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1
Jenkinson, Biddy. "An Lile is Léir Dó.." Comhar 50, no. 8 (1991): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25571541.
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Snodaigh, Pádraig Ó. "An Lile ba Léir Dhó." Comhar 49, no. 7 (1990): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25571294.
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Hoch, Marion, and Heinz J. Tobschall. "Minettes from Schirmacher Oasis, East Antarctica — indicators of an enriched mantle source." Antarctic Science 10, no. 4 (December 1998): 476–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102098000571.
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Minette dykes intersect the Precambrian crystalline basement of Schirmacher Oasis, East Antarctica. The rocks have intermediate to basic compositions, showing shoshonitic to ultrapotassic character. The samples show enhanced concentrations of compatible elements and high mg# combined with extreme enrichments in LILE (especially Ba) and LREE. Mantle-normalized trace element patterns are characterized by coupled relative depletions of Nb and Ti and strong fractionations between LILE and HFSE. The minettes display fractionated chondrite-normalized REE patterns with high and varying LREE concentrations in contrast to relative low and nearly constant HREE contents. High magma-ascent and cooling rates of lamprophyric magmas argue against a fundamental change of the primary geochemical signatures in minette magmas by interactions with the continental crust during ascent. The major and trace element abundances of the studied minettes point to varying degrees of partial melting of a mantle source, which was enriched in LILE and LREE during or before the melting event. Incompatible element signatures argue for the involvement of subducted pelagic sediments.
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Jolly, Wayne T. "Geology and geochemistry of Huronian rhyolites and low-Ti continental tholeiites from the Thessalon region, central Ontario." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 24, no. 7 (July 1, 1987): 1360–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e87-130.
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Bimodal volcanism associated with early phases of Huronian rifting in central Ontario, dated about 2450 Ma, produced low-Ti tholeiitic basalts and two varieties of crustally derived calc-alkaline rhyolite. Early tholeiites are characteristically highly evolved, have Mg* values from 30 to 50, and display pronounced enrichment in large-ion lithophile elements (LILE) and light rare-earth element (LREE) in comparison with modern oceanic basalts, fractionated heavy rare-earth element (HREE) patterns, and low Ti, Zr, P, Nb, Ba, and K abundances. Ti/Zr ratios rise progressively in early basalts and associated basaltic andesite fractionates from about 35 in early flows to 55 in central units. Late basalts also carry enriched LILE and LREE, but, in contrast to early types, have average Mg* values greater than 50 and lower rare-earth element (REE) abundances with flat HREE patterns. They also display negative Ba, Nb, and P anomalies on chondrite-normalized distribution diagrams, but lack low K, Zr, and Ti contents. Their Ti/Zr ratios of about 80 approach chondritic levels. Melting models suggest the differences are explained by lower degrees of fusion (as low as 10%) in a hydrated, LILE- and LREE-enriched peridotite during generation of the early basalts, leaving a residue containing appreciable garnet, amphibole, Ti oxides, zircon, and apatite.Erupted simultaneously with the basalts were two distinctive rhyolite types: (1) a low-LILE, high-LREE group (25% of analysed specimens), derived by −20% melting of granulitic siliceous tonalitic gneiss, presumably at deep crustal levels, and (2) a high-LILE, low-LREE group (75%), derived, probably at shallower levels, by ≤ 30% melting in granitic rocks with pegmatitic or leucogranitic compositions. Mutual magma mixing of basalts and rhyolites during early stages of volcanism produced abundant hybrid andesites, but the frequency of contamination is much lower in later units.Hypothetical subcontinental source compositions, calculated from the Raleigh equation, suggest that the Huronian mantle had already undergone a complex history. Low Ba, Nb, P, Ti, and depleted HREE abundances compared with abundances for modern oceanic basalts suggest that a basaltic melt had already been withdrawn from this source during Archean time. Subsequently, an episode of hydrous metasomatism enriched the source in LILE and LREE. The latter event resulted from (1) subcontinental mantle metasomatism by previous Archean subduction, (2) mantle metasomatism during the terminal Archean Kenoran Orogeny, or (3) a wave of hydrous metasomatism accompanying Huronian mantle convection immediately preceding volcanism.
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Rollinson, Hugh R., and John Tarney. "Adakites—the key to understanding LILE depletion in granulites." Lithos 79, no. 1-2 (January 2005): 61–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2004.04.050.
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UJIKE, OSAMU. "Mantle metasomatic enrichment in LILE of basalt magma sources beneath the Northeast Japan arc, as indicated by the LILE/Y-Zr/Y plots." Journal of the Japanese Association of Mineralogists, Petrologists and Economic Geologists 82, no. 7 (1987): 245–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2465/ganko1941.82.245.
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Munoz, Marcia, Francisco Fuentes, Mario Vergara, Luis Aguirre, Jan Olov Nyström, Gilbert Feraud, and Alain Demant. "Abanico East Formation: petrology and geochemistry of volcanic rocks behind the Cenozoic arc front in the Andean Cordillera, central Chile (33°50'S)." Andean Geology 33, no. 1 (June 30, 2010): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.5027/andgeov33n1-a05.
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The stratigraphy, chemistry and age of rocks assigned to the eastern portion of the Abanico Formation exposed along the El Volcán river valley, Principal Cordillera east of Santiago (30º50'S/70º12'-70º5'W), are reported and discussed. This ca. 3,300 m thick succession is mainly composed of basalts, basaltic andesites and volcaniclastic rocks. 40Ar/39Ar radiometric dates on plagioclase from the lava flows yield Oligocene-lower Miocene ages with a maximum age of 34.3 ±0.4 Ma for the lower part and a plateau age of 21.4±1.0 Ma for the upper part of the succession. The lava flows show calc-alkaline affinities and have chemical characteristics that are typical of arc volcanic rocks erupted in an active continental margin. A temporal chemical evolution in the sequence is indicated by upward increases in concentrations of LILE and LREE elements and LaN/YbN ratios. This pattern can be attributed to increasing contributions of fluids derived from the subducted lithosphere with time. A chemical comparison of these rocks with Oligocene-lower Miocene volcanic rocks from the Cerro Abanico and Chacabuco areas on the western border of the Principal Cordillera, east of Santiago, and at the northern end of the Central Depression reveals west to east compositional variations. From west to east these variations include: (1) increasing LILE and LREE concentrations, LaN/YbN ratios and Sr and Nd initial isotopic ratios, and (2) decreasing LILE/HFSE and LREE/HFSE ratios. These pattern can be attributed to a west to east decrease in the contribution of slab derived fluids and increase in the influence of crustal contamination processes.
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ZANON, VITTORIO, ULRICH KUEPPERS, JOSÉ MANUEL PACHECO, and INÊS CRUZ. "Volcanism from fissure zones and the Caldeira central volcano of Faial Island, Azores archipelago: geochemical processes in multiple feeding systems." Geological Magazine 150, no. 3 (January 3, 2013): 536–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756812000702.
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AbstractMagmas in Faial Island, Azores (Portugal), were mostly erupted from two fissure zones and the Caldeira central volcano during overlapping periods. The fissure zones follow extensional trends oriented WNW and ESE and erupted nepheline- to hypersthene-normative basalts and hawaiites. The Caldeira central volcano builds the central part of the island, which is cut by the fissure zones. Ne-normative basalts show similar high-field-strength element (HFSE) concentrations but higher large ion lithophile element (LILE) concentrations than hy-normative equivalents. Primitive melts were generated by small (3–5%) degrees of partial melting of garnet-bearing peridotite, variably enriched in incompatible elements. Overall, basalts from Faial show relatively higher LILE abundances and LILE/HFSE ratios than those of the other islands of the Azores and of many other volcanoes in the Atlantic area. This feature indicates the existence of chemical heterogeneities in the mantle sources characterized by variable degrees of metasomatism, both at local and regional scales. Hawaiites evolved from basalts through 30–40% fractional crystallization of mafic phases plus some plagioclase, in deep reservoirs, at about 430–425 MPa (~ 15 km). The Caldeira central volcano rocks range from basalts to trachytes. Basalts, produced under similar conditions as fissure basalts, evolved to trachytes through large degrees of polybaric fractional crystallization (100–760 MPa; i.e. ~ 3.6–26 km), involving olivine, clinopyroxene, feldspar and minor quantities of amphibole, biotite, apatite and oxides. In contrast, mafic magmas from the fissure zones were erupted directly onto the surface from magma reservoirs mainly located at the crust–mantle boundary.
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CAMERON, E. M. "Depletion of gold and LILE in the lower crust: Lewisian Complex, Scotland." Journal of the Geological Society 151, no. 5 (September 1994): 747–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.151.5.0747.
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Gołuchowska, Karolina, Abigail K. Barker, Jarosław Majka, Maciej Manecki, Jerzy Czerny, and Jakub Bazarnik. "Preservation of magmatic signals in metavolcanics from Wedel Jarlsberg Land, SW Svalbard." Mineralogia Polonica 43, no. 3-4 (December 1, 2012): 179–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10002-012-0007-1.
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AbstractThe purpose of this study is to determine the role of metamorphism and thereby identify the preserved magmatic signature in metavolcanics from Wedel Jarlsberg Land in southwestern Svalbard. Samples have been collected from late Precambrian metavolcanics occurring within metasedimentary rocks of the Sofiebogen Group, as well as dikes cutting older metasedimentary rocks of the Deilegga Group. The volcanic rocks were metamorphosed under greenschist facies conditions during the Caledonian Orogeny. To investigate the role of metamorphism, we present petrography, major and trace element geochemistry, and use factor analysis as a tool to identify correlations that correspond to primary magmatic signals.The metavolcanics are classified as subalkaline basalt to basaltic andesite and they contain relicts of primary clinopyroxene and plagioclase. The metamorphic minerals are actinolite, secondary plagioclase, chlorite and minerals belonging to the epidote group. Major element variations are highly scattered with no obvious trends observed. The HFSE and REE show strong trends attributed to fractional crystallization. The LILE, Th and La show elevated contents in some samples.Factor analysis shows that the HFSE and REE are well correlated. The LILE form a separate well correlated group, while the major elements are not correlated, except for Na2O, Fe2O3 and CaO. The lack of correlation for major elements, as well as the lack of observed fractional crystallization trends between these elements suggests that they were modified by metamorphism. The strong correlation of HFSE and REE reflects the original geochemical signal generated by magmatic processes. The correlation of the LILE is consistent with their elevated composition implying the influence of crustal contamination processes, and though some variability is likely superimposed due to metamorphism, the primary magmatic record is not completely destroyed. We conclude that the HFSE and REE are not influenced by metamorphic processes and therefore provide robust records of magmatic processes.
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Stern, Richard A., Gilbert N. Hanson, and Steven B. Shirey. "Petrogenesis of mantle-derived, LILE-enriched Archean monzodiorites and trachyandesites (sanukitoids) in southwestern Superior Province." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 26, no. 9 (September 1, 1989): 1688–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e89-145.
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In southwestern Superior Province, diorite, monzodiorite, and trachyandesite ("sanukitoids") occurring within syn- to post-tectonic intrusive complexes and within greenstone belts have the following chemical characteristics: 55–60 wt.% SiO2, MgO > 6 wt.%, Mg# > 0.60, Ni and Cr both > 100 ppm, Na2O + K2O = 6 wt.%, Sr and Ba both 600–1800 ppm, and rare-earth-element (REE) patterns that are strongly light rare-earth-element (LREE) enriched (Cen = 80–250, Ybn = 4 – 10) and show no Eu anomalies. Sanukitoids and their granodioritic derivatives constitute at least 5% of the exposed crust in the study area. The sanukitoids cannot be derived by melting, fractionation, or crustal contamination of basalts or lamprophyres that are coeval with the sanukitoids. Crustal contamination of komatiites fails to explain the high large-ion-lithophile-element (LILE) contents of the sanukitoids. Rather, we suggest that the sanukitoids were derived by hydrous melting of LILE-enriched mantle peridotite at pressures between 10 and 15 kbar. The sanukitoids with steepest REE patterns have the lowest FeO contents, indicating that the part of the mantle source with the highest Mg# had the most fractionated REE pattern prior to melting. Mantle source regions to the sanukitoids had different Mg#'s and were enriched in LILE's (metasomatized) to varying extents by fluids of crustal or mantle origin prior to melting.
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Zhang, Wei, Shao-Yong Jiang, Tianshan Gao, Yongpeng Ouyang, and Di Zhang. "Constraints on the Petrogenesis and Metallogenic Setting of Lamprophyres in the World-Class Zhuxi W–Cu Skarn Deposit, South China." Minerals 10, no. 7 (July 20, 2020): 642. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10070642.
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Whole-rock and apatite geochemical analyses and zircon U–Pb dating were carried out on the lamprophyres in the world-class Zhuxi W–Cu skarn deposit in northern Jiangxi, South China, in order to understand their origin of mantle sources and their relationship with the deposit, as well as metallogenic setting. The results show the lamprophyres were formed at ca. 157 Ma, just before the granite magmatism and mineralization of the Zhuxi deposit. These lamprophyres have from 58.98–60.76 wt% SiO2, 2.52–4.96 wt% K2O, 5.92–6.41 wt% Fe2O3t, 3.75–4.19 wt% MgO, and 3.61–5.06 wt% CaO, and enrichment of light rare earth elements (LREE) and large-ion lithophile elements (LILE), and depletion of high-field-strength elements (HFSE). Apatites in the lamprophyres are enriched in LREE and LILE, Sr, S, and Cl, and have 87Sr/86Sr ratios ranging from 0.7076 to 0.7078. The conclusions demonstrate that the lithospheric mantle under the Zhuxi deposit was metasomatized during Neoproterozoic subduction. Late Jurassic crustal extension caused upwelling of the asthenospheric mantle and consecutively melted the enriched lithospheric mantle and then crustal basement, corresponding to the formation of lamprophyres and mineralization-related granites in the Zhuxi deposit, respectively.
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Rasmussen, E., E. R. Neumann, T. Andersen, B. Sundvoll, V. Fjerdingstad, and A. Stabel. "Petrogenetic Processes Associated with Intermediate and Silicic Magmatism in the Oslo Rift, South-East Norway." Mineralogical Magazine 52, no. 366 (June 1988): 293–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1988.052.366.01.
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AbstractThe Permian magmatic province of the Oslo rift, south-east Norway, includes large volumes of felsic and silicic rocks. Based on their geochemical character, these rocks may be divided into two main groups. The Larvik larvikites (monzonites) are highly enriched in large ion lithophile elements (LILE) (e.g. 10–32 ppm Th. 8–15 ppm Ta), and have an initial 87Sr/86Sr of 0.70391 ± 5. The syenites and granites have moderate to high concentrations of LILE (e.g. 7–88 ppm Th, 4–25 ppm Ta), and initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios between 0.705 and 0.707. The Larvik larvikites and extrusive equivalents (rhomb porphyry lavas) have similar initial Sr isotope ratios to uncontaminated basalts and gabbros in the rift, and are believed to have a mantle origin. The higher initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios in the silicic than in the felsic rocks reflect a crustal component representing the intermediate or low crust. After intrusion into the upper crust, the major and traceelement concentrations of the silicic magmas were modified through fractional crystallization dominated by removal of alkali feldspar, and transport of elements with a fluid phase. The silicic magmas appear not to have interacted significantly with the side rock at this stage.
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Primyastanto, Mimit, and Hartati Kartikaningsih. "Pengembangan Agribisnis Ikan Tembang Putih (Clupeiodes Lile) Di Kabupaten Pasuruan Propinsi Jawa Timur." Journal of Innovation and Applied Technology 5, no. 1 (July 15, 2019): 870–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jiat.2019.005.01.9.
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Hussain, M. Faruque, Md Shofiqul Islam, and Mithun Deb. "Petrological and geochemical study of the Sylhet trap basalts, Shillong plateau, N.E. India: Implications for petrogenesis." European Journal of Geosciences 2, no. 1 (February 24, 2020): 01–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.34154/2020-ejgs-0201-1-18/euraass.
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Sylhet Traps exposed along the southern margin of Shillong plateau, Northeast India are subalkaline tholeiitic basalts. The basalts are generally massive but occasionally contain large amygdules of zeolites and chalcedony. Microscopically, some basalts show porphyritic texture with olivine phenocrysts. Phenocryst assemblage of plagioclase ± clinopyroxene ± olivine implies crystallization at shallow level. SEM-EDX analysis shows occurrences of spinel with Ni and Cr within the basalts therefore indicating partial melting of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle as the possible source materials for the basalts. The multi-element plot for the basalts shows two distinct trends: one with significant enrichment of LILE and depletion of HFSE and plot similar to OIB (Type 1) while the other trends are chara cterized by slight enrichment of LILE and negative anomalies at Nb, P and Ti (Type 2). Chondrite-normalized REE patterns for Type 1 basalt shows very high enrichment of LREE and a strong right dip HREE pattern and also plots similar to typical OIB while Type 2 show a slight enrichment of LREE over HREE with small Eu anomaly. The geochemical signatures suggest crustal contamination by plume-derived magma produced by low degree of partial melting for Type 1 basalt. Type 2 basalt was produced by partial melting of subcontinental lithospheric mantle, which may be triggered by plume upwelling.
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Baziotis, I., and E. Mposkos. "GEOCHEMISTRY AND TECTONIC SETTING OF ECLOGITE PROTOLITHS FROM KECHROS COMPLEX IN EAST RHODOPE (N.E. GREECE)." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 43, no. 5 (July 31, 2017): 2522. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.11659.
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Eclogites and partially amphibolitized eclogites from the metamorphic Kechros complex in East Rhodope are studied in order to provide the geodynamic framework for the origin of their protoliths. Geochemical evidence from whole rock major and trace element concentrations shows two distinct protolith groups. The low-Fe-Ti eclogites (Charakoma locality) have low-TiO2 content (<0.67 wt%), negative Nb anomalies, positive Sr anomalies, small negative Zr and Hf anomalies and variable enrichments in LILE (e.g. Rb and Ba). The REE patterns are characterized by strong LREE enrichment (LaN/YbN=5.45-5.81), HREE depletion (GdN/YbN=1.60-1.63) and HREE abundance within the rangeof 9-10 × chondrite. The high-Fe-Ti eclogites (Kovalo and Virsini locality) have variable Sr contents, small to moderate LILE enrichment, HREE`s similar to MORB values and absence of Nb anomalies. The REE patterns of the Kovalo and Virsini eclogites are characterized by LREE depletion and relative flat MREE HREE patterns at approximately 20-30 × chondrite concentrations. Our results suggest that the protoliths of the Low-Ti eclogites show a continental rifting tectonic environment. In contrast, the protoliths of the High-Ti eclogites indicate formation of their protoliths by partial melting in an extensional oceanic environment.
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Liu, Lei, Geng Chu, Yanguang Li, Xiaoyong Yang, M. Santosh, and Qing Hu. "Mesozoic High- and Low-SiO2 Adakites and A-Type Granites in the Lower Yangtze River Belt, Eastern China: Implications for Petrogenesis and Metallogeny." Minerals 8, no. 8 (July 30, 2018): 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min8080328.
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The Lower Yangtze River Belt (LYRB) is one of the important magmatic and metallogenic belts in China and hosts abundant Mesozoic calc-alkaline magmatic rocks and economic mineral deposits. Anqing orefield in the southwestern of the LYRB received less attention during the last two decades. Here, we present an integrated study of whole-rock major and trace elements, zircon U-Pb dating and Lu-Hf isotopes on late Mesozoic adakites and A-type granites from the Anqing orefield. The adakites emplaced during 138–136 Ma and can be further subdivided into two types: high-SiO2 adakites (HSA) with SiO2 60 wt % from the Zongpu intrusion, and low-SiO2 adakites (LSA) 60 wt % from the Yueshan intrusion. The rocks display mid- to high-K calc-alkaline features and have consistent arc-like trace element characteristics with enrichment in LREE and LILE, and depletion in HREE and HFSE. The distinct zircon εHf(t) values for the LSA (from −27 to −20) and HSA (from −15 to −5) preclude a magma mixing model, yet suggest a subduction-related setting with partial melting of the subducted slab and overlying metasomatic mantle wedge. The A-type granites dated at 124 Ma from the Dalongshan intrusion characterized by LILE and LREE enrichment and slightly negative Eu anomalies, with lower MgO, CaO but higher K2O and Na2O contents. Their zircon εHf(t) values and geochemical features suggest that the parent magma was produced by the partial melting of Neoproterozoic crustal components, followed by variable degrees of fractional crystallization under a back-arc extensional setting, together with minor juvenile crust input. The adakites and A-type granites investigated in this study record a tectonic transition from compressive to extensional setting during 138–124 Ma. The transitional magmatic pulses are associated with distinct metallogenic signature with the adakites hosting copper deposits and the A-type granites linked to uranium mineralization.
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Cárdenas Vergaño, Nélida. "La investigación como fundamento para el diseño de la Licenciatura en inglés como lengua extranjera de la UNAD." Revista de Investigaciones UNAD 13, no. 1 (June 4, 2014): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.22490/25391887.1135.
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Este artículo presenta el resultado de un proceso investigativo, que permitió el diseño curricular de un programa en la modalidad a distancia-virtual, desde el proyecto UNAD-PG-03-2009: Diseño curricular de la Licenciatura en Inglés como Lengua Extranjera ‘LILE’, del grupo de investigación Gestión Vital y la Línea Visibilidad y Gestión del Conocimiento, de la Escuela Ciencias de la Educación (ECEDU) de la Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia (UNAD).
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GALDEANO LARIZGOITIA, Iñaki, and Sebastián ZURUTUZA MUJIKA. "Financiación de las entidades locales de Euskadi en el marcode la Ley 2/2016, de Instituciones Locales de Euskadi." Revista Vasca de Administración Pública / Herri-Arduralaritzarako Euskal Aldizkaria, no. 107-II (April 28, 2017): 471–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.47623/ivap-rvap.107.2017.2.12.
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LABURPENA: Euskadiko Toki Erakundeei buruzko 2/2016 Legearekin batera Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoko barne instituzionalizazio-prozesua bukatu da, erakundeen beste bi mailekin (foru maila eta erkidego maila) modu harmonikoan egituratu behar den toki-gobernu eredua artikulatuz. Legeak toki-autonomiaren funtsezko bi alderdiak uztartzen ditu: eskumenak eta finantzaketa. Nolanahi ere, foru-erakundeek arlo honetan ekarpen garrantzitsuak egin ditzakete. Legeak izaera integrala dauka, eskumen sistema propio eta berezia osatzea eragingo duena; ezin da finantzaketatik banandu. Finantzaketa nahikoa eta autonomia izatea, finantza-iraunkortasuna eta aurrekontu-egonkortasuna dira Euskadiko Toki Erakundeei buruzko Legeak bermatu nahi dituen toki-ogasunen oinarrizko jarduketa-printzipioen osagaiak. Finantzaketa egokiaren bermea eskumen propioetan zein EAEko udalerriek baliatu dituzten beste eskumen batzuetan proiektatu da —legez edo foru-arauz eman ahal zaizkien eskumen berriak barne— baita transferitu edo eskuordetu daitezkeen eskumenetan ere. Toki-finantzaketaren arloan Euskadiko Toki Erakundeei buruzko Legetik eratorritako sistema instituzionala, oro har, Finantza Publikoen Euskal Kontseiluko erabakiak hartzean udal-ordezkariek daukaten parte hartzeak definitzen du. Horri dagokionez, Lurralde Historikoen Legea aldatzearen ondorioz, toki-finantzaketarako oso garrantzitsuak diren arlo askotako erabakiak hartzean udal-ordezkariak gehituko dira, eskubide osoko kide gisa (ahotsa eta botoa), dualtzat har daitekeen parte-hartze instituzionaleko eredu baten barruan. Eredu horren arabera gaiak banatu egiten dira: batetik, hiru maila instituzionalen parte hartzea behar duten akordioak, eta, bestetik, garrantzitsuak izanik soilik foru eta udal mailakoei dagozkienak (parte-hartze maila edo eredu horizontala ekarpenen legeetan). RESUMEN: La Ley 2/2016 de Instituciones Locales de Euskadi (LILE) culmina el proceso de institucionalización interna de la Comunidad Autónoma de Euskadi articulando un modelo de gobierno local que debe vertebrarse de manera armónica con los otros dos niveles dos niveles institucionales (foral y autonómico). Es una ley que, sin perjuicio de las importantes atribuciones que en este ámbito tienen las instituciones forales, integra los dos aspectos sustantivos de la autonomía local: competencias y financiación. Carácter integral que va a determinar la configuración de un sistema competencial propio y singular que no puede disociarse de su financiación. La suficiencia y autonomía financiera, junto con la estabilidad presupuestaria y la sostenibilidad financiera, constituyen los principios de actuación básicos de las haciendas locales que la LILE trata de garantizar. La garantía de financiación adecuada se proyecta tanto sobre las competencias propias que vienen ejerciendo los municipios vascos como sobre las nuevas competencias que les puedan ser atribuidas por ley o norma foral o que les puedan ser transferidas o delegadas. El sistema institucional, en materia de financiación local, que se deriva de la LILE, viene definido fundamentalmente por el modelo de participación de los re presentantes municipales en la toma de decisiones del Consejo Vasco de Finanzas Públicas. A este respecto, con la consiguiente modificación de la Ley de Territorios Históricos, se incorporan los representantes municipales, como miembros de pleno derecho (voz y voto) en la toma de decisiones acerca de un significativo número de materias de gran trascendencia para la financiación local, dentro de un modelo de participación institucional que podemos calificar de dual. Modelo conforme al cual se diferencia entre aquellas materias cuyos acuerdos precisan de la participación de los tres niveles institucionales y aquellas otras, de especial importancia (nivel de participación o modelo horizontal en leyes de aportaciones), cuyos acuerdos solamente competen a los niveles foral y municipal. ABSTRACT: Act 2/2016 on Local Entities of Euskadi (LILE) brings to an end the process of internal institutionalization of the Autonomous Community of Euskadi by articulating a local government model that has harmoniously to be built upon the other two levels of institutions (foral and autonomous). It is an act that, with no prejudice to the important attributions foral institutions have in this area, comprehends two substantive features of local autonomy: competences and funding. That comprehensive character is going to determine the configuration of an own and singular system of competences which cannot be dissociated from its funding. The financial sufficiency and autonomy, together with the budgetary stability are the basic principles of action of local government finances that LILE tries to guarantee. The guarantee for an adequate funding is projected both to own competences that Basque municipalities are already exercising and to new competences that can be attributed either by act or by foral rule or that can be transferred or delegated. The institutional system, in the field of local funding, that results from LILE is mainly defined by the model of participation by the municipal representatives in the decision-making process of the Basque Committee for Public Finances. In this regard, with the consequential amendment of the Act on Historic Territories, the municipal representatives will be incorporated as full members (with voice and vote) in the decision-making process in a significant amount of very important issues for the local funding within the model of institutional participation which can be qualified as twofold. A model according to whom those issues whose agreement requires the participation of the three institutional levels and those others, with particular relevance (level of participation or horizontal model in act of contributions) whose agreement does only affect the foral and municipal levels.
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Cameron, Eion M. "Reintroduction of gold, other chalcophile elements and LILE during retrogression of depleted granulite, Tromøy, Norway." Lithos 29, no. 3-4 (February 1993): 303–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(93)90024-7.
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Amores-Casals, Melgarejo, Bambi, Gonçalves, Morais, Manuel, Neto, Costanzo, and Molist. "Lamprophyre-Carbonatite Magma Mingling and Subsolidus Processes as Key Controls on Critical Element Concentration in Carbonatites—The Bonga Complex (Angola)." Minerals 9, no. 10 (September 30, 2019): 601. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9100601.
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The Bonga complex is composed of a central carbonatite plug (with a ferrocarbonatite core) surrounded by carbonatite cone sheets and igneous breccias of carbonatitic, fenitic, phoscoritic and lamprophyric xenoliths set in a carbonatitic, lamprophyric or mingled mesostase. To reconstruct the dynamics of the complex, the pyrochlore composition and distribution have been used as a proxy of magmatic-hydrothermal evolution of the complex. An early Na-, F-rich pyrochlore is disseminated throughout the carbonatite plug and in some concentric dykes. Crystal accumulation led to enrichment of pyrochlore crystals in the plug margins, phoscoritic units producing high-grade concentric dykes. Degassing of the carbonatite magma and fenitization reduced F and Na activity, leading to the crystallization of magmatic Na-, F- poor pyrochlore but progressively enriched in LILE and HFSE. Mingling of lamprophyric and carbonatite magmas produced explosive processes and the formation of carbonatite breccia. Pyrochlore is the main Nb carrier in mingled carbonatites and phoscorites, whereas Nb is concentrated in perovskite within mingled lamprophyres. During subsolidus processes, hydrothermal fluids produced dolomitization, ankeritization and silicification. At least three pyrochlore generations are associated with late processes, progressively enriched in HFSE, LILE and REE. In the lamprophyric units, perovskite is replaced by secondary Nb-rich perovskite and Nb-rich rutile. REE-bearing carbonates and phosphates formed only in subsolidus stages, along with late quartz; they may have been deposited due to the release of the REE from magmatic carbonates during the hydrothermal processes.
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GUO, FENG, WEIMING FAN, and CHAOWEN LI. "Geochemistry of late Mesozoic adakites from the Sulu belt, eastern China: magma genesis and implications for crustal recycling beneath continental collisional orogens." Geological Magazine 143, no. 1 (November 15, 2005): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756805001214.
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Both low-Al and high-Al adakitic andesites erupted at ∼ 114 Ma in the Sulu collisional belt, eastern China, provide evidence for recycling of continental crust into the mantle more than 100 million years after the Triassic (∼ 240 Ma) collision between the North China and Yangtze blocks. These rocks display similar normalized trace element patterns, with enrichments in large ion lithophile elements (LILE), light rare earth elements (LREE) and depletions in Nb, Ta and Ti, and have highly radiogenic Sr and non-radiogenic Nd isotopic compositions (high-Al: 87Sr/86Sr(i)=0.70645–0.70715 and εNd(t)=−20.1 to −19.1; low-Al: 87Sr/86Sr(i)=0.70593–0.70598 and εNd(t)=−17.1 to −15.8). The high-Al (Al2O3 > 15 %) adakitic andesites are compositionally comparable with experimental slab melts, whereas the low-Al series (Al2O3 ∼ 13 %) have higher MgO, Cr and Ni, and higher Sr/Y ratios, and are compositionally comparable with slab melts hybridized by mantle peridotites. Combined major- and trace-element and Sr–Nd isotope data indicate that the two types of adakitic andesites have been derived from a LILE- and LREE-enriched eclogitic lower continental crust; in the case of the high-Al adakitic andesites, the melts underwent insignificant mantle contamination, whereas the low-Al magmas reacted with peridotites. Generation of the two types of late Mesozoic adakitic andesites favours a model of lithospheric delamination, leading to asthenospheric upwelling and extensive melting of lower continental crust, including a delaminated block, in the Sulu belt.
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Di Giuseppe, Paolo, Samuele Agostini, Gianfranco Di Vincenzo, Piero Manetti, Mehmet Yilmaz Savaşçın, and Sandro Conticelli. "From subduction to strike slip-related volcanism: insights from Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopes and geochronology of lavas from Sivas–Malatya region, Central Eastern Anatolia." International Journal of Earth Sciences 110, no. 3 (March 10, 2021): 849–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00531-021-01995-0.
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AbstractAnatolia is characterised by a complex geodynamic evolution, mirrored by a wide spectrum of magmatism. Here, we investigated the timing and the geochemical/isotopic characters of the Miocene to Pliocene volcanism of Sivas–Malatya Region (Central Eastern Anatolia), and its relationships with local and regional tectonics. Na-alkaline basaltic lavas were emplaced during middle Miocene at Sivas (16.7–13.1 Ma), in the North, whilst transition from calc-alkaline to Na-alkaline rocks is observed at Yamadağ and Kepez Dağ volcanic complexes. Calc-alkaline products erupted during early to middle Miocene, and more precisely from 19.5 to 13.6 Ma at Yamadağ and from 16.4 to 13.5 Ma at Kepez Dağ, with final Na-alkaline activity of the Arguvan volcanic field lasting till late Miocene (15.7–10.6 Ma). Volcanism renewed during the Pliocene in the Kangal (5.9–4.0 Ma) volcanic field with the emission of K-alkaline igneous rocks. Mafic calc-alkaline and Na-alkaline rocks partially overlap in age but can be easily distinguished by their petrochemical characters. Mafic calc-alkaline igneous rocks show typical subduction-related petrological and geochemical affinities. They are both two-pyroxene or clinopyroxene and amphibole-bearing rocks, characterised by high LILE/HFSE values, with variable 87Sr/86Sri (0.70396–0.70539) and 143Nd/144Ndi (0.51260–0.51287). Mafic Na-alkaline igneous rocks are characterised by big olivine phenocrysts and show intraplate geochemical flavours, although some LILE depletion with respect to HFSE as well as variable 87Sr/86Sri (0.70347–0.70553) and 143Nd/144Ndi (0.51261–0.51291) isotopic compositions are present. These characteristics are suggestive for the occurrence, at some stage of their genesis, of a possible interaction with subduction-related reservoirs. The Kangal K-alkali basalts still show intraplate-like petrological and geochemical affinities with LILE/HFSE ratios similar to those of the Miocene Na-alkaline rocks, and largely variable 87Sr/86Sri (0.70425–0.70520) and 143Nd/144Ndi (0.51262–0.51277) isotopic compositions, overlapping the arrays observed in the earlier stages of volcanism. A general transition from calc-alkaline to Na-alkaline volcanic rocks is observed with time, according to the evolution of the geodynamics of the Anatolia region. Early to middle Miocene calc-alkaline magmas were derived by partial melting of the mantle wedge delimited by the subduction of the last oceanic branch of Neotethys. The Na-alkaline magmas, on the other hand, were generated within the asthenospheric mantle beneath the slab and migrated through slab tears into the mantle wedge where they mixed with subduction-related components. The subduction-related component decreased with time and transitional magmas are found in the youngest activity of Yamadağ and Kepez Dağ, shortly followed by clear within-plate lavas formed in the Arguvan volcanic field. The appearance of the youngest K-alkaline volcanic rocks in the Kangal basin represents an abrupt change in the magma supply at depth, although continental crustal contamination en-route to the surface played an important role in their genesis.
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Boomeri, Mohammad, Rahele Moradi, and Sasan Bagheri. "Petrology and origin of the Lar igneous complex of the Sistan suture zone, Iran." Geologos 26, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/logos-2020-0004.
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AbstractThe Oligocene Lar igneous complex is located in the Sistan suture zone of Iran, being emplaced in Paleocene to Eocene flysch-type rocks. This complex includes mainly intermediate K-rich volcanic (trachyte, latite and andesite) and plutonic (syenite and monzonite) rocks that belong to shoshonitic magma. The geochemical characteristics of the Lar igneous complex, such as an enrichment of LREE and LILE relative to HREE and HFSE, respectively, a negative anomaly of Ti, Ba and Nb and a positive anomaly of Rb and Th are similar to those of arc-type igneous rocks. Tectonic discrimination diagrams also show that rocks of the Lar igneous complex fall within the arc-related and post-collisional fields and K-enrichment of these rocks confirm the post-collisional setting. Based on geochemical features, the Lar igneous complex magma was derived from partial melting of a phlogopite-bearing, enriched and metasomatised lithospheric mantle source and the magma was affected by some evolutionary processes like fractional crystallisation and crustal contamination.
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Asadi, Sina, and Mohammad Ali Rajabzadeh. "Geochemistry, Paragenesis, and Wall-Rock Alteration of the Qatruyeh Iron Deposits, Southwest of Iran: Implications for a Hydrothermal-Metasomatic Genetic Model." Journal of Geological Research 2014 (October 22, 2014): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/590540.
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The Qatruyeh iron deposits, located on the eastern border of the NW-SE trending Sanandaj-Sirjan metamorphic zone, southwest of Iran, are hosted by a late Proterozoic to early Paleozoic sequence dominated by metamorphosed carbonate rocks. The magnetite ores occurred as layered to massive bodies, with lesser amounts of disseminated magnetite and hematite-bearing veins. Textural evidences, along with geochemical analyses of the high field strengths (HFSEs), large ion lithophiles (LILEs), and rare earth elements (REEs), indicate that the main mineralization stage occurred as low-grade layered magnetite ores due to high-temperature hydrothermal fluids accompanied by Na-Ca alteration. Most of the main ore-stage minerals precipitated from an aqueous-carbonic fluid (3.5–15 wt.% NaCl equiv.) at temperatures ranging between 300° and 410°C during fluid mixing process, CO2 effervescence, cooling, and increasing of pH. Low-temperature hydrothermal activity subsequently produced hematite ores associated with propylitic alteration. The metacarbonate host rocks are LILE-depleted and HFSE-enriched due to metasomatic alteration.
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Team, Editorial. "Reviewer acknowledgements." Human Rights Education Review 2, no. 1 (March 6, 2019): 106–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.7577/hrer.3264.
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The editors would like to thank the following colleagues for the time and careful attention given to manuscripts they reviewed for Volume 1 of HRER.
Rebecca ADAMIUniversity of Stockholm, Sweden
Paul BRACEYUniversity of Northampton, UK
Kjersti BRATHAGENUniversity of South-Eastern Norway, Norway
Cecilia DECARADanish Institute for Human Rights, Denmark
Judith DUNKERLY-BEANOld Dominion University, USA
Viola B. GEORGIUniversity of Hildesheim, Germany
Carole HAHNEmory University, USA
Brynja HALLDÓRSDÓTTIRUniversity of Iceland, Iceland
Lisa HARTLEY Curtin University, Australia
Lee JEROME Middlesex University, UK
Claudia LENZ Norwegian School of Theology, Norway
Hadi Strømmon LILE Østfold University College, Norway
Anja MIHR Center on Governance though Human Rights, Germany
Virginia MORROWUniversity of Oxford, UK
Thomas NYGREN Uppsala University, Sweden
Barbara OOMEN Roosevelt University College, The Netherlands
Anatoli RAPOPORT Purdue University, USA
Farzana SHAIN Keele University, UK
Hugh STARKEY University College London, UK
Sharon STEIN University of British Columbia, Canada
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Ory, S., Y. Munari-Silem, P. Fort, and P. Jurdic. "Antagonistic function of Rhoa and Rac in the morphology and cytoskeletal organization of osteoclast-lile cells." Biology of the Cell 91, no. 7 (September 1999): 554. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0248-4900(99)90261-7.
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Bédard, L. Paul. "Petrogenesis of mantle-derived, LILE-enriched Archean monzodiorites and trachyandesites (sanukitoids) in southwestern Superior Province: Discussion." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 27, no. 8 (August 1, 1990): 1135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e90-118.
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Stern, Richard A., Gilbert N. Hanson, and Steven B. Shirey. "Petrogenesis of mantle-derived, LILE-enriched Archean monzodiorites and trachyandesites (sanukitoids) in southwestern Superior Province: Reply." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 27, no. 8 (August 1, 1990): 1136–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e90-119.
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ÇELİK, ÖMER FARUK. "Metamorphic sole rocks and their mafic dykes in the eastern Tauride belt ophiolites (southern Turkey): implications for OIB-type magma generation following slab break-off." Geological Magazine 144, no. 5 (July 6, 2007): 849–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756807003573.
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The metamorphic sole rocks observed between the Pozantı–Karsantı ophiolite and the melange unit are located on the eastern part of the Tauride carbonate platform. They consist of ortho-amphibolites at the top and metasedimentary lithologies at the base. Amphibolites from the metamorphic sole rocks are represented by OIB, MORB and IAT based on their major, trace and REE compositions. The isolated dolerite dykes intrude both the metamorphic sole rocks and the ophiolitic unit at different structural levels. The dolerite dykes cutting the metamorphic sole rocks are enriched in LILE and depleted in HFSE. Enrichment in LILE such as Th, relative to HFSE, is indicative of the presence of a subduction component. Flat-lying REE patterns of the dolerite dykes also confirm an IAT source. Pyroxenite and albitite dykes also cut the metamorphic sole rocks. REE patterns of pyroxenite dykes show prominent LREE enrichment, similar to that observed in within-plate alkaline basalts. The alkaline isolated pyroxenite dykes were probably the result of late-stage magmatism fed by melts that originated from an OIB source, shortly before the emplacement of the Pozantı–Karsantı ophiolite onto the Tauride carbonate platform. A hydrothermal alteration stage is characterized by albitite formation in the joints of the metamorphic sole rocks and by secondary mineralization along the contact zones of dolerite dykes. Mineral parageneses in the metamorphic sole rocks exhibit amphibolite and greenschist-facies assemblages. Geothermobarometric studies based on a newly recognized mineral assemblage (e.g. kyanite) and chemical compositions of minerals in the metamorphic sole rocks indicate that the metamorphic temperature during the metamorphism was 570–580°C and the pressure was around 5–6 kbar.
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Jia, Wen-Bin, Guang-Sheng Yan, Xiao-Fei Yu, Yong-Sheng Li, Sandro Conticelli, and Ze-Zhong Du. "Geochronology and Geochemistry of the Karadaban Bimodal Volcanic Rocks in the Altyn Area, Xinjiang: Implications for the Tectonic Evolution of the Altyn Ocean." Geofluids 2019 (August 19, 2019): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6256398.
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Detailed geochronological, geochemical, and Sr-Nd-Hf isotopic data are presented for early Paleozoic volcanic rocks in the Karadaban area from the northern Altyn region, NW China, with the aim to constrain their petrogenesis and tectonic implications. The Karadaban volcanic rocks show a bimodal distribution in composition, with rhyolite and basalt. The LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb age indicates that the volcanic rocks were erupted at 512 Ma. The mafic rocks are calc-alkaline, enriched in light rare earth elements (LREE) and large-ion lithophile elements (LILE; Ba and U) and depleted in high-field strength elements (HFSE; Nb and Ta). These features together with their depleted isotopic signature (initial87Sr/86Sr=0.70413–0.70817,εNdt=2.7to 3.7) suggest that they were likely derived from a depleted mantle source but mixed with crustal components while upwelling. The felsic rocks show an A-type affinity, with high alkalis and Rb/Sr and Ga/Al ratios; enriched in LILE (e.g., Rb, K, Th, U, and REE) and depleted in Ba, Sr, Nb, P, and Ti; and with fractionated REE patterns with strong negative Eu anomalies. The combination of the decoupling ofεNdtvalues (−2.5 to −6.3) andεHftvalues (+5.5 to +14.7) in the setting of subduction indicates that the felsic rocks were generated by partial melting of the juvenile crustal as a result of magma upwelling. The geochemical and Sr-Nd-Hf isotopic characteristics, coupled with regional geology, indicate that the formation of the Karadaban bimodal volcanic rocks involves an extensional regime associated with a subduction-related environment. The rifting of the back arc in response to the retreat of the subducting northern Altyn oceanic lithosphere may account for the Karadaban bimodal volcanic rocks.
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Kristmundsson, A., S. H. Bambir, and S. Helgason. "Gyrodactylus anarhichatis Mo & Lile (Monogenea: Gyrodactylidae) infection of farmed spotted wolffish, Anarhichas minor Olafsen, in Iceland." Journal of Fish Diseases 29, no. 6 (June 2006): 365–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.2006.00706.x.
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Feng, Rui, and Rob Kerrich. "Geodynamic evolution of the southern Abitibi and Pontiac terranes: evidence from geochemistry of granitoid magma series (2700–2630 Ma)." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 29, no. 10 (October 1, 1992): 2266–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e92-178.
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Four distinct granitic series developed during the evolution of the Archean Abitibi Southern Volcanic Zone (SVZ): (1) A minor synvolcanic tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite (TTG) series was emplaced at ~2700 Ma, which has extremely low K2O (<1.5 wt.%), Rb (<50 ppm), and Sr (<200 ppm), higher Nb, Y, and Sc, flat rare-earth-element (REE) patterns, and negative Eu anomalies. (2) A voluminous tonalite – granodiorite – granite – quartz monzonite (TGGM) series developed syntectonically at ~2695–2685 Ma, and displays low K2O (1–3 wt.%), Rb (10–50 ppm), Ba (<1000 ppm), and U, enhanced Sr, depletion of Ta, Nb, and Ti, and strongly fractionated REE patterns (La/Ybn = 49–21). (3) A late-tectonic quartz syenite – quartz monzonite – granite (SMG) series was emplaced from ~2685 to 2675 Ma, and is grossly similar to the TGGM but has lower CaO/(K2O + Na2O) and greater concentrations of Rb, Ba, Th, and U. (4) A late-tectonic to posttectonic alkali feldspar syenite – alkali feldspar quartz syenite (SS) series was emplaced from 2680 to 2670 Ma, and occurs along regional strike-slip structures. The primitive rocks (SiO2 ≤ 65 wt.%) exhibit coenrichment of large-ion lithophile elements (LILE) and mafic elements (Cr, Co, and Ni) and strongly fractionated REE patterns, whereas evolved phases (SiO2 ≥ 65 wt.%) display lower contents of compatible and incompatible elements stemming from differentiation.In the adjacent Pontiac Subprovince and the Lacorne block within the SVZ, two granitic series predominate: (1) A syntectonic to late-tectonic monzodiorite–monzonite–granodiorite–syenite (MMGS) series (2690–2670 Ma) is comparable to the Abitibi SMG and SS series in most major-element, LILE, and REE contents but is distinguished by high MgO contents, extremely high Ba/Th ratios, and coenrichment of Cr, Co, and Ni with light rare-earth elements (LREE), Li, and Cs. (2) A garnet–muscovite–granite (GMG) series (2644 ± 13 Ma) displays K2O/Na2O ≥ 1, restricted SiO2 range (69–75 wt.%), pronounced enrichments of Rb, Li, Cs, Ta, Nb, Th, and U, and moderately fractionated REE's (La/Ybn = 16–0.9), with prominent negative Eu anomalies.The synvolcanic TTG series is interpreted to have formed by differentiation of low-K mafic magmas of the Blake River Group type in suprasubduction-zone environments. Geochemical compositions of the TGGM, SGM, SS, and MMGS series resemble those of Phanerozoic granitoids in island-arc settings and reflect a transition from partial melting of the subducted or subcreted slab to melting of the metasomatized depleted mantle wedge assisted by LILE- and LREE-enriched fluids released from the slab. The GMG, which formed by partial melting of the Pontiac metasediments when the Pontiac Sub-province collided with and underthrust the Abitibi SVZ at ~2670 Ma, is similar to Himalayan collisional leucogranites.
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Kepezhinskas, Pavel K., Glenn M. D. Eriksen, and Nikita P. Kepezhinskas. "Geochemistry of Ultramafic to Mafic Rocks in the Norwegian Lapland: Inferences on Mantle Sources and Implications for Diamond Exploration." Earth Science Research 5, no. 2 (July 28, 2016): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/esr.v5n2p148.
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Geology of the Norwegian Lapland is dominated by diverse Archean crystalline basement complexes superimposed with Proterozoic greenstone belts. Isotopic dating of detrital zircons from basement gneisses in the Kirkenes area establishes presence of Early Archean (3.69 Ga) crustal component as well as three major episodes of crustal growth at 3.2 Ga, 2.7-2.9 Ga and 2.5 Ga. Precambrian terranes are intruded by ultramafic-mafic dikes and sills that range in composition from komatiites and ultramafic-mafic lamprophyres to high-Mg basalts and low-Ti subalkaline basalts. Geochemical characteristics of these rocks fall into three principal groups: 1) enriched compositions with high Nd, Nb, Hf, Zr and Th concentrations and elevated La/Th and Nb/Th coupled with low La/Nb, Ba/Nb and U/Nb ratios; 2) compositions depleted in Th, Hf and Nb together with low LREE/HFSE (such as La/Nb) and LILE/HFSE (such as Ba/Nb and U/Nb) ratios; 3) transitional group clearly identified by marked depletions in Ti, Nb and Ta contents coupled with enrichment in Th and U and other large-ion lithophile elements (LILE). These geochemical characteristics are interpreted within the framework of two principal source models: 1) derivation of parental ultramafic-mafic melts from multiple mantle sources (depleted to enriched) inherited from Archaean lithospheric tectonics and 2) a single primitive mantle source which underwent several depletion and enrichment episodes, at least partially associated with subduction zone processes. Subduction modification of depleted lithospheric mantle was assisted by accretion of subducted sediment to depleted mantle source at Archean, Proterozoic or Early Paleozoic convergent margin. Alkaline ultramafic rocks such as lamprophyres and mica picrites display geochemical characteristics supportive of their origin within stability field of diamond in a deep mantle beneath Norwegian Arctic margin which, together with other lithospheric characteristics, suggests its high potential for hosting economic diamond mineralization.
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Yan, Quanshu, and Zhenmin Ge. "Mineral Geochemistry of Basaltic Rocks from IODP Expeditions 334 and 344: Implications for Magmatic Processes of Cocos Ridge Segment Being Subducted Beneath the Middle America Trench." Minerals 11, no. 7 (July 16, 2021): 769. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11070769.
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The Cocos Ridge, which is subducted beneath the Central American Volcanic Arc, has a complex tectonic evolution history due to plume-ridge interaction between the Galápagos plume and the Cocos—Nazca spreading center. This study presents major and trace element analyses of plagioclase and clinopyroxenes hosted by Cocos Ridge basaltic rocks that were drilled in three holes (U1381A, U1381C and U1414A) of Sites U1381 and U1414 on the Cocos Ridge close to the Middle America Trench during the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expeditions 334 and 344. The results show that (1) plagioclases are mainly bytownite and labradorite with subordinate andesine, which are enriched in light rare earth elements (LREE) and some large-ion lithophile elements (LILE) and exhibit marked positive Eu anomalies; and (2) that clinopyroxenes are augites, which are depleted in highly incompatible elements such as LREE and LILE, have nearly flat heavy rare earth elements patterns (HREE) and lack Eu anomalies in chondrite-normalized rare earth element (REE) diagrams. During the ascent to the surface, the primary magmas experienced fractional crystallization of plagioclase, clinopyroxene, Ti-Fe oxides and possibly olivine (complete replacement of olivine by secondary minerals). The crystallization temperatures of plagioclase phenocrysts and microlites are 1050 to 1269 °C, and 866 to 1038 °C, respectively, and the pressures of plagioclase phenocrysts are 0.3–0.7 GPa. The crystallization temperatures of clinopyroxene phenocrysts/micro-phenocrysts is 1174–1268 °C, similar to those of plagioclase phenocrysts, suggesting some of clinopyroxene and plagioclase phenocrysts cotectic crystallized during early stage of magmatic evolution. In addition, the equilibrium pressures of clinopyroxene phenocrysts/micro phenocrysts are 0.02–0.97 GPa, implying that the clinopyroxene started to crystallize within the mantle, and magma evolution has undergone an early crystallization stage with clinopyroxene and no plagioclase.
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Widiatama, Angga Jati, Lauti Dwita Santy, Joko Wahyudiono, Sari Widyastuti, and Lia Fitria Rahmatillah. "Karakteristik Geokimia Basalt Busur Gunungapi Tholeitik Formasi Manamas di Sungai Metan, Baun, Timor." Jurnal Geologi dan Sumberdaya Mineral 21, no. 3 (September 24, 2020): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.33332/jgsm.geologi.v21i3.449.
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Lava basalt berstruktur bantal tersingkap di Sungai Metan, Baun, Timor, yang termasuk dalam anggota batuan gunung api Formasi Manamas. Penelitian geokimia batuan dilakukan menggunakan metode analisis XRF dan ICP-MS menunjukkan basalt memiliki karakteristik basalt subalkalin, bersifat tholeitik yang terbentuk pada busur gunungapi tholeitik akibat penunjaman Lempeng Samudera Hindia di bawah Busur Banda yang berumur Miosen-Pliosen. Basalt subalkali di Sungai Metan menunjukkan pengayaan unsur logam dan unsur large ion lithophile (LILE) yang dipengaruhi fluida, ditunjukkan oleh adanya hubungan positif antar unsur logam jejak mudah bergerak. Pengayaan yang dipengaruhi oleh fluida ditafsirkan sebagai produk akibat meleburnya lempeng samudera yang menunjam di bawah busur gunung api.Katakunci: Basalt, busur tholeitik, Sungai Metan, Formasi Manamas, Timor.
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Marchev, Peter, Stoyan Georgiev, Raya Raicheva, and Milan Ichev. "250 Ma metagranitoid from Drangovo Village: a new discovery of Permo-Triassic magmatism in the Eastern Rhodopes, Bulgaria." Geologica Balcanica 48, no. 1 (April 2019): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.52321/geolbalc.48.1.63.
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This short communication reports a 251.4 ± 6.8 Ma age of a Permo-Triassic metagranitoid (augen gneiss) in the Bulgarian part of the Eastern Rhodopes. The rock is intruded by the early Eocene Drangovo pluton and represents part of the upper metamorphic unit of the Kessebir dome. The analyzed sample has slightly peraluminous (ASI = 1.11) granitic composition with SiO2 = 70.6 wt.%. It is enriched in LILE and LREE and depleted in HREE, with a deep Eu (Eu/Eu* = 0.49) anomaly consistent with garnet and plagioclase fractionation. The large number of xenocrystic zircons, along with the low (780 °C) crystallization temperature and petrochemical data, suggests significant assimilation of basement rocks by the granitic magma. The rock has a subduction-related signature.
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Zhong, Richen, Min Zhang, Chang Yu, and Hao Cui. "The Fluid Mobilities of K and Zr in Subduction Zones: Thermodynamic Constraints." Minerals 11, no. 4 (April 9, 2021): 394. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11040394.
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A subduction zone plays a critical role in forging continental crust via formation of arc magmas, which are characteristically enriched in large ion lithophile elements (LILEs) and depleted in high field strength elements (HFSEs). This trace element pattern results from the different mobilities of LILEs and HFSEs during slab-to-wedge mass transfer, but the mechanisms of trace element transfer from subducting crusts are not fully understood. In this study, thermodynamic simulations are carried out to evaluate the mobilities of K and Zr, as representative cases of LILE and HFSE, respectively, in slab fluids. The fluids buffered by basaltic eclogite can dissolve > 0.1 molal of K at sub-arc depths (~3 to 5.5 GPa). However, only minor amounts of K can be liberated by direct devolatilization of altered oceanic basalt, because sub-arc dehydration mainly takes place at temperatures < 600 °C (talc-out), wherein the fluid solubility of K is very limited (<0.01 molal). Therefore, serpentinite-derived fluids are required to flush K from the eclogite. The solubility of K can be enhanced by the addition of NaCl to the fluid, because fluid Na+ can unlock phengite-bonded K via a complex ion exchange. Finally, it is further confirmed that Zr and other HFSEs are immobile in slab fluids.
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Sretenovic, Branislav. "Comment on: ‘Detecting lateral resistivity inhomogeneities with the Schlumberger array’ by M. Morris, J.S. Rønning and O.B. Lile." Geophysical Prospecting 46, no. 3 (May 1998): 347–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2478.1998.00088.x.
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Ma, Aiai, Hao Guan, Lifei Zou, and Lanlan Sun. "Geochemical Characteristics and Tectonic Significance of the Acidic Volcanic Rocks from the Shetang-Boyang Area, Western Qinling Orogenic Belt, China." Earth Science Research 5, no. 2 (July 30, 2016): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/esr.v5n2p209.
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Acidic volcanic rocks of Shetang-Boyang area are located in the western Qinling orogenic belt, consist of rhyolite and granite porphyry. They are comparable in the chemical composition, enriched in Si, alkali, Al and a little bit of Mg, Ca and Ti. The contents of HFSE (Zr, Hf) and LILE (Rb, Th, U) are high, however, the content of Ba, Sr, Ti, P have obviously depleted and there are obvious negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu*=0.06-0.13). These geochemical characteristics are revealed that these volcanic rocks have an A1 type affinity. Geochemical data combined with regional studies, show that these volcanic rocks were formed in a continental extension setting and the western Qinling orogenic belt in 211Ma has been in the tectonic setting of post-collisional extension.
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Owen, J. V., J. Dostal, and M. Fisera. "Mineralogical controls on the distribution of trace elements in metasomatized peridotite enclaves from Planany, Czech Republic." Mineralogical Magazine 71, no. 1 (February 2007): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2007.071.1.81.
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AbstractSmall (m-scale) peridotite enclaves at Planany (central Czech Republic) are separated from their gneissic host rocks by a narrow (cm-scale) reaction rim comprising an inner, tremolite + phlogopite zone and an outer, essentially monomineralic phlogopite zone. Both retain an Mg# very similar to that of the peridotite (Mg# = 81), but relative to this reference frame, show large increases in LILE (K, Rb, Ba) and radionuclides (U, Th). On a smaller scale, however, there has been a mineralogically-controlled decoupling of various components, particularly among the HFSE and REE, the former favouring the phlogopite-rich outer layer of the reaction rim, the latter the amphibole-rich inner zone. Taken together, however, the reaction zones preserve key compositional features of their inferred protolith.
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Ashchepkov, Igor, Sergey Zhmodik, Dmitry Belyanin, Olga N. Kiseleva, Nikolay Medvedev, Alexei Travin, Denis Yudin, Nikolai S. Karmanov, and Hilary Downes. "Aillikites and Alkali Ultramafic Lamprophyres of the Beloziminsky Alkaline Ultrabasic-Carbonatite Massif: Possible Origin and Relations with Ore Deposits." Minerals 10, no. 5 (April 29, 2020): 404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10050404.
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The 650–621 Ma plume which impinged beneath the Siberian craton during the breakup of Rodinia caused the formation of several alkaline carbonatite massifs in craton margins of the Angara rift system. The Beloziminsky alkaline ultramafic carbonatite massif (BZM) in the Urik-Iya graben includes alnöites, phlogopite carbonatites and aillikites. The Yuzhnaya pipe (YuP) ~ 645 Ma and the 640–621 Ma aillikites in BZM, dated by 40Ar/39Ar, contain xenoliths of carbonated sulfide-bearing dunites, xenocrysts of olivines, Cr-diopsides, Cr-phlogopites, Cr-spinels (P ~ 4–2 GPa and T ~ 800–1250 °C) and xenocrysts of augites with elevated HFSE, U, Th. Al-augites and kaersutites fractionated from T ~ 1100–700 °C along the 90 mW/m2 geotherm. Higher T trend for Al-Ti augite, pargasites, Ti-biotites series (0.4–1.5 GPa) relate to intermediate magma chambers near the Moho and in the crust. Silicate xenocrysts show Zr-Hf, Ta-Nb peaks and correspond to carbonate-rich magma fractionation that possibly supplied the massif. Aillikites contain olivines, rare Cr-diopsides and oxides. The serpentinites are barren, fragments of ore-bearing Phl carbonatites contain perovskites, Ta-niobates, zircons, thorites, polymetallic sulphides and Ta-Mn-Nb-rich magnetites, ilmenites and Ta-Nb oxides. The aillikites are divided by bulk rock and trace elements into seven groups with varying HFSE and LILE due to different incorporation of carbonatites and related rocks. Apatites and perovskites reveal remarkably high LREE levels. Aillikites were generated by 1%–0.5% melting of the highly metasomatized mantle with ilmenite, perovskite apatite, sulfides and mica, enriched by subduction-related melts and fluids rich in LILE and HFSE. Additional silicate crystal fractionation increased the trace element concentrations. The carbonate-silicate P-bearing magmas may have produced the concentration of the ore components and HFSE in the essentially carbonatitic melts after liquid immiscibility in the final stage. The mechanical enrichment of aillikites in ore and trace element-bearing minerals was due to mixture with captured solid carbonatites after intrusion in the massif.
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MOGHAZI, ABDEL-KADER M. "Magma source and evolution of Late Neoproterozoic granitoids in the Gabal El-Urf area, Eastern Desert, Egypt: geochemical and Sr–Nd isotopic constraints." Geological Magazine 136, no. 3 (May 1999): 285–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756899002563.
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Granitoids in the Gabal El-Urf area in Eastern Egypt consist of a monzogranite pluton, belonging to the Younger Granite province, emplaced in granodioritic rocks. Whole rock Rb–Sr dating indicate ages of 650±95 Ma and 600±11 Ma for the granodiorites and monzogranites, respectively. The granodiorites (65–70% SiO2) are calc-alkaline and metaluminous with low Rb/Sr, Th and Nb contents, moderate enrichment in the LILE (K2O, Rb, and Ba) and display most of the chemical and field characteristics of syn-to late-tectonic I-type granitoids described elsewhere in the Arabian–Nubian Shield. The monzogranites (72–77% SiO2) are metaluminous to mildly peraluminous, highly fractionated and depleted in Al2O3, MgO, CaO, TiO2, Sr and Ba with corresponding enrichment in Rb, Nb, Zr, and Y. They can be correlated with the undeformed post-orogenic granites in the Arabian–Nubian Shield that chemically resemble A-type granites emplaced in extensional settings. The mineralogical and chemical variations within the granodiorites and monzogranites are consistent with their evolution by fractional crystallization. The granodiorites have a low initial 87Sr/86Sr ratio (0.7024) and high ∈Nd values (+6.9–+7.3) and are significantly different from those (initial 87Sr/86Sr ratio=0.7029, ∈Nd values=+5.2–+5.8) of the monzogranites. These data suggest a predominant mantle derivation for both granite types and demonstrate that they originated from different source materials.The granodiorite melt was most probably generated through vapour-saturated partial melting of an early Neoproterozoic depleted mafic lower-crust reservoir due to crustal thickening associated with orogenic compression and/or arc magma underplating. The mineralogical and geochemical data of the A-type monzogranites are consistent with their derivation as a residual granitic liquid from a LILE-enriched mafic magma through crystal-liquid fractionation of plagioclase, amphibole, Fe–Ti oxides and apatite. The parental mafic magma was originated in the upper mantle due to crustal thinning associated with extension in the late stage of the Neoproterozoic crustal evolution of north-eastern Egypt.
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ZHU, YONGFENG, SHIHUA SUN, LIBING GU, YOSHIHIDE OGASAWARA, NENG JIANG, and HIROJI HONMA. "Permian volcanism in the Mongolian orogenic zone, northeast China: geochemistry, magma sources and petrogenesis." Geological Magazine 138, no. 2 (March 2001): 101–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756801005210.
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Lower Permian volcanism was the first magmatic activity to occur after the collision events in the Mongolian orogenic zone, east China. The Permian volcanic rocks are therefore a key to understanding the dynamics of the unified continental lithosphere. The volcanic rocks consist of basic and intermediate rocks. The intermediate rocks with high initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7051 to 0.7052) and low εNd values (−0.73 to −3.57) generally overlie the basic rocks in the field. The basic rocks have relatively low initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7034 to 0.7051) and high εNd values (2.72 to −0.10). Two parallel Rb–Sr isochrons give almost the same age, about 270 Ma. One consists of the basic rocks giving an initial isochron 87Sr/86Sr ratio of 0.7035. The other consists of the intermediate rocks and one sample of basalt, which give an initial isochron 87Sr/86Sr value of 0.7051. The strong correlations between SiO2 and other major elements suggest that fractional crystallization played an important role in the magmatic processes. However, fractional crystallization cannot explain the geochemistry of most incompatible trace elements and Sr–Nd isotope characteristics. The positive correlation between Th/Nb and (La/Sm)N ratios demonstrates the direct relation between the enrichment of the light rare earth elements and the contamination of continental sediments. The high contents of large ion lithosphere elements (LILE) in the Permian volcanic rocks may suggest an additional ‘crust + fluid’ component, especially in the intermediate rocks, which are highly enriched in Ba (> 400 ppm) relative to the basic rocks (> 200 ppm). We propose that the subduction slab dropped into depleted mantle and released fluid, which induced the mantle metasomatism and LILE enrichment. The metasomatized mantle partially melted and formed the ‘primary’ magma. This primary magma assimilated with the Proterozoic biotite–quartz schist during its rise, and finally formed the Permian volcanic rocks. Magma assimilated with the Proterozoic biotite–quartz schist in small amounts could have produced the basic rocks, while assimilation of larger amounts of magma (because of longer assimilation time) would generate intermediate rocks.
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Melzer, Stefan, and Bernd Wunder. "K–Rb–Cs partitioning between phlogopite and fluid: experiments and consequences for the LILE signatures of island arc basalts." Lithos 59, no. 1-2 (October 2001): 69–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0024-4937(01)00061-5.
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Bedini, R. M., J. L. Bodinier, J. M. Dautria, and L. Morten. "Evolution of LILE-enriched small melt fractions in the lithospheric mantle: a case study from the East African Rift." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 153, no. 1-2 (December 1997): 67–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0012-821x(97)00167-2.
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GUICHOT REINA, Emilio. "Transparencia y acceso a la información en las entidades locales vascas." Revista Vasca de Administración Pública / Herri-Arduralaritzarako Euskal Aldizkaria, no. 107-II (April 28, 2017): 555–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.47623/ivap-rvap.107.2017.2.14.
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LABURPENA: Lanak informaziora iristeko sarbidearen eta gardentasunaren erregulazioa aztertu du EAEko tokiko entitateetan. Hainbat araudi multzori erreparatu beharra nabarmendu du: estatu mailakoa, Gardentasunari, informazio publikoa eskuratzeko bideari eta gobernu onari buruzko abenduaren 9ko 19/2013 Legeak eta Toki-araubidearen oinarriak arautzen dituen apirilaren 2ko 7/1985 Legeak eratutakoa. EAE mailakoa, Euskadiko Toki Erakundeei buruzko apirilaren 7ko 2/2016 Legeak eratutakoa; horri, aurreikuspenen arabera, EAEko Sektore Publikoaren Gardentasunaren, Herritarren Partaidetzaren eta Gobernu Onaren Legea ere gehituko zaio etorkizunean. Eta toki-mailakoa, EAEko toki-erakunde ugarik onartutako eta onartuko dituzten ordenantzek eratutakoa; estatu mailako eta erkidego mailako multzoak errespetatuz, kasuan kasuko entitaterako antolakuntza-alderdiak zehaztu ahal dituzte, eta oinarrizko estatu mailako araudian eta garapen autonomikokoan aurreikusitako betebehar zabaletatik harago joan daitezke. Azterlanean jokoan dauden zenbait alderdi aztertu dira: gardentasunaren zentzua, Konstituzioan aitortzea eta gardentasuneko estatu-legearen aurretik izan duen lege garapena tokiko eta estatuko legedi orokorrean, estatuko eta erkidego mailako legeak onartzea eta kasuan kasuko aplikazio eremua, baita toki-erakundeen erabakitze esparrua ere, Euskadiko Toki Erakundeei buruzko Legea eta Gardentasuneko EAEko legearen proiektuarekin egokitzea, derrigortasunak, mugak, publizitate aktiboa, publizitate pasiboa edo informazio publikora sarbidea izateko eskubidea, bermeak, eta, azkenik, gardentasun-Legeen eta zinegotziek udal-informaziora iristeko daukaten sarbidearen arteko harremana. RESUMEN: El trabajo analiza la regulación de la transparencia y el acceso a la información en las entidades locales vascas. Pone de relieve la necesidad de atender a varios bloques normativos: el estatal, constituido por la Ley 19/2013, de 9 de diciembre, de transparencia, acceso a la información pública y buen gobierno, por una parte, y a la Ley 7/1985, de 2 de abril, reguladora de las Bases del Régimen Local, por otra. El autonómico vasco, integrado por la Ley 2/2016, de 7 de abril, de Instituciones Locales de Euskadi (LILE) y a la que previsiblemente se unirá la futura Ley de Transparencia, participación ciudadana y buen gobierno del sector público vasco. Y el local, constituido por las Ordenanzas que han ido e irán aprobando no pocas entidades locales vascas, que, respetando los bloques normativos estatal y autonómicos pueden concretar para su respectiva entidad aspectos organizativos e ir más allá de las amplias obligaciones ya previstas en la normativa básica estatal y de desarrollo autonómico. En el estudio se analizan los diversos aspectos en juego: el sentido de la transparencia, su reconocimiento en la Constitución y su desarrollo legal anterior a la Ley estatal de transparencia en la legislación estatal general y local, la aprobación de las leyes estatal y autonómicas y su u respectivo ámbito de aplicación, así como el ámbito de decisión de las entidades locales, la nueva regulación en la LILE y las dudas de encaje con el Proyecto de Ley vasca de transparencia, los obligados, los límites, la pu blicidad activa, el derecho de acceso a la información pública o publicidad pasiva,las garantías y, finalmente, la relación de las Leyes de transparencia con elacceso por los concejales a la información municipal. ABSTRACT: This work analyzes the regulation of transparency and the access to information within the Basque local governments. It highlights the need to pay attention to several legal systems: that of the State, with Act 19/2013 of December 9th, on transparency, access to public information and good governance on one hand and that of the Act 7/1985 of April 2nd, governing the bases of the local regime on the other. The Basque autonomous system with Act 2/2016 of April 7th on Local Entities of Euskadi (LILE) and which predictably will also be integrated with the future Act on transparency, citizen participation and good governance within the Basque public sector. And the local, with the ordinances approved and yet to be enacted by not few Basque local entities which if they do not interfere in State and Autonomous systems can specify for its own entity organizational issues and go beyond the broad obligations established by the State basic regulation and that of autonomous development. In this study the different aspects at stake are studied: the meaning of transparency, the acknowledgement by the Constitution and its legal development previous to the State Act on Transparency by the State general and local legislation, the approval of the State and Autonomous acts and their respective scope of application, together with the decision-making scope of local entities, the new regulation by the LILE and the doubts of fitting with the Basque bill on transparency, the persons concerned, the limits, the active advertisement, the right of access to public information or passive advertising, the guarantees and finally the relationship between the Acts of transparency with the access of councilmen and councilwomen to the municipal information.
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Sánchez-Moral, S., J. García-Guinea, L. Luque Luque, R. González-Martín, and P. López-Arce. "Cinética de carbonatación de morteros experimentales de cal de tipo romano." Materiales de Construcción 54, no. 275 (September 30, 2004): 23–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/mc.2004.v54.i275.245.
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Romero-Moreno, R., M. Márquez-González, A. Losada, and J. López. "Motives for caring: relationship to stress and coping dimensions." International Psychogeriatrics 23, no. 4 (September 20, 2010): 573–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610210001821.
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ABSTRACTBackground: Although research has highlighted the importance of including cultural factors in the analysis of caregiver stress, little is known about the effects of motives for caregiving on the stress and coping process. This study is aimed at analyzing the dimensional structure of the Cultural Justifications for Caregiving Scale – Revised (CJCS-R), and the effects of motives for caregiving on stressors, caregiver resources and outcome variables.Methods: Dementia caregivers (N = 166) were interviewed and the following variables were assessed: motives for caregiving (CJCS-R), stressors (frequency of behavioral problems), resources (rumination, cognitive reappraisal), and outcomes (depression, anxiety and anger).Results: A bidimensional structure was obtained for the CJCS-R, and the two factors were labeled Intrinsic and Extrinsic motives for caregiving. Participants were divided into four groups corresponding to four motivation profiles: HIHE = High Intrinsic Motives + High Extrinsic motives; LILE = Low Intrinsic Motives + Low Extrinsic Motives; HILE = High Intrinsic Motives + Low Extrinsic Motives; and LIHE = Low Intrinsic Motives + High Extrinsic Motives. No differences between groups were found in frequency of behavioral problems. Caregivers in the LIHE group had significantly worse consequences on caregiver resources and outcome variables compared to the other groups.Conclusions: The results support the usefulness of considering motives for caregiving as a multidimensional construct. Analyzing caregivers' motivation profiles may constitute a useful strategy for identifying caregivers at risk. Caregivers scoring simultaneously low on intrinsic motives and high on extrinsic motives may be at particular risk for negative caregiving outcomes.
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Beard, J. S. "Polygenetic tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) magmatism in the Smartville Complex, Northern California with a note on LILE depletion in plagiogranites." Mineralogy and Petrology 64, no. 1-4 (March 1998): 15–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01226562.
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