Academic literature on the topic 'Likör'

Neckarsulm. Im März hat Kaufland den Entertainer Jens Knossalla zum Werbebotschafter ernannt. Einen Monat später nimmt die Schwarz-Tochter ein Produkt von ihm ins Sortiment auf – werblich inszeniert mit einer Social-Media-Kampagne.

Peer-to-peer(p2p) systems, compared to conventional client-server systems are getting the attention now a days. P2p systems demonstrate valuable bene ts such as resiliency, high scalability and efficiency, and robustness (good resistance against random node failures). Structured P2P systems use distributed hash tables (DHTs) to index and search content and resources in an overlay network. Kademlia is one of the DHT among many DHTs. With the advent of DHTs finding nodes in a p2p environment has gotten better. The special property of Kademlia is that it uses novel XOR metric approach to measure the distance among the point (peers/clients).

Most of Kademlia's advantages depend on the usage of novel XOR metric. In this thesis, we will concentrate on the discussion, analysis and evaluation of LIKIR (a secure P2P framework on top of Kademlia) and P2P applications that can be built on top of LIKIR. One of these applications is LIKIR chat (LiCha) which is a prototype chat program. It is already available and presents a good starting point to understand the architecture and potential strength of such systems. Our work also deals with understanding LiCha, adding new functionality in LiCha. Finally, investigating the possibility of P2P version control system, as well as describing the basic protocol primitives and implementation details of P2P version control system, which can be a extremely innovative application for P2P systems.

This study sought to examine the exercise-induced ST-segment shifts, J₀ and J₆₀, attributable to ECG lead configuration, specifically to evaluate if ischemic changes are modified as a function of using the Mason-Likar lead system. Males (N=30) referred for diagnostic testing underwent a symptom-limited graded exercise test (SLGXT). ST-segment shifts, J₀ and J₆₀, measured as the difference from baseline to recovery minute one, were not significantly different in responses measured from two simultaneous complexes for lead V₅. In frontal lead II, differences were found in the ST-segment response at baseline vs. recovery minute one. All ST-segment shifts were computed as the difference between J_x obtained at resting baseline vs. the J_x obtained at the exercise measurement in the same posture. ST-segment shifts, J₀ and J₆₀, measured at peak-exercise vs. recovery minute one using the Mason-Likar lead system, revealed a significant difference according to the measurement recorded in both leads V₅ and II (p<.05). Comparisons of frequencies for clinically abnormal ST-segment shifts according to ECG lead configuration at recovery minute one when measured from peak-exercise using Mason-Likar were significant in only lead II (p<.05). Observation of the data suggest that the Mason-Likar lead system may affect the interpretation of ischemic ST-segment shifts in lead II. However, these results do not invalidate the interpretation of ischemic ST-segment shifts in lead V₅ using the Mason-Likar lead system.
Master of Science

Insekticidi novije generacije, neonikotinoidi, odlikuju se specifičnim načinom  delovanja na nervni sistem insekata. Radi dobijanja što brže i kvalitetnije informacije o izloženosti životne sredine ovim insekticidima i količinama njihovih ostataka u hrani potrebno je raspolagati odgovarajućim instrumentalnim metodama za njihovo određivanje. Razvijene su i optimizovane analitičke metode zasnovane na tečnoj hromatografiji za određivanje sedam odabranih neonikotinoida (dinotefurana, nitenpirama, tiametoksama, klotianidina, imidakloprida, acetamiprida  i tiakloprida) u medu i likeru od meda. Ispitivana je mogućnost određivanja klotianidina pomoću tečne hromatografije visoke efikasnosti sa detektrorom od niza dioda (HPLC-DAD) primenom kombinacije tečno-tečne i ekstrakcije na čvrstoj fazi iz uzoraka meda. Na osnovu preliminarnih rezultata može se zaključiti da korišćenje  faznih-čvrsto kolona u kombinaciji sa tečno-tečnom ekstrakcijom dihlormetanom rezultira prihvatljivim prinosom klotianidina u uzorcima meda pri koncentraciji od oko 0,5 µg g^-1 klotianidina. Radi dobijanja većih prinosa odabrana je disperzna tečno-tečna mikroekstrakcija (DLLME) kao tehnika pripreme uzoraka meda. Testirana je upotreba acetonitrila kao disperznog sredstva. Pored hloroforma, korišćen je i dihlormetan kao drugo ekstrakciono sredstvo, kako bi se  uporedila efikasnost ekstrakcije. Zabeleženi su prinosi klotianidina od 69,7 i 68,3%  u zavisnosti da li je korišćen hloroform, odnosno DHM kao rastvor za ekstrakciju. Može se zaključiti da je prinos ekstrakcije bio povoljniji pri odnosu 0,5 mL ACN i 2,0 mL DHM. Prinosi su se kretali od 68,4% do 92,1%, što je ukazalo da su parametri DLLME ekstrakcije optimalni. Kako bi se detaljnije ispitali ključni parametri DLLME tehnike, korišćena je metodologija površine odziva (RSM), kao i detekcija na osetljivijem kuplovanom masenom detektoru (MS/MS). Optimizovani su HPLC-MS/MS  parametri kako bi se obezbedilo zadovoljavajuće hromatografsko  razdvajanje i niske granice detekcije (GD, 0,5–1,0 μg kg^-1) i određivanja (GO, 1,0–2,5 μg kg^-1) ispitivanih neonikotinoida u medu. Upotrebom centralno kompozitnog dizajna konstruisani su kvadratni modeli ispitivanih faktora: zapremine ekstrakcionog (DHM, 1,0–3,0 mL) i disperznog (ACN, 0,0–1,0 mL) sredstva, izračunati statistički parametri i optimizovan proces DLLME upotrebom Derringer-ove funkcije poželjnih odgovora. Upotrebom MMC i SC krivih u opsegu GO–100,0 μg kg^-1 ispitan je uticaj matriksa pri čemu zaključeno je da je najveći uticaj matriksa bio na odziv analitičkog signala nitenpirama, dinotefurana i klotianidina. Ispitani su prinosi odabranih neonikotinoida (R, 74,3–113,9%), kao i preciznost metode u uslovima ponovljivosti (RSD, 2,74– 11,8%) i intermedijerne reproduktivnosti (RSD, 6,64–16,2%). Brza (retenciona vremena 1,5–9,9 min) i osetljiva metoda, koja troši malu količinu rastvarača, primenjena je za ispitivanje 15 realnih uzoraka meda različitog cvetnog porekla. Rezultati su pokazali da ispitivani med nije sadržao ostatke ispitivanih neonikotinoida u koncentracijama iznad GD. Dalje istraživanje je bilo usmereno ka  razvijanju i optimizaciji HPLC-DAD analitičke metode upotrebom DLLME i QuEChERS tehnika za  pripremu uzoraka za određivanje 7 neonikotinoida u uzorcima meda. U ovom delu istraživanja optimizovani su i hromatografski parametri, upotrebom RSM sa Box-Behnken-ovim dizajnom i Derringer-ovom funkcijom poželjnih odgovora. Od  ispitivanih neonikotinoida dinotefuran i imidakloprid su bili u najvećoj meri izloženi uticaju matriksa, bez obzira na proceduru pripreme uzoraka. Može se istaći da je uticaj matriksa na analitički signal dinotefurana bio izraženiji u slučaju MS/MS, apostrofirajući manju robusnost ove metode određivanja. Prinosi neonikotinoida su  bili (R, 73,1–118,3%), preciznost u uslovima ponovljivosti (RSD, 3,28–10,40%) i intermedijerne reproduktivnosti (RSD, 6,45–17,70%), a granice detekcije (GD, 1,5–2,5 µg kg^-1) i određivanja (GO, 5,0–10,0 µg kg^-1). Metoda je primenjena za ispitivanje 7 neonikotinoida u 104 uzorkameda različitog cvetnog porekla sa  teritorije Autonomne Pokrajine Vojvodine. Detektovano je prisustvo tiakloprida, imidakloprida i tiametoksama u količinama koje su bile ispod MDK RS i EU. Analizirani su uzorci likera od meda - medice. Upoređivane su dve tehnike pripreme uzoraka, DLLME i QuEChERS i primenjeni optimizovani hromatografski  uslovi i MS/MS parametri. U slučaju nitenpirama, dinotefurana i tiametoksama uticaj matriksa bio je najizraženiji. Metoda je validovana određivanjem prinosa neonikotinoida (R, 69,2–113,4%), preciznosti u uslovima ponovljivosti (RSD, 3,21–12,81%) i intermedijerne reproduktivnosti (RSD, 9,11–16,63%), kao i granice detekcije (GD, 0,5–2,5 µg kg^-1) i određivanja (GO, 1,0–10,0 µg kg^-1). Analizom 10 komercijalno dostupnih likera od meda otkriveno je prisustvo klotianidina i tiakloprida, evčzokinotš z  na neophodnost daljeg kontrolisanja ovog proizvoda na prisustvo neonikotinoida. Ispitana je mogućnost uklanjanja odabranih neonikotinoida (dinotefurana, klotianidina i tiakloprida) iz vodene sredine (reke Dunav). Ispitivanje efikasnosti 6 različitih vrsta uklanjanja odabranih neonikotinoida (u prisustvu prirodne insolacije u laboratorijskim uslovima, sa dodatkom H2O2, sa dodatkom MWCNT, sa dodatkom MWCN+H ₂O₂, sa dodatkom Fe-MWCNT, sa dodatkom Fe-MWCNT+H₂O₂) vršeno je upotrebom prethodno razvijene HPLC-MS/MS metode. Krive uklanjanja odabranih neonikotinoida, pokazale su da tokom 60 minuta pri prirodnoj insolaciji  u laboratorijskim uslovima koncentracija smanjenje oko 25%. Analitički signal dinotefurana dobijen u prisustvu H₂O₂ pod istim uslovima ukazuje na uklanjanje ciljnog analita od oko 40%, tiakloprida od oko 70%, a klotianidina u potpunosti. Testirana je adsorpcija ciljnog analita na višezidnim ugljeničnim nanocevima (MWCNT). Ovim postupkom može da se ukloni oko 30% dinotefurana, oko 50% klotianidina i 60% tiakloprida. U kombinaciji sa H₂O₂ , MWCNT pokazuju bolju sposobnost uklanjanja za 15–50% u zavisnosti od ispitivanog neonikotinoida. Upotreba Fe-MWCNT i njihova kombinacija sa H₂O₂ otvorila je mogućnost za dalja  ispitivanja mehanizma uklanjanja. Ustanovljeno je nastajanje intermedijera kojima odgovaraju m/z od 117,5 i 140,6 u slučaju razgradnje dinotefurana u sistemima sa H₂O₂, MWCNT+H₂O₂, Fe-MWCNT+H₂O₂ i klotianidina u sistemu Fe-MWCNT+H₂O₂.
Neonicotinoid insecticides, as one of the fastest growing new generation of insecticides, have contributed to a significant reduction of toxicity for the environment; therefore, monitoring and determination of trace levels of the neonicotinoids in honey are necessary and demands highly efficient, selective and sensitive analytical techniques. The objective of the present work was to develop a rapid, sensitive, optimized and accurate analytical method based on liquid chromatography for determining seven neonicotinoid insecticides, dinotefuran, nitenpyram, thiamethoxam, clothianidin, imidacloprid, acetamiprid and thiacloprid in honey and honey liqueur samples. The possibility for determination of clothianidin in honey samples was investigated by HPLC with a diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). Based on preliminary results, it can be concluded that the use of a solid-phase column in combination with a liquid-liquid extraction with dichloromethane results in an acceptable recovery of clothianidin in the samples with a clothianidin concentration of about 0.5 µg g^-1. After obtaining low recovery of clothianidin, dispersed liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) was selected as a technique for the preparation of honey samples.. The adequacy of acetonitrile as a dispersing agent was investigated. Besides the chloroform, a dichloromethane was used as a second extracting agent , in order to compare the relative efficiency of the extraction solvents. It can be concluded that the extraction recovery (68.4–92.1%) was more favorable with the use of 0.5 mL ACN and 2.0 mL DHM. Furthermore, LC-MS/MS parameters were optimized to unequivocally provide good chromatographic separation, low detection (LOD, 0.5–1.0 μg L⁻¹) and quantification (LOQ, 1.0–2.5 μg L⁻¹) limits for acetamiprid, clothianidin, thiamethoxam, imidacloprid, dinotefuran, thiacloprid and nitenpyram in honey samples. Using different types (chloroform, dichloromethane) and volumes of extraction (1.0–3.0 mL) and dispersive (acetonitrile; 0.0–1.0 mL) solvent and by mathematical modeling it was possible to establish the optimal sample preparation procedure. Matrix-matched calibration and blank honey sample spiked in the concentration range of LOQ–100.0 μg kg⁻¹ were used to compensate the matrix effect and to fulfill the requirements of SANCO/12495/2011 for the accuracy (R 74.3–113.9%) and precision (expressed in terms of repeatability (RSD 2.74–11.8%) and within-laboratory reproducibility (RSDs  6.64–16.2%)) of the proposed method. The rapid (retention times 1.5–9.9 min), sensitive and low solvent consumption procedure described in this work provides reliable, simultaneous, and quantitative method applicable for the routine laboratory analysis of seven neonicotinoid residues in 15 real honey samples. Neonicotinoid  residues were not detected in any of the investigated samples. The objective of next study was to develop and optimize HPLC-DAD analytical method with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) and QuEChERS sample preparation procedures for the simultaneously analysis of seven neonicotinoids in honey samples. The liquid chromatographic conditions were optimized by response surface methodology with Box-Behnken design and the global Derringer´s desirability. The optimized method was  validated to fulfill the requirements of SANCO/12495/2011 standard for both sample pretreatment procedures providing results for accuracy (R, 73.1–118.3%), repeatability (RSD, 3.28–10.40%) and within-laboratory reproducibility (RSD, 6.45–17.70%), limits of detection (LOD, 1.5–2.5 gµ kg^-1) and quantification (LOQ, 5.0–10.0 µg kg^-1). For the first time, more than 100 honey samples collected from all 7 counties of Autonomous Province of Vojvodina were analyzed. The presence of thiacloprid, imidacloprid and thiametoxam was discovered in a small number of samples. The objective of next study was to develop an optimized LC-MS/MS analytical method with DLLME and QuEChERS procedures for analysis of 7 neonicotinoids in honey liqueur. The method was validated to fulfill the requirements of SANCO/12495/2011 for both sample pretreatment procedures providing results for accuracy (R, 69.2–113.4% for DLLME; 71.8–94.9% for QuEChERS), precision (RSD expressed in terms of repeatability (3.21–10.20% for DLLME; 4.19–12.81% for QuEChERS) and within-laboratory reproducibility (9.11–16.63% for DLLME; 11.32–16.40% for QuEChERS)), limits of detection (LOD, 0.5–1.5 gµ L^-1 for DLLME; 1.0–2.5 gµ L^-1 for QuEChERS) and quantification (LOQ, 1.0–5.0 gµ L^-1 for DLLME; 2.5–10.0 µg L^-1 for QuEChERS). Analysis of real honey liqueur samples obtained from local markets showed the presence of clothianidin or thiacloprid in four of the analyzed samples, therefore implicating the necessity of ongoing control of this type of traditional product.  Removal of selected neonicitinoid insecticides - dinotefuran, clothianidin and thiacloprid using MWCNT and H₂O₂ from Danube water matrix was investigated.  Efficiency of different systems for neonicotinoids removal (under natural insolation in laboratory, with H₂O₂, with MWCNT, with MWCNT+ H₂O₂, with Fe-MWCNT, with Fe-MWCNT+H₂O₂) was evaluated with developed LC-MS/MS method. Analysis of degradation rates revealed loss of 25% of the initial neonicotinoid concentration under natural insolation in the laboratory conditions during 60 min. Addition of chemical agent H₂O₂ promoted loss of 40% of the initial dinotefuran, 70% of thiacloprid concentration and total removal of clothianidin under same conditions. With the addition  of MWCNT concentration of dinotefuran, clothianidin and thiacloprid decayed for 30, 50 and 60%, respectively. Iron modification of MWCNT in combination with H₂O₂ increased the removal rate of selected neonicotinoid for 15–50%. Presence of intermediates was discovered in systems of dinotefuran with H₂O₂, MWCNT+H₂O₂, e-MWCNT+H₂O₂ and of clothianidin in systems with Fe-MWCNT+H₂O₂ with m/z of 117,5 and 140,6. 

El estudio tuvo como propósito analizar si las cooperativas están cumpliendo con su responsabilidad social. Hoy en día los mercados están cambiando dándole más relevancia a la responsabilidad social a la hora de hacer negocios y alcanzar la fidelidad de los consumidores; las cooperativas tienen en este caso una ventaja competitiva, ya que desde su creación ellas tienen ese carácter socialmente responsable, por esto la sustentación teórica quedó a cargo de lo establecido en la Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela (1999), Ley Especial de Asociaciones Cooperativas. (2001), Vargas & Vaca, 2005), Graterol, Rojas, Chirinos & Alaña (2018), abordando lo relacionado con la responsabilidad social y el cooperativismo. Metodológicamente la investigación fue descriptiva, con un diseño de campo, no experimental, transeccional; la población estuvo conformada por 1800 cooperativas del municipio Baralt, quedando la muestra conformada, después de aplicar la fórmula de Sierra (2001) en 327. Se diseñó un instrumento estructurado, con 48 ítems, con reactivos de respuestas cerradas, estilo Liker, con cinco (5) alternativas de respuestas, al ser esta una investigación en proceso se presentan los resultados de aplicar el instrumento a un primer lote de 14 cooperativas, ubicadas en el casco central de la Parroquia Libertador del municipio Baralt, permitiendo concluir que estas 14 están operando aplicando los principios y valores cooperativistas, que ese carácter socialmente responsable ha producido un efecto positivo mejorando sus beneficios económicos, que a su vez permiten cumplir su compromiso con los socios y su comunidad, rompiendo con los mitos de que una cooperativa no es económicamente exitosa.

Introdução: A atuação da resposta imune na defesa contra agentes infecciosos possui um papel de destaque. Nesse sentido, na presença de uma infecção ocorre primeiramente a ativação da resposta inata, uma vez que seu mecanismo abrange aos mais variados patógenos. Essa primeira linha de defesa estará latente e ativa junta a atuação da resposta imune adaptativa. Além disso, as infecções ocasionadas por bactérias extracelulares são as mais comumente encontradas. Dessa forma, o mecanismo relacionado às infecções bacterianas são: relação hospedeiro-patógeno, proliferação e invasão tecidual, resposta inata e produção de anticorpos e a consequente lesão tecidual. Ademais, as infecções do trato urinário (ITU) são as mais prevalentes entre população, essas afecções podem atingir toda a sua totalidade, desde a uretra, ureteres, bexiga, sistema coletor e néfrons caracterizando as ITU baixa e alta. Objetivo: Identificar o mecanismo de resposta imune aos diferentes patógenos do trato urinário. Metodologia: Trata-se de uma revisão bibliográfica nas bases de dados PUBMED, SCIELO e LILACS, no período de 2017 a 2022, utilizando os descritores “Imunology”, “immune system”, “urinary tract”, “urinary system”. Discussão: A partir dos estudos, destaca-se os principais mecanismos de defesa inata do Trato Urinário (TU) inferior ligados à fatores físico-químicos da urina, que dificultam a proliferação patogênica. Além disso, o reconhecimento de padrões moleculares relacionado a patógenos pelos Receptores Toll-Liker (TLRs), principalmente o TLR4, que é sensível a lipopolissacarídeos bacteriano, leva ao recrutamento de neutrófilos e de citocinas pro-inflamatórias que estimularão a resposta imune inata e adquirida. De forma análoga, o néfron produz as proteínas de Tamm-Horsfall que causa ativação do sistema complemento e aumento da fagocitose. Paralelamente, o TU superior possui uma maior diversidade de TLRs, podendo ser encontrado em maior quantidade os TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5 e TLR11, presentes nas células mesangiais. Outrossim, essa região do trato urinário possui maior sensibilidade a infecções intracelulares, como com os TLR3 identificam RNA viral e direcionar para uma resposta TH-1. Conclusão: Dessa forma, o entendimento sobre a resposta imune no trato urinário é importante para a compreensão de mecanismos para evitar ITU, bem como o desenvolvimento de fármacos com atuação similar ao mecanismo de defesa.

According to The Toyota Way (Liker, 2004), Lean is a philosophy that was initiated by Henry Ford and later finalized by Toyota in Japan in the 50s and 60s. years. Lean helps to gain a competitive advantage, reduce production costs, deliver high quality products to the customer, and ensure profitability by implementing Lean thinking and tools. Lean and related efficiency improvement methodologies (Lean) are used most in the industrial manufacturing companies and operations, there is little work that researched use of Lean in the service industry. The main goal of the study is to research use of Lean among service area companies in Latvia, define prerequisites for success and measure relevant key performance indicator for Lean and pre-/non-lean organizations to get insides on how companies in the region could benefit from Lean, what is needed to build up a Lean culture.Methods. The work is benchmarking relevant research in other countries, comparing case studies and empirical analysis to show the starting effort and gains that service industry company could get. Lean allows to use the company's resources efficiently and wisely and to plan the delivery of services. All companies, not just those operating in the industrial manufacturing area, can benefit from the implementation of Lean. Results. Now companies have access to a wide range of methodologies and tools that allow them to improve performance and achieve lower cost levels in the long-term run. Large companies use one or more methods. There are many tutorials and books that describe each methodology and tool, but not always revealing the details of process how company executives perform selection from this large variety of choices. Many companies in the service area are familiar with the methodology, but do not know how to get started and get first “quick wins”, although they could achieve as good results as industry and manufacturing. The topicality and necessity of such study in Latvia is determined by the fact that most of the companies there are the representatives of service area, including state institutions. A lot of effort is applied to “push” Lean into organizations (especially in public sector), but success rate is low. For example, in Scandinavian countries, the Lean and Process Improvement methodology is recognized at the national level and is actively integrated in both education system and business life. This trend is less significant in Latvia. Conclusion. The entry threshold for implementing Lean is lower than many organizations originally think it is. There are many examples showing that the initially wrong choice of the methodology application strategy makescompanies tend to fail and drop the use of Lean. There are several major factors that need to be in place to start Lean transformation in service industry and adopt both culture part and tools in order to succeed. Lean has also high impact on the service industry with rather more complicated visualizations of gain, but it is proven to bring good results both in financial and organizational aspects of the company.