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Themistocleous, Christos, Anastasios Pagiaslis, Andrew Smith, and Christian Wagner. "A comparison of scale attributes between interval-valued and semantic differential scales." International Journal of Market Research 61, no. 4 (March 12, 2019): 394–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1470785319831227.
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This article presents the results of an exploratory study comparing interval-valued scales (IVSs) and semantic differential scales (SDSs). The article investigates consumer perceptions regarding specific scale attributes and utilizes a controlled, between-subjects, experimental pen-and-paper design to assess the preferences of respondents when using the IVSs and SDSs. The rationale of this comparison lies with the fact that the newly introduced IVS has a built-in mechanism that allows the direct capture of respondent uncertainty toward the asked question, a feature that is absent from the SDS and other widely used, single-point capturing scales in marketing research such as the Likert and Stapel. Results show that overall consumer preferences of the IVS and SDS are equal, although “speed of use” results favor the IVS. The consistency of respondent evaluations regarding the two scales may indicate their interchangeability in marketing research and opens up pathways for future exploration of IVSs for the accumulation of more reliable and robust results. The main contribution of the article is the introduction of a novel IVS, within the context of marketing, for collecting respondent answers while also directly capturing respondent uncertainty. Furthermore, this article adds to the discussion of consumer perceptions and preferences regarding different scales, scale development, and optimal rating scales that may lessen ambiguity for survey respondents and researchers.
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Siegler, Aaron J., Sarah Wiatrek, Farah Mouhanna, K. Rivet Amico, Karen Dominguez, Jeb Jones, Rupa R. Patel, Leandro A. Mena, and Kenneth H. Mayer. "Validation of the HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Stigma Scale: Performance of Likert and Semantic Differential Scale Versions." AIDS and Behavior 24, no. 9 (March 10, 2020): 2637–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02820-6.
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Martínez, Jose A., and Manuel Ruiz Marín. "D-test: A New Test for Analyzing Scale Invariance Using Symbolic Dynamics and Symbolic Entropy." Methodology 7, no. 3 (January 2011): 88–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1614-2241/a000026.
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The aim of this study is to improve measurement in marketing research by constructing a new, simple, nonparametric, consistent, and powerful test to study scale invariance. The test is called D-test. D-test is constructed using symbolic dynamics and symbolic entropy as a measure of the difference between the response patterns which comes from two measurement scales. We also give a standard asymptotic distribution of our statistic. Given that the test is based on entropy measures, it avoids smoothed nonparametric estimation. We applied D-test to a real marketing research to study if scale invariance holds when measuring service quality in a sports service. We considered a free-scale as a reference scale and then we compared it with three widely used rating scales: Likert-type scale from 1 to 5 and from 1 to 7, and semantic-differential scale from −3 to +3. Scale invariance holds for the two latter scales. This test overcomes the shortcomings of other procedures for analyzing scale invariance; and it provides researchers a tool to decide the appropriate rating scale to study specific marketing problems, and how the results of prior studies can be questioned.
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Aini, Qurotul, Siti Ria Zuliana, and Nuke Puji Lestari Santoso. "Management Measurement Scale As A Reference To Determine Interval In A Variable." Aptisi Transactions on Management (ATM) 2, no. 1 (January 2, 2018): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.33050/atm.v2i1.775.
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The scale is usually used to check and determine the value of a qualitative factor in quantitative measures. The measurement scale is a management in agreement that is used as a reference to determine the short length of the interval that is in the measuring instrument, so that the measuring instrument when used in measurements will produce quantitative data. The results of the scale management calculation must be interpreted carefully because in addition to producing a rough picture, the respondent's answers are not just straightforward to be trusted. Types of measurement scales: Likert scale, Guttman scale, semantic differential scale, rating scale, Thurstone scale, Borgadus scale, and various other measurement management scales. One of the most difficult jobs for information technology researchers faced with the necessity of measuring variables is: finding directions in the midst of many existing sizes. If there is a good size for a particular variable, it seems that there are not many reasons to compile a new size yourself.
Keywords: Scale, Measurement, Variables.
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Lawson, Edwin D. "Sex-Related Values and Attitudes of College Students: A Sexism Scale vs the Semantic Differential." Psychological Reports 64, no. 2 (April 1989): 463–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1989.64.2.463.
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To measure sexist attitudes, 50 men and 50 women completed two instruments One was a nondisguised type—the Rombough-Ventimiglia Sexism Scale; the other disguised—the semantic differential with ratings on sex-role concepts. On the basis of scores on the Rombough-Ventimiglia Scale, men were divided into High (traditional) and Low (emancipated) scoring groups. The same procedure was followed for women's scores. As expected the Rombough-Ventimiglia scales showed significant differences between High and Low attitude groups and also between men and women. However, the semantic differential comparisons between High and Low scoring groups for men show significant differences on only three of the 36 concepts rated; women's scores show 10 significant differences. Comparisons between men and women on the semantic differential show significant differences on 20 concepts. The results can be interpreted as indicating that men may introduce a certain element of distortion in responding to conventional sexism scales.
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Rastorguev, S. V., and Z. I. Volkhonskaya. "Methodology for the Study of Socio-Political Attitudes of International Students." Humanities and Social Sciences. Bulletin of the Financial University 10, no. 4 (November 3, 2020): 6–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2226-7867-2020-10-4-6-13.
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The article presents the rationale for the classification of international students based on civilizational criteria. The authors identified and characterized eight cultural profiles: two post-Soviet profiles, European, Latin American, African, Arabic, Chinese, and southern.The authors propose to use sociological scales to identify and measure the socio-political attitudes of international students. The authors proposed their options for the following scales: the social distance of E. Bogardus, equal intervals of L. Thurstone, total ratings of R. Likert, the scale of L. Guttman. We also proposed the author’s interpretation of the method of semantic differential of C. Osgood. Each scale allows you to identify and measure attitudes towards Russia. Finally, the authors proposed an integral index of socio-political attitudes. The integral index consists of an average of five of the above indices. The integrated index allows you to minimize research errors and compare the attitudes of students from different cultural profiles.
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Friborg, Oddgeir, Monica Martinussen, and Jan H. Rosenvinge. "Likert-based vs. semantic differential-based scorings of positive psychological constructs: A psychometric comparison of two versions of a scale measuring resilience." Personality and Individual Differences 40, no. 5 (April 2006): 873–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2005.08.015.
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Lakshmipathy, K. "MBBS student perceptions about physiology subject teaching and objective structured practical examination based formative assessment for improving competencies." Advances in Physiology Education 39, no. 3 (September 2015): 198–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/advan.00073.2014.
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The objectives of the present study were to 1) assess student attitudes to physiology, 2) evaluate student opinions about the influence of an objective structured practical examination (OSPE) on competence, and 3) assess the validity and reliability of an indigenously designed feedback questionnaire. A structured questionnaire containing 16 item statements, 8 items on an Osgood's 5-point semantic differential scale and 8 items on a Likert's 5-point scale, was used. Options were assigned scores of 1–5 according to weightage. For Osgood's semantic differential scale items, a χ2-test was done to analyze student attitudes toward the subject. For Likert scale items, mean score and SD were calculated to analyze student opinions of the OSPE. Item validity was assessed by item analysis, and reliability was assessed by calculating Crohnbach's α. The subject as a whole was interesting to 82% of the students ( n = 135). The theory was interesting to 75% of the students ( n = 132) but complex to 42% ( n = 118). The practical was interesting to 93% of the students ( n = 134); 76% of the students ( n = 104) felt that the practical was simple, whereas 4% felt it was complex. The OSPE was interesting to 79% of the students ( n = 131); 57% of the students ( n = 116) felt it was simple, whereas 24% found it complex. Components of the subject, intricateness, and student interests were strongly associated. Students chose options on a higher weight scale, favoring the OSPE. Items were found to be valid and reliable. In conclusion, the subject of physiology was interesting but not simple to understand. Student interests varied with the components of the subject, and the components of the subject had varied intricateness. Students were in favor of the OSPE for assessment. The questionnaire used for the study was valid and reliable.
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РОЗУМНАЯ, Наталья, and Natalia ROZUMNAYA. "ASSESSING THE SERVICES COMPETITIVENESS PROVIDED BY SERVICE ORGANIZATIONS." Services in Russia and abroad 11, no. 4 (July 4, 2017): 114–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.22412/1995-042x-11-4-9.
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The article is dedicated to the improving the methodical approach to the assessment of service competitiveness provided by service organizations. The author considers the concept of service competitiveness and quality, analyzes the scientific literature and existing methods for assessing competitiveness grouped into three groups. The article substantiates the use of the scale of pairwise comparisons and rating scales for determining the significance of characteristics, and gives result of their comparative analysis. The formulas for determining the importance of characteristics are given. The author offers to use marketing scales for the assessment of relationships, when surveying respondents. For example, the Likert scale, the semantic differential, the Stepel scale, and the graphic scales should be used for evaluating the qualitative indicators of services. The article gives the sequence of determining the relative level of each characteristic of the service in question in comparison with the selected basic service. A new element is the methodology of scaling norms proposed in the article, which makes it possible to evaluate the parameters of the service more accurately. The author makes the values of the characteristics of service competitiveness comparable in the normalization of scales. The purpose of rating scales is that the ranges of possible variation of each characteristic should be the same, and accordingly the change in each characteristic relative to the base services should be perceived equivalent. The article gives and justifies the computational formulas of the competitiveness coefficient by non-economic indicators or the service rating. The author offers estimation of economic parameters of service provided by company, and calculation of the competitiveness coefficient by economic indicators. The integral coefficient of competitiveness is given.
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Muri’ah, Siti. "Asesmen Akhlak Mulia: Suatu Model Alternatif Penilaian Pembelajaran Agama." Ulumuna 12, no. 2 (December 31, 2008): 225–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.20414/ujis.v12i2.380.
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One weakness of akhlak teaching method applied in schools is its teacher centered assessment. Teachers feel as the most well-informed sources about students’ akhlak while teachers’ capability of knowing students’ akhlak comprehensively is limited. Teachers’ chance to meet face-to-face with students is only in the learning process so that teachers’ assessment can not show the real akhlak of their students. Teachers should involve other parties who often associate with students, especially their peers. In addition, assessment instrument used by the teachers should not be limited to examination only. Therefore, comprehensive akhlak assessment is needed.
In this writing, I describe alternative method to assess students’ akhlak. With this method, we can assess batiniyah dimensions including willingness, conscience, value and attitude and also lahiriyah dimensions manifested in behaviors. This method applies self and peer assessment by involving students in inter and intra relations. Assessment instruments could be questionnaires, observation and portfolios in likert scale, semantic differential and thurstone scale.
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Mucha, László, Titanilla Oravecz, and Gedeon Totth. "A fogyasztói attitűd kognitív komponensének a pálinka imázsában betöltött szerepe." Táplálkozásmarketing 7, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.20494/tm/7/2/2.
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The research aim is to explore the potential role of consumer attitude components in image development related to a traditional Hungarian alcoholic beverage, the pálinka. This study focuses on the effect of the cognitive component of attitude on image of the pálinka. The relevance of this research is the expansion of the pálinka market in recent years and the changing of the regulatory environment about homemade spirits. Distillate made at home, which product improperly called homemade pálinka, is very popular in Hungary. Based on the qualitative studies, the most important characteristics in the consumer perception of alcoholic beverage are quality, price, prestige, fashion and origin. The importance of these attributes of the most popular alcoholic beverages in Hungary was assessed by the participants on Likert scales. Homemade spirit has the most favorable attitude and in-store pálinka has the most unfavorable attitude. To understand the effect of the cognitive component, we used two types of the multiattribute attitude model of Fishbein. By using a 7-point semantic differential scale, we could graphically illustrate the consumer belief about the homemade and in-store pálinka. Image profiles on the semantic differential scales show the differences in image of the analysed alcoholic beverages. The study confirmed the advantage of homemade spirit image over in-store pálinka, points out the importance of education and information in the case of the cognitive component of consumer attitude. The reconsidering of the marketing communication of the in-store pálinka producers is very important and urgent.
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NUNES, Albino Oliveira, Lucas Oliveira de MEDEIROS, Albano Oliveira NUNES, and Allison Ruan de Morais SILVA. "DISCUSSING THE ATTITUDES AND BELIEFS ABOUT CHEMISTRY IN ELECTRO-TECHNICAL EDUCATION STUDENTS." Periódico Tchê Química 13, no. 25 (January 20, 2016): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v13.n25.2016.82_periodico25_pgs_82_88.pdf.
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The advancment of science and technology in our society gave way for a crescent demand in Scientific and Technologic Literacy (SCL) for the general population. In this context, Chemistry plays an important role not only for being a central science, but also for having a strong technological component and industrial significance. Thus, this article's goal is to know and analyze the scientific and Chemistry-oriented behaviour of third-year students at the Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Norte (IFRN) - Campus Mossoró, trhough qualitative and quantitative approach. The data collect instruments used (open-ended question, Likert scale and semantic differential scale) were applied to 25 students from the eletrotechnical integrated course. The results show that the students present a positive attitude towards Chemistry, understanding its role as beneficial to society. However, they show a heavily negative attitude towards Chemistry when disregarding it as a possible career choice. From that, it is evident that, even though it holds social relevance, the students ignore and reject Chemistry's important aspects and its multiple applications in their professional choices.
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Corzine, Janice, Gabriel Buntzman, and Edgar Busch. "Relationship of Type A Scores to Careers at Plateau and Job Satisfaction." Psychological Reports 71, no. 2 (October 1992): 627–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1992.71.2.627.
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167 officers of financial institutions in the West answered a questionnaire measuring Type A behavior and a semantic differential scale for job satisfaction. Men and women had similar characteristics except the men had more education and higher salaries. Type A scores were correlated with not being at plateau for men only. Job satisfaction was not related to Type A scores for men or women. Neither was salary related to Type A scores. Working long hours had a significant association with careers not at plateau for men but not for women.
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Kriyantono, Rachmat. "Consumers' Internal Meaning on Complementary Co-Branding Product by Using Osgood's Theory of Semantic Differential." GATR Journal of Management and Marketing Review 2, no. 2 (March 10, 2017): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/jmmr.2017.2.2(9).
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Objective - The research focuses on applying semantic meaning theory and semantic differential scale to marketing communication, particularly co-branding products strategy, as an external stimulus to the consumers. The research aims to evaluate a hypothesis that co-brands have different meaning from the consumers, however, the consumers would express more positive meaning –evaluation, activity, potency- toward a parent brand. Methodology/Technique - Although co-branding products have been in use for some time, there is surprisingly little quantitative empirical research on the subject. Findings – A survey on 100 respondents reveals that although co-brands –Avanza and Xenia- have identical products, they have different meaning from the consumers, and the consumers express more positive meaning –evaluation, activity, potency- toward Avanza rather than Xenia. Novelty - It contributes to develop the study of co-branding in Indonesia. Type of Paper - Empirical Keywords: Co-branding Product, Indonesia, Marketing Communication, Osgood's Semantic Differential, Semantic Meaning Theory. JEL Classification: M31, M37.
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Ibrahim, Nurulhuda, Mohd Fairuz Shiratuddin, and Kok Wai Wong. "Instruments for Measuring the Influence of Visual Persuasion: Validity and Reliability Tests." European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research 4, no. 1 (August 30, 2015): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v4i1.p25-37.
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In User Experience (UX) research, the instruments are often measured by means of rating scales such as Likert scale and semantic differential scale. The validity of the findings and conclusions rely heavily on the instruments used in the questionnaires. This paper provides the assessment of the validity and reliability of a new set of measures to evaluate the influence of visual persuasion on web users. The instruments will be used to assess web users' perceptions of credibility, engagement, informativeness, satisfaction, social influences, usability, and visual aesthetic. Firstly, 85 items are pilot tested by expert and novice users in an offline and online settings. Secondly, the exploratory factor analysis is carried out in which 44 items representing 12 latent variables are reduced to 39 items with some of the latent variables are combined into one. The results show: Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) of 0.901, significant Bartlett’s test, communalities range between 0.470 - 0.829, nine factors (also known as the latent variables) emerged with eigenvalues greater than 1, explaining more than 60% of the total variance, factor loadings of 0.466 and above, factors correlations of less than 0.7, and Cronbach’s alphas are well above the limit of 0.70. Finally, a confirmatory factor analysis is carried out on the first-order and second-order latent variables using the PLS-SEM. The instruments exceed the minimum requirement of the assessments for the convergent validity, discriminant validity, reliability and collinearity. The findings suggest that the proposed 39 items are valid and reliable for measuring the persuasiveness of visual persuasion.
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Kaputa, Vladislav, Miroslava Triznová, Hana Maťová, and Mikuláš Šupín. "Share or not to share? Sharing economy in public eyes." SHS Web of Conferences 92 (2021): 05014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20219205014.
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Research background: Sharing (or collaborative) economy brought a bulk of possibilities to spread the business internationally not only for private sector, but also for every citizen who own any assets demanded on the market. With a vital support of web platforms even individuals can utilise shared goods and services either as a supplier or as buyer. Purpose of the article: The study aims at the assessment of public attitudes towards the phenomenon of sharing economy. More detailed, the willingness to utilise shared services and goods as well as the willingness to offer them are investigated. Methods: The questionnaire survey was conducted to reveal the public attitudes towards selected aspects of sharing economy. Dominantly, the Likert-type scale is used to express respondents’ attitudes, but also the method of semantic differential was utilised. It is used as the 7-points rating scale designed to measure the connotative meaning of the sharing economy concept. The questionnaire was distributed among public using purposive sampling via web platforms. The frequency and contingency analyses with support of the relevant statistics are used to process the data. Findings & Value added: The survey reached mostly young people which is positively perceived as lot of “web-skilled” individuals could be expected among such a sample. Internet literacy is a pre-cursor for sharing economy possibilities utilisation. Surprisingly, higher share respondents do not expressed interest to offer services via sharing economy platforms. Overall, no more than 30% of the sample utilise shared services. Here, men seem to be more embraced to be involved.
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Płonka, Maria. "Student Opinions about their Retirement Future." Olsztyn Economic Journal 14, no. 4 (December 31, 2019): 357–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/oej.4931.
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The paper aims to identify respondents’ attitudes to and awareness of the retirement age and social protection, as well as their expectations with regard to educational activities in this area. The research was carried out in 2018, using an anonymous PAPI type interview on a non-random sample of economics students (N = 703 people) who were either full-time or part-time students. The detailed objectives of the analysis were related to the following issues: – elementary knowledge of social insurance (an open question), – attitudes towards future retirement, care for the elderly, and social solidarity (semantic differential technique combined with the Likert scale), – expectations and opinions regarding the attractiveness and importance of social insurance as a subject of education (techniques as above), – the desire to deepen knowledge in this area (a dichotomous question).
The conducted research has shown that despite a lack of expressive attitudes towards social and pension insurance, respondents were interested in deepening their knowledge in this area. This implies the need to create teaching programmes that would broaden this knowledge and build a new insurance awareness based not on demanding attitudes but on the conviction that the retirement future is created independently of the existing system and institutions
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Cox, Linda R., William A. Cooper, and Hiram L. McDade. "Teachers' Perceptions of Adolescent Girls Who Wear Hearing Aids." Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 20, no. 4 (October 1989): 372–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461.2004.372.
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Previous research has documented a "hearing aid effect" when males, from 4 to 15 years of age, are utilized as subjects. In this study females, ages 10–14, were photographed wearing a body aid, a postauricular aid, or no hearing aid. Sixty college education majors rated the subject in each photograph utilizing a semantic differential scale. Results indicated that when subjects were pictured wearing a hearing aid of either type, observers rated them lower on achievement but higher on factors of appearance, personality, and assertiveness than without the aid.
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Prasetyo, Ridwan Aji Budi. "Persepsi Iklim Sekolah dan Kesejahteraan Subjektif Siswa di Sekolah." Jurnal Psikologi Teori dan Terapan 8, no. 2 (February 28, 2018): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/jptt.v8n2.p133-144.
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Abstract: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between perception of school climate and student’s subjective well-being at school. Two instruments were used to collect data, namely (1) Scale of Subjective Well-Being at School, which was developed based on Osgood’s semantic differential mode; and (2) Scale of Perception of School Climate which was constructed based on Likert’s summated rating model. Ninety senior high school students participated in this study. They were selected by means of convenience sampling method. Multivariate correlation technique (MANOVA) was then applied to examine the correlation between the two constructs. The result revealed that there is a significant positive correlation between perception of school climate and student’s subjective well-being at school (F = 11.561, Partial Eta Square = 0.210, and p = 0.00 (p < 0.01)). Meanwhile, perception of school climate has significant positive correlation with both cognitive and affective aspects of subjective well-being, with the value of correlation coefficient tends to be higher with cognitive aspect than with affective aspect.Keywords: School climate, subjective well-being, school, studentAbstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat hubungan antara persepsi terhadap iklim sekolah dengan kesejahteraan subjektif siswa di sekolah. Dua skala disusun untuk pengumpulan data, yaitu: (1) Skala Kesejahteraan Subjektif di Sekolah, yang disusun berdasarkan model semantic differential Osgood dan (2) Skala Persepsi Iklim Sekolah, yang disusun berdasarkan model summated rating Likert. Sembilan puluh siswa berpartisipasi dalam penelitian ini. Sampel tersebut dipilih dengan teknik convenience sampling. Teknik korelasi multivariat (MANOVA) kemudian digunakan untuk menilai korelasi antara kedua konstruk tersebut. Hasil penelitian ini mengungkapkan bahwa terdapat korelasi positif yang signifikan antara persepsi terhadap iklim sekolah dengan kesejahteraan subjektif siswa di sekolah (F = 11.561, Partial Eta Square = 0.210, and p = 0.00 (p < 0.01)). Sementara itu, persepsi terhadap iklim sekolah memiliki korelasi positif yang signifikan dengan aspek kognitif dan afektif dari kesejahteraan subjektif siswa di sekolah, dengan kecenderungan lebih tinggi pada aspek kognitif dibandingkan pada aspek afektif.
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Hameed, Irfan, Bibi Zainab, and Syed Jazib Shamim. "AROUSAL SAFETY LEADING TO PURCHASE INTENTION; THE ROLE OF MODERATING AND MEDIATING VARIABLES IN STRUCTURAL MODEL." Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 57, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 77–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/jssh.v57i2.33.
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The effect of arousal safety has been analyzed on purchase intention, then attitude towards the advertisement and attitude towards the brand have been incorporated as intervening variables between the relationships. The interaction effect of self-monitoring and message arguments have also been taken in to consideration for better understanding of the consumer’s response. The data has been gathered from 206 respondents by using purposive sampling method. The research instrument was comprised of summated rating/additive scale (likert scale) and semantic differential scaling. Confirmatory Factor Analysis has been applied after the application of preliminary tests on the data. Structure Equation Modeling and moderation and mediation analysis have also been applied to test the hypotheses. Arousal safety in the advertisements shape consumers response and it proved to be a fully mediated model. Self-monitoring also probes the relationship. Message arguments haven’t had any affect as moderator, hence can be used as a focal predictor. The study is a starting point for future research to provide a coherent methodology for capturing the necessary data, processing the underlying information and evaluating the effects of arousal safety in advertisements. The study extends the field of advertising in the direction of arousal safety (Humor) effects. In comparison to previous research, empirical evidence on the arousal safety in television advertising and purchase intention in relation with moderating and mediating variables is provided.
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Kowalska, Joanna, and Justyna Winnicka. "Attitudes of undergraduate students towards persons with disabilities; the role of the need for social approval." Polish Psychological Bulletin 44, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 40–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ppb-2013-0005.
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Abstract The purpose of this study was a diagnosis of the attitudes of students of Warsaw universities towards people with disabilities and the variables which impacted on these attitudes. Additionally, we examined the relationship between the need for social approval and explicit attitudes towards people with disabilities. The study focused on two components of attitudes: behavioural (measured by preferable social distance - SDSB) and cognitive (tested with a semantic differential scale - SDSO). 318 students completed a survey including a demographic sheet, a social desirability scale, the SDSB and SDSO. The results indicate that students expressed positive attitudes towards people with disabilities. The impact of such variables as gender, the type of disability and the need for social approval was registered and were differentiated in regard to components of attitudes. The results are discussed with reference to earlier research and cues for further studies are suggested.
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Widodo, Slamet, and Niken Sulistyowati. "The Effect of Implementation of Report Online Application on User Satisfaction and Operational Performance." Volume 5 - 2020, Issue 8 - August 5, no. 8 (August 22, 2020): 328–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt20aug251.
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This study aims to determine and analyze the effect of applying the Report Online Application to User Satisfaction and Operational Performance. The object of research is the employee of the Directorate General of SDPPI by using purpose sampling techniques and the number of samples 143 respondents. This research is a causal associative type through a questionnaire that is measured with a differential semantic scale with the lowest point 1 to the highest point 10 and analyzed with Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) AMOS 23. The results show that the application of Report Online applications has a positive effect on user satisfaction, user satisfaction has a positive effect on operational performance and the implementation of Report Online application has a positive effect on operational performance
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Havrylets, Yurii, Volodymyr Rizun, Sergii Tukaiev, and Maksym Khylko. "Objectification of Subjectivity: International Experience in Selection of TV Stimuli in Mass Media Effect Research." Current Issues of Mass Communication, no. 19 (2016): 8–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2312-5160.2016.19.8-20.
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The objective of the study was to classify the existing methods of the TV news content selection, and to assess the advantages and shortcomings of each approach. To achieve this goal, the following tasks have been performed: 1) considering the existing approaches to the selection of the TV news content, applied in the media effects studies; 2) summarizing and classifying the approaches used for the selection of the TV news stories for experiments in the media effects studies; 3) analysing the advantages and disadvantages of each technique of the experimental selection of the TV news content. The research was conducted through the use of scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, transition from the abstract to the concrete, and document review. Several criteria were applied to the selection of the studies to be included in the review of methods of the TV news materials selection: 1) only those experimental articles and thesis were selected, in which the TV news was the independent variable, and the reaction of surveyed people was the dependent variable; 2) the articles and theses should include a clear description of the methods of the TV news selection. Results and Conclusions. The TV news content was examined as a basic material for experiments in social communications. Based on the academic publications of the American and European scientists, we elaborated the classification of methods for the media content selection in the media effects studies. Different approaches to the selection of news material were proposed. According to the proposed classification, all methods of the media content selection were divided into the primary methods (pool method) and secondary methods (Self-Assessment Mannequin test; semantic differential method; R. Likert emotion assessment scale; J.B. Haskins scale for the good-bad news assessment). The validity and reliability of these techniques was proved by the studies in the TV news effects.
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Moscoso, Claudia, and Barbara Matusiak. "Aesthetic perception of a small office with different daylighting systems." Indoor and Built Environment 27, no. 9 (June 4, 2017): 1187–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1420326x17711490.
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The quality of a lit environment cannot be deduced solely from the quantity of light. Therefore, daylighting studies should not only be focused on the usage of lighting metrics but should also consider the aesthetic experience. This paper examines the influence of daylighting systems on the aesthetic perception of a small office. One single side lit office was equipped with four different daylighting systems (white blinds, high-reflecting blinds, hybrid light shelf and mirror light shelf) under two sky conditions (clear sky and overcast sky). In total, eight stimuli were captured and presented via stereoscopic images. Fifty participants evaluated the images using the semantic differential scale to rate nine architectural quality attributes. The results from MANOVA indicated that both the daylighting systems and the type of sky had an effect on the aesthetic attributes, and that the significant interaction effect suggested that the aesthetic perception of a daylighting system depends on the type of sky. Subsequent statistical findings showed that the high-reflecting blinds comprised the daylighting system that scored highest in nearly all attributes under both clear and overcast sky conditions.
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Gondra, Ager. "Null Direct Object Clitics in Basque Spanish: A Study Across Four Generations." Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics 14, no. 2 (September 1, 2021): 349–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/shll-2021-2048.
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Abstract The null direct object clitic is described as one of the distinctive morphosyntactic features of Basque Spanish (e.g., compré el libro i , pero se me ha olvidado traer øi). However, no study to date has explored the variable usage of this form in cross-generational terms. The present inquiry aims to fill this void by analyzing and contrasting the results of two studies by four generations of Spanish-Basque bilinguals with the following age ranges: 85–96 (Generation 1), 55–75 (Generation 2), 35–45 (Generation 3), 18–25 (Generation 4). The education level of the participants was also taken into consideration. The first study consisted of an acceptability judgment task, in which the participants rated the acceptability of sentences with a null direct object using a 5-point Likert scale. The independent linguistic variables in this study were the semantic features [+/-definiteness] and [+/-specificity]. The acceptance rate of null direct object clitics was significantly higher among Generation 1 and 2 speakers than among those of Generation 3 and 4, with no effect of definiteness or specificity. In the second study, based on an elicitation task, older speakers (Generation 1 and 2) produced significantly more null direct object clitics than their younger counterparts (Generation 3 and 4). By contrasting the differential behavior of the participants across and within the same generation, it is shown that the generational effects observed are mainly due to the participants’ different levels of formal education.
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Kwon, Yoonku, Jihyun Kim, Jiyoung Kim, and Chan Park. "Mitigating the Impact of Touristification on the Psychological Carrying Capacity of Residents." Sustainability 13, no. 5 (March 3, 2021): 2737. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052737.
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This study explores the impact of touristification on the residents of the Seochon and Bukchon areas of Seoul, Korea. Touristification refers to changing an urban space to promote tourism; however, this process displaces the original residents and affects the commercial and social fabric of neighborhoods. We examine the psychological carrying capacity of local residents to adapt to touristification, and present ways to mitigate the negative effects of touristification. First, a semantic differential scale was used to elicit adjectives to assess the carrying capacity of residents to adapt. This was correlated with a classification of the residents’ awareness of the changes. Second, a space improvement index was developed to verify whether an improvement in the physical space will change the psychological carrying capacity of residents. A space improvement simulation indicated the changes in carrying capacity based on the improvement of space. Finally, we established the key factors for each space type and proposed strategies to mitigate the impact of touristification.
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Pileckaitė-Markovienė, Margarita. "PRADINIŲ KLASIŲ MOKSLEIVIŲ MOKYMOSI MOTYVACIJA, PSICHOLOGINĖ SAVIJAUTA IR MOKYKLINIS NERIMASTINGUMAS." Psichologija 23 (January 1, 2001): 37–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/psichol.2001..4421.
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Šio tyrimo tikslas - patikrinti mokymosi motyvacijos tyrimo metodikos tinkamumą jaunesniojo mokyklinio amžiaus moksleiviams, išnagrinėti jaunesniųjų moksleivių mokymosi motyvacijos, psichologinės savijautos mokykloje ir mokyklinio nerimo ryšį. Tyrime dalyvavo 681 Vilniaus ir Klaipėdos miestų trečių ketvirtų klasių moksleivis (421 - trečios, 260 - ketvirtos klasės, 355 mergaitės, 326 berniukai). Tyrimas buvo atliekamas su visa klase per pamoką. Mokymosi motyvacija tirta taikant Zambacevičienės ir Janulytės (1998) mokymosi motyvacijos anketą. Mokyklinis nerimastingumas buvo tiriamas taikant Sarason, Feld, Levis mokyklinio nerimastingumo klausimyną, R. Augio (1984) pritaikytą Lietuvos populiacijai. Psichologinė savijauta mokykloje buvo tiriama taikant semantinio diferencialo skalę (parengta Beresnevičienės, 1995), pritaikyta tiriamųjų amžiui.Gauti rezultatai parodė, kad mokymosi motyvacijos tyrimo metodiką turi stiprią vidinę konsistenciją, t. y. aukštą konstrukcinį bei kriterinį (išorinį) validumą, ir yra patikima. Nustatyta, kad jaunesniųjų moksleivių mokymosi motyvacija nėra vienalytė, joje galima išskirti skirtingus mokymosi motyvus - socialinio pripažinimo, neigiamos stimuliacijos ir vidinį mokymosi motyvą. Rezultatai parodė, kad vidinis mokymosi motyvas yra teigiamai susijęs su psichologinės savijautos mokykloje parametrais "patinka", "malonu", "įdomu" ir "naudinga" mokytis mokykloje bei mokykliniu nerimastingumu. Psichologinė savijauta mokykloje turi neigiamą ryšį su mokykliniu nerimastingumu pagal parametrus "lengva" ir "sekasi" mokytis.
LEARNING MOTIVATION, SCHOOL, ANXIETY AND WELL-BEING IN MIDDLE CHILDHOOD Margarita Pileckaitė-Markovienė
Summary
This article deals with problem of learning motivation, school anxiety and well-being in middle childhood. The aim of investigation was to analyse inner consistency of Learning Motivation Scale, structure of learning motivation of primary school children and it's interrelations with school anxiety and well-being. Learning Motivation Scale (Zambacevičienė, Janulytė, 1998), Semantic Differential Type Scale for well-being in school (Beres-nevičienė, 1995) and Test Anxiety Scale for children (Sarason, Feld, Levis, 1960, by Augis, 1984) were used as evaluational tools. 681 children from third and forth grade (355 girls, 326 boys) were investigated by these methods. The results showed the strong inner consistency of Learning Motivation Scale (Cronbach alpha 0,79). Rest-retest showed rather strong internal reliability of the scale (r = 0,71). Got data showed that structure of learning motivation of primary school children consisted from motives of social recognition, negative stimulation and inner motive. It was found that learning motivation had positive connection with well-being in school by parameters "likable", "pleasant", "interesting", "useful". Learning motivation was positively connected with school anxiety as well. School anxiety of primary school children had negative correlation with their well-being by the parameters "easy to learn" and "going well to learn".
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Lopes, Leonardo Wanderley, Ivonaldo Leidson Barbosa Lima, Eveline Goncalves Silva, Larissa Nadjara Alves de Almeida, and Anna Alice Figueiredo de Almeida. "Accent and television journalism: evidence for the practice of speech language pathologists and audiologists." CoDAS 25, no. 5 (October 2013): 475–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2317-17822013000500012.
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PURPOSE: To analyze the preferences and attitudes of listeners in relation to regional (RA) and softened accents (SA) in television journalism. METHODS: Three television news presenters recorded carrier phrases and a standard text using RA and SA. The recordings were presented to 105 judges who listened to the word pairs and answered whether they perceived differences between the RA and SA, and the type of pronunciation that they preferred in the speech of television news presenters. Afterwards, they listened to the sentences and judged seven attributes in the contexts of RA and SA using a semantic differential scale. RESULTS: The listeners perceived the difference between the regional and softened pronunciation (p<0.0001). They preferred the SA in the presenters' speech in all variants studied (p<0.0001). There was an association between linguistic variants and the judgment of attitudes (p=0.002). The listeners regarded the presence of SA in the presenters' speech as positive in all variants studied (p<0.0001). CONCLUSION: The listeners prefer and assign positive values to the SA in the speech of television journalists in all linguistic variants studied.
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Shigurov, Viktor Vasil'evich. "Indexation of modalation levels of finite verbs in peripheral zone of introductory-modal units." Филология: научные исследования, no. 3 (March 2020): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0749.2020.3.30862.
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The object of this research is the linguistic mechanism of modalation in Russian language that produces lexical-semantic expressions of subjective modality of expression, and more extensively – of the text. Modalation is understood as a special type of functional and functional-semantic transposition of linguistic units from different parts of speech and inter-part-of-speech semantic-syntactic classification of introductory-modal words and expressions. The subject of this research is the levels of correspondence of differential signs of linguistic unit (verb), explicating in typical context a certain level of separation from the initial class (A) and convergence with the derivative class (B), deferential signs of prototypical (nuclear) representatives of class A and class B. Methodological framework contains the research of Russian and foreign author on the theory of parts of speech and syncretism in grammatical structure of a language. For determination of gradual form of modalation of the finite forms of verbs, the study applies oppositional method that allows describing on the scale of transitivity the different stages of their functional and functional-semantic transposition into the introductory-modal units. The index number calculation of correspondence of modalates to prototypical (nuclear) verbs and introductory-modal words and expressions is conducted using the indexing method. The scientific novelty is defined by the fact that this work is firs to carry out indexing of correspondence of the peripheral deverbative modalates (“it is said”) to prototypical finite verbs (“are saying”) and prototypical devebative introductory-modal units (“perhaps”). As a result, it is established that in periphery zone of introductory-modal words and expressions, the modalate “it is said” shows 72% congruence (similarities and differences) with nuclear finite verbs (“are saying”) and 54% to nuclear deverbative introductory-modal words (“it seems”, “perhaps”).
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Kelley, Kathleen M., Bridget K. Behe, John A. Biernbaum, and Kenneth L. Poff. "Combinations of Colors and Species of Containerized Edible Flowers: Effect on Consumer Preferences." HortScience 37, no. 1 (February 2002): 218–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.37.1.218.
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Do consumers prefer certain combinations of edible-flower species and colors over other assortments? Two hundred and sixteen people were self-selected for a survey at a Michigan flower show to rate 15 photographs of edible flowers arranged in 0.24-L, clear, plastic containers. Each container had either an individual species or combinations of Viola tricolor L. `Helen Mount' (viola), Borago officinalis L. (borage), and Tropaeolum majus L. `Jewel Mix' and `Tip Top Apricot' (nasturtium). To determine what color(s) of nasturtium participants would prefer, containers held either orange and crimson, peach and cream, or a combination of all four flower colors. Participants rated photographs using a semantic differential on a 7-point Likert scale (7 being the highest rating) based on their likelihood to purchase each container of edible flowers to serve to family and friends in a meal. Participants were asked an additional 21 questions regarding their attitudes about edible flowers, gardening habits, dining habits, and several demographic questions. Responses were subjected to conjoint analysis (SPSS Inc., Chicago). The addition of other species to nasturtium (viola, borage, viola, and borage) had a greater relative importance (53%) than the color of the nasturtium (47%). A mixture of all four nasturtium colors (peach, cream, orange, and crimson) was awarded the highest utility (0.091). Peach and cream nasturtiums or containers that did not contain any nasturtium flowers at all were least preferred (-0.070 and -0.083 utilities, respectively). Mean ratings that participants assigned to containers of edible flowers supported these utilities. The container assigned the highest mean rating included nasturtiums of all four colors, yet 66% were unlikely to purchase any container with 10% insect damage. Differences in preferences were noted using selected demographic characteristics such as age, gender, and income.
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Farrag, Dalia Abdelrahman, and Mohammed Hassan. "The influence of religiosity on Egyptian Muslim youths’ attitude towards fashion." Journal of Islamic Marketing 6, no. 1 (March 9, 2015): 95–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jima-04-2014-0030.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to measure the impact of the different religiosity dimensions on the attitude of Muslim youth towards fashion. Design/methodology/approach – To understand the relationship between religiosity and Muslim youths’ attitude towards fashion, a structured questionnaire was circulated amongst university students in Cairo and Alexandria (Egypt’s two largest cities) using convenience sampling method. Religiosity has been measured using the operationalized definition by Glock (1972), as consisting of five different dimensions: ideological, Intellectual, ritualistic, experimental and consequential. Likert scales were used to measure religiosity dimensions, and semantic differential scale has been used to measure the attitude of Muslim youth towards fashion. An initial sample size of 350 Egyptian Muslim youth was surveyed on-campus using face-to-face method by a group of volunteer trainer students. Findings – Cronbach’s alpha has been measured for all variables to ensure internal consistency. The findings provide evidence that a negative relationship exists with all of the religiosity dimensions under study and attitude of youth towards fashion. More specifically, the intellectual and consequential dimensions had the strongest negative significant relationships with attitude of youth towards fashion. Research limitations/implications – The results of this study should be considered in light of a number of limitations on which recommendations for future research are based. First, the use of a student sample, even if these consumers are important and justified for this research, may hinder the generalizability of the findings across other segments of consumers who might behave differently. Second, this study relies on the declared attitudes of the respondents, which are likely to be biased because of respondents’ inclination to give socially desirable answers and spiritually peace reactions. Such an evaluation cannot identify unconscious attitudes and behaviours. Practical implications – The paper’s interesting findings serve to remind entrepreneurs and marketers in general that they cannot neglect the element of religion in their marketing activities, particularly in the fashion industry and the development of apparel targeting Muslim women. Such an understanding will help both marketers in designing their marketing practices according to their Muslim consumers’ convictions, and academicians in their research endeavours. Originality/value – Investigating and measuring the influence of religion in general and Islam in particular on youth’s attitude towards fashion is considered a very contemporary and raw topic that shall have significant contribution to the existing literature, as well as to fashion designers and marketers.
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Dyah Astuti, Widya Ayu, and Sanaji Sanaji. "Identifikasi Faktor Pemilihan Penyedia Jasa Foto Katalog Produk (Studi pada Pengusaha Online Shop)." Jurnal Ilmu Manajemen 9, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 425. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/jim.v9n1.p425-436.
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This study aims to identify the factors considered by online shop owners in choosing photo catalogue services. This research is quantitative type. This study's data sources are primary data conducted by distributing questionnaires to research respondents. This research sample is 54 online shop owners who use product catalogue photo services. This research's variables are product attributes consisting of the brand, quality, features, design, price, and guarantee. The data collection technique uses questionnaires to 54 samples of product catalogue service users. In this case, the weighting questionnaire was filled in, done with Osgood's semantic differential measurement scale. This study's data analysis techniques were factor analysis, factor feasibility test, and correlation analysis. Are six factors to consider online businesspeople using product catalogue photo services. Product quality factors include high photo resolution, proper photo brightness; the resulting photo focuses on the product and colour match. The Feature Factor includes distinctive features, exceptional light-dark levels, and distinctive themes. Design factors include photo clarity, photo editing, and ready-to-upload photos. Factors include price according to quality, affordable prices, discounted prices, and price variations. The warranty factor includes product warranty items, a money-back guarantee, and a photo re-guarantee. Promotional factors that are informative, attractive promotions, promotions that are easy to remember, service readiness, problem-solving, services that are as promised and responsive to complaints
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Stamat, Viktoriia, and Anastasiia Smyrnova. "City Image Management as a Component of Municipal Marketing." Modern Economics 23, no. 1 (October 27, 2020): 194–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.31521/modecon.v23(2020)-31.
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Introduction. In modern conditions of globalization and decentralization, emphasizing the features of certain territories becomes especially important. Each territory, city has certain competitive advantages, the identification and emphasis of which allows you to manage the development of the area. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study is a dialectical method of cognition, a systematic approach to the study of aspects of city image management. The following methods were used during the study: abstract-logical, correlation of qualitative features with determination of Cramer’s coefficient and chi-square; score, Likert scale and semantic differential (in the survey of residents), graphical method. Purpose. The purpose of scientific work is to develop theoretical and methodological and practical aspects of the city image managing using modern marketing technologies. Results. The article has evaluated the existing Mykolaiv city image and has substantiated the expediency of its management. As a result of the survey, an image of the city has been formed, which appeared in the imagination of local residents. The key factors for which Mykolaiv should work on image, and the factors forming image of the city according to inhabitants have been revealed. The author’s own method has been used to assess the existing image. This method can be used to assess the image of other cities, as it is universal except for certain features of the city in terms of its characteristics. Conclusions. The survey revealed a strong relationship between the category of residents and indicators of their attitude to the city. Based on the obtained data, the segmentation of local residents was carried out using socio-demographic and behavioral criteria. Further key steps of management of the existing city image in order to increase the commitment of citizens to Mykolaiv taking into account target segments of the city are developed. The list of Mykolaiv image management measures has been made and grouped taking into account offers of various categories of citizens. Keywords: city image; city image management; city brand; segmentation; target city segments; “city product”; image events.
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Kuzmanovic, Bora, and Nebojsa Petrovic. "The changes in connotative meaning of politically relevant terms in Belgrade highschoolers." Psihologija 38, no. 4 (2005): 423–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/psi0504423k.
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In this paper, we have tried to ascertain connotative meaning of some relevant political concepts, like: democracy, nation, political left and right, nationalism, etc. and to compare obtained results with a similar research conducted eight years ago (1997.) Those concepts are used in strong emotional contexts, and consequently level of their affective meaning often become stronger by process of emotional conditioning. It is possible to ascertain attitudes toward examined concepts by using this kind of meaning. Therefore, it is possible to ascertain influence of important events and social changes to attitude changes, by such kind of comparation. The sample consisted of 171 subjects, fourth year students of Belgrade's high schools (the same as in 1997.), and adapted Osgood scale of semantic differential was an instrument. Results show that cognitive meaning of some concepts stayed unchanged (socialism, nationalism, political right, present and future), and others had minor (democracy) or more significant changes (nation, leader, peace, left, past). Evaluative changes are negative except in case of leader and left. This could be understand as a kind of disappointment after great expectations after 2000. changes. Results are specified by independent variables, too. They include: type of school, sex, authoritarianism, importance of national belongings, are subjects and their families transitional losers or gainers, etc. It has also pointed out that evaluative dimension of connotative meaning does not express only attitude, but also other emotions and states: anxiety, care, insecure feelings.
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Lutz, Julie, Aaron Metzger, Nicholas A. Turiano, Rachael Spalding, Emma Katz, and Barry Edelstein. "THE TRUTH ABOUT AGE DIFFERENCES IN PERFORMANCE ON VARYING LENGTHS OF LIKERT-TYPE TEST ITEMS." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.2598.
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Abstract Guidelines for self-report assessment with older adults emphasize the use of shorter Likert-type or agree/disagree response formats to reduce cognitive load (e.g., Yesavage et al., 1983). However, these suggestions are not founded on empirical studies directly comparing younger and older adults’ responses on different scales. Thus, the current study tested differential responding on varying Likert-type response scale lengths between younger, middle-aged, and older adults. Participants completed three versions of the International Personality Item Pool (IPIP) Neuroticism scale with 3, 5, and 7 Likert-type response scale lengths in counterbalanced orders with other questionnaires between versions. Six multi-group confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) assessed measurement invariance across scale lengths and age groups. Invariance of convergent validity networks was also assessed with multi-group CFAs of the associations between the IPIP and measures of depression, anxiety, anger, worry, and affect. The final sample consisted of 835 adults (327 18-44; 279 45-64; and 229 65 or older) via Amazon Mechanical Turk. Measurement invariance was supported in analyses by age within each scale length and by scale length within each age group, indicating that response patterns across all scale lengths and age groups did not significantly differ. Analyses of convergent validity also supported invariance, suggesting that responses across all scale lengths and age groups reflect the same underlying construct. This study indicates that, among community-dwelling adults, shortened response scale lengths do not yield significantly different or more valid responses for older adults compared to younger adults.
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Nobre, Anna C., and Gregory McCarthy. "Language-Related ERPs: Scalp Distributions and Modulation by Word Type and Semantic Priming." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 6, no. 3 (July 1994): 233–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.1994.6.3.233.
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Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded from the scalp to investigate the processing of word stimuli. Three tasks were used: (1) a task comparing words that provided an anomalous or normal sentence ending, (2) a word-list task in which different word types were examined, and (3) a word-list task in which semantic priming was examined. ERPs were recorded from a 50-channel montage in an attempt to dissociate overlapping ERP features by their scalp distributions. The focus of these studies was the N400, an ERP previously associated with language processing (Kutas & Hillyard, 1980). The temporal interval typically associated with N400 (250–500 msec) was found to contain overlapping ERP features. Two of these features were common to both sentence and word-list tasks—but one appeared different. Anomalous sentence endings and words with semantic content in lists both showed coincident negative left frontotemporal and midline-anterior ERP foci, peaking at 332 msec for sentences and 316 msec for word lists. The most negative voltage obtained in the sentence task peaked at 386 msec and had a midline-posterior focus. A right frontotemporal focus developed after the midline-posterior focus and outlasted its duration. The most negative voltage for content words in lists was reached at 364 msec. The distribution of this ERP was extensive over the midline and appeared to differ from that observed in the sentence task. Modulation of language-related ERPs by word type and semantic priming was investigated using the word-list tasks, which required category-detection responses. Two novel findings were obtained: (1) The ERP distributions for words serving grammatical function and content words differed substantially in word lists. Even when devoid of any sentence context, function words presented significantly attenuated measures of N400 compared to content words. These findings support hypotheses that suggest a differential processing of content and function words. (2) Semantic priming functionally dissociated two ERP features in the 250–500 msec range. The later and most negative midline ERP feature (peaking at 364 msec) was attenuated by semantic priming. However, the earlier left frontotemporal feature (peaking at 316 msec) was enhanced by semantic priming. The isolation of this novel language-related ERF' that is sensitive to semantic manipulations has important consequences for temporal and mechanistic aspects of theories of language processing.
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Wallmark, Zachary. "Semantic Crosstalk in Timbre Perception." Music & Science 2 (January 1, 2019): 205920431984661. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2059204319846617.
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Many adjectives for musical timbre reflect cross-modal correspondence, particularly with vision and touch (e.g., “dark–bright,” “smooth–rough”). Although multisensory integration between visual/tactile processing and hearing has been demonstrated for pitch and loudness, timbre is not well understood as a locus of cross-modal mappings. Are people consistent in these semantic associations? Do cross-modal terms reflect dimensional interactions in timbre processing? Here I designed two experiments to investigate crosstalk between timbre semantics and perception through the use of Stroop-type speeded classification. Experiment 1 found that incongruent pairings of instrument timbres and written names caused significant Stroop-type interference relative to congruent pairs, indicating bidirectional crosstalk between semantic and auditory modalities. Pre-Experiment 2 asked participants to rate natural and synthesized timbres on semantic differential scales capturing luminance (brightness) and texture (roughness) associations, finding substantial consistency for a number of timbres. Acoustic correlates of these associations were also assessed, indicating an important role for high-frequency energy in the intensity of cross-modal ratings. Experiment 2 used timbre adjectives and sound stimuli validated in the previous experiment in two variants of a semantic-auditory Stroop-type task. Results of linear mixed-effects modeling of reaction time and accuracy showed slight interference in semantic processing when adjectives were paired with cross-modally incongruent instrument timbres (e.g., the word “smooth” with a “rough” timbre). Taken together, I conclude by suggesting that semantic crosstalk in timbre processing may be partially automatic and could reflect weak synesthetic congruency between interconnected sensory domains.
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Foryś, Iwona, and Radosław Gaca. "Application of the Likert and Osgood Scales to Quantify the Qualitative Features of Real Estate Properties." Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia 16, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/foli-2016-0021.
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Abstract The variables used in statistical research can be measured on different scales. According to Stevens the most common division of measurement scales distinguish four main types: nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio. The chosen scale of measurement implies further the possibility of applying certain statistical methods. For socio-economic research it is frequent that among independent variables appear variables of a qualitative nature. This study presents the idea of the application of the Likert and Osgood scales for the evaluation and quantification of qualitative variables in the real estate valuation process. Taking into account the fact that the property features used in the process of estimating its value are very often measured on weak scales, this research attempted to apply the aforementioned scales to measure the qualitative features of real estate property. Additionally, all the qualitative data can be expressed only on nominal or ordinal scales. This means that they cannot be uncritically treated as metrical variables and their measurement scale implies the possible application of mathematical operations and statistical instruments. On the other hand, by analysing the type and the character of the qualitative features of the property, we can observe a substantial connection of such features with the assessment of their level of intensity expressed as a semantic interval or the acceptance level of a given phenomenon. This paper attempts to show how to apply the scales developed to measure attitudes in order to quantify the qualitative features of real estate property in the valuation process and shows the interval character of the data measured by the Osgood scale through comparison among three correlations specific for the mentioned type of scale.
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Kelecioğlu, Hülya. "ITEM CHARACTERISTICS ANALYSIS OF ATTITUDES TOWARDS SMOKING SCALE BY LOG-LINEAR MODELS AND T TEST." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 34, no. 7 (January 1, 2006): 853–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2006.34.7.853.
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A Likert-type scale was used in analysis of the Attitudes Towards Smoking Scale (Tezbaşaran & Kelecioğlu, 2004) of item characteristics investigated by hierarchical log-linear models and T test. Differential item functioning according to gender and item discriminations was determined by using hierarchical log-linear models. A total of 16 items which were high item discriminate and not gender DIF were identified. Alpha coefficent was found to be 0.91. Scale items were also analyzed by T test and another 16 were obtained. This scale's Cronbach α coefficent was found to be 0.93. No significant difference between these two Cronbach α coefficients was found by using Fischer's z test. Eight items which were detected as gender DIF in log-linear models were obtained according to the T test scale.
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Queiroz, Flávia Alline de, Ana Emilia Pace, and Claudia Benedita dos Santos. "Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the instrument Diabetes - 39 (D-39): brazilian version for type 2 diabetes mellitus patients - stage 1." Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem 17, no. 5 (October 2009): 708–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-11692009000500018.
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The study aimed to accomplish a cross-cultural adaptation of the "Diabetes - 39 - D-39" instrument for Brazil, to test the validity of the adapted version in a sample of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and to describe the participants of the study, according to the scores obtained on the Likert-type scale. The instrument adaptation process followed several steps: instrument translation; achievement of the consensus in Portuguese; evaluation by an expert committee; back-translation; achievement of the consensus in English; comparison of the original and consensus versions in English; semantic analysis and pre-test of the Portuguese version. Results showed that the instrument items, in the first stage of cultural adaptation to Portuguese, presented high internal consistency levels.
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Yusuf, Mian Muhammad. "The Effects of Logo-Based Instruction." Journal of Educational Computing Research 12, no. 4 (June 1995): 335–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/nnlp-mn2r-m6cv-9ejf.
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A new teaching method, Logo-Based Instruction (LBI), was applied for teaching basic geometric concepts: points, rays, lines, and line segments. The aim of LBI is to enable teachers and students to investigate and explore Logo integration into the geometry curriculum. Logo computer language was used for developing class activities and tutorial programs. The students used Logo to solve problems. The sample consisted of sixty-seven seventh and eighth graders (31 females and 36 males; 51 blacks and 16 whites). The regular classroom teacher taught both the experimental and the control groups using the treatment plan designed by the researcher. The results of the statistical analyses (applied to the scores of achievement tests, Likert Scales, Semantic Differential Scales, Interview Sheets; and the gain in van Hiele levels) were significant in favor of the experimental group at 0.05 level. These results are encouraging and support the use of LBI for teaching geometry.
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Knight, Bob. "Therapists' Attitudes as Explanation of Underservice of Elderly in Mental Health: Testing an Old Hypothesis." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 22, no. 4 (June 1986): 261–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/w5x8-07j1-5kv3-nfbj.
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The literature in mental health and aging has long argued that the presumably negative attitudes of therapists toward the aged are a major barrier to the aged receiving psychotherapy services. This investigation compared two measures of attitudes in a college student sample in order to test the reliability and validity of two commonly used measures of attitude in the general population. The same scales were then used in a sample of sixty-six mental health workers. The results suggest that Likert ratings and semantic differentials, although tapping a common dimension, differ in sensitivity to personal experience with the aged, that therapists had more positive beliefs about the elderly than did college students, and that therapist attitudes were not correlated with either proportion of elderly clients seen or desire to work with elderly. Work site emerged as an important predictor of numbers of elderly seen by therapists. It is argued that future research ought to focus on systems level variables in seeking to overcome barriers to therapy.
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Musselwhite, Dorothy J., and Brian C. Wesolowski. "Evaluating the Psychometric Qualities of a Rating Scale to Assess Pre-Service Teachers’ Lesson Plan Development in the Context of a Secondary-Level Music Performance Classroom." Journal of Research in Music Education 66, no. 3 (August 28, 2018): 338–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022429418793645.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychometric quality (i.e., validity and reliability) of a rating scale to assess pre-service teachers’ lesson plan development in the context of secondary-level music performance classrooms. The research questions that guided this study include: (1) What items demonstrate acceptable model fit for the construct of lesson plan development in the context of a secondary-level music performance classroom? (2) How does the structure of the rating scale vary across items? and (3) Does differential severity emerge for academic administrators or music education content specialists across items? Using multiple teacher effectiveness frameworks, the lesson plans in this study were evaluated using a 4-point Likert-type rating scale (e.g., strongly agree, agree, disagree, strongly disagree) consisting of five domains: (a) instructional planning, (b) instructional delivery, (c) differentiated instruction, (d) assessment uses, and (e) assessment strategies. Secondary-level school administrators ( n = 8) and music education content specialists ( n = 8) rated 32 lesson plans using a balanced incomplete assessment network. The multifaceted Rasch measurement partial credit model was used in this study. Results suggest higher rater severity among administrators than music specialists. Of the 68 potential pairwise interactions examined in the study, 5 (7.4 %) of those were found to be statistically significant, which indicates that 5 raters demonstrated differential severity across at least one lesson plan. Implications for student teacher preparation, teacher effectiveness, and the validity of measures are discussed.
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Romney, David, and John Bynner. "Use of the Semantic Differential in Bilingualism Research and its Relevance to Translation." Meta 26, no. 3 (September 30, 2002): 229–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/003977ar.
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Abstract To investigate bilingual subjects' perceptions of the connotative differences between concepts in English and French, a form of the semantic differential was employed in which the scales were derived from Cattell's 16 personality factors. Altogether 16 concepts were rated and these were made up of four sets, each set containing a pair of synonyms in English and a pair of synonyms (their translation-equivalents) in French. Even though the sets themselves were easily distinguishable in terms of their affective meaning, no significant differences in affective meaning emerged between the concepts in any of the sets either within or across languages. There were, however, significant differences between individuals in the ways they perceived the concepts. Some of these differences seemed to be due to the effects of dominant language, A cluster analysis of the individuals in terms of the semantic difference between concepts and their translation-equivalents (over and above the difference between synonyms) gave little support to the postulated distinction between the two types of bilingual, compound and coordinate, although there was some evidence that the compound bilingual exists as a separate type.
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Kaya, Sabri, Emanuele Isidori, and Halil Sarol. "An examination of adolescents’ attitudes towards leisure activities." International Journal of Human Sciences 12, no. 2 (August 31, 2015): 485. http://dx.doi.org/10.14687/ijhs.v12i2.3356.
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<p>The aim of this study was to examine the attitudes level towards leisure activities of adolescents and to compare the participants' attitudes levels according to some variables. 610 (N<sub>male</sub>= 333; M<sub>age</sub>= 15.80, SD= 1.14 and N<sub>female</sub>= 277; M<sub>age</sub>= 15.66, SD= 1.01) adolescents enrolled in this study from different high schools in Turkey. The Leisure Attitude Scale (LAS) (Ragheb and Beard, 1982) was administered on the participants. Cognitive, affective and behavioral items (12 per type) were rated on a five-point Likert scale. Descriptive statistical methods and MANOVA were used to compare the differential scores of the three sub-scales of the T-LAS among the demographic variables. Correlation analysis was used to test the relationship between T-LAS sub-scales and age. The cognitive sub-scale scores were the highest toward leisure. MANOVA analysis indicated no significant mean differences in all three sub-scales with regard to gender. However, there were no significant main effect of participation in physical activity on “T-LAS” scores; a follow-up univariate analysis indicated significant main effects for participation in physical activity on the sub-scales of “Cognitive”, “Affective”, “Behavioral”. Participants groups had higher mean attitude scores than the non-participants in all sub-scales of T-LAS. Additionally, MANOVA indicated significant main effect of school type on “T-LAS” scores, in tests between subject effects by school type, results also revealed a significant differences in the “Cognitive”, “Affective”, “Behavioral” sub-scales. Private high schools’ students had higher scores than the others. Overall, the girl participants had lower attitudes toward leisure than the boys. While the highest leisure attitudes mean score in affective sub-scale, cognitive subscale is the lowest score.</p>
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Wu, Verena S., Jennifer MacRitchie, and Catherine J. Stevens. "Non-musicians recognize unfamiliar contemporary classical music excerpts with increasing repetition." Musicae Scientiae 24, no. 2 (September 14, 2018): 251–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1029864918797164.
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This article aims to determine the effects of exposure and title information when applied to music excerpts that are unfamiliar both in terms of the single excerpt, and in the underlying tonal structures used (i.e. contemporary classical music). Twenty-three non-musicians participated in a two-session experiment: 32 musical excerpts were presented on Day 1 immediately followed by presentation of a title varying by type (no title, descriptive, semantic, affective). Music excerpts were varied by number of exposures (1 vs. 3 exposures). Participants were asked whether they remembered the excerpt from earlier in the experiment, and to rate their liking on a 7-point Likert scale. On Day 2, recognition for the 32 “old” (Day 1) excerpts was tested, along with 32 “new” excerpts, which were all presented without titles. Participants were also asked to rate their liking for the excerpts, as per Day 1. Accounting for response bias, recognition was above chance level across all conditions. Results indicated a significant effect of exposure on recognition ([Formula: see text] = .79). No other effects were significant. Examining the liking ratings of accurately recognized excerpts, a significant interaction between exposure and title was found ([Formula: see text] = .20), where the difference in ratings across exposure levels for affective titles was greater than that of the semantic titles ( d = .60). This suggests that the title type, although not influencing memory of the piece, affected enjoyment of music at different exposures.
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Inukai, Yukio, Hideto Taya, Hisao Miyano, and Hiroshi Kuriyama. "A Multidimensional Evaluation Method for the Psychological Effects of Pure Tones at Low and Infrasonic Frequencies." Journal of Low Frequency Noise, Vibration and Active Control 5, no. 3 (September 1986): 104–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026309238600500303.
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Subjective ratings of pure tones at low and infrasonic (3–40 Hz) were obtained on a set of semantic-differential-type scales and were analysed by factor analysis. From the results, it was concluded that there are three main factors in the human response to the stimulus sound, these are 1) sound pressure, 2) vibration, and 3) loudness. In order to predict the human responses from the physical variables of the sound stimuli, prediction equations were derived for each of the three factors. Also, equal sensation contours for the factors were obtained. From these results, a new evaluation method for the psychological effects is proposed, which considers the multidimensional aspects of human perception at loww and infrasonic frequencies.
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Omeroglu, Engin. "Model Suggestion for the Investigation of the Textbooks to Be Used In Teaching Turkish as a Foreign Language." International Journal of Scientific Research and Management 8, no. 07 (July 20, 2020): 1549–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v8i07.el07.
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Textbooks are considered the most important course materials from past to present. Qualified and functional textbooks are required to achieve the desired objectives of education. Therefore, the processes of examining the textbooks to be used in teaching Turkish as a foreign language and carrying out scientific research on this subject is modelled in this article. A qualitative research method was used in this article. Both quantitative and qualitative data might be used in the studies carried out to examine the textbooks used in teaching Turkish as a foreign language. Therefore, the mixed methods research can be regarded as a suitable research design for examining textbooks. For the quantitative data, a 5-point Likert-type scale can be applied to instructors who use the textbooks, while a Rubrics can be applied to students. Also, the qualitative data obtained from researcher's field notes, observations, interviews with the participants (instructors, students, and the experts of book design and printing), the questionnaires to be applied to them, and the analysis of the textbooks subject to research, as well as, the quantitative data obtained from checklists and semantic scales can be evaluated by following a holistic approach.
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Babb, Alexius Q. "Stealing is Stealing: A Cross-Cultural Analysis on the Perception of Criminality for Physical Theft Versus Illegal Downloading." IU Journal of Undergraduate Research 1, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.14434/iujur.v1i1.13320.
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In our technology-driven world, consumers have access to a wealth of product options, but this access also allows consumers the opportunity to obtain purchasable content through illegal means. Past studies have addressed the perceptions of the criminality of online versus face-to-face theft, but limitations have been consistent across studies with the frequent use of collegiate sample pools. It was important for this experiment to gather data from a broader world population to make results more generalizable. Therefore, we examined a total of 589 participants from a global participant pool to evaluate their perceptions of the criminality of online piracy or physical theft of music or software. This experiment hypothesized that (1) the perception of the criminality of illegal downloading of media would be assessed higher ratings by South Asian participants than North American participants, and (2) criminality ratings would be assessed higher ratings by females than males. Participants were randomly assigned to one of four vignettes. They were then asked a series of questions using semantic differential and Likert scales to assess their perception of the criminal act committed in the randomly selected vignette. A one-way ANCOVA and a multiple regression test were performed to test the hypotheses.
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Inukai, Yukio, Hideto Taya, Neiichi Nagamura, and Hiroshi Kuriyama. "An Evaluation Method of Combined Effects of Infrasound and Audible Noise." Journal of Low Frequency Noise, Vibration and Active Control 6, no. 3 (September 1987): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026309238700600304.
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A psychophysical experiment was conducted to investigate an evaluation method for the combined effects of infrasound and audible noise. In the experiment, subjective rating of 80 mixed noise stimuli were obtained from 15 subjects on 22 semantic-differential-type scales. The stimulus noise conditions were mixtures of one of eight pure tones at 5, 10, 20, and 40 Hz and one of eight 1/3 octave band noises with centre frequencies 63, 125, 250, and 500 Hz. The rating data were subjected to a principal component analysis and yielded two principal components, these were interpreted as the perceptual components of infrasound and audible noise respectively. On the basis of this result, a psychophysical model was proposed to make two-dimensional predictions of subjective ratings from the physical variables of the noise stimuli. Following this model, a best weighting curve, in combination with the A-weighting curve and their regression weights, were estimated. The results showed that the psychological model successfully described the rating data.