Academic literature on the topic 'Limbach (Concentration camp)'

Biodegradable plastic production has been developed for a long time by researchers. Data from Ministry of Industry in 2017 stated Indonesia's plastic production reached 3.9 million tons/ year. In this study, the raw materials used came from untapped waste, namely coffee skin, biodiesel-waste glycerol and shrimp-shells chitosan. In this research, biodegradable plastic films have been produced with the addition of glycerol and coffee skin waste with chitosan concentration variations of 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8%. After the optimum conditions were obtained by comparing the elongation and tensile strength values, then the variations in coffee skin waste were added with a weight of 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 g. Tensile strength and elongation values with variations of chitosan were 0.2-1.87 MPa and 0.22-0.15%, respectively. Whereas the variation of tensile strength and elongation coffee skins were 1.8-0.27 MPa and 0.14-0.2%, respectively. The optimum conditions for producing biodegradable plastic films were obtained with variations of chitosan 4% and 2 g coffee skin with tensile strength and elongation values of 0.98 MPa and 0.16%. The tensile strength and elongation data produced from biodegradable plastic was still below the standard value of commercial plastic or synthetic plastic (HDPE) with values of tensile strength and elongation of 28.64 MPa and 6.5186% respectively.

Burst firing mediated by a low-threshold spike (LTS) is the hallmark of many thalamic neurons. However, postburst afterhyperpolarizations (AHPs) are relatively uncommon in thalamus. We now report data from patch-clamp recordings in rat brain slice preparations that reveal an LTS-induced slow AHP (sAHP) in thalamic paraventricular (PVT) and other midline neurons, but not in ventrobasal or reticular thalamic neurons. The LTS-induced sAHP lasts 8.9 ± 0.4 s and has a novel pharmacology, with resistance to tetrodotoxin and cadmium and reduction by Ni2+ or nominally zero extracellular calcium concentration, which also attenuate both the LTS and sAHP. The sAHP is inhibited by 10 mM intracellular EGTA or by equimolar replacement of extracellular Ca2+ with Sr2+, consistent with select activation of LVA T-type Ca2+ channels and subsequent Ca2+ influx. In control media, the sAHP reverses near EK+, shifting to −78 mV in 10.1 mM [K+]o and is reduced by Ba2+ or tetraethylammonium. Although these data are consistent with opening of Ca2+-activated K+ channels, this sAHP lacks sensitivity to specific Ca2+-activated K+ channel blockers apamin, iberiotoxin, charybdotoxin, and UCL-2077. The LTS-induced sAHP is suppressed by a β-adrenoceptor agonist isoproterenol, a serotonin 5-HT7 receptor agonist 5-CT, a neuropeptide orexin-A, and by stimulation of the cAMP/protein kinase A pathway with 8-Br-cAMP and forskolin. The data suggest that PVT and certain midline thalamic neurons possess an LTS-induced sAHP that is pharmacologically distinct and may be important for information transfer in thalamic–limbic circuitry during states of attentiveness and motivation.

ABSTRAK Sungai Silandak terletak di Kota Semarang, Jawa Tengah. Sungai ini menerima limbah yang berasal dari kegiatan industri plastik yang dialirkan ke perairan, dan juga menerima aliran limbah rumah tangga serta terdapat banyak sarana transportasi air di bagian muara sungai.Limbah yang berasal dari industri tersebut mengandung logam berat timbal dan kadmium.Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan April 2016 – Mei 2016 di Sungai Silandak yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui konsentrasi kadmium dan timbal, mengetahui kelimpahan danstruktur komunitas fitoplankton, dan mengetahui hubungan kadmium dan timbal dengan kelimpahan fitoplankton. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode survei dengan teknik samplingpurposive sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan konsentrasi kadmium di lokasi penelitian berkisar antara 0,0007 - 0,001 mg/l, sedangkan konsentrasi timbalberkisar antara 0,002 - 0,007 mg/l. Kelimpahan fitoplankton berkisar antara 1826 - 6730 ind/l, indeks keanekaragaman (H’) dengan angka 1.747 – 2.828, Indeks dominasi (d) diperoleh hasil dengan angka 0.077 – 0.284, dan indeks keseragaman (e) dengan angka 0.645 – 0.890. Tidak ada hubungan yang signifikan antara kadmium dengan kelimpahan fitoplankton dengan angka koefisien korelasi (r) sebesar 0.179 menunjukkan korelasi lemah.Tidak ada hubungan yang signifikan antara logam berat timbal dengan kelimpahan fitoplankton, diperoleh angka koefisien korelasi (r) sebesar 0.261 menunjukkan korelasi lemah.PCA (Principle Component Analysis) digunakan untuk mengetahui hubungan kadmium dan timbal dengan kelimpahan genera fitoplankton. Terdapat hubungan signifikan logam berat timbal dengan kelimpahan genus Dyctyocha sp dan Bacteriastrum sp di level 0.05 dari rentang kepercayaan 95 %, korelasi kuat negatif dengan koefisien korelasi -0.68. Kata Kunci :Kadmium; Cd; Timbal; Pb; Kelimpahan Fitoplankton;Logam Berat; SungaiSilandak. ABSTRACT Silandak river is located in Semarang, Central Java. This river is suspect to receiving waste came from plastic industry activity which is streamed to the water, and also receiving household waste stream and there are plenty of water transportation in the section of the estuary. Waste from the industry is suspected contain heavy metals cadmium and lead.The study was conducted in April 2016 - May 2016 in the River of Silandak which aimed to determine the concentration of cadmium and lead, to determine the abundance and the phytoplankton community structure, and to determine the correlation of cadmium and lead with the abundance of phytoplankton. The study used survey method with purposive sampling technique. The results showed the concentration of cadmium in the study locations was within the range of 0.0007 to 0.001 mg/l, while the concentration of lead was within the range of 0.002 to 0.007 mg/l. The abundance of phytoplankton ranged between 1826 - 6730 ind/l, the rate of diversity index (H’) was within the range of1.747 - 2.828, the dominance index (d) obtained results within the rate of 0.077 - 0.284, and evenness index (e) within the rate of 0.645 - 0.890. There was no significant correlation between cadmium with the abundance of phytoplankton with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.179 which means weak correlations. There was no significant correlation between the heavy metals lead with the abundance of phytoplankton, the rate of the correlation coefficient (r) of 0.261 which means weak correlations. PCA (Principle Component Analysis) is used to determine the correlation cadmium and lead with the abundance of phytoplankton genus. There was a significant correlations of heavy metals lead with the abundance Dyctyocha sp and Bacteriastrum sp genus at 0.05 levels the range of 95%, a strong negative correlation with a correlation coefficient of -0.68. Keywords: Cadmium; Cd; Lead; Pb;Phytoplankton Abundance; Heavy Metal;Silandak River.

Lithium is an effective drug for both the treatment and prophylaxis of bipolar disorder. However, the precise mechanism of lithium action is not yet well understood. Extensive research aiming to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of lithium has revealed several possible targets. The behavioral and physiological manifestations of the illness are complex and are mediated by a network of interconnected neurotransmitter pathways. Thus, lithium's ability to modulate the release of serotonin at presynaptic sites and modulate receptor-mediated supersensitivity in the brain remains a relevant line of investigation. However, it is at the molecular level that some of the most exciting advances in the understanding of the long-term therapeutic action of lithium will continue in the coming years. The lithium cation possesses the selective ability, at clinically relevant concentrations, to alter the PI second-messenger system, potentially altering the activity and dynamic regulation of receptors that are coupled to this intracellular response. Subtypes of muscarinic receptors in the limbic system may represent particularly sensitive targets in this regard. Likewise, preclinical data have shown that lithium regulates arachidonic acid and the protein kinase C signaling cascades. It also indirectly regulates a number of factors involved in cell survival pathways, including cAMP response element binding protein, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, bcl-2 and mitogen-activated protein kinases, and may thus bring about delayed long-term beneficial effects via under-appreciated neurotrophic effects. Identification of the molecular targets for lithium in the brain could lead to the elucidation of the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder and the discovery of a new generation of mood stabilizers, which in turn may lead to improvements in the long-term outcome of this devastating illness (1).

Industrial sector is the second priority in development of Tanjungpinang city. The mining industry, processing industry, transport and food are thriving . People has the opinion that a small industry is an industry that does not threaten the environment, so that the small-scale industrial waste are sometimes were forgotten due to it is not significant, and not too dangerous, whereas the B3 waste contained in domestic waste can cause disturbance of marine life and the ecosystem this will have potential to destroy the ecosystem. This study aims to explain the impact of B3 and domestic waste pollution to the environment, especially marine waters to marine life, and feedback to the provincial government for the formulation strategy of the management of the Tanjungpinang waters environment. For the analysis, 10 water samples and 15 aquatic biota was taken at different locations. While the quantitative analysis of pollutants carried by observing a population of the elements of hazardous substances from sediment samples, water and biota network. XRF techniques (X-Ray Fluorescence) and AAS (Atomic Absorbance Spectroscopy) used for the analysis content of the samples. The pollution index determined by compare metal concentration ratio the polluted areas with the standard metal concentration areas that were not polluted. The results show that the coastal water of tanjungpinang have been contaminated by heavy metals (As, Cd, Cu , Pb, Zn, and Ni) with pollution index 2.91 - 5.96. The pollutant Metals were came from the human activities in the shipbuilding industry usually Pb and Zn which is the main component of the paint. While heavy metals such as arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu) probably derived from bauxite mining activity, the high levels of nitrate is a sign of agricultural activities that use fertilizers. Unfortunately the rest of it discharged into the coastal waters of Tanjungpinang city, and there is also pollution of E-coli from human waste. Biota that live in the waters of Tanjungpinang have been contaminated by heavy metals (Hg, Zn, and Ar) by bioaccumulation. The related activity of the pollutant was the bauxite processing industry in the past. Heavy metal pollution is highest in Kijing (Pilsbryoconcha exillis) which includes : Hg, Cr, As, Cu, Zn, Ni, and the dimersal fish that have limited movement. Feedback given is that provincial governments do mangrove reforestation along the coast and estuaries, and create marine conservation areas determination of areas (KKLD) in the strait Dompak water. Key Words : heavy metals, marine life, coastal water of tanjungpinang, mangrove

Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) is an important compartment within water column due to its capability in adsorbing pollutant like heavy metals. However, there was limited information regarding SPM and its heavy metals content in Jakarta Bay. Therefore, this study was proposed to understand the spatial distribution, source and to assess metal content in SPM in Jakarta Bay. The samples were collected from 24 stations in April 2011 and were then analyzed using acid digestion processes adopted from USEPA 3050b. The generated data were then modeled to determine the spatial distribution of metals in SPM. The result revealed that the concentration of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in SPM were as follow: 10-110; 21-472; 14-356; 7-107; 87-4255 mg.kg-1, respectively. Since Cd, Pb and Zn in SPM were majorly concentrated in the area closed to harboring activities, the activities was suspected in contributing of high input of those metals, meanwhile, Cu and Ni was mostly came from riverine runoff. The computation of Index of Geoaccumulation (Igeo) revealed that the major area in Jakarta Bay was unpolluted by Cu, Pb, Zn, and Ni in SPM however 96% of the selected area were strongly contaminated by Cd in SPM. Thus, this study emphasized that harbor area as a dominant source of metals in SPM in Jakarta Bay and required to be well managed.Keywords: Jakarta Bay, Suspended Particulate Matter, heavy metals, contamination.Materi Partikulat Tersuspensi (SPM) merupakan bagian penting dalam kolom air karena kemampuannya dalam menjerat polutan seperti logam berat. Akan tetapi, informasi mengenai SPM dan kandungan logam berat dalam SPM di Teluk Jakarta terbatas. Oleh karena itu, tujuan dari studi ini adalah untuk mengetahui distribusi spasial, dan sumber logam berat serta menilai kualitas lingkungan berdasar kandungan logam berat dalam SPM di Teluk Jakarta. Sampel SPM diambil dari 24 titik observasi pada bulan April 2011 kemudian dianalisis dengan proses digestif asam yang diadopsi dari USEPA 3050b. Data yang didapat kemudian dimodelkan untuk mengetahui distribusi spasial logam berat dalam SPM. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb dan Zn dalam SPM secara berurutan sebagai berikut: 10-110; 21-472; 14-356; 7-107; 87-4255 mg.kg-1. Cd, Pb dan Zn lebih ditengarai bersumber dari aktivitas pelabuhan karena konsentrasi Cd, Pb dan Zn di area tersebut tinggi sementara Cu dan Ni lebih banyak berasal dari limpasan sungai. Perhitungan Indeks Geoakumulasi (Igeo) menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar area tidak tercemar oleh Cu, Pb, Zn dan Ni akan tetapi 96% area teramati tercemar Cd. Oleh karena itu, studi ini menyarankan untuk ditingkatkannya manajemen pembuangan limbah di pelabuhan sebagai sumber logam.Kata kunci: Teluk Jakarta, Materi Partikulat Tersuspensi, logam berat, pencemaran.