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Journal articles on the topic 'Lilongwe (Malawi)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 16 February 2022

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1

Cunliffe, Nigel A., Bagrey M. Ngwira, Winifred Dove, Osamu Nakagomi, Toyoko Nakagomi, Arantza Perez, C. Anthony Hart, Peter N. Kazembe, and Charles C. V. Mwansambo. "Serotype G12 Rotaviruses, Lilongwe, Malawi." Emerging Infectious Diseases 15, no. 1 (January 2009): 87–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1501.080427.

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2

Kristensen, Johannes K. "Scabies and Pyoderma in Lilongwe, Malawi." International Journal of Dermatology 30, no. 10 (October 1991): 699–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4362.1991.tb02612.x.

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3

Harawa, Michael M., Zvikomborero Hoko, Shepherd Misi, and Sinos Maliano. "Investigating the management of unaccounted for water for Lilongwe Water Board, Malawi." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 6, no. 3 (July 8, 2016): 362–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2016.013.

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Lilongwe Water Board (LWB) is currently unable to meet Lilongwe City's water demand as evidenced by low supply coverage (65%) and intermittent water supply in the city. One of the major challenges is high levels of unaccounted for water (UFW) reported at 37% (2012), higher than the recommended 23% for developing countries. This study, done in Lilongwe City (Areas 15, 18 and 28), investigated water losses and partitioned UFW into real and apparent losses. Data collection involved data logging for pressures and flows at selected points in the network, meter testing, and water audits. This study estimated an average UFW of 37.5% for Lilongwe City and 33%, 44% and 20%, respectively, in the specific study areas (Areas 15, 18 and 28). The UFW in Lilongwe City was higher than recommended and was also higher than recommended in Areas 15 and 18 but within the acceptable limit for Area 28. High UFW levels in Areas 15 and 18 were mainly driven by real losses. The LWB should consider partitioning of its UFW to establish the main drivers, implement active leak detection programme and active pressure management in areas with high pressures.

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Maher, Dermot, and Henry Mwandumba. "Cryptococcal meningitis in Lilongwe and Blantyre, Malawi." Journal of Infection 28, no. 1 (January 1994): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0163-4453(94)94161-0.

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Maluwa, Veronica Mary, Judy Andre, Paul Ndebele, and Evelyn Chilemba. "Moral distress in nursing practice in Malawi." Nursing Ethics 19, no. 2 (January 24, 2012): 196–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733011414968.

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The aim of this study was to explore the existence of moral distress among nurses in Lilongwe District of Malawi. Qualitative research was conducted in selected health institutions of Lilongwe District in Malawi to assess knowledge and causes of moral distress among nurses and coping mechanisms and sources of support that are used by morally distressed nurses. Data were collected from a purposive sample of 20 nurses through in-depth interviews using a semi-structured interview guide. Thematic analysis of qualitative data was used. The results show that nurses, irrespective of age, work experience and tribe, experienced moral distress related to patient/nursing care. The major distressing factors were inadequate resources and lack of respect from patients, guardians, peers and bosses. Nurses desire teamwork and ethics committees in their health institutions as a means of controlling and preventing moral distress. There is a need for creation of awareness for nurses to recognize and manage moral distress, thus optimizing their ability to provide quality and uncompromised nursing care.

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P. Wilkinson, Jeffrey. "Schistosomiasis among obstetric fistula patients in Lilongwe, Malawi." Malawi Medical Journal 30, no. 4 (December 31, 2018): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/mmj.v30i4.3.

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7

Mtika, V. G., A. S. Muula, J. Chipolombwe, J. Nyirongo, and J. Rajabu. "Renal Replacement Therapy at Lilongwe Central Hospital, Malawi." Tropical Doctor 32, no. 3 (July 2002): 163–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004947550203200315.

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8

Brown, Lillian B., Robert Krysiak, Gift Kamanga, Clemente Mapanje, Happiness Kanyamula, Blessings Banda, Chisale Mhango, et al. "Neisseria gonorrhoeae Antimicrobial Susceptibility in Lilongwe, Malawi, 2007." Sexually Transmitted Diseases 37, no. 3 (March 2010): 169–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/olq.0b013e3181bf575c.

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9

Brueton, Richard, and Eric Howard. "Anatomy Teaching in Malawi." Bulletin of the Royal College of Surgeons of England 95, no. 8 (September 1, 2013): 260–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/147363513x13690603817300.

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As the bus from Lilongwe to Blantyre careered bumpily south, darkness fell rapidly and I began to wonder whether this was really such a good idea. It was eight years since I had been in Malawi, where I worked as an orthopaedic surgeon from 2002 to 2005. Having subsequently returned to the UK and spent the past five years working for the nHS, I had reinvented myself as an anatomist. this involved anatomy demonstrating at University College London and Imperial College, teaching on the London deanery MRCS programme and also on Professor Vishy Mahadevan's MRCS course.

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Sundet, Mads, Joanna Grudziak, Anthony Charles, Leonard Banza, Carlos Varela, and Sven Young. "Paediatric road traffic injuries in Lilongwe, Malawi: an analysis of 4776 consecutive cases." Tropical Doctor 48, no. 4 (August 23, 2018): 316–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049475518790893.

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This was a retrospective review of all children aged ≤16 who were treated in the casualty department at the central hospital in Lilongwe, Malawi, between 1 January 2009 and 31 December 2015. A total of 4776 children were treated for road traffic injuries (RTIs) in the study period. There was an increase in incidence from 428 RTIs in 2009 to a maximum of 834 in 2014. Child pedestrians represented 53.8% of the injuries, but 78% of deaths and 71% of those with moderate to severe head injuries. Pedestrians were mostly injured by cars (36%) and by large trucks, buses and lorries (36%). Eighty-four (1.8%) children were brought in dead, while 40 (0.8%) children died in the casualty department or during their hospital stay. There has been a drastic increase of RTIs in children in Lilongwe, Malawi. Child pedestrians were most affected, both in terms of incidence and severity.

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Antony, Kathleen M., Peter N. Kazembe, Ryan M. Pace, Judy Levison, Henry Phiri, Grace Chiudzu, Ronald Alan Harris, et al. "Population-Based Estimation of the Preterm Birth Rate in Lilongwe, Malawi: Making Every Birth Count." American Journal of Perinatology Reports 10, no. 01 (January 2020): e78-e86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1708491.

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Abstract Objective The objective of this study was to perform a population-based estimation of the preterm birth (PTB) rate in regions surrounding Lilongwe, Malawi. Study Design We partnered with obstetrician specialists, community health workers, local midwives, and clinicians in a 50 km region surrounding Lilongwe, Malawi, to perform a population-based estimation of the PTB rate during the study period from December 1, 2012 to May 19, 2015. Results Of the 14,792 births captured, 19.3% of births were preterm, including preterm early neonatal deaths. Additional PTB risk factors were similarly prevalent including domestic violence, HIV, malaria, anemia, and malnutrition. Conclusion When performing a population-based estimation of the rate of PTB, including women without antenatal care and women delivering at home, the 19.3% rate of PTB is among the highest recorded globally. This is accompanied by a high rate of risk factors and comorbid conditions.

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12

Hrapcak, Susan, Hannah Kuper, Peter Bartlett, Akash Devendra, Atupele Makawa, Maria Kim, Peter Kazembe, and Saeed Ahmed. "Hearing Loss in HIV-Infected Children in Lilongwe, Malawi." PLOS ONE 11, no. 8 (August 23, 2016): e0161421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0161421.

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13

Banza, Leonard Ngoie, Jared Gallaher, Eva Dybvik, Anthony Charles, Geir Hallan, Jan-Erik Gjertsen, Nyengo Mkandawire, Carlos Varela, and Sven Young. "The rise in road traffic injuries in Lilongwe, Malawi." International Journal of Surgery Open 10 (2018): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijso.2017.11.004.

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14

Sundet, Mads, Gift Mulima, Chifundo Kajombo, Hallvard Gjerde, Asbjørg S. Christophersen, Jan Erik Madsen, and Sven Young. "Geographical mapping of road traffic injuries in Lilongwe, Malawi." Injury 52, no. 4 (April 2021): 806–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2021.02.028.

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15

Kazanga, Isabel, Alister C. Munthali, Joanne McVeigh, Hasheem Mannan, and Malcolm MacLachlan. "Predictors of Utilisation of Skilled Maternal Healthcare in Lilongwe District, Malawi." International Journal of Health Policy and Management 8, no. 12 (August 13, 2019): 700–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/ijhpm.2019.67.

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Background: Despite numerous efforts to improve maternal and child health in Malawi, maternal and newborn mortality rates remain very high, with the country having one of the highest maternal mortality ratios globally. The aim of this study was to identify which individual factors best predict utilisation of skilled maternal healthcare in a sample of women residing in Lilongwe district of Malawi. Identifying which of these factors play a significant role in determining utilisation of skilled maternal healthcare is required to inform policies and programming in the interest of achieving increased utilisation of skilled maternal healthcare in Malawi. Methods: This study used secondary data from the Woman’s Questionnaire of the 2010 Malawi Demographic and Health Survey (MDHS). Data was analysed from 1126 women aged between 15 and 49 living in Lilongwe. Multivariate logistic regression was conducted to determine significant predictors of maternal healthcare utilisation. Results: Women’s residence (P=.006), education (P=.004), and wealth (P=.018) were significant predictors of utilisation of maternal healthcare provided by a skilled attendant. Urban women were less likely (odds ratio [OR] = 0.47, P=.006, 95% CI = 0.28–0.81) to utilise a continuum of maternal healthcare from a skilled health attendant compared to rural women. Similarly, women with less education (OR = 0.32, P=.001, 95% CI = 0.16–0.64), and poor women (OR = 0.50, P=.04, 95% CI = 0.26–0.97) were less likely to use a continuum of maternal healthcare from a skilled health attendant. Conclusion: Policies and programmes should aim to increase utilisation of skilled maternal healthcare for women with less education and low-income status. Specifically, emphasis should be placed on promoting education and economic empowerment initiatives, and creating awareness about use of maternal healthcare services among girls, women and their respective communities.

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Haresnape, J. M., W. P. Taylor, and S. A. M. Lungu. "The epidemiology of bluetongue in Malawi." Epidemiology and Infection 100, no. 3 (June 1988): 493–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800067224.

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SummaryA 4 year survey was undertaken in 1982–6 to examine the seasonal nature of bluetongue virus activity in Malawi. Bluetongue infection at Bwemba in Lilongwe district and Likasi in Mchinji district, both in the Central Region of Malawi, was detected by examining sera taken from calves at each site, at monthly intervals. The proportion of seronegative calves undergoing serocon version each month was used as a measure of virus activity. At both sides bluetongue virus activity was found to be most marked during the rainy season, with no activity detected during the dry season from July to September. Thus the pattern of bluetongue infection in Malawi is highly seasonal. Examination of type-specific neutralizing antibody showed that the prevalent serotypes varied from year to year.

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Amuquandoh, Amy, Veronica Escamilla, Innocent Mofolo, and Nora E. Rosenberg. "Exploring the spatial relationship between primary road distance to antenatal clinics and HIV prevalence in pregnant females of Lilongwe, Malawi." International Journal of STD & AIDS 30, no. 7 (March 19, 2019): 639–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462419830232.

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While urbanization in a sub-Saharan African (SSA) context can lead to greater independence in women, various sociological, biological, and geographical factors in urban areas may keep women at a higher risk for HIV than men. Access to major roads during Malawi’s transition into rapid urbanization may leave women disproportionately vulnerable to HIV infection. It is not well established whether women who report to health clinics closer to major roads have higher or lower levels of HIV. In this study we explored the spatial heterogeneity of HIV prevalence among pregnant females in Lilongwe District, Malawi. Using Geographic Information Systems, we visually represented patterns of HIV prevalence in relation to primary roads. HIV prevalence data for 2015 were obtained from 44 antenatal clinics (ANC) in Lilongwe District. ANC prevalence data were aggregated to the administrative area and mapped. Euclidean distance between clinics and two primary roads that run through Lilongwe District were measured. A correlation was run to assess the relationship between area-level ANC HIV prevalence and clinic distance to the nearest primary road. ANC HIV prevalence ranged from 0% to 10.3%. Clinic to major road distance ranged from 0.1 to 35 km. Correlation results ( r= −0.622, p = 0.002) revealed a significant negative relationship between clinic distance to primary road and HIV prevalence, indicating that the farther the clinics stood from primary roads, the lower the reported antenatal HIV prevalence. Overall, the clinic catchments through which the major roads run reported higher ANC HIV prevalence. Antenatal HIV prevalence decreases as ANC distance from primary roads increases in Lilongwe, Malawi. As urbanization continues to grow in this region, road distance may serve as a good indicator of HIV burden and help to guide targeted prevention and treatment efforts.

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18

Msonda, K. W. M., W. R. L. Masamba, and E. Fabiano. "A study of fluoride groundwater occurrence in Nathenje, Lilongwe, Malawi." Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 32, no. 15-18 (January 2007): 1178–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2007.07.050.

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19

Potts, Deborah. "Capital Relocation in Africa: The Case of Lilongwe in Malawi." Geographical Journal 151, no. 2 (July 1985): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/633532.

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20

Haresnape, J. M., S. A. M. Lungu, and F. D. Mamu. "A four-year survey of African swine fever in Malawi." Journal of Hygiene 95, no. 2 (October 1985): 309–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022172400062732.

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SUMMARYA serological survey of free-ranging domestic pigs in the Central and Southern Regions of Malawi, together with laboratory data on confirmed cases of African swine fever (ASF) and data from interviews with pig owners, undertaken over a four-year period from 1981–4, has enabled the ASF enzootic area of Malawi to be identified. The area covers much of the western part of the Central Region and includes Mchinji district and parts of Kasungu, Ntchisi, Dowa and Lilongwe districts. Mortality is substantially less than 100% in outbreaks within the enzootic area but approaches 100% in outbreaks outside this area, as shown by both the serological investigation and the interview data.

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Kusakala, Grace, Pocha Saumel Kamdumula, and Master Chisale. "The Prevalence of Bacterial Contamination in Transfusable Platelets in Lilongwe, Malawi." Acta Scientific Microbiology 2, no. 10 (September 5, 2019): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31080/asmi.2019.02.0363.

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Howard, Al, Mk Komwa, R. Yohane, and Kh Jacobsen. "Household market participation and stunting in preschool children in Lilongwe, Malawi." South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition 24, no. 4 (January 2011): 202–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16070658.2011.11734389.

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23

Hauser, Blake M., William C. Miller, Hannock Tweya, Colin Speight, Tiwonge Mtande, Sam Phiri, LM Ball, Mina C. Hosseinipour, Irving F. Hoffman, and Nora E. Rosenberg. "Assessing Option B+ retention and infant follow-up in Lilongwe, Malawi." International Journal of STD & AIDS 29, no. 2 (July 27, 2017): 185–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462417721658.

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Malawi launched Option B+, a program for all pregnant or breastfeeding HIV-positive women to begin lifelong combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), in July 2011. This study characterises a portion of the continuum of care within an antenatal setting in Lilongwe. Women testing HIV-positive and having a cART initiation record at Bwaila Antenatal Clinic from July 2013 to January 2014 were included. Using logistic regression models, we analysed relationships between maternal characteristics and return for infant testing. Among 490 HIV-positive women with a cART initiation record, 360 (73%) were retained at three months. Of these, 203 (56%) were adherent. Records of infant testing were located for 204 women (42%). Women who were not retained were less likely to have an early infant diagnosis record (aOR = 0.20; 95% CI: 0.10, 0.41). Among the women retained, there was a non-significant association between maternal adherence and infant testing (OR = 1.35; 95% CI: 0.89, 2.06). Women lost at earlier continuum stages, who are at higher risk for mother-to-child-transmission, were less likely to bring infants for testing. Even with a test-and-treat program, many women did not remain in care or bring their infant for testing. Facilitating strategies to improve these measures remains an important unmet need.

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Kendig, C. E., J. C. Samuel, C. Varela, N. Msiska, M. M. Kiser, S. E. McLean, B. A. Cairns, and A. G. Charles. "Pediatric Surgical Care in Lilongwe, Malawi: Outcomes and Opportunities for Improvement." Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 60, no. 5 (April 25, 2014): 352–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tropej/fmu026.

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Harries, Anthony D., Christopher J. Forshaw, and Howard M. Friend. "Malaria prophylaxis amongst British residents of Lilongwe and Kasungu districts, Malawi." Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 82, no. 5 (September 1988): 690–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(88)90200-3.

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Njira, Keston O. W., Ernest Semu, Jerome P. Mrema, and Patson C. Nalivata. "Pigeon Pea and Cowpea-Based Cropping Systems Improve Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Colonisation of Subsequent Maize on the Alfisols in Central Malawi." International Journal of Microbiology 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2096314.

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Mycorrhizal associations contribute to the sustainability of crop production systems through their roles in nutrient cycling and other benefits in the soil-plant ecosystems. A two-year study was conducted on the Alfisols of Lilongwe and Dowa districts, Central Malawi, to assess the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungal colonisation levels in pigeon pea, cowpea, and maize grown in sole cropping, legume-cereal, and legume-legume intercropping systems and in the maize grown in short rotation (year 2) as influenced by the previous cropping systems and N fertilizer application. The gridline intersect method was used to assess the VAM fungal colonisation levels. Results showed that all treatments that included legumes whether grown as sole crop, in legume-cereal or in legume-legume cropping systems in the previous year, had significantly higher (P < 0.05) VAM fungal colonisation of the rotational maize crop roots by a range 39% to 50% and 19% to 47% than those in maize supplied and not supplied with N fertilizer, respectively, in a maize-maize short rotation, at the Lilongwe site. A similar trend was reported for the Dowa site. Furthermore, there were positive correlations between VAM fungal colonisation and the plant P content, dry matter yield, and nodule numbers. Further studies may help to assess the diversity of VAM fungal species in Malawi soils and identify more adaptive ones for inoculation studies.

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Chapola, John, Fan Lee, Agatha Bula, Clement Mapanje, Billy Rodwell Phiri, Nenani Kamtuwange, Mercy Tsidya, Jennifer H. Tang, and Lameck Chinula. "Barriers to follow-up after an abnormal cervical cancer screening result and the role of male partners: a qualitative study." BMJ Open 11, no. 9 (September 2021): e049901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-049901.

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IntroductionCervical cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths among women in Malawi, but preventable through screening. Malawi primarily uses visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) for screening, however, a follow-up for positive screening results remains a major barrier, in rural areas. We interviewed women who underwent a community-based screen-and-treat campaign that offered same-day treatment with thermocoagulation, a heat-based ablative procedure for VIA-positive lesions, to understand the barriers in accessing post-treatment follow-up and the role of male partners in contributing to, or overcoming these barriers.MethodsWe conducted in-depths interviews with 17 women recruited in a pilot study that evaluated the safety and acceptability of community-based screen-and-treat programme using VIA and thermocoagulation for cervical cancer prevention in rural Lilongwe, Malawi. Ten of the women interviewed presented for post-treatment follow-up at the healthcare facility and seven did not. The interviews were analysed for thematic content surrounding barriers for attending for follow-up and role of male partners in screening.ResultsTransportation was identified as a major barrier to post-thermocoagulation follow-up appointment, given long distances to the healthcare facility. Male partners were perceived as both a barrier for some, that is, not supportive of 6-week post-thermocoagulation abstinence recommendation, and as an important source of support for others, that is, encouraging follow-up attendance, providing emotional support to maintaining post-treatment abstinence and as a resource in overcoming transportation barriers. Regardless, the majority of women desired more male partner involvement in cervical cancer screening.ConclusionDespite access to same-day treatment, long travel distances to health facilities for post-treatment follow-up visits remained a major barrier for women in rural Lilongwe. Male partners were identified both as a barrier to, and an important source of support for accessing and completing the screen-and-treat programme. To successfully eliminate cervical cancer in Malawi, it is imperative to understand the day-to-day barriers women face in accessing preventative care.

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Mbichila, Tinkhani H., Maganizo Chagomerana, Jennifer H. Tang, Lisa B. Haddad, Mina C. Hosseinipour, Hannock Tweya, and Samuel Phiri. "Partnership duration and HIV serodisclosure among people living with HIV/AIDS in Lilongwe, Malawi." International Journal of STD & AIDS 29, no. 10 (May 10, 2018): 987–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462418769730.

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HIV serodisclosure to sexual partners is an important aspect of HIV prevention, treatment, and care. We investigated the association between partnership duration and serodisclosure among HIV-infected individuals in Lilongwe, Malawi. We analyzed data from a cross-sectional study of individuals attending one of two antiretroviral therapy (ART) clinics in Lilongwe. Clients aged 18–45 years and sexually active within the past six months were eligible. Logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the association between partnership duration ≤1 year and serodisclosure. Five hundred and sixty-two participants completed the survey: 308 (55%) women and 254 (45%) men. Median age was 35 years (IQR 30–40), 90% were married, 88% were on ART, and 95% had serodisclosed to their partner. Marital status, knowledge of partner serostatus, and ART use were significantly associated with serodisclosure. Participants in a relationship for ≤1 year were significantly less likely to disclose their serostatus to their partners compared to those in a relationship for >1 year (OR = 0.18, 95% CI: 0.06, 0.58). Couple-based interventions that encourage serodisclosure among partners within their first year of relationship should be developed to decrease HIV transmission, encourage treatment and support.

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Ahlsén, Anna Karin, Elinor Spong, Nomsa Kafumba, Francis Kamwendo, and Kerstin Wolff. "Born too small: who survives in the public hospitals in Lilongwe, Malawi?" Archives of Disease in Childhood - Fetal and Neonatal Edition 100, no. 2 (December 16, 2014): F150—F154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2013-305877.

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Akinkuotu, A., E. Roemer, A. Richardson, D. C. Namarika, C. Munthali, A. Bahling, I. F. Hoffman, and M. C. Hosseinipour. "In-hospital mortality rates and HIV: a medical ward review, Lilongwe, Malawi." International Journal of STD & AIDS 22, no. 8 (August 2011): 465–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/ijsa.2011.011021.

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Khonje, Lameck Zetu, Mulala Danny Simatele, and Regis Musavengane. "Environmental sustainability innovations in the accommodation sub-sector: Views from Lilongwe, Malawi." Development Southern Africa 37, no. 2 (September 4, 2019): 312–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0376835x.2019.1660861.

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Haddad, L., C. Cwiak, D. Jamieson, C. Feldacker, M. Hosseinipour, I. Hoffman, A. Bryant, G. Stuart, and S. Phiri. "Condom use among HIV-positive women desiring family planning in Lilongwe, Malawi." Contraception 84, no. 3 (September 2011): 324–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2011.05.086.

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Phiri, Abel F. N. D., Akebe Luther King Abia, Daniel Gyamfi Amoako, Rajab Mkakosya, Arnfinn Sundsfjord, Sabiha Y. Essack, and Gunnar Skov Simonsen. "Burden, Antibiotic Resistance, and Clonality of Shigella spp. Implicated in Community-Acquired Acute Diarrhoea in Lilongwe, Malawi." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 6, no. 2 (April 28, 2021): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed6020063.

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Although numerous studies have investigated diarrhoea aetiology in many sub-Saharan African countries, recent data on Shigella species’ involvement in community-acquired acute diarrhoea (CA-AD) in Malawi are scarce. This study investigated the incidence, antibiotic susceptibility profile, genotypic characteristics, and clonal relationships of Shigella flexneri among 243 patients presenting with acute diarrhoea at a District Hospital in Lilongwe, Malawi. Shigella spp. were isolated and identified using standard microbiological and serological methods and confirmed by identifying the ipaH gene using real-time polymerase chain reaction. The isolates’ antibiotic susceptibility to 20 antibiotics was determined using the VITEK 2 system according to EUCAST guidelines. Genes conferring resistance to sulfamethoxazole (sul1, sul2 and sul3), trimethoprim (dfrA1, dfrA12 and dfrA17) and ampicillin (oxa-1 and oxa-2), and virulence genes (ipaBCD, sat, ial, virA, sen, set1A and set1B) were detected by real-time PCR. Clonal relatedness was assessed using ERIC-PCR. Thirty-four Shigella flexneri isolates were isolated (an overall incidence of 14.0%). All the isolates were fully resistant to sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (100%) and ampicillin (100%) but susceptible to the other antibiotics tested. The sul1 (79%), sul2 (79%), sul3 (47%), dfrA12 (71%) and dfrA17 (56%) sulfonamide and trimethoprim resistance genes were identified; Oxa-1, oxa-2 and dfrA1 were not detected. The virulence genes ipaBCD (85%), sat (85%), ial (82%), virA (76%), sen (71%), stx (71%), set1A (26%) and set1B (18%) were detected. ERIC-PCR profiling revealed that the Shigella isolates were genetically distinct and clonally unrelated, indicating the potential involvement of genetically distinct S. flexneri in CA-AD in Malawi. The high percentage resistance to ampicillin and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim and the presence of several virulence determinants in these isolates emphasises a need for continuous molecular surveillance studies to inform preventive measures and management of Shigella-associated diarrhoeal infections in Malawi.

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Friend, Jeremy H., Shirin Mason, Anthony D. Harries, Felix M. Salaniponi, and Florian Neuhann. "Management and outcome of TB suspects admitted to the medical wards of a central hospital in Malawi." Tropical Doctor 35, no. 2 (April 1, 2005): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/0049475054037165.

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In a study conducted in the medical wards of Lilongwe Central Hospital, Malawi, 84 (18%) of 470 medical admissions were TB suspects. Of these, 21 (25%) had the diagnosis confirmed; the median length of time between admission and starting anti-TB treatment was 10 days. Of the remaining TB suspects, 24 (29%) had another diagnosis made, principally pneumonia, and 39 (46%) had no diagnosis made, with half of these patients dying under investigation in hospital. Improved and more rapid ways of managing TB suspects need to be found.

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Kakani, Preeti, Noah Kojima, Ben A. Banda, Samuel Lewis, Rajat Suri, Florence Chibwana, Mackenzie Chivwara, et al. "Increasing cervical cancer screening at a non-government medical center in Lilongwe, Malawi." International Journal of STD & AIDS 32, no. 10 (April 28, 2021): 933–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09564624211007260.

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Malawi has the highest incidence of and mortality rate due to cervical cancer in the world. This is largely because of inadequate screening and high rates of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, which greatly increases cervical cancer risk. We describe the implementation of a quality improvement program to increase use of cervical cancer screening at a non-government medical center in Lilongwe, Malawi. The intervention, developed and launched from March to August 2017, aimed to promote education among patients and clinicians about the importance of cervical cancer screening and improve accessibility of screening information within medical records. Visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) was used to screen for cervical cancer. Women with a positive VIA were offered treatment using thermocoagulation. The number of VIA screenings conducted in 2016 (pre-intervention), 2017 (intervention), and 2018 (post-intervention) was 125, 234 and 456, respectively. Of the 815 women screened during this period, 36 (4.4%) had a VIA-positive result and 12 (1.5%) had suspect cancer. Of the VIA-positive women, 13 (36.1%) received same-day treatment with thermocoagulation. An interrupted time series regression revealed that there was a sustained increase in monthly screenings between the pre- and post-intervention period ( β = 30.84; p = 0.006; 95% CI 9.72–51.97), suggesting that the intervention likely was effective in increasing cervical cancer screening. Our results demonstrate that focusing on developing sustainable solutions and improving system processes, without additional equipment or funding, significantly increased the number of women screened and should be considered in other settings to enhance cervical cancer prevention services.

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Nkwopara, Evangelyn, Robert Schmicker, Tisungane Mvalo, Susanne May, and Amy Sarah Ginsburg. "Geographically linked risk factors for enrolment into a fast breathing child pneumonia trial in Lilongwe, Malawi: an Innovative Treatments in Pneumonia (ITIP) secondary analysis." BMJ Open Respiratory Research 6, no. 1 (April 2019): e000414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjresp-2019-000414.

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BackgroundPneumonia is the leading infectious killer of children less than 5 years of age worldwide. In addition to vaccines that help prevent pneumonia, understanding the environmental and socioeconomic risk factors for child pneumonia is critical to further prevention.MethodsData from children with fast breathing pneumonia enrolled in a non-inferiority clinical trial assessing the effectiveness of 3-day placebo versus antibiotic treatment in Lilongwe, Malawi were used to examine environmental and socioeconomic characteristics within the study population. Location of residence was collected for enrolled children, and spatial enrolment rates were compared across Lilongwe using a spatial scan statistic.ResultsData from 1101 children were analysed. Three urban subdistricts (locally known as ‘Areas’) (Areas 24, 36 and 38) out of 51 were identified with higher than expected enrolment. These three areas were associated with higher rates of poverty (37.8% vs 23.9%) as well as informal settlements and poorer sanitation (42.4% vs 7.4%) than other areas. Parents of enrolled children from these areas also had lower rates of secondary education compared with parents of children enrolled from other areas (55% vs 67% (p<0.01) among fathers; 47% vs 54% (p<0.01) among mothers).ConclusionIn Lilongwe, areas with higher rates of poverty, informal settlements and poor sanitation contributed higher than expected enrolment of children to our fast breathing child pneumonia clinical trial when compared with other areas. Additional research is needed to evaluate the impact of environmental and socioeconomic risk factors, along with vaccination status, on the incidence of fast breathing pneumonia in children living in this region.

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Sambakusi, Cecilia S. "Knowledge, attitudes and practices related to self-medication with antimicrobials in Lilongwe, Malawi." Malawi Medical Journal 31, no. 4 (December 31, 2019): 225–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/mmj.v31i4.2.

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BackgroundThe use of antimicrobials is associated with the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and self-medication increases the risk of the inappropriate use of antimicrobials. This study aims to describe the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding self-medication with antimicrobials among residents in Lilongwe, Malawi.MethodologyThis study has a cross-sectional, mixed-methods design. We conducted two focus group discussions (n=15) to describe community attitudes towards self-medication with antimicrobials and used a structured questionnaire to collect data on individual KAP regarding self-medication from 105 respondents.ResultsSelf-medication was common, and the sources of these medicines were market vendors, pharmacies, drugs shared with friends and family and those leftover from previous treatments. The lack of medical supplies, long distances to health facilities, poor attitudes of medical professionals towards patients, and past experience with the disease and treatment are the main factors that influence self-medication. KAP respondents had little knowledge of antimicrobials, their use, or any awareness of AMR. Seventy-four per cent (n=78) were unable to differentiate antimicrobials from other categories of medicines, and 92.4% wrongly responded that antimicrobials could be used to stop a fever. Concerning attitudes towards self-medication, over 54% wrongly believe that antimicrobials are effective in treating common colds. In regard to practice, 53% reported that they would use antimicrobials to treat upper respiratory infections, and 41% agreed that they must complete antibiotic therapy even if they are improving. Logistic regression analysis found that stocking antimicrobials at home for future use significantly promotes self-medication whereas an awareness of AMR would reduce self-medication.ConclusionSelf-medication is a public health risk that needs to be addressed urgently. Findings from this study point to the need for multifaceted interventions.

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Mwafulirwa, Tapika, Michele S. O’Shea, Gloria Hamela, Emilia Samuel, Christine Chingondole, Virginia Chipangula, Mina C. Hosseinipour, and Jennifer H. Tang. "Family Planning Providers’ Experiences and Perceptions of LongActing Reversible Contraception in Lilongwe, Malawi." African Journal of Reproductive Health 20, no. 2 (June 29, 2016): 62–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.29063/ajrh2016/v20i2.7.

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Munthali, Kondwani G., and Yuji Murayama. "Land use/cover change detection and analysis for Dzalanyama forest reserve, Lilongwe, Malawi." Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 21 (2011): 203–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.07.035.

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Kamanga, G., K. Powers, C. Mapanje, N. Mkandawire, H. Milonde, H. Kanyamula, P. Wiyo, F. Martinson, W. Miller, and I. Hoffman. "P1-S1.24 Longitudinal trends in syndromic STI diagnoses in Lilongwe, Malawi: 2006-2010." Sexually Transmitted Infections 87, Suppl 1 (July 1, 2011): A109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2011-050108.24.

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Tanga, Pius T., Abie Sumbulu, and Benson L. Kansinjiro. "Challenges Facing Decentralization and Child Welfare in Ntchisi and Lilongwe Districts in Malawi." Journal of Social Sciences 42, no. 1-2 (January 2015): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09718923.2015.11893398.

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Driessen, Julia, Marco Cioffi, Noor Alide, Zach Landis-Lewis, Gervase Gamadzi, Oliver Jintha Gadabu, and Gerald Douglas. "Modeling return on investment for an electronic medical record system in Lilongwe, Malawi." Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 20, no. 4 (July 2013): 743–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/amiajnl-2012-001242.

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Beadles, W. I., A. Jahn, R. Weigel, and D. Clutterbuck. "Peripheral neuropathy in HIV-positive patients at an antiretroviral clinic in Lilongwe, Malawi." Tropical Doctor 39, no. 2 (April 2009): 78–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/td.2008.080213.

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Munthali, Kondwani Godwin, and Yuji Murayama. "Modeling deforestation in Dzalanyama Forest Reserve, Lilongwe, Malawi: a multi-agent simulation approach." GeoJournal 80, no. 5 (August 24, 2014): 743–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10708-014-9592-4.

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Barnett, Brian S., Veronica Kusunzi, Lucy Magola, Christina P. C. Borba, Michael Udedi, Kazione Kulisewa, and Mina C. Hosseinipour. "Risk factors for readmission among a cohort of psychiatric inpatients in Lilongwe, Malawi." International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice 24, no. 1 (December 4, 2019): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13651501.2019.1699116.

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Thorp, Marguerite, Kara-Lee Pool, Christopher Tymchuk, and Faysal Saab. "WhatsApp Linking Lilongwe, Malawi to Los Angeles: Impacting Medical Education and Clinical Management." Annals of Global Health 87, no. 1 (February 18, 2021): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/aogh.3156.

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Stokes, Mary, Amber Olson, Mtisunge Chan'gombe, Bakari Rajab, Isabel Janmey, Carolyn Mwalwanda, Judy Levison, and Rachel Pope. "Reinventing the Pregnancy Wheel to Improve Pregnancy Dating and Antenatal Care Visits: A Pilot Randomized Trial in Malawi." International Journal of Maternal and Child Health and AIDS (IJMA) 10, no. 1 (May 7, 2021): 139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21106/ijma.474.

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Background and Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of a customized, culturally sensitive pregnancy wheel given to pregnant women to improve gestational age dating accuracy at the time of delivery and to improve antenatal care attendance. Methods: This was a pilot randomized trial involving pregnant women presenting to a regional hospital in Lilongwe, Malawi. The primary outcome was accuracy of gestational age at the time of presentation to the hospital in labor. The secondary outcome was the number of antenatal visits. Results: At final analysis, 14 subjects were included in the pregnancy wheel (intervention) arm and 11 in the standard care arm. Fifty percent (n=7) of women in the intervention arm were accurately dated at the time of presentation for delivery, compared to only 9% (n=1) in the standard antenatal care arm (p=0.04). There was not a significant difference in the number of antenatal visits between the two study arms. No patients met the World Health Organization’s recommended eight antenatal care visits for prenatal care. Conclusion and Global Health Implications: The customized pregnancy wheel given to patients could improve gestational age dating accuracy, and as a result, clinical decision making. However, the barriers to greater antenatal care access are more complex and likely require a more complex solution. Significant attrition in this pilot trial limited statistical power, suggesting the need for future larger interventions. Accurate gestational dating requires access to ultrasonography and early antenatal care initiation, both of which are inadequate in Malawi. Although the customized pregnancy wheel did not improve antenatal care attendance, it improved gestational age dating accuracy in a pilot study at a central hospital in Lilongwe, Malawi. Copyright © 2021 Stokes et al. Published by Global Health and Education Projects, Inc. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in this journal, is properly cited.

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Calantropio, A., F. Chiabrando, J. Comino, A. M. Lingua, P. F. Maschio, and T. Juskauskas. "UP4DREAM CAPACITY BUILDING PROJECT: UAS BASED MAPPING IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B5-2021 (June 30, 2021): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b5-2021-65-2021.

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Abstract. UP4DREAM (UAV Photogrammetry for Developing Resilience and Educational Activities in Malawi) is a cooperative project cofounded by ISPRS between the Polytechnic University of Turin and the United Nations Children Fund (UNICEF) Malawi, with the support of two local Universities (Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, and Mzuzu University), and Agisoft LLC (for the use of their photogrammetry and computer vision software suite). Malawi is a flood-prone landlocked country constantly facing natural and health challenges, which prevent the country's sustainable socio-economic development. Frequent naturals shocks leave vulnerable communities food insecure. Moreover, Malawi suffers from high rates of HIV, as well as it has endemic malaria. The UP4DREAM project focuses on one of the drone project's critical priorities in Malawi (Imagery). It aims to start a capacity-building initiative in line with other mapping missions in developing countries, focusing on the realization and management of large-scale cartography (using GIS - Geographic Information Systems) and on the generation of 3D products based on the UAV-acquired data. The principal aim of UP4DREAM is to ensure that local institutions, universities, researchers, service companies, and manufacturers operating in the humanitarian drone corridor, established by UNICEF in 2017, will have the proper knowledge and understanding of the photogrammetry and spatial information best practices, to perform large-scale aerial data acquisition, processing, share and manage in the most efficient, cost-effective and scientifically rigorous way.

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Ntopi, Simon, Ellen Chirwa, and Alfred Maluwa. "Relationship between role stressors, job tasks and job satisfaction among health surveillance assistants in Malawi: a cross-sectional study." BMJ Open 10, no. 11 (November 2020): e037000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037000.

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ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to investigate the role stressors, sociodemographic characteristics and job tasks of health surveillance assistants (HSAs) and to explore major predictors of role stressors and job satisfaction of HSAs in Malawi.SettingData were collected from health centres and hospitals of three Malawi districts of Mangochi, Lilongwe and Mzimba.ParticipantsRespondents were 430 HSAs. 50.20% of them were male, while 49.8% were female.DesignA cross-sectional study of the observational correlational design was carried out.Main outcome measuresRespondents perceptions of job tasks, role stressors and job satisfaction.ResultsThe key findings of this study were role ambiguity and role overload were significantly negatively related to job satisfaction, while role conflict was insignificantly related to job satisfaction. Additionally, the clinical tasks of the HSAs and some of the sociodemographic variables were associated with the role stressors and job satisfaction of the HSAs in Malawi.ConclusionsSince the HSAs clinical tasks were significantly related to all role stressors, there is need by the government of Malawi to design strategies to control the role stressors to ensure increased job performance and job satisfaction among HSAs. Furthermore, studies may be required in the future to assist government to control role stressors among HSAs in Malawi.

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Shea, Jaclyn, Agatha Bula, Wezzie Dunda, Mina C. Hosseinipour, Carol E. Golin, Irving F. Hoffman, William C. Miller, Vivian F. Go, Thandie Lungu, and Kathryn E. Lancaster. "“The Drug Will Help Protect My Tomorrow”: Perceptions of Integrating PrEP into HIV Prevention Behaviors Among Female Sex Workers in Lilongwe, Malawi." AIDS Education and Prevention 31, no. 5 (October 2019): 421–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/aeap.2019.31.5.421.

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Female sex workers (FSW) are disproportionately at risk for HIV. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is an effective HIV prevention method, yet approaches for incorporating PrEP within prevention strategies used by FSW are lacking. Semistructured focus group discussions were conducted with 44 HIV-negative FSW in Lilongwe, Malawi to explore perceptions of PrEP: acceptability, integration within HIV prevention behaviors, and barriers to use. Acceptability of PrEP was high. Motivation to use PrEP was rooted in love for one's life, anticipated negative economic effects associated with HIV acquisition. PrEP was viewed as complementary to existing norms for engaging in healthy sexual behaviors. Many felt PrEP may provide extra protection from HIV, along with condoms and frequent STI testing. Unpredictable daily lives, stigma, and side effects were barriers that could affect PrEP use. Leveraging existing HIV prevention strategies and social norms surrounding HIV prevention behaviors may positively impact PrEP uptake among FSW in Malawi and sub-Saharan Africa.

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