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Journal articles on the topic 'Likert scale'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Kim, Kwangmin. "Likert Scale." Korean Journal of Family Medicine 32, no. 1 (2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.2011.32.1.1.

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Koo, Malcolm, and Shih-Wei Yang. "Likert-Type Scale." Encyclopedia 5, no. 1 (2025): 18. https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia5010018.

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The Likert-type scale is a widely used psychometric instrument for measuring attitudes, opinions, or perceptions in research contexts. It presents respondents with a series of statements accompanied by symmetrical response options, typically structured on a five-point scale ranging from “Strongly Disagree” to “Strongly Agree”. Each point on the scale represents a gradation of agreement or sentiment, allowing researchers to transform subjective responses into quantifiable data for statistical analysis and interpretation.

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Albaum, Gerald. "The Likert Scale Revisited." Market Research Society. Journal. 39, no. 2 (1997): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147078539703900202.

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This study examined the effect of alternative scale formats on reporting of intensity of attitudes on Likert scales of agreement. A standard one-stage format and an alternate two-stage format were tested in three separate studies on samples of university students in three countries. In general the two-stage format generated the greatest percentage of extreme-position (i.e. most intense) responses across scales. A test of predictive ability showed that the two-stage format was a better predictor of product preferences. Underlying data structures did not differ much between the two.

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Joshi, Ankur, Saket Kale, Satish Chandel, and D. Pal. "Likert Scale: Explored and Explained." British Journal of Applied Science & Technology 7, no. 4 (2015): 396–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/bjast/2015/14975.

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Gunderman, Richard B., and Stephen Chan. "The 13-Point Likert Scale." Academic Radiology 20, no. 11 (2013): 1466–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.acra.2013.04.010.

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Leonor, M. M. Rosa, G. S. Manaces Easud, and P. P. Luis Fernando. "Indeterminate Likert Scale in Social Sciences Research." International Journal of Neutrosophic Science 19, no. 1 (2022): 289–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.54216/ijns.190125.

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The Likert scale is by far the most popular psychometric tool for collecting data. The ordinal structure and confined style of the Likert scale make it prone to information misinterpretation and loss. Depending on the consumers' moods, replies in the real world are sometimes erratic, imprecise, and ill-defined. Neutrosophy (the study of the implementation of the provisions and indeterminacy) is utilized to accurately portray the answers. This work introduces a neutrosophic-informed, agnostic version of the Likert scale. Clustering users based on their comments is an efficient method of segment

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Simamora, Bilson. "Skala Likert, Bias Penggunaan dan Jalan Keluarnya." Jurnal Manajemen 12, no. 1 (2022): 84–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.46806/jman.v12i1.978.

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Many researchers refer to any graded scale as a Likert scale. In addition to misnaming, this assumption can lead to errors in the data scale and analysis technique. This paper aims to explain the instrument scales in the survey and the data types they generate. Thus, the position of the Likert scale compared to other measurement scales becomes apparent so that researchers can give the right name to the scale they use and choose the proper data analysis technique according to its type.

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Albaum, Gerald, and Brian D. Murphy. "Extreme Response on a Likert Scale." Psychological Reports 63, no. 2 (1988): 501–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1988.63.2.501.

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This study examined the effect of alternative scale formats on reporting of extreme attitudes on Liken scales of agreement. The formats were tested on samples of university students who responded to a set of statements about economic systems. In general, a two-stage format generated a greater percentage of extreme-position responses than did the common one-stage format, with a modified one-stage version falling in between.

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9

Gregoire, Timothy G. "Analysis of Likert-scale data revisited." Psychological Bulletin 105, no. 1 (1989): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0092469.

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Pervez, A. K. M. Kanak, Md Maniruzzaman, Ashfaq Ahmad Shah, Nur Nabi, and Abdou Matsalabi Ado. "The Meagerness of Simple Likert Scale in Assessing Risk: How Appropriate the Fuzzy Likert is?" NUST Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 6, no. 2 (2021): 138–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.51732/njssh.v6i2.55.

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Social scientists around the world commonly use the Likert scale. The scale has some limitations; in many cases, researchers are ignoring those limitations. Many social scientists have been trying to find out an alternative, but all initiatives do not correctly solve the problems. Among all limitations, the most critical issue is that Likert scale adopts a similar variance between two successive scale points. Fuzzy-Likert scale is a useful alternative for solving the existing limitation of the traditional Likert scale. Therefore, the current article describes the limitations of existing Likert

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Louangrath, P.I., and C. Sutanapong. "Validity and Reliability of Survey Scales." Inter. J. Res. Methodol. Soc. Sci. 4, no. 4 (2018): 99–114. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2545038.

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The objective of this paper is to evaluate Likert and non-Likert scales for quantitative survey. The data used in the evaluation of the scale is the scale components. The scales used for the evaluation include the following types: (0,1,2,3), (1,2,3,4,5, (1,2,3,4,5,6,7), and (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10). These scales are categorized into two types, namely Likert and non-Likert. The scale (0,1,2,3) is classified as non-Likert; the remaining scales are Likert scales. The efficacy of various scales is evaluated on the basis of fitness. We defined fitness as the ratio between shape and scale of the scale

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Louangrath, P. I. "Reliability and Validity of Survey Scales." Inter. J. Res. Methodol. Soc. Sci. 4, no. 1 (2018): 50–62. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1322695.

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In this paper, we answered two questions: What is the reliability of a response scale in a question? What is the validity of a response scale in a question? The purpose of this paper is to present practical tools for measuring the reliability and validity of response scales used in written survey. Reliability measures consistency and validity measures precision. Our objective is to determine the reliability and validity of Likert and non-Likert scales used in research instrument. The data came from the numerical values of each type of scale. The Likert-type of scales include (1,2,3,4,5), (1,2,

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Lindner, James R., and Nicholas Lindner. "Interpreting Likert type, summated, unidimensional, and attitudinal scales: I neither agree nor disagree, Likert or not." Advancements in Agricultural Development 5, no. 2 (2024): 152–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.37433/aad.v5i2.351.

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This paper provides a rationale and convention for discussing the true limits and interpretation of data collected using unidimensional, summated, Likert-type, and attitudinal scales used in research investigating human behavior, sociology, education, psychology, and other related fields of study. All vague quantifiers must be described in methods and findings. The true limits of the scale and of each vague quantifier should be described. This information should be placed in the methods section. A five-point summated scale, for example, can be interpreted as follows: Strongly Agree = 5 - 4.51,

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Duşa, Adrian, and Valeriu Frunzaru. "The Visual Analogue Scale. An Alternative to the Likert Type Response Scales. An Alternative to the Likert Type Response Scales." International Review of Social Research 1, no. 1 (2011): 91–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/irsr-2011-0005.

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Abstract For about eight decades, research instruments in the social sciences have been orbiting around Likert’s proposal for his famous response scale. Before him, and also after he managed to impose it, many researchers have tried to find a better solution. This, however, has proven difficult. While solving methodological problems for measuring concepts, by concentrating all the responses in only five categories brings major disadvantages as well: it has extremely low variation, it does not produce metric scores unless combined with similar items, and it cannot be used as such for advanced s

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Mirahmadizadeh, Alireza, Hamed Delam, Mozhgan Seif, and Reyhaneh Bahrami. "Designing, Constructing, and Analyzing Likert Scale Data." Journal of Education and Community Health 5, no. 3 (2018): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21859/jech.5.3.63.

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Uz Zaman, Nadeem, Zainab Bibi, Sana Ur Rehman Sheikh, and Abdul Raziq. "Manualizing Factor Analysis of Likert Scale Data." Journal of Management Sciences 7, no. 2 (2020): 56–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.20547/jms.2014.2007204.

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Yamashita, Taichi. "Analyzing Likert scale surveys with Rasch models." Research Methods in Applied Linguistics 1, no. 3 (2022): 100022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmal.2022.100022.

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Kang, Man-Ki, Chang-Eun Lee, and Gue-Tak Chio. "Fuzzy Hypotheses Testing of Likert Fuzzy Scale." Journal of Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems 15, no. 5 (2005): 533–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5391/jkiis.2005.15.5.533.

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FLASKERUD, JACQUELYN H. "Is the Likert Scale Format Culturally Biased?" Nursing Research 37, no. 3 (1988): 185???186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006199-198805000-00013.

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Iyo, Iyo, Manuel Ricardo Vel� .., Javier D. Bosquez .., and Marina Abdurashidova. "Neutrosophic Likert Scale for Evaluating Environmental Sanctions." International Journal of Neutrosophic Science 24, no. 1 (2024): 24–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.54216/ijns.240103.

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One of the fundamental tools to guarantee compliance with environmental laws is the sanctions, which act as deterrent mechanisms against possible violations. The present study focused on evaluating public perceptions towards environmental policies and sanctions, applying a methodology that integrates neutrosophy and indeterminate Likert scales to capture the complexity of human opinions on environmental legislation. By distributing a structured questionnaire to a representative sample, data was collected and subsequently analyzed using neutrosophic logic and cluster analysis techniques. The re

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Cheng, Che, Keng-Ling Lay, Yung-Fong Hsu, and Yi-Miau Tsai. "Can Likert scales predict choices? Testing the congruence between using Likert scale and comparative judgment on measuring attribution." Methods in Psychology 5 (December 2021): 100081. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.metip.2021.100081.

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22

Nikita Dewi and Joko Soebagyo. "Analisis Bibliometrik terhadap Likert Scale Mathematics Berbasis VOSViewer." Buana Matematika : Jurnal Ilmiah Matematika dan Pendidikan Matematika 12, no. 1 (2022): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.36456/buanamatematika.v12i1.5837.

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This bibliometric analysis focuses on publications related to the Likert scale using VOSViewer based on Google Scholar data. This study was conducted to determine the number of international publications on the trend of research development using a Likert scale in the time interval between years 0-0. The data search was carried out using the PoP (Publish or Perish) software based on Google Scholar with the keywords Likert Scale Mathematics. The data is in the form of journals with a sample of 1000 journals. Then the data were analyzed using VOSViewer and Ms Excel. The results showed that the n

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23

Lipovetsky, Stan, and Michael Conklin. "Decreasing Respondent Heterogeneity by Likert Scales Adjustment via Multipoles." Stats 1, no. 1 (2018): 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/stats1010012.

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A description of Likert scales can be given using the multipoles technique known in quantum physics and applied to behavioral sciences data. This paper considers decomposition of Likert scales by the multipoles for the application of decreasing the respondents’ heterogeneity. Due to cultural and language differences, different respondents habitually use the lower end, the mid-scale, or the upper end of the Likert scales which can lead to distortion and inconsistency in data across respondents. A big impact of different kinds of respondent is well known, for instance, in international studies,

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Marzuki, Hanis Nabilah, Izzah Zahirah, May Nak Lau, Elavarasi Kuppusamy, Nik Mukhriz Nik Mustapha, and Asma Ashari. "Likert scale versus the visual analogue scale in evaluating dentofacial aesthetics: a systematic review." Australasian Orthodontic Journal 40, no. 1 (2024): 158–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aoj-2024-0010.

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Abstract Background Numerous studies rating dentofacial aesthetics have been conducted by using the Likert Scale or the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). The Likert Scale is an assessment tool consisting of items that require respondents to rank a query using graded declarative statements. Alternatively, the VAS is a tool that requires the respondents to place a mark along a horizontal line to rate a particular item. Objective This systematic review aimed to identify the validity and reliability of the Likert scale and VAS in evaluating dentofacial aesthetics. A second objective was to identify whi

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Baghaei, Purya, and Farshad Effatpanah. "Nonparametric Kernel Smoothing Item Response Theory Analysis of Likert Items." Psych 6, no. 1 (2024): 236–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/psych6010015.

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Likert scales are the most common psychometric response scales in the social and behavioral sciences. Likert items are typically used to measure individuals’ attitudes, perceptions, knowledge, and behavioral changes. To analyze the psychometric properties of individual Likert-type items and overall Likert scales, mostly methods based on classical test theory (CTT) are used, including corrected item–total correlations and reliability indices. CTT methods heavily rely on the total scale scores, making it challenging to directly examine the performance of items and response options across varying

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Anjaria, Kushal. "Knowledge derivation from Likert scale using Z-numbers." Information Sciences 590 (April 2022): 234–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2022.01.024.

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Wakita, Takafumi, Natsumi Ueshima, and Hiroyuki Noguchi. "Psychological Distance Between Categories in the Likert Scale." Educational and Psychological Measurement 72, no. 4 (2012): 533–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013164411431162.

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Seval; TOKER, DÖNMEZ. "Construction of a likert-type transformational Leadership Scale." Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi - DTCF Dergisi 57, no. 2 (2017): 753–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1501/dtcfder_0000001537.

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Wadgave, Umesh, and Mahesh R. Khairnar. "Parametric tests for Likert scale: For and against." Asian Journal of Psychiatry 24 (December 2016): 67–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2016.08.016.

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Lee, Jerry W., Patricia S. Jones, Yoshimitsu Mineyama, and Xinwei Esther Zhang. "Cultural differences in responses to a likert scale." Research in Nursing & Health 25, no. 4 (2002): 295–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nur.10041.

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Drasgow, Fritz, Oleksandr S. Chernyshenko, and Stephen Stark. "75 Years After Likert: Thurstone Was Right!" Industrial and Organizational Psychology 3, no. 4 (2010): 465–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-9434.2010.01273.x.

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For over three-quarters of a century researchers and practitioners have analyzed rating scale data using methods that assume a dominance response process wherein an individual high on the trait assessed is assumed to answer positively with high probability. This approach derives from Likert's famous 1932 approach to the development and analysis of rating scales. In this paper, we argue that Likert scaling and related methods are misguided. Instead, we propose that methods that have evolved from Thurstone (1927, 1928, 1929) scaling provide a better representation of the choice process underlyin

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Muhenje, Chimwani Pamela. "A Theoretical Examination of the Composite Index or Measuring a Variable Using Likert Scale." Research Journal of Business and Finance 1, no. 1 (2023): XX. http://dx.doi.org/10.58721/rjbf.v1i1.125.

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The assumption whilst using Likert scales is that the intensity or strength of character and personality traits such as attitudes can be measured on a linear continuum from strongly agree to strongly disagree. This paper discusses Likert scale items vis-a-vis Likert type items and highlights the difference between the two. Likert scale used interrelated items that can be converted into a composite score during data analysis. As such appropriate inferential statistical techniques can be applied. Conversely Likert items are individual items based on an ordinal scale and data analysis is specific

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Brown, Simon, and David C. Simcock. "Some fundamental issues arising from averaging Likert scale scores." Deviot Institute Working Papers 2023 (March 1, 2023): 01. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7954234.

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Likert scale questions are very widely employed to assess the attitudes of respondents. Each respondent is asked to select the descriptor (“disagree” or “strongly agree”, for example) that most closely reflects her or his attitude to a statement or question. In analysing the data the descriptors are often assigned numerical labels which are then treated as though they are numbers. In such cases, a mean is often reported, sometimes accompanied by the variance or standard deviation. This approach has obvious implications for the interpretation of the descriptors, but the

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Belén Catalán-Gregori. "The Use of Likert Scale in Children. Theoretical Review." Power System Technology 49, no. 1 (2025): 1816–32. https://doi.org/10.52783/pst.1919.

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The use of the Likert scale in children as a data collection tool has not been extensively researched or utilized due to the children cognitive development level, the studies conducted present different results, all agreeing on the necessity to adapt each questionnaire to the age level of the sample. This article presents a collection of twelve scientific studies aimed at categorizing the samples, methodologies, results and conclusions with the main objective of reviewing the existing literature on the use of Likert scales with children in order to summarize the most commonly implemented actio

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Yaska, Mutah, and Bata Malgwi Nuhu. "Assessment of Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion Using Likert-Type Scale." African Journal of Advances in Science and Technology Research 16, no. 1 (2024): 33–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.62154/ajastr.2024.016.010379.

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This research aims to analyzing measures of central tendency (mean, median, and mode), and measures of dispersion (variance and standard deviation) and to graphically present the simulated data using Likert scale measurement. Mean (μ), Median (Md), Mode (Mod), Variance ( ), and Standard deviation (σ) have been calculated on simulated data using 5 and 4 points Likert scales with four different statements. Data analysis is key in any development especially when there is need to understanding people's opinions on a particular issue that has attracted the attention of a specific population. Likert

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Vickers, Andrew J. "COMPARISON OF AN ORDINAL AND A CONTINUOUS OUTCOME MEASURE OF MUSCLE SORENESS." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 15, no. 4 (1999): 709–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462399154102.

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The relationship between an ordinal (Likert) and a continuous (visual analog) measure of pain was investigated in 400 long-distance runners experiencing delayed-onset muscle soreness. Subjects completed a 100-mm visual analog scale (VAS) and a 7-point Likert scale twice a day for 5 days, starting at 9:00 PM on the evening of the run. The relationship between scales was modeled by calculating the median VAS for each Likert score and the modal Likert score for each point on the VAS. Standardized means were calculated by dividing the total of 5 day scores by the standard error of 5 day scores for

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Tóth, Zsuzsanna E., Gábor Árva, and Rita V. Dénes. "Are the ‘Illnesses’ of Traditional Likert Scales Treatable?" Quality Innovation Prosperity 24, no. 2 (2020): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.12776/qip.v24i2.1439.

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<p><strong>Purpose:</strong> The main aim of this paper is to introduce the development and the application of a fuzzy rating scale in measuring customer satisfaction which are to be demonstrated through a healthcare example in order to illustrate how the proposed methodology is able to enhance the reliability of traditional Likert scale-based evaluations.</p><p><strong>Methodology/Approach:</strong> The proposed methodology is built on fuzzy sets the membership function of which is composed of two sigmoid functions by applying Dombi’s conjunction oper

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Armstrong, Robert L. "The Midpoint on a Five-Point Likert-Type Scale." Perceptual and Motor Skills 64, no. 2 (1987): 359–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1987.64.2.359.

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Previous studies on the points of the Likert-scale format have not addressed the question of the effect on the score resulting from the use of “neutral” or “undecided” as the midpoint of a five-point scale. The present study addressed this topic with a scale on attitude toward the school board, using 389 undergraduate and 190 graduate students in education, the latter having at least one year of teaching experience, in seven geographically separated universities in the United States. The two formats of the scale were identical (strongly agree to strongly disagree) except that one scale midpoin

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Phelps, Andrew S., David M. Naeger, Jesse L. Courtier, et al. "Pairwise Comparison Versus Likert Scale for Biomedical Image Assessment." American Journal of Roentgenology 204, no. 1 (2015): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2214/ajr.14.13022.

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Arnulf, Jan Ketil, Kai R. Larsen, and Øyvind L. Martinsen. "Respondent Robotics: Simulating Responses to Likert-Scale Survey Items." SAGE Open 8, no. 1 (2018): 215824401876480. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244018764803.

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Harpe, Spencer E. "How to analyze Likert and other rating scale data." Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning 7, no. 6 (2015): 836–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cptl.2015.08.001.

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Li, Qing. "A novel Likert scale based on fuzzy sets theory." Expert Systems with Applications 40, no. 5 (2013): 1609–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2012.09.015.

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Kodrič, Borut, Anita Trnavčevič, Tine Bertoncel, and Nada Trunk Širca. "Garbage in garbage out: Likert scale in management research." International Journal of Innovation and Learning 37, no. 6 (2025): 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1504/ijil.2025.145684.

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Cheung, K. C., and L. C. Mooi. "A Comparison Between the Rating Scale Model and Dual Scaling for Likert Scales." Applied Psychological Measurement 18, no. 1 (1994): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014662169401800101.

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Harpale, Dr. Dattatraya V., and Dr. Smita S. Harane. "Assessing Tourism Potential in Nashik District: A Likert Scale Approach to Culture, History, and Heritage Promotion." International Journal of Advance and Applied Research 5, no. 27 (2024): 75–80. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13860297.

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This research paper, titled "Assessing Tourism Potential in Nashik District: A Likert Scale Approach to Culture, History, and Heritage Promotion," aims to explore and evaluate the tourism potential of Nashik District, Maharashtra. Nashik, known for its rich cultural heritage, historical significance, and religious landmarks, presents a unique opportunity for tourism development that can enhance both cultural preservation and economic growth. The study employs a Likert Scale to quantitatively measure the perceptions and attitudes of local residents, tourists, and stakeholders regarding various

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Westland, J. Christopher. "Information loss and bias in likert survey responses." PLOS ONE 17, no. 7 (2022): e0271949. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271949.

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Likert response surveys are widely applied in marketing, public opinion polls, epidemiological and economic disciplines. Theoretically, Likert mapping from real-world beliefs could lose significant amounts of information, as they are discrete categorical metrics. Similarly, the subjective nature of Likert-scale data capture, through questionnaires, holds the potential to inject researcher biases into the statistical analysis. Arguments and counterexamples are provided to show how this loss and bias can potentially be substantial under extreme polarization or strong beliefs held by the surveyed

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Watson Todd, Richard. "Analyzing and Interpreting Rating Scale Data from Questionnaires." rEFLections 14 (March 3, 2018): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.61508/refl.v14i0.114230.

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Questionnaires comprising Likert rating scale items are probably the most commonly used instrument for data collection in education and educational research, yet there is much less guidance available concerning how to analyze and interpret such rating scales than there is on how to design them. Likert scale questionnaire data is most commonly analyzed using means, although this assumes that the Likert scale descriptors are equally spaced points on a continuum. Alternative ways to analyze rating scale data include percentage frequencies, medians and modes. If means are used, there are several d

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Abdelhafez Qasem Al-Shayeb, Abdelhafez Qasem Al-Shayeb. "The Effectiveness of the Extended Forced-Choice Format as an Alternative to the Likert Scale Format in Improving the Factor Structure of the Psychological Scales: فاعلية استخدام صورة الاختيار القسري المطوّل كأسلوب بديل لصورة "ليكرت" في تحسين البناء العاملي للمقاييس النفسية". مجلة العلوم التربوية و النفسية 6, № 17 (2022): 129–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.26389/ajsrp.b041021.

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The study aimed to examine the relative effectiveness of using the extended forced-choice format as an alternative to the Likert scale format in improving the factor structure of the psychological scales. The neuroticism factor, which is one of the five factors of the Jordanian version of NEO personality Inventory was used as an example of the psychological scales. The Descriptive correlational approach was used to achieve the objectives of the study. The data were collected from (532) available undergraduate male and female students of different academic levels and different majors who are en

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Abdul Malik, Mohd Azry, Muhammad Firdaus Mustapha, Norafefah Mohamad Sobri, et al. "Optimal Reliability and Validity of Measurement Model in Confirmatory Factor Analysis: Different Likert Point Scale Experiment." Journal of Contemporary Issues and Thought 11 (July 1, 2021): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.37134/jcit.vol11.9.2021.

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Designing a questionnaire is one of the most difficult challenges in research design, particularly when deciding which level of Likert point scale is appropriate for the instrumentation. Suitable Likert point scale used in the instrumentation able to reduce the risk of facing potential problems of not achieving reliability (indicator and internal consistency reliability) and validity (convergent validity, discriminating validity, and construct validity) and simultaneously preventing the occurrence of multicollinearity. This study compares the performance of reliability and validity of measurem

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Cowley, Jennifer A., and Heather Youngblood. "Subjective Response Differences between Visual Analogue, Ordinal and Hybrid Response Scales." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 53, no. 25 (2009): 1883–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120905302506.

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Abstract:

The Human Factors and Ergonomics (HF/E) discipline employs different subjective response scale formats to measure subjective phenomena (e.g., hazard perception). Per the psychometrics literature, different scale formats can yield different participant responses, which is a potential threat to validity in replication studies if response scales are not consistent across study iterations. If ordinal response scales (e.g., Likert scales) yield ordinal data and continuous response scales (e.g., Visual Analogue Scales) yield continuous data then it is inappropriate to substitute one response scale f

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