, 246 and 280 mm total length (TL) and females had attained 104, 166, 228, 290 and 351 mm TL at the respective ages. Diets of fish 50–200 mm TL comprised mainly small aquatic invertebrates, whereas larger fish preyed almost exclusively on decapods, mainly marron (Cherax tenuimanus), and teleosts.

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Panzer, A., N. Margaretos, P. J. Neumann, D. D. Kim, and J. Chambers. "PRO42 ARE HEALTH PLANS MORE LIKELY TO RESTRICT COVERAGE OF ORPHAN DRUGS WITH LARGER BUDGET IMPACTS?" Value in Health 22 (May 2019): S343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2019.04.1675.

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Cherry, Jessica E., Corrie Knapp, Sarah Trainor, Andrea J. Ray, Molly Tedesche, and Susan Walker. "Planning for climate change impacts on hydropower in the Far North." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 21, no. 1 (January 9, 2017): 133–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-133-2017.

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Abstract. Unlike much of the contiguous United States, new hydropower development continues in the Far North, where climate models project precipitation will likely increase over the next century. Regional complexities in the Arctic and sub-Arctic, such as glacier recession and permafrost thaw, however, introduce uncertainties about the hydrologic responses to climate change that impact water resource management. This work reviews hydroclimate changes in the Far North and their impacts on hydropower; it provides a template for application of current techniques for prediction and estimating uncertainty, and it describes best practices for integrating science into management and decision-making. The growing number of studies on hydrologic impacts suggests that information resulting from climate change science has matured enough that it can and should be integrated into hydropower scoping, design, and management. Continuing to ignore the best available information in lieu of status quo planning is likely to prove costly to society in the long term.

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Yu, Chia-Yuan, Ayoung Woo, Christopher Hawkins, and Sara Iman. "The Impacts of Residential Segregation on Obesity." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 15, no. 11 (November 1, 2018): 834–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2017-0352.

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Background: This study examined the association between residential segregation and obesity for Whites, African Americans, Hispanics, and Asians. This study considered 3 dimensions of residential segregation, isolation, dissimilarity, and concentration. Methods: By combining individual-level data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and county-level data from the County Health Rankings and Roadmaps, the total sample size was 204,610 respondents (160,213 Whites, 21,865 African Americans, 18,027 Hispanics, and 4505 Asians) from 205 counties in the United States. Two-level logistic regression models were performed. Results: African Americans and Hispanics in counties with high levels of isolation, dissimilarity, and concentration were more likely to be obese; these relationships did not hold true for Whites and Asians. Counties with a higher percentage of populations with the income below the poverty line and a higher percentage of fast food restaurants in the county were associated with a higher likelihood of obesity for all racial/ethnic groups. African Americans and Hispanics with low levels of education and income were more likely to be obese. Conclusions: Residential segregation had a contextual influence on weight status, and the context of counties influenced racial/ethnic groups differently. Obesity reduction programs should consider the contextual influence on minority populations and target subgroups living in highly segregated areas.

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Steel, Duncan. "Asteroid and Comet Impact Speeds upon Mars: Significance for Panspermia and the Supply of Organics." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 161 (January 1997): 197–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100014718.

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AbstractWhilst lithopanspermia depends upon massive impacts occurring at a speed above some limit, the intact delivery of organic chemicals or other volatiles to a planet requires the impact speed to be below some other limit such that a significant fraction of that material escapes destruction. Thus the two opposite ends of the impact speed distributions are the regions of interest in the bioastronomical context, whereas much modelling work on impacts delivers, or makes use of, only the mean speed. Here the probability distributions of impact speeds upon Mars are calculated for (i) the orbital distribution of known asteroids; and (ii) the expected distribution of near-parabolic cometary orbits. It is found that cometary impacts are far more likely to eject rocks from Mars (over 99 percent of the cometary impacts are at speeds above 20 km/sec, but at most 5 percent of the asteroidal impacts); paradoxically, the objects impacting at speeds low enough to make organic/volatile survival possible (the asteroids) are those which are depleted in such species.

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Hepburn, Eve. "Uncharted waters: The social and equality impacts of Brexit." Scottish Affairs 29, no. 2 (May 2020): 141–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/scot.2020.0314.

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This research provides an overview of the potential social impacts of Brexit on individuals and communities in Scotland. It complements economic analyses of Brexit, which tend to focus on impacts on businesses, the economy and GDP. The paper begins by discussing the impacts of the Brexit referendum on people in Scotland since June 2016 to the present day, which include slower economic growth and immigration uncertainty. The research then explores the potential impacts of Brexit going forward under three scenarios: a hard Brexit, a softer Brexit and a no-trade deal Brexit. People's legal rights, access to funding and public services, and employment, housing and consumer spending prospects are then analysed from the perspective of different equalities groups. An in-depth analysis of potential impacts is also provided through a case study on women. The key findings are that the potential socioeconomic effects of any type of Brexit will likely to be widespread across equalities groups; and equalities groups are also likely to feel the shared loss of EU funding, European citizenship and other EU social rights and protections that are not transposed into domestic law or which will likely come to an end (i.e. European Health Insurance Card). However, the likelihood of these impacts happening depends on several variables, as yet unknown, including the closeness of the future UK-EU relationship, trade agreements with other countries, and the UK Government's post-Brexit policy agenda.

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Rhinehart, Sarina, and Matthew J. Geras. "Diversity and Power: Selection Method and Its Impacts on State Executive Descriptive Representation." State Politics & Policy Quarterly 20, no. 2 (December 6, 2019): 213–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1532440019891982.

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This article explores diversity within top leadership positions in state governments, specifically, the role that position selection method plays in promoting the inclusion of racial and ethnic minorities into positions of power. We hypothesize that minorities will be more likely to serve in appointed positions as governors consider diversity in making appointments and less likely to serve in elected positions due to the additional hurdles for candidates of color. Using an original data set of state executive leaders from 2001 to 2017 from all 50 states, we find evidence that institutional design influences levels of diversity among state executive leaders. Racial and ethnic minorities are more likely to be appointed than elected to state executive leadership positions. In addition, we find that Democratic governors are more likely than Republican governors to appoint minorities. Ultimately, this evidence is important for understanding how institutional design can have consequences for descriptive representation, specifically for groups that have been historically excluded from political life.

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Bitler, Marianne P., Jonah B. Gelbach, and Hilary W. Hoynes. "What Mean Impacts Miss: Distributional Effects of Welfare Reform Experiments." American Economic Review 96, no. 4 (August 1, 2006): 988–1012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.96.4.988.

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Labor supply theory predicts systematic heterogeneity in the impact of recent welfare reforms on earnings, transfers, and income. Yet most welfare reform research focuses on mean impacts. We investigate the importance of heterogeneity using random-assignment data from Connecticut's Jobs First waiver, which features key elements of post-1996 welfare programs. Estimated quantile treatment effects exhibit the substantial heterogeneity predicted by labor supply theory. Thus mean impacts miss a great deal. Looking separately at samples of dropouts and other women does not improve the performance of mean impacts. We conclude that welfare reform's effects are likely both more varied and more extensive than has been recognized.

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Praskievicz, Sarah, and Heejun Chang. "A review of hydrological modelling of basin-scale climate change and urban development impacts." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 33, no. 5 (October 2009): 650–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133309348098.

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Hydrological modelling is a valuable tool for researchers in geography and other disciplines for studying the processes governing impacts of climate change and urban development on water resources and for projecting potential ranges of impacts from scenarios of future change. Modelling is an inherently probabilistic exercise, with uncertainty amplified at each stage of the process, from scenario generation to issues of scale, to simulation of hydrological processes, to management impacts. At the basin scale, significant factors affecting hydrological impacts of climate change include latitude, topography, geology, and land use. Under scenarios of future climate change, many basins are likely to experience changes not only in their mean hydrology, but also in the frequency and magnitude of extreme hydrological events. Impacts of climate change on water quality are largely determined by hydrological changes and by the nature of pollutants as flushingor dilution-controlled. The most significant impact of urban development on water resources is an increase in overall surface runoff and the flashiness of the storm hydrograph. The increase in impervious surface area associated with urban development also contributes to degradation of water quality as a result of non-point source pollution. Modelling studies on the combined impacts of climate change and urban development have found that either change may be more significant, depending on scenario assumptions and basin characteristics, and that each type of change may amplify or ameliorate the effects of the other. Hydrological impacts of climate change and urban development are likely to significantly affect future water resource management.

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