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Journal articles on the topic 'Limbic Brain'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 1 August 2025

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1

PANTEL, JOHANNES. "The Limbic Brain." American Journal of Psychiatry 160, no. 1 (2003): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.160.1.193.

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Alhussinan, Modhi. "Limbic system." Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery 8, no. 3 (2021): 01–04. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2578-8868/159.

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The limbic system forms a crucial part of the human brain. It is a network of structures that set beneath temporal lobe and on both sides of thalamus. It has a wide range of functions which mainly involve in our behavioral and emotional responses. Therefore, any disruption to the system may lead to devastating neurological conditions. This essay will explore the structure of the limbic system, its functional organization utilizing neurological diseases or damage to demonstrate the association between that specific affected brain region and function.

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3

Wallace, Dr Sheila. "LIMBIC SEIZURES IN CHILDREN." Brain 125, no. 2 (2002): 436–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awf018.

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4

P, Gamba. "Vestibular-limbic relationships: Brain mapping." Insights on the Depression and Anxiety 2, no. 1 (2017): 007–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.29328/journal.ida.1001006.

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5

Morgane, Peter J., and David J. Mokler. "The limbic brain: Continuing resolution." Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 30, no. 2 (2006): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.04.020.

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6

Darnell, Robert B., and Jerome B. Posner. "A new cause of limbic encephalopathy." Brain 128, no. 8 (2005): 1745–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awh592.

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7

Albar, Zainab, and Abdus Sattar. "Effects of Parental Internalizing and Externalizing Behavior Problems on Children’s Limbic Brain Structures—An MRI Study." Brain Sciences 12, no. 10 (2022): 1319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12101319.

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Parental behavior problems have long-term effects on children’s limbic brain structures and functions. Parental behavior problems-related brain changes in children may lead to mental disorders and behavior dysfunction later in life. However, our understanding of the relationship between parental behavior and children’s brain structures is less obvious when children and adolescents are studied in a general population without mental disorders. The majority of studies on the relationship between parental behavior and adolescent brain structure have been focused on severe forms of the following pa

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Abuaf, Amanda Frisosky, Samuel R. Bunting, Sara Klein, et al. "Analysis of the extent of limbic system changes in multiple sclerosis using FreeSurfer and voxel-based morphometry approaches." PLOS ONE 17, no. 9 (2022): e0274778. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0274778.

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Background and purpose The limbic brain is involved in diverse cognitive, emotional, and autonomic functions. Injury of the various parts of the limbic system have been correlated with clinical deficits in MS. The purpose of this study was to comprehensively examine different regions of the subcortical limbic system to assess the extent of damage within this entire system as it may be pertinent in correlating with specific aspects of cognitive and behavioral dysfunction in MS by using a fully automated, unbiased segmentation approach. Methods Sixty-seven subjects were included in this study, i

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Kiesow, Hannah, Robin I. M. Dunbar, Joseph W. Kable, et al. "10,000 social brains: Sex differentiation in human brain anatomy." Science Advances 6, no. 12 (2020): eaaz1170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaz1170.

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In human and nonhuman primates, sex differences typically explain much interindividual variability. Male and female behaviors may have played unique roles in the likely coevolution of increasing brain volume and more complex social dynamics. To explore possible divergence in social brain morphology between men and women living in different social environments, we applied probabilistic generative modeling to ~10,000 UK Biobank participants. We observed strong volume effects especially in the limbic system but also in regions of the sensory, intermediate, and higher association networks. Sex-spe

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Kuhn, Jens, and Juan Carlos Baldermann. "Elucidating neural network changes induced by deep brain stimulation for OCD." Brain 143, no. 5 (2020): 1293–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awaa108.

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11

Kaushal, Parth Sarthi, Brijesh Saran, Abhay Bazaz, and Harshit Tiwari. "A brief review of limbic system anatomy, function, and its clinical implication." Santosh University Journal of Health Sciences 10, no. 1 (2024): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/sujhs.sujhs_19_24.

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ABSTRACT Introduction: The limbic system, also known as the paleomammalian cortex, is a complex network of brain regions that plays a crucial role in our behavior, memory, and emotional experiences. Objective: This review aims to explore the structure, role, and clinical implications of the limbic system. It also seeks to understand how the concept of the limbic system has evolved over time, from Broca’s large limbic lobe to MacLean’s triune brain theory. Methods: The study involves an in-depth exploration of the limbic system’s constituent parts, including the limbic cortex, hippocampal forma

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Banwinkler, Magdalena, Hendrik Theis, Stéphane Prange, and Thilo van Eimeren. "Imaging the Limbic System in Parkinson’s Disease—A Review of Limbic Pathology and Clinical Symptoms." Brain Sciences 12, no. 9 (2022): 1248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12091248.

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The limbic system describes a complex of brain structures central for memory, learning, as well as goal directed and emotional behavior. In addition to pathological studies, recent findings using in vivo structural and functional imaging of the brain pinpoint the vulnerability of limbic structures to neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s disease (PD) throughout the disease course. Accordingly, dysfunction of the limbic system is critically related to the symptom complex which characterizes PD, including neuropsychiatric, vegetative, and motor symptoms, and their heterogeneity in patients with PD. T

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13

Guedj, Eric, Silvia Morbelli, Elsa Kaphan, et al. "From early limbic inflammation to long COVID sequelae." Brain 144, no. 8 (2021): e65-e65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awab215.

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14

Larner, Andrew J., and Timothy D. Griffiths. "Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy (LATE)." Brain 142, no. 8 (2019): e42-e42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awz184.

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15

Zald, D. "Aversive gustatory stimulation activates limbic circuits in humans." Brain 121, no. 6 (1998): 1143–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/121.6.1143.

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16

JR, John. "Limbic System and Ayurveda." Journal of Natural & Ayurvedic Medicine 8, no. 3 (2024): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/jonam-16000452.

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Emotion is a coordinated set of response with physiological, behavioural and neural mechanisms, controlled by Limbic System. Lesions of emotional brain results in psychological disturbances like depression, fear, anxiety. Ayurveda takes the pathway of limbic structures for the treatment of many manasarogas through Nasya, Sirodhara like treatment modalities which act upon the limbic system thus influencing the patients mental state. Hence limbic system is the border zone where psychiatry meets neurology. For a healthy mind, limbic system should be intact. So one should be more alert regarding t

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17

Pənahova, X. G., E. Y. Yusifov, S. D. Bayramova, J. X. İbrahimova, and S. B. Məcidova. "Investigation of the isoenzyme spectrum of lactate dehydrogenase in the brain regions under the influence of chronic exposure to decimeter electromagnetic waves (460 MHs)." Azerbaijan Journal of Physiology, no. 2 (December 30, 2022): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.59883/ajp.30.

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Məqalə qeyri-ionlaşdırıcı elektromaqnit dalğalarının xroniki şüalanmasının təsiri şəraitində ağ siçovulların baş beyin qabığının görmə və limbik nahiyələrinin toxuma homogenatında və sitozol fraksiyasında laktatdehidrogenaza (LDH) fermentinin izoferment spektrinin tədqiqinə həsr olunmuşdur. Müəyyən olunmuşdur ki, tədqiqatın hər iki müddətində (7-14 gün) qeyri-ionlaşdırıcı elektromaqnit dalğalarının xroniki şüalanmasının təsirinə məruz edilmiş siçovulların baş beyin qabığının limbik nahiyəsinin toxuma homogenatında; sitozol fraksiyasında isə tədqiq olunan hər iki nahiyədə (görmə, limbik) anaero

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Agosta, Federica, Elisa Canu, and Massimo Filippi. "Virtual reality and real-time neurofeedback functional MRI: a breakthrough in foreseeing Alzheimer’s disease?" Brain 143, no. 3 (2020): 722–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awaa038.

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This scientific commentary refers to ‘Earliest amyloid and tau deposition modulate the influence of limbic networks during closed-loop hippocampal downregulation’ by Skouras etal. (doi:10.1093/brain/awaa011).

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19

Shnayder, Natalia A., Timur K. Sirbiladze, Irina V. Demko, Marina M. Petrova, and Regina F. Nasyrova. "Limbic Encephalitis Associated with COVID-19." Encyclopedia 2, no. 1 (2021): 26–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia2010003.

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Limbic encephalitis (LE) is an inflammatory disease of the brain, in which lesion is anatomically limited in structures of the limbic system. In some cases, LE can start with symptoms of limbic dysfunction with further involvement of other regions of the brain. Classic LE syndrome includes such symptoms as the development of personality disorders, depression, sleep disorders, epileptic seizures, hallucinations and cognitive disorders (short-term and long-term memory impairment). The information of clinical examination, electroencephalogram (EEG), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and cerebrospi

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20

Shrimpton, Matthew, and Abhishek Malhotra. "Neurosyphilis presenting as limbic encephalitis." BMJ Case Reports 16, no. 12 (2023): e258794. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2023-258794.

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A man in his 50s presented with focal seizures and was found to have an inflammatory cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) with bilateral mesiotemporal lobe hyperintensity on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain. Corticosteroid treatment was initiated for management of limbic encephalitis. Focal seizures, imaging abnormalities and inflammatory CSF persisted despite treatment and the patient was found to have neurosyphilis after developing neuropsychiatric symptoms. Syphilis is a sexually transmitted bacterial infection with multisystem involvement including neurological and psychiatric manifestat

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21

Reep, R. L., B. L. Finlay, and R. B. Darlington. "The Limbic System in Mammalian Brain Evolution." Brain, Behavior and Evolution 70, no. 1 (2007): 57–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000101491.

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22

Meyer, Philipp T., Ganna Blazhenets, Marco Prinz, and Jonas A. Hosp. "Reply: From early limbic inflammation to long COVID sequelae." Brain 144, no. 8 (2021): e66-e66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awab216.

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23

Schneider, Julie A., and Peter T. Nelson. "Reply: Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy (LATE)." Brain 142, no. 8 (2019): e43-e43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awz186.

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24

Regard, M., N. D. Cook, H. G. Wieser, and T. Landis. "The dynamics of cerebral dominance during unilateral limbic seizures." Brain 117, no. 1 (1994): 91–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/117.1.91.

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25

Vaganova, Anastasia N., Ramilya Z. Murtazina, Taisiia S. Shemyakova, Andrey D. Prjibelski, Nataliia V. Katolikova, and Raul R. Gainetdinov. "Pattern of TAAR5 Expression in the Human Brain Based on Transcriptome Datasets Analysis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 16 (2021): 8802. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22168802.

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Trace amine-associated receptors (TAAR) recognize organic compounds, including primary, secondary, and tertiary amines. The TAAR5 receptor is known to be involved in the olfactory sensing of innate socially relevant odors encoded by volatile amines. However, emerging data point to the involvement of TAAR5 in brain functions, particularly in the emotional behaviors mediated by the limbic system which suggests its potential contribution to the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric diseases. TAAR5 expression was explored in datasets available in the Gene Expression Omnibus, Allen Brain Atlas, and Huma

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26

Volobuev, A., P. Romanchuk, and S. Bulgakova. "Brain-microbiota neural network: regulation of the visceral brain and accumulation of cognitive memory." Bulletin of Science and Practice 5, no. 2 (2019): 33–52. https://doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/39/05.

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The peculiarity of the limbic system is that between its structures there are simple bilateral relations and complex paths, forming a set of closed circles. Such an organization creates conditions for a long circulation of the same excitation in the system and thus for the preservation of a single state in it and the dominance of this state to other brain systems. The limbic system organizes and ensures the flow of vegetative, somatic and mental processes in emotional and motivational activity. It also provides perception and storage of emotionally significant information, selection and implem

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27

Caron, Davide, Ángel Canal-Alonso, and Gabriella Panuccio. "Mimicking CA3 Temporal Dynamics Controls Limbic Ictogenesis." Biology 11, no. 3 (2022): 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11030371.

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Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) is the most common partial complex epilepsy in adults and the most unresponsive to medications. Electrical deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the hippocampus has proved effective in controlling seizures in epileptic rodents and in drug-refractory MTLE patients. However, current DBS paradigms implement arbitrary fixed-frequency or patterned stimuli, disregarding the temporal profile of brain electrical activity. The latter, herein included hippocampal spontaneous firing, has been shown to follow lognormal temporal dynamics. Here, we present a novel paradigm to

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28

Gaudel, Fanny, Gaëlle Guiraudie-Capraz, and François Féron. "Limbic Expression of mRNA Coding for Chemoreceptors in Human Brain—Lessons from Brain Atlases." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 13 (2021): 6858. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22136858.

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Animals strongly rely on chemical senses to uncover the outside world and adjust their behaviour. Chemical signals are perceived by facial sensitive chemosensors that can be clustered into three families, namely the gustatory (TASR), olfactory (OR, TAAR) and pheromonal (VNR, FPR) receptors. Over recent decades, chemoreceptors were identified in non-facial parts of the body, including the brain. In order to map chemoreceptors within the encephalon, we performed a study based on four brain atlases. The transcript expression of selected members of the three chemoreceptor families and their canoni

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29

Tao, Yutian. "Critical Review of the Biological Psychology of the Development of the Brain’s Emotional Functions." Academic Journal of Science and Technology 3, no. 3 (2022): 141–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ajst.v3i3.2916.

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Based on a biopsychological background, this paper critically examines the emotion regulation functions of various brain regions and their role in different stages of development. The paper argues that the limbic system and the limbic cortex play an important role in the brain's emotion regulation processes.

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30

Reardon, P. K., Jakob Seidlitz, Simon Vandekar, et al. "Normative brain size variation and brain shape diversity in humans." Science 360, no. 6394 (2018): 1222–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aar2578.

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Brain size variation over primate evolution and human development is associated with shifts in the proportions of different brain regions. Individual brain size can vary almost twofold among typically developing humans, but the consequences of this for brain organization remain poorly understood. Using in vivo neuroimaging data from more than 3000 individuals, we find that larger human brains show greater areal expansion in distributed frontoparietal cortical networks and related subcortical regions than in limbic, sensory, and motor systems. This areal redistribution recapitulates cortical re

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31

Wagner, Matthias W., Patricia P. Rafful, Logi Vidarsson, and Birgit B. Ertl-Wagner. "MRI Volumetric Analysis of the Hypothalamus and Limbic System across the Pediatric Age Span." Children 10, no. 3 (2023): 477. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children10030477.

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Purpose: Literature is scarce regarding volumetric measures of limbic system components across the pediatric age range. The purpose of this study is to remedy this scarcity by reporting continuous volumetric measurements of limbic system components, and to provide consistent stratification data including age-related trajectories and sex-related differences in the pediatric age range in order to improve the recognition of structural variations that might reflect pathology. Methods: In this retrospective study, MRI sequences of children with normal clinical MRI examinations of the brain acquired

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32

Ketter, Terence A., Mark S. George, Tim A. Kimbrell, Brenda E. Benson, and Robert M. Post. "Functional Brain Imaging, Limbic Function, and Affective Disorders." Neuroscientist 2, no. 1 (1996): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107385849600200113.

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For more than a century, mesial cerebral structures have been candidate substrates for the mediation of emotional experience. Although limbic structures were originally conceived as forming a midline ring, emerging evidence suggests that emotional processes may be related more closely to anterior paralimbic (anterior limbic and nearby cortical) regions than to posterior limbic regions. In addition, basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits for various cerebral processes have been proposed, including one involving anterior paralimbic structures thought to mediate emotion. Recent brain imaging stud

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33

Biondi, Margherita, Marco Marino, Dante Mantini, and Chiara Spironelli. "Brain Structural Alterations Underlying Mood-Related Deficits in Schizophrenia." Biomedicines 13, no. 3 (2025): 736. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13030736.

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Background/Objectives: Schizophrenia (SZ) is a complex psychiatric disorder characterized by neurodegenerative processes, but the structural brain alterations associated with its progression remain poorly understood. This study investigated structural brain changes in SZ, particularly in the fronto-temporal and limbic regions, and explored their relationship with symptom severity, with a focus on mood- and emotion-related symptoms. Methods: We analyzed structural MRI data from 74 SZ patients and 91 healthy controls (HCs) using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to compare whole-brain grey matter vo

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34

Jyothsna, Gangireddy, Anil Kumar Reddy Y, Prudhvinath Reddy, Ashish Thulkar, and Jasvindar Singh. "3D Printing Model of Limbic System: A Novel Mode of Visualising Neuroanatomy for Undergraduate Medical Students." SAS Journal of Medicine 10, no. 12 (2024): 1437–43. https://doi.org/10.36347/sasjm.2024.v10i12.017.

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Introduction: Three-dimensional (3D) printing of anatomical structures at rapid rate using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Computerized Tomography (CT) data is widely utilized in modern era. Due to accurate restoration of complicated anatomical systems, 3D printing is increasingly being used in medicine, from fundamental anatomy through surgical practice and sophisticated research applications. No precise 3D printed limbic system models that focus on Neuroanatomy education are available. The present study was undertaken to generate scientifically accurate 3D model of the limbic system of

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35

Fridgeirsson, Egill Axfjord, Martijn Figee, Judy Luigjes, et al. "Deep brain stimulation modulates directional limbic connectivity in obsessive-compulsive disorder." Brain 143, no. 5 (2020): 1603–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awaa100.

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Abstract Deep brain stimulation is effective for patients with treatment-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Deep brain stimulation of the ventral anterior limb of the internal capsule rapidly improves mood and anxiety with optimal stimulation parameters. To understand these rapid effects, we studied functional interactions within the affective amygdala circuit. We compared resting state functional MRI data during chronic stimulation versus 1 week of stimulation discontinuation in patients, and obtained two resting state scans from matched healthy volunteers to account for test-retest ef

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36

Dirr, L. Y., A. D. Elster, P. D. Donofrio, and M. Smith. "Evolution of brain MRI abnormalities in limbic encephalitis." Neurology 40, no. 8 (1990): 1304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.40.8.1304.

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37

Arias, Natalia, Javier Morán, Nélida Conejo, and Jorge Arias. "Sexual metabolic differences in the rat limbic brain." Psicothema 4, no. 25 (2013): 461–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2013.100.

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38

Koscik, Timothy, Antoine Bechara, and Daniel Tranel. "Sex-related functional asymmetry in the limbic brain." Neuropsychopharmacology 35, no. 1 (2009): 340–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/npp.2009.122.

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39

Lueders, H. "IN40-WE-03 Brain oscillation in limbic epilepsy." Journal of the Neurological Sciences 285 (October 2009): S31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-510x(09)70149-2.

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40

Liao, C., Z. Feng, D. Zhou, et al. "Dysfunction of fronto-limbic brain circuitry in depression." Neuroscience 201 (January 2012): 231–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.10.053.

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41

Fuchs, Eberhard, and Gabriele Flügge. "Chronic social stress: effects on limbic brain structures." Physiology & Behavior 79, no. 3 (2003): 417–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9384(03)00161-6.

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42

Chow, YeeKong, Jolanta Masiak, Emilia Mikołajewska, et al. "Limbic brain structures and burnout—A systematic review." Advances in Medical Sciences 63, no. 1 (2018): 192–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.advms.2017.11.004.

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Pena-Casanova, Jordi, and Jorge Sigg-Alonso. "Functional Systems and Brain Functional Units Beyond Luria, With Luria: Anatomical Aspects." Lurian Journal 1, no. 1 (2020): 48–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/lurian.2020.1.1.6.

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This paper describes the anatomical aspects of a functional brain model that develops A. R. Luria’s ideas. Five functional brain units are described on the basis of ontogenetic, anatomical, histological, functional, and clinical studies: preferential or primordial (unit I), limbic (unit II), cortical (unit III), basal ganglia (unit IV), and cerebellar (unit V). This review allows two large integrated and interrelated functional complexes to be distinguished: a primordial-limbic complex (units I and II) and a supralimbic one (units, III, IV and V). There is consensus that there exists a clear i

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Al-Mousawi, Adil H., Noel Evans, Klaus P. Ebmeier, Dirk Roeda, Fiona Chaloner, and George W. Ashcroft. "Limbic Dysfunction in Schizophrenia and Mania." British Journal of Psychiatry 169, no. 4 (1996): 509–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.169.4.509.

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BackgroundDiagnostic classes (derived from catego) can be correlated with regional brain metabolism in patients with major psychiatric disorders.MethodSeventeen patients with schizophrenia, 15 with mania, 10 with depression and 10 healthy volunteers were examined with positron emission tomography (PET) and 18F-labelled fluorodeoxyglucose, as a marker for glucose metabolism. The number of possible comparisons of regions of interest was reduced by principal-components analysis, and differences in factor scores were determined between diagnostic groups.ResultsFour independent factors, representin

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45

Jääskeläinen, E., P. Juola, J. Kurtti, et al. "Associations between brain morphology and outcome in schizophrenia in a general population sample." European Psychiatry 29, no. 7 (2014): 456–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2013.10.006.

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AbstractObjectiveTo analyse associations between brain morphology and longitudinal and cross-sectional measures of outcomes in schizophrenia in a general population sample.MethodsThe sample was the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort. In 1999–2001, structural brain MRI and measures of clinical and functional outcomes were analysed for 54 individuals with schizophrenia around the age of 34. Sex, total grey matter, duration of illness and the use of antipsychotic medication were used as covariates.ResultsAfter controlling for multiple covariates, increased density of the left limbic area was asso

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46

Volobuev, A., P. Romanchuk, and S. Bulgakova. "Brain-microbiota neural network: regulation of the visceral brain and accumulation of cognitive memory." Bulletin of Science and Practice 5, no. 2 (2019): 33–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/39/05.

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The peculiarity of the limbic system is that between its structures there are simple bilateral relations and complex paths, forming a set of closed circles. Such an organization creates conditions for a long circulation of the same excitation in the system and thus for the preservation of a single state in it and the dominance of this state to other brain systems. The limbic system organizes and ensures the flow of vegetative, somatic and mental processes in emotional and motivational activity. It also provides perception and storage of emotionally significant information, selection and implem

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47

Lai, Chien-Han. "Major Depressive Disorder in Neuroimaging: What is Beyond Fronto-limbic Model?" Current Psychiatry Research and Reviews 15, no. 1 (2019): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573400515666181213155225.

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Background: The major depressive disorder (MDD) is a chronic illness with major manifestations in cognitive, social and occupational functions. The pathophysiological model is an intrigue issue for scientists to understand the origin of MDD. Objective: In the beginning, the cortico-limbic-striato-pallidal-thalamic model has been proposed to link the clinical symptoms with the abnormalities in brain structure and function. However, the model is still evolving due to recent advances in the neuroimaging techniques, especially for functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The recent findings i

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48

Rupprechter, Samuel, Liana Romaniuk, Peggy Series, et al. "Blunted medial prefrontal cortico-limbic reward-related effective connectivity and depression." Brain 143, no. 6 (2020): 1946–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awaa106.

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Abstract Major depressive disorder is a leading cause of disability and significant mortality, yet mechanistic understanding remains limited. Over the past decade evidence has accumulated from case-control studies that depressive illness is associated with blunted reward activation in the basal ganglia and other regions such as the medial prefrontal cortex. However it is unclear whether this finding can be replicated in a large number of subjects. The functional anatomy of the medial prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia has been extensively studied and the former has excitatory glutamatergic pr

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Alamowitch, S. "Limbic encephalitis and small cell lung cancer. Clinical and immunological features." Brain 120, no. 6 (1997): 923–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/120.6.923.

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Shnayder, N. A., D. V. Dmitrenko, Yu A. Dykhno, and V. V. Ezhikova. "PARANEOPLASTIC LIMBIC ENCEPHALITIS IN NEUOROLOGICAL AND ONCOLOGICAL PRACTICE." Russian Journal of Oncology 18, no. 1 (2013): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/onco39993.

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Paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis is a rare disorder characterized by personality changes, irritability, depression, seizures, memory loss and sometimes dementia. The diagnosis is difficult. Clinical symptoms are often lacking, and symptoms usually mimic other brain pathology. Early recognition of paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis and prompt intervention with immune therapies will probably translate into more favorable neurological outcomes.

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