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Academic literature on the topic 'Limbs (Anatomy)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Limbs (Anatomy)"

1

Dong, Qian, Jon A. Jacobson, David A. Jamadar, Girish Gandikota, Catherine Brandon, Yoav Morag, David P. Fessell, and Sung-Moon Kim. "Entrapment Neuropathies in the Upper and Lower Limbs: Anatomy and MRI Features." Radiology Research and Practice 2012 (2012): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/230679.

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Peripheral nerve entrapment occurs at specific anatomic locations. Familiarity with the anatomy and the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of nerve entrapment syndromes is important for accurate diagnosis and early treatment of entrapment neuropathies. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the normal anatomy of peripheral nerves in the upper and lower limbs and to review the MRI features of common disorders affecting the peripheral nerves, both compressive/entrapment and noncompressive, involving the suprascapular nerve, the axillary nerve, the radial nerve, the ulnar nerve, and the median verve in the upper limb and the sciatic nerve, the common peroneal nerve, the tibial nerve, and the interdigital nerves in the lower limb.

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Wang, X., S. R. Thomas, and A. S. Wexler. "Outer medullary anatomy and the urine concentrating mechanism." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 274, no. 2 (February 1, 1998): F413—F424. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1998.274.2.f413.

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In earlier work, mathematical models of the urine concentration mechanism were developed incorporating the features of renal anatomy. However, several anatomic observations showed inconsistencies in the modeling representation of the outer stripe (OS) anatomy. In this study, based on observations from comparative anatomy and morphometric studies, we propose a new structural model of outer medullary anatomy, different from that previously presented [A. S. Wexler, R. E. Kalaba, and D. J. Marsh. Am. J. Physiol. 260 ( Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol. 29): F368–F383, 1991]. The modifications include the following features of rat outer medullary anatomy, for example, 1) in the OS, the limbs of long loops of Henle surround the descending and ascending vasa recta that develop into the vascular bundles in the inner stripe (IS), whereas the limbs of short loops are close to the collecting ducts; and 2) the descending limbs of short loops shift from the tubular region in the OS to near the vascular bundle in the IS, whereas the limbs of long loops are situated away from the vascular bundles in the tubular region. The sensitivity of the concentrating process to the relative position of loops and vessels was investigated in the different medullary regions. With these modifications, the model predicts a more physiological, axial osmolarity gradient in both outer and inner medulla with membrane parameters that are all in the range of measured physiological values, including the urea permeabilities of descending vasa recta reported by Pallone and co-workers (T. L. Pallone, J. Work, R. L. Myers, and R. L. Jamison. J. Clin.Invest. 93: 212–222, 1994).

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Shaw, Edward L. "Out on a Limb: Investigating the Anatomy of Tree Limbs." Science Activities: Classroom Projects and Curriculum Ideas 45, no. 2 (July 2008): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3200/sats.45.2.3-6.

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Hoey, S. E., A. H. Biedrzycki, M. J. Livesey, and R. Drees. "Radiographic anatomy of juvenile bovine limbs." Veterinary Record 179, no. 21 (August 24, 2016): 546. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.103689.

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Lotti, Torello, Dionigi Tsampau, and Paolo Bonan. "The anatomy of the lower limbs." Clinics in Dermatology 8, no. 3-4 (July 1990): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0738-081x(90)90043-z.

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Krievins, Dainis, Regina Zarina R, Janis Savlovskis, and Polina Dombure. "Variations in Lower Limb Deep Venous Anatomy in Latvia." Acta Chirurgica Latviensis 13, no. 1 (December 1, 2013): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/chilat-2013-0010.

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Summary Introduction. During the last several decades there have been many new methods introduced for the treatment of lower limb chronic venous insufficiency (laser, foam, subendothelial and thermal coagulation methods). Venous system of lower limbs often presents anatomic variations including venous duplications. Knowledge of venous system variations in the lower limb area is of particular importance due to correct interpretation of imaging in relation to deep vein thrombosis (DVT). There was only a small number of studies published on anatomic variations of venous system in the lower limbs. To the best of our knowledge there have been no previous studies on anatomic variations of lower limb deep venous system performed in Latvia. Aim of the study. To retrospectively review of 216 patients (432 lower limbs) phlebograms in order to establish deep venous system anatomic variations in Latvian population and compare our results to other publications. Materials and methods. Retrospective analysis of 432 lower limb phlebograms performed at Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital (Riga, Latvia) of 216 patients treated in different ortopedic centers of Latvia during 2009 and 2012. Assessment made using DICOM Synedra view personal software. Study protocol was developed for definition of veins and assessment of phlebogram images in accordance with anatomic definitions used in previous studies. Two independent radiologists assessed data. Visualised duplications in the deep venous system of both lower limbs in patients were registered (common iliac vein, external iliac vein, common femoral vein, femoral vein, deep femoral vein, popliteal vein). Blood vessels have been listed as single, double or triple / complex. The presence of DVT was recorded upon assessment of phlebograms. Statistical analysis performed using SPSS 20.0 software (IBM). Parametric data comparison performed using Student t-test and ANOVA. Non-parametric data comparison performed using chi-square and Mann Whitney tests. Data comparison type was assessed using Kolmogorova-Smirnovs test. The results are presented as the average ± standard deviation. Results. Retrospective analysis of 432 lower limb phlebograms was performed in 216 patients. Average age of the patients was 34.4 years (range 19-90). 101 patients were female (47%) and 115 (53%) were male with no statistical venous variation differences found between two genders, which is explained by both age and gender (p > 0.05). Analysis of calf vein, popliteal vein and femoral venous variations provided a strong correlation between larger number of duplications in one limb and possibility of such variations in the other limb of the same patient (all p < 0.001). Conclusion. We conclude that there are frequent anatomic variations in SFV and popliteal veins seen in Latvian population. All patients included in this study had high DVT risk, much higher than in the average Latvian population. In almost every sixth Latvian person there is some form of deep veins hypoplasia found.

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Cavezzi, Labropoulos, Partsch, Ricci, Caggiati, Myers, Nicolaides, and Smith. "Duplex ultrasound investigation of the veins in chronic venous disease of the lower limbs-UIP consensus document. Part II. Anatomy." Vasa 36, no. 1 (February 1, 2007): 62–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0301-1526.36.1.62.

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Background: Duplex ultrasound investigation has become the reference standard in assessing the morphology and haemodynamics of the lower limb veins. The project described in this paper was an initiative of the Union Internationale de Phlébologie (UIP). The aim was to obtain a consensus of international experts on the methodology to be used for assessment of anatomy of superficial and perforating veins in the lower limb by ultrasound imaging. Methods: The authors performed a systematic review of the published literature on duplex anatomy of the superficial and perforating veins of the lower limbs; afterwards they invited a group of experts from a wide range of countries to participate in this project. Electronic submissions from the authors and the experts (text and images) were made available to all participants via the UIP website. The authors prepared a draft document for discussion at the UIP Chapter meeting held in San Diego, USA in August 2003. Following this meeting a revised manuscript was circulated to all participants and further comments were received by the authors and included in subsequent versions of the manuscript. Eventually, all participants agreed the final version of the paper. Results: The experts have made detailed recommendations concerning the methods to be used for duplex ultrasound examination as well as the interpretation of images and measurements obtained. This document provides a detailed methodology for complete ultrasound assessment of the anatomy of the superficial and perforating veins in the lower limbs. Conclusions: The authors and a large group of experts have agreed a methodology for the investigation of the lower limbs venous system by duplex ultrasonography, with specific reference to the anatomy of the main superficial veins and perforators of the lower limbs in healthy and varicose subjects.

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Cavezzi, A., N. Labropoulos, H. Partsch, S. Ricci, A. Caggiati, K. Myers, A. Nicolaides, and P. Coleridge-Smith. "Duplex ultrasound investigation of the veins in chronic venous disease of the lower limbs – UIP Consensus Document. Part II: Anatomy." Phlebology: The Journal of Venous Disease 21, no. 4 (December 1, 2006): 168–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/026835506779115799.

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Objectives: Duplex ultrasound investigation has become the reference standard in assessing the morphology and haemodynamics of the lower limb veins. The project described in this paper was an initiative of the Union Internationale de Phlébologie (UIP). The aim was to obtain a consensus of international experts on the methodology to be used for assessment of the anatomy of superficial and perforating veins in the lower limb by ultrasound imaging. Design: Consensus conference leading to a consensus document. Methods: The authors performed a systematic review of the published literature on duplex anatomy of the superficial and perforating veins of the lower limbs. Afterwards, they invited a group of experts from a wide range of countries to participate in this project. Electronic submissions from the authors and the experts (text and images) were made available to all participants via the UIP website. The authors prepared a draft document for discussion at the UIP Chapter meeting held in San Diego, USA, in August 2003. Following this meeting, a revised manuscript was circulated to all participants and further comments were received by the authors and included in subsequent versions of the manuscript. Eventually, all participants agreed on the final version of the paper. Results: The experts have made detailed recommendations concerning the methods to be used for duplex ultrasound examination as well as the interpretation of images and measurements obtained. This document provides a detailed methodology for complete ultrasound assessment of the anatomy of the superficial and perforating veins in the lower limbs. Conclusions: The authors and a large group of experts have agreed on a methodology for the investigation of the lower limbs venous system, by duplex ultrasonography, with specific reference to the anatomy of the main superficial veins and perforators of the lower limbs in healthy and varicose subjects.

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Burton, Rosemary, Nigel Holder, and P. Jesani. "The regeneration of double dorsal and double ventral limbs in the axolotl." Development 94, no. 1 (June 1, 1986): 29–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.94.1.29.

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Surgically made double dorsal and double ventral upper arms, comprising double extensor and double flexor muscles respectively, were amputated immediately following operation; both limb types regenerated. In terms of skeletal anatomy, a range of limb types was found. These included four-digit limbs of normal cartilage pattern, and hypomorphic limbs having from one to three digits. All of the double dorsal and the majority of the double ventral limbs were symmetrical in the dorsal—ventral axis. This was detected by analysing their muscle patterns at carpal and mid-forearm level, and muscle and epidermal characteristics in the metacarpal region are discussed in terms of the significance of healing time and stump pattern on the regenerative ability of surgically created limb regions.

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Wang, Nan, Jie Ma, Dan Jin, and Bin Yu. "A Special Golden Curve in Human Upper Limbs’ Length Proportion: A Functional Partition Which Is Different from Anatomy." BioMed Research International 2017 (2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4158561.

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Aim. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between upper limbs’ three functional partitions and the golden curve. Materials and Methods. We measured 30 subjects’ right or left upper limb data and investigate the relationship between them and the golden curve by use of SPSS version 20.0 statistical software (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, Illinois), one-sample t-test. Results. There are four points on human’s upper limbs which have no difference with the four points on the golden curve. And there is one point of which the difference is obvious. But we still could draw the conclusion that human upper limbs are accordant with the golden curve. Conclusion. Human upper limbs are accordant with the golden curve.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Limbs (Anatomy)"

1

D'Souza, Deana. "Anatomy and development of tendons in vertebrate limbs." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312967.

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Miller, Charlotte Elizabeth. "The anatomy and bioemchanics of elephant limbs and feet." Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.522689.

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Phillips, Mark N., and n/a. "Anatomy of microvenous valves of normal and venous ulcerated lower limbs." University of Otago. Dunedin School of Medicine, 2005. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20060523.142055.

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Venous disease is a very common disease that affects millions of people worldwide. While some of the factors that cause the development of varicose veins are well understood, the aetiology of venous ulceration is poorly understood. It has been demonstrated that venous valve failure in the large veins is an important factor leading to the development of varicose veins, however whether similar valves exist in the very small superficial veins of the human leg, and what role these valves may have in venous disease, is unknown. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to: 1. Identify whether venous valves are present in the very small superficial veins of the human leg, and if they are present, 2. Describe the density, size distribution, morphology, and regional distribution of these microvenous valves in �normal� cadaveric legs 3. Compare the �normal� microvenous valves from cadaveric tissue with microvenous valves from pathologic legs with chronic venous disease, to answer the hypothesis that individuals that develop venous ulceration have fewer microvenous valves than the normal population. In order to examine microvenous valves, two main methods have been utilised, E12 sheet plastination and vascular casting. These methods in combination provide valuable insights into the anatomy of microvenous channels, and allow examination and quantification of the venous valves. Using several techniques, this study has shown that microvenous valves are present within the very small veins of the superficial tissue of the human leg. These microvalves have been shown to be most prevalent in the smallest of the veins, down to 18[mu]m in diameter. Approximately 60% of the valves were found to be associated with tributaries. The gaiter region was demonstrated to contain the lowest number and density of microvenous valves, significantly less that the upper or mid calf regions. In addition, the gaiter region was found to have a much lower proportion of microvalves in the most superficial veins, when compared with the other regions examined. Contrary to our hypothesis, the number and density of microvalves in venous diseased legs was not different to that of normal legs. Similarly, the size and regional distributions were also not different. However, the microvalves from the venous diseased legs were significantly stretched and incompetent, allowing retrograde flow from the large veins through to the dermal capillaries. In conclusion, this study has shown that venous valves are present in the smallest of the superficial veins of the human leg, and that their density and distribution is not different between normal and venous diseased individuals. However, the microvalves from the diseased legs were incompetent and allowed retrograde flow. The role that these valves play in normal and pathological circulation is unclear, and warrants further examination.

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Pollard, Andrea. "Mechanoadaptation of developing limbs : shaking a leg." Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 2016. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.701670.

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Li, Yu. "Ontogeny of children's limbs - with particular reference to inertial characteristics." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.317141.

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Mossor, Angela. "A Horse of a Different Color?: Material Strength and Elasticity of Bones and Tendons in Sloth Limbs." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1597166028044999.

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Schmieder, Jens. "Killing behavior in smilodon fatalis (mammalia, carnivora, felidae) based on functional anatomy and body proportions of the front- and hind limbs." [S.l. : s.n.], 2003. http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/xvms.cgi?SWB10733031.

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Märtson, Aare. "Lower limb lengthening : /." Tartu : Tartu University Press, 2006. http://dspace.utlib.ee/dspace/bitstream/10062/118/1/martson.pdf.

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Curry, Daniel T. "Lower limb muscle function during cycling." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5853.

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The purpose of this study was to describe the functional role of the lower limb musculature during stationary cycling using electromyography, muscle-tendon unit length changes, and segmental kinematics. Five subjects were filmed (100 Hz) in synchrony with the collection of LE EMG activity of the gluteus maximus, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, soleus, gastrocnemius, and tibialis anterior muscles during stationary cycling at 160 W (90 r/min). The results showed that extension during the propulsive phase of the pedal cycle was the result of high concentric activity of both the monoarticular and biarticular muscles. Furthermore, these muscles functioned according to their expected anatomical roles (Rasch and Burke, 1978). This investigation, therefore, finds little evidence for the existence of paradoxical muscle function as hypothesized by Lombard (1903), Molbech (1965), or Rasch & Burke (1978).

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Channon, Anthony J. "The hind limb anatomy and leaping biomechanics of gibbons (Hylobates)." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.548797.

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Books on the topic "Limbs (Anatomy)"

1

Amos, LeRoy. Limbs of the equine. [Ohio?]: L. Amos, 1986.

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Fowler, Allan. Arms and legs and other limbs. New York: Children's Press, 1999.

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K, Ensley Philip, and Haynes Carol J, eds. Avian surgical anatomy: Thoracic and pelvic limbs. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1992.

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B, Jenkins David. Hollinshead's functional anatomy of the limbs and back. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2002.

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Hollinshead's functional anatomy of the limbs and back. 9th ed. St. Louis, Mo: Saunders, 2009.

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1906-, Hollinshead W. Henry, ed. Hollinshead's functional anatomy of the limbs and back. 7th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1998.

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B, Jenkins David. Hollinshead's functional anatomy of the limbs and back. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1991.

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1906-, Hollinshead W. Henry, ed. Hollinshead's functional anatomy of the limbs and back. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1991.

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Perotto, Aldo. Anatomical guide for the electromyographer: The limbs and trunk. 5th ed. Springfield, Ill: Charles C. Thomas, 2011.

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Perotto, Aldo. Anatomical guide for the electromyographer: The limbs and trunk. 3rd ed. Springfield, Ill., USA: Charles C. Thomas, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Limbs (Anatomy)"

1

Isaacson, Glenn, Marshall C. Mintz, and Edmund S. Crelin. "Fetal Limbs." In Atlas of Fetal Sectional Anatomy, 127–47. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-8615-5_3.

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Srebnik, Herbert H. "Innervation of Upper Limbs." In Concepts in Anatomy, 135–42. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0857-1_20.

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Srebnik, Herbert H. "Innervation of Lower Limbs." In Concepts in Anatomy, 221–26. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0857-1_32.

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Menon, Riju Ramachandran. "Lower Limb Venous Anatomy." In Chronic Venous Disorders of the Lower Limbs, 9–16. New Delhi: Springer India, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1991-0_2.

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Swenson, Rand S., Norman J. Snow, and Brian Catlin. "Vascular Anatomy of the Upper Limbs." In Critical Limb Ischemia, 45–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31991-9_7.

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Swenson, Rand S., Norman J. Snow, and Brian Catlin. "Vascular Anatomy of the Lower Limbs." In Critical Limb Ischemia, 57–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31991-9_8.

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Pan, Wei-Ren. "Lymphatic Anatomy and Clinical Implications." In Atlas of Lymphatic Anatomy in the Head, Neck, Chest and Limbs, 237–64. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3749-8_4.

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Uhl, Jean-François, and Claude Gillot. "Anatomy of the Venous System of the Lower Limbs." In Venous Disorders, 1–20. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1108-6_1.

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Pan, Wei-Ren. "Components of the Lymphatic System." In Atlas of Lymphatic Anatomy in the Head, Neck, Chest and Limbs, 1–9. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3749-8_1.

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Pan, Wei-Ren. "Components and Morphology of the Lymphatic System." In Atlas of Lymphatic Anatomy in the Head, Neck, Chest and Limbs, 11–124. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3749-8_2.

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Conference papers on the topic "Limbs (Anatomy)"

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Lu, Xiang, Yizhai Zhang, Kaiyan Yu, Jingang Yi, and Jingtai Liu. "Body-Segment Orientation Estimation in Rider-Bicycle Interactions With an Un-Calibrated Monocular Camera and Wearable Gyroscopes." In ASME 2013 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2013-3839.

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We present a real-time human body-segment (e.g., upper limbs) orientation estimation scheme in rider-bicycle interactions. The estimation scheme is built on the fusion of measurements of an un-calibrated monocular camera on the bicycle and a set of small wearable gyroscopes attached to rider’s upper limbs. The known optical features are conveniently collocated with the gyroscopes. The design of an extended Kalman filter (EKF) to fuse the vision/inertial measurements compensates for the drifting errors by directly integrating gyroscope measurements. The characteristic and constraints from human anatomy and the rider-bicycle interactions are used to enhance the EKF performance. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the estimation design through bicycle riding experiments. The attractive properties of the proposed pose estimation in human-machine interactions include low-cost, high-accuracy, and wearable configurations for outdoor personal activities. Although we only present the application for rider-bicycle interactions, the proposed estimation scheme is readily extended and used for other types of human-machine interactions.

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Xing, Qi, Mark M. Theiss, Wenzhen Yang, Jim X. Chen, and Jihui Li. "Automatic Assessment of Lower Extremity Deformity Based on Patient Specific Computer Models." In ASME 2011 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2011-53808.

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Lower extremity deformity can cause joint pain and malfunction. Patients with severe deformity usually need a correction surgery or total knee replacement (TKR) surgery to realign the orientation of the femur and tibia. Lower extremity deformity needs to be accurately assessed before any clinical decision can be made. In practice, physicians and radiologists rely mainly on X-ray images to evaluate the deformity, and CT is used in complex cases only. Manual assessment on X-rays is tedious, time consuming and inaccurate [1]. Computer aided diagnosis was proved efficient to understand patients’ anatomy, analyze lower limb deformity and plan the possible surgery [2]. However, notable interactive works were required during the identification of the anatomic features, and the accuracy was unguaranteed when the physician is not familiar with the diagnosis software. In this study we developed an automatic assessment system to identify patients’ anatomic features and quantify lower extremity deformity.

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Huelke, Donald F. "Anatomy of the Lower Extremity - An Overview." In Symposium on Biomechanics and Medical Aspects of Lower Limb Injuries. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/861921.

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Fukui, T., M. Aosaki, Y. Uetsuka, K. Iwade, T. Nirei, and K. Hirosawa. "THROMBOEMBOLISM IN PROSTHETIC VALVE ENDOCARDITIS AND ANTICOAGULANT THERAPY." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643267.

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The clinical results of thromboembolism (TE) in Patients with prosthetic valVe endocarditis (PVE) and anticoagulant therapy were studied. 22 PVE patients (ll males and females each from 4 to 59 years old, average 32.7) were selected from 1939 patients who had undergone valve replacement at this hospital from 1964 and 1985. The complication frequency of TE and its clinical results, anticoagulant therapy and coagulation tests were investigated. Diagnostic criterion was determined in either of the following two: l) those patients who experienced valve replacement, with at least gradual pyrogenic symptons and inflammation factors such as a large increase in white blood cells, the progress of ESR and positive CRP, also with the same bacterium found more than twice in blood culture, also with the same bacterium found more than twice in blood culture, or 2) those patients who experienced valve replacement, with bacterial verruca found at re-valve replacement or at pathological anatomy. PVE onset took 2 days to 6.5 years (average 407 days) to appear after valve replacement. 8 out of the 22 PVE patients (36.3%) showed complications at TE onset, and 5 out of the 8 patients repeated. Embolism was found in 6 cases of brain, 4 cases of kidney, 2 cases of lung, 2 cases of limbs and 1 case of spleen, and 8 patients all died. On the other hand, 5 complications (22.7%) at bleeding were found in 3 cases of brain, 1 case of duodenum and 1 case of site of replaced aortic valve, and 4 patients died. Anticoagulant therapy was given to 21 out of the 22 PVE patients, and thrombotest (TT) values at TE onset were all less than 30%. Warfarin was administered as anticoagulant. 2 patients were administered with aspirin, but one was given with 250mg aspirin per day together with warfarin, and the other with 330mg aspirin per day alone. TT values at the onset of bleeding were from 10 to 56%. Anticoagulant therapy had been performed to the PVE patients since PVE onset did not yet appear, but complications coagulability by TT values, and all the patients died. In addition to this, complications at bleeding were found many and most of patients died even when the TT values were not so low. Therefore, we believe that the anticoagulant therapy that had been performed after PVE onset still needs further studies.

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Picasso, R., F. Pistoia, F. Zaottini, S. Airaldi, M. M. Perez, and C. Martinoli. "Superficial Sensitive Nerves of the Upper Limb: Anatomy, US Scanning Technique, and Pathology." In 26th Annual Scientific Meeting of the European Society of Musculoskeletal Radiology (ESSR). Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1692584.

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Murray, Wendy M., and Anca Velisar. "Passive Joint Coupling in the Forearm, Wrist, and Hand." In ASME 2007 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2007-176691.

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Many muscles of the upper limb cross more than one joint. For example, each muscle that crosses the wrist also crosses at least one other joint. These muscles often have significant excursions at the other joints they cross [1]. The complex musculoskeletal anatomy of the upper limb results in passive mechanical couplings between joints; the passive moment produced about a given joint can be highly dependent on the positions of other joints [2]. This passive coupling can be clearly observed in the wrist and hand: when the elbow is flexed 90° and the forearm and hand are oriented so that gravity aids wrist flexion, the wrist rests in flexion and the fingers are extended. In contrast, supinating the forearm in this same elbow position (so that gravity aids wrist extension instead of wrist flexion) results in an extended wrist and flexed fingers.

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Malone, Erica, Jinsil Hwaryoung Seo, Michelle Pine, and Brian Smith. "Kinetic Pelvic Limb Model to Support Students' Understanding of Spatial Visualization in Gross Anatomy." In TEI '17: Eleventh International Conference on Tangible, Embedded, and Embodied Interaction. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3024969.3024994.

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Chaurasia, Akash, Jerry Yan, Robert Li, Katie McCarren, Claire State, Hannah Takasuka, Evan Bender, Aditi Jithendra, Julius K. Oni, and Amir Manbachi. "An Evaluation of Sensing Technologies to Measure Intraoperative Leg Length for Total Hip Arthroplasty." In 2020 Design of Medical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dmd2020-9056.

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Abstract Total hip arthroplasty (THA) procedures have been identified as high-volume procedures with growing prevalence. During the procedure, orthopedic surgeons largely rely solely on qualitative assessment to ensure an excessive limb length discrepancy (LLD) is not introduced from the implant selection. LLD can result in back pain and gait complications, with some cases of LLD requiring a revision procedure to mitigate. To address this issue, we evaluated several methods of sensing distance intraoperatively to determine the best approach to measure leg length during the THA procedure. A testing setup using a sawbones model of hip anatomy in the decubitus position was used as a simulation of the THA procedure to test the accuracy of each of the sensing modalities.

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Charles, Steven. "Using K’NEX to Understand and Teach Concepts in Movement Biomechanics." In ASME 2010 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2010-19590.

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In order to analyze the kinematics or model the dynamics of human motion, one must be able to abstract from the intricate anatomy of the body the mechanical linkages and kinematic constraints which best approximate the joints of the body. Given the number and complexity of joints in the human body, this abstraction can be a challenging task, especially for students. While rotations about a single degree of freedom are easy to grasp, rotations about multiple DOF, which occur commonly throughout the body (e.g. shoulder, wrist, ankle, etc.) are anything but trivial. Likewise, the kinematics or dynamics of mechanical linkages such as the upper or lower limb quickly become unwieldy. To deal with these challenges, students learn to use tools from mechanics and robotics (body- and space-fixed reference frames, transformations, generalized coordinates, etc.), but these concepts can themselves be challenging and certainly take time to learn.

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Kuxhaus, Laurel, Patrick J. Schimoler, Jeffrey S. Vipperman, Angela M. Flamm, Daniel Budny, Mark E. Baratz, Patrick J. DeMeo, and Mark Carl Miller. "Measuring Moment Arms Using Closed-Loop Force Control With an Elbow Simulator." In ASME 2007 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2007-176513.

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In search of a complete understanding of a joint’s function, one must understand both the anatomic parameters and how the brain controls the joint’s actuation. Accurate measurements of anatomical parameters are critical to non-linear biomechanical modeling and control and also to a clinical understanding of orthopaedic reconstruction. Likewise, new frontiers in the study of neuromuscular control contribute to our understanding of joint structure and function. One approach to study joint function is to use a joint simulator to actuate cadaver limbs. Towards the goals of understanding and improving human elbow joint control, a physiologic elbow joint simulator was previously constructed in our laboratory. It is the first elbow simulator to operate completely under closed-loop control. The closed-loop force control used to study joint mechanics permits measurement of moment arms in cadaveric elbow specimens. We hypothesized that the approach yields comparable results to previously-reported moment arm values.[1]

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